Visualizing Cross-country Borderlands- An Architecture towards peace (Dissertation)

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LITERATURE REVIEW: THE SYMBOLIC RELATIONSHIP OF ARCHITECTURE & CONFLICT Conflict is typically defined as an 'event' that interrupts and disrupts 'normalcy.' However, as Colin Priest argues in his paper, "conflict is inherent in society," and it's better understood as a metamorphic process in which opposing concepts and visions are voiced and root causes of major social issues, inequalities, or injustices are challenged.(Plonski et al. 2018) The degree to those conflicts has an effect on existing areas and social orders depends on the capability of communities to use internal resolution mechanisms (negotiation, strikes, argument, legal proceeding, elections, etc.) to retort to the wants and expectations of the affected population, to adapt to the new social order, to soak up and endure any variety of collective impacts.

Figure 2 Pablo Picasso’s most-recognized Cubist painting: Guernica(Sibi n.d.)

A particular arrangement of contention relations arises in borderlands. State presence is regularly restricted. Borderlands are usually home excessively ethnic, etymological, and family relationship bunches that ride the boundary, working with streams of exchange and developments of individuals, and those living in borderlands might see the opposite side of the line as more critical than far off capitals and financial focuses.(Plonski et al. 2018) “Borderlands can be contested spaces that become havens for resistance movements and were nonstate actors clash with state institutions.”

The origination of reality in zones of conflict are set apart by a 'culture of war and occupation’, the social development of contention and occupation, impacted by dangers and sensations of dread, feelings, recollections of past contentions, momentary practices or relocations, personalities, and informal communities. This can be interpreted as a type of emblematic brutality, as defined by Pierre Bourdieu as "undetectable", "delicate, 'the viciousness that explicitly points to upsetting the lineage, grounded values, and representative articulation of a gathering." It causes feelings of weakness, shortcoming, or feebleness. (Sibi n.d.)

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Figure 46 Monumentality across India- Pakistan Border

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Figure 47 Spatial analysis of monumentality across India-Pakistan border

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Figure 45 Land custom stations in NE-India

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Figure 48 Border peace parade at Attari-Wagah border

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peace-themed mural

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Figure 43 ICPs across India-Nepal, Pakistan and Bangladesh borderlands

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Figure 42 Location of ICPs along Indian Borders

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Figure 41 Integrated Check post at Attari-Wagah Border

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Figure 40 Integrated Border control: Cross country movement

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Figure 33 Border in Baarle-Hertog, Municipality of Belgian

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Figure 36 Typical Illustration of International borderline

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Figure 37 Border management and control aspects

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Figure 34 Evolution of the Netherlands- Belgium Border

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Figure 35 The Belgian-Dutch Border at different locations of Baarle town

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Figure 18 India- Bangladesh Border

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Figure 10 India – Pakistan Border fencing; Cross- Border landscape

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Figure 31 Border walls across the globe

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Figure 19 Land ports Authorities: India- Bangladesh Border

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Figure 23 Varieties of International land borders

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Figure 22 The Akhaura- Agartala Border complex site plan

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Figure 15 Analysis of The Wagah- Attari Border complex site plan

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Bