1.7. dezinformacia da Ria wyaroebiT gamoZieba

manuli sentimentebis gaCena). `axalma sensaciam~ ver moaxdina efeqti. lietuvas sazogadoeba aramc Tu ar ahyva provokacias, aramed sapasuxod lietuvaSi ganxorcielda axali zomebi sazogadoebrivi cnobadobis amaRlebisa da propagandis dasamarcxeblad.

gamoyenebuli wyaroebi:

1. Stefan Meister. The ~Lisa case”: Germany as a target of Russian disinformation. NATO REVIEW. 25 July 2016. https://www.nato.int/ docu/review/articles/2016/07/25/thelisacasegermanyasatargetofrussiandisinformation/index.html 2. Positionspapier Russland. Positionspapier der CDU/CSUFraktionim-

Deutschen Bundestag Beschlussvom 29. November 2016.https://www. cducsu.de/sites/default/files/positionspapier_russland_final_clean.pdf

1.7. dezinformacia da Ria wyaroebiT gamoZieba

• dezinformaciis tipebi • dezinformaciis gavrcelebis meqanizmebi • trolingi • Ria wyaroebiT gamoZieba

yvelaze martivi klasifikaciiT, dezinformacia SegviZlia gavyoT or saxeobad: misinformacia (Misinformation) da dezinformacia (Disinformation). pirvel SemTxvevaSi, SesaZloa mcdari informacia an mcdari interpretacia gavrceldes uneblied, viRacis xumrobis, Secdomis an araprofesionalizmis gamo. dezinformacia ki gamiznuli tyuilia ekonomikuri, politikuri Tu sxva miznebis

misaRwevad. misinformaciis Sedegi SesaZloa iseTive mZime aRmoCndes, rogorc dezinformaciis SemTxvevaSi. dezinformaciis, anu cru narativis, tyuilis Seqmnis procesSi xdeba faqtebiT manipulireba an faqtebis sruli falsifikacia sxvadasxva meTodebiT. TiToeuli maTgani SesaZloa Seexos Sinaarss an konteqsts. 1

Sinaarsze manipulaciis SemTxvevaSi sxvadasxva realuri faqtebi dakavSirebulia erTmaneTTan mcdari warmodgenebis Sesaqmnelad. konteqstze manipulacia gulisxmobs faqtis konteqstidan amoglejas, konteqstis mcdar interpretacias an movlenebis sruliad sxva konteqstSi gadatanas. falsifikacia anu gayalbeba SesaZlebelia iyos nawilobrivi an sruli. informaciis nawilobrivi falsifikacia SesaZloa gulisxmobdes konteqstis gamogonebas, yalbi wyaroebis Seqmnas, realur faqtebTan erTad gamogonili faqtebis aRweras, damabneveli saTaurebis, heSTegebis da fotoebis gamoyenebas. informaciis sruli falsifikacia gulisxmobs gamogonil, yalb informacias romelic gamiznulad Seiqmna zianis misayeneblad. mas xSirad `yalb ambebs~ (Fake News) uwodeben. manipulaciac da falsifikaciac SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes rogorc teqstSi, aseve foto da video masalaze. gansakuTrebiT popularuli meTodia fotomasalis falsifikacia, radgan martivia rogorc Sesaqmnelad, aseve gasavrceleblad da efeqturia zemoqmedebisTvis. martivi aplikaciebiT falsificirebuli foto-video masalis amocnoba SesaZloa martivi aRmoCndes, Tumca profesionalebis Seqmnili falsifikaciis dadgena SeuZlebeli xdeba specialuri eqspertizis gareSe.

1 Claire Wardle. Fake news. It’s complicated. FIRST DRAFT. February 16, 2017. https://firstdraftnews.org/latest/fakenewscomplicated

arc ise didi xania gamoCnda dezinformaciis axali da saxifaTo tipi – „Rrma feiqi“ (Deep Fake), romelic Zalian hgavs namdvils. is gulisxmobs xelovnuri inteleqtis gamoyenebiT yalbi video an audio-Canaweris Seqmnas. martivi video-manipulacia (xmis da gamosaxulebis amoWra, gadafarva, sxvadasxva dros realurad naTqvami frazebis Sekowiweba...) advili gamosacnobia faqtCekingis mcireodeni gamocdilebis mqone pirisTvis. `Rrma feiqi~-is SemTxvevaSi ki msaxiobis mier wakiTxul teqsts xelovnuri inteleqti sinqronSi ameorebinebs samizne pirs misi gamosaxulebis, mimikis da xmis gamoyenebiT. Rrma feiqis eqspertiza rTulia da axali saeqsperto meTodebis Seqmnas moiTxovs. Rrma feiqma ukve daazarala aSS prezidentebi baraq obama da donald trampi, feisbuqis damfuZnebeli mark cukerberki da sxva cnobili adamianebi. 1 dezinformaciis Seqmna-gavrcelebis procesSi gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva teqnika. evropuli politikis analizis centri (CEPA) CamoTvlis da ganmartavs zogierT maTgans: ping-pongi (sxvadasxva veb-gverdebis koordinirebuli gamoyeneba internetSi narativis gasaaqtiureblad); „yvavma yvavs uTxrao...“ (sxva pirebisa da organizaciebis mxileba im saqmianobaSi, raSic Tavad bralmdebelic CarTulia. Sesabamisad, detalebis aRwera xdeba meti damajereblobiT); faqtebis uaryofa (SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva formiT, maT Soris, realuri faqtebis aRwera maTi uaryofis, interpretirebis, diskreditaciis da a. S. mizniT); fragmentireba an ganzogadeba (nawilis mTlianad warmoCena an mTlianis nawilad Sefaseba); faqtebis emociebiT gadafarva (emociuri metaforebiT teqs

1 Joseph Foley. 9 deepface examples that terrified and amused the internet. CB (CREATIVE BLOG). November 15, 2019. https://www.creativebloq.com/features/deepfakeexamples

tis gadavseba; emociebis wina planze wamoweva); ganqiqeba, dacinva, iarliyebis miwebeba; „voTebauTizmi“ (mcdari Sedarebebis moyvana, Cven cudebi varT, magram sxvebic cudebi arian stilSi); „narativis gaTeTreba“ (narativis miwera daukonkretebeli eqspertebisTvis. magaliTad, qarTul internet mediaSi xSirad xmarebuli fraza `rogorc britaneli eqspertebi amboben~...); balansis cvlileba (damaxasiaTebelia ZiriTadad satelevizio sivrcisTvis: teledebatebSi propagandistuli Zalebis mowveva meore mxares aiZulebs gadavides TavdacviT reJimSi, riTic garkveuli problemis ganxilvisas iqmneba disbalansi); „vagonze Sextoma“ (mcdeloba garkveuli narativi warmoCindes umravlesobis Sexedulebad da amiT zegavlena moaxdinon individze, romelsac surs `ar CamorCes meinstrimul tendenciebs~); SeTqmulebis Teoriebi (Worebis gavrcelebiT da miTebis SeqmniT `faruli SeTqmulebis~ gamoaSkaraveba an piriqiT, arsebuli realobis SeTqmulebad monaTvla); mcdari dilemebi (warmosaxviTi gamouvali mdgomareobis aRweriT individze zemoqmedeba, rom man mxari dauWiros `erTaderT swor gadawyvetilebas~) da sxv. 1 dezinformaciis da propagandis meTodebi xSirad msgavsia da SeuZlebelia maTi mkveTri gamijvna. dezinformaciis gavrcelebaSi monawileoben trolebi da botebi. boti igivea, rac aplikacia, romelic xelovnur inteleqtze dayrdnobiT da specialurad misTvis Seqmnili algoriTmebiT, asrulebs micemul davalebas. magaliTad: konkretul komentars ganaTavsebs asobiT da aTasobiT gverdebze, tiraJirebs mowonebis (`laiqis~) an emociis Rilakebs da a. S. botisgan gasxvavebiT, troli adamiania,

1 Disinformation Techniques. The Center for European Policy Analysis (CEPA). https://www.cepa.org/disinfotechniques

Tumca yoveldRiur slengSi xSirad trolebs da botebs erTmaneTTan aigiveben. troli iRebs mza gzavnils da direqtivas samizne individebis an jgufebis Sesaxeb. trolisTvis trolingi anazRaurebadi samsaxuria. trolebi mesijebs argeben konteqsts da axdenen mesijebis diversificirebas, iwyeben diskusiebs internet momxmarebelTan... troli moqmedebs specialurad Seqmnili sxvadasxva saxelebiT (`eqaunTebiT~). rig SemTxvevebSi trolis amocnoba martivia socialur mediaSi (yavs cota megobari, axal Seqmnili gverdia, ar aCens pirad da ojaxur fotoebs, profilisTvis iyenebs moparul fotos da identobas da sxv.) trolis gamoaSkaraveba mis profesionalizmzea damokidebuli – xelovnuri inteleqtiT Seqmnili fotoebi, IP misamarTebiT manipulireba da sxva msgavsi meTodi arTulebs trolis amocnobas. maRalanazRaurebadi trolebi profesionalebi arian da qaosi SeaqvT internet-sivrceSi. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani amocanis SemTxvevaSi iqmneba e. w. `trolebis qarxana~ – adamianTa jgufi konkretuli amocanebiT. erTeuli trolisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic SesaZlebelia sakuTari saxlidan muSaobdes sakuTari smartfoniT an kompiuteriT, trolebis qarxana organizaciaa da mas infrastruqtura esaWiroeba. `trolebis qarxana~ xSirad daregistrirebulia media-saagentos, holdingis an sxva msgavsi saxeliT da oficialur saqmianobas safarad iyenebs trolingis procesSi. 2016 wels, aSS prezidentis donald trampis saarCevno kampaniis dros mniSvnelovan ambad iqca trolebis gavlena amomrCevelTa ganwyobaze. Seiqmna specialuri komisia, romelsac xelmZRvanelobda aSS gamoZiebis federaluri biuros (FBI) yofili xelmZRvaneli, robert miuleri. gamoZiebam gamoaqveyna e. w. `miuleris angariSi~,

romlis Tanaxmad, trolebis qarxnis funqcias asrulebda rus oligarq evgeni prigoJinis mier sankt-peterburgSi daregistrirebuli internet kvlevebis saagento. 1 trolingisTvis individebis da jgufebis piradi monacemebis moZieba xdeba Ria wyaroebiT, moparviT (`dahakviT~), aplikaciebis daxmarebiT (sxvadasxva saxis onlain testebi, gansakuTrebiT iseTi, romelic fotosuraTis atvirTvas moiTxovs momxmareblisgan), kompiuteruli virusebis gavrcelebiT da sxva. politikuri trolingis mizania sazogadoebis warmodgenebisa da Rirebulebebis formireba, sasargeblo idiotebad (misi informaciis gamavrceleblad) da koleqtiur trolebad (misi Rirebulebebis matareblebad) gadaqceva. dezinformaciis gavrceleba SesaZlebelia yvela media-saSualebiT, magram dezinformaciis gavrcelebis masStabi uprecedentod maRalia yviTeli mediis, internet-mediis da socialuri qselebis gamoyenebiT. socialuri qselebi, internet-jgufebi da internet-gamocemebi amartivebs botebis da trolebis saqmianobas. amgvari operaciebi imdenad masStaburia, rom feisbuqma maT amosacnobad SeimuSava specialuri algoriTmi. aplikaciebi kargad muSaobs botebis winaaRmdeg, Tumca jer-jerobiT ver amarcxebs trolings. dezinformaciis mizanmimarTulma gavrcelebam da politikurma trolingma SesaZloa daazianos nebismieri saxelmwifo. Tumca iq, sadac politikuri institutebi da samoqalaqo sazogadoeba sustia, xolo media-wignierebis xarisxi dabali, Sedegi xangrZlivi da damangreveli SeiZleba aRmoCndes.

1 Report On The Investigation Into Russian Interference In The 2016 Presidential

Election. V. I. Special Counsel Robert S. Mueller, III. US Department of Justice.

Washington. March 2019. https://www.justice.gov/storage/report.pdf

Ria wyaroebiT gamoZieba (OSINT) zogadi ganmartebiT gulisxmobs nebismieri tipis gamoZiebas Ria informaciaze dayrdnobiT da sxvadasxva aplikaciebis gamoyenebiT. Ria wyaroebSi SesaZloa moviazroT internetSi ganTavsebuli nebismieri informacia – samTavrobo dokumentebi, mediakontenti, socialur qselebSi ganTavsebuli statusebi Tu komentarebi... cifruli gamomZieblis Tu cifruli Jurnalistis profesiis gaCenis aucilebloba ganapiroba cifrulma revoluciam da misma Tanmdevma gamowvevebma (informaciis siuxve, dezinformaciis gavrcelebis simartive, informaciis klasifikaciis sirTule da sxv.)

Ria wyaroebiT gamoZiebis eqspertebze moTxovna mzardia da momavalSi kidev ufro gaizrdeba. am meTods iyeneben rogorc usafrTxoebis da uSiSroebis uwyebebi, aseve Jurnalistebi, mkvlevarebi da nebismieri msurveli. saerTaSoriso dokumentebis da angariSebis didi nawilic Ria wyaroebze dayrdnobiT mzaddeba.

Ria wyaroebiT gamoZiebis teqnikasa da SesaZleblobebze mravali saxelmZRvanelo Seiqmna (zogierTi maTgani bestseleradac ki iqca). saxelmZRvaneloebsa da treningkursebze aqcenti keTdeba Semdeg sakiTxebze: saZiebo sistemebSi efeqturi Zebna; socialuri qselebidan da sxva platformebidan informaciis Sekreba da analizi TiToeuli socialuri qselis Tu platformis Taviseburebebis, specifikis da regulaciebis gaTvaliswinebiT; veb-gverdebisa da socialuri mediis gverdebis teqnikuri monacemebis (mag. IP misamarTebi) dadgena; mflobelobasTan da saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli detalebis identifikacia; faktCekingis procesSi onlain rukebis gamoyeneba da monacemTa Sejereba; foto-video masalis gadamowmeba aplikaciebiT; mobiluri aplikaciebis da radio signalebis analizi da sxv. 1

1 Michael Bazzell. Open Source Intelligence Techniques. Resources for Searching and Analysing Online Information. Sixth Edition. 2018 124

Jurnalisturi gamoZieba yovelTvis iTvleboda demokratiis safuZvlad da politikuri sistemis gajansaRebis meqanizmad. cifrulma SesaZleblobebma es mimarTulebac axal simaRleze aiyvana. profesionali Tu damoukidebeli gamomZieblebis saqmianoba didi gamowvevis winaSe ayenebs samTavrobo uwyebebs da politikis warmoebis procesSi individis Zalauflebis zrdis kargi magaliTia. dRes yvela cnobili media-saSualeba cdilobs gansakuTrebuli yuradReba dauTmos cifruli Jurnalistikis ganviTarebas. msoflios masStabiT imarTeba cifruli Jurnalistikis konferenciebi da forumebi, iqmneba damoukidebeli organizaciebi, Cndeba axali nominaciebi da sakonkurso jildoebi.

bibliografia:

1. Michael Bazzell. Open Source Intelligence Techniques. Resources for

Searching and Analysing Online Information. Sixth Edition. 2018 2. Ginger Gorman. Troll Hunting: Inside the World of Online Hate and its Human Fallout. Hardie Grant Books. 2013 3. Kathleen Hall Jamieson. CyberWar. How Russian Hackers and Trolls

Helped Elect a President. What we don’t, can’t, and do know. Oxford

University Press. 2018 4. Brian McNair. Cultural Chaos. Journalism and Power in a Globalised

World. Routledge. 2006. 5. Text Mining and Visualization. Case Studies Using OpenSource Tools. edited by Markus Hofmann, Andrew Chisholm. CRC Press. 2016. 6. Disinformation Techniques. The Center for European Policy Analysis (CEPA). https://www.cepa.org/disinfotechniques 7. European Union EXTERNAL ACTION. Countering Disinformation. https://eeas.europa.eu/topics/counteringdisinformation_en 8. Joseph Foley. 9 deep fake examples that terrified and amused the internet. CB (CREATIVE BLOG). November 15, 2019. https://www.creativebloq.com/features/deepfakeexamples 9. Report On The Investigation Into Russian Interference In The 2016

Presidential Election. V. I. Special Counsel Robert S. Mueller, III. US

Department of Justice. Washington. March 2019. https://www.justice. gov/storage/report.pdf 10. Claire Wardle. Fake news. It’s complicated. FIRST DRAFT. February 16, 2017. https://firstdraftnews.org/latest/fakenewscomplicated

kiTxvebi da davalebebi:

1. ra gansxvavebaa dezinformaciasa da misinformacias

Soris? 2. CamoTvale dezinformaciis gavrcelebis meqanizmebi. 3. rogor fiqrob, ratom aris dezinformaciis da propagandis meTodebi msgavsi? 4. gsmenia trolebis da trolebis qarxnebis Sesaxeb? gamxdarxar trolingis msxverpli? 5. rogor fiqrob, socialuri media ratom amartivebs dezinformaciis gavrcelebas da trolings? 6. eTanxmebi mosazrebas, rom trolingma SesaZloa saxelmwifo usafrTxoebas Seuqmnas safrTxe? moiyvane magaliTi. 7. ras gulisxmobs Ria wyaroebiT gamoZieba? 8. SearCie internetidan statia, romelic Seni azriT Seicavs dezinformacias. dezinformaciis ra teqnikas iyenebs statia? gadaamowme faqtebi Ria wyaroebiT. 9. gaecani informacias 2016 wlis aSS prezidentis donald trampis saarCevno kampaniaze trolebis qarxnis zegavlenis Sesaxeb.

Ø es sainteresoa:

2018 wels socialur qselebSi gamoCnda video, sadac samxedro formaSi Cacmuli mamakacebi kameris win xvretdnen qalebs da bavSvebs. kameraSi msxvili xediT Canda dedis zurgze mikruli mcirewlovani bavSvis saxe sikvdilis win. videoSi ismoda xma: `sakmarisia canga~. video BBC Jurnalistebis yuradRebis qveS moeqca da daiwyo Jurnalisturi

gamoZieba. Ria wyaroebiT gamoZieba ar aRmoCnda martivi, radgan videoze ar fiqsirdeboda adgilmdebareobis an vinaobis damadasturebeli detalebi. Semzaravi video uamrav kiTxvas badebda: sad moxda masobrivi mkvleloba? rodis moxda? vin arian mkvlelebi? vin arian msxverplebi?

Jurnalistebs ramdenime Tve dasWirdaT gamoZiebisTvis da miuxedavad sirTuleebisa, maT SeZles rogorc adgilmdebareobis, aseve mkvlelebis identificireba. geografiuli mdebareoba ganisazRvra satelituri rukebiT (videos fonze gamosaxul landSaftur informaciaze dayrdnobiT). gadaRebis savaraudo dro dadginda mzis Crdilis mixedviT. mkvlelTa vinaoba dadginda saxis amomcnobi aplikaciebiT socialuri qselebis monacemebTan da oficialur dokumentebTan Sejerebis safuZvelze.

Jurnalisturi gamoZiebis Sedegad dadginda, rom `boko haramis~ teroristuli dajgufebis winaaRmdeg antiteroristuli operaciis dros, teroristebTan TanamSromlobis braldebiT, kamerunis saxelmwifo armia sikvdiliT sjida soflis mSvidobian mosaxleobas. kamerunis mTavrobam scada pasuxismgeblobis Tavidan arideba, Tumca uSedegod.

gamoyenebuli wyaroebi:

1. Anatomy of a Killing (BBC). PEABODY. http://peabodyawards.com/ awardprofile/anatomyofakilling 2. Cameroon: Anatomy of a Killing. Documentary. BBC Africa Eye. https:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=XbnLkc6r3yc

nawili II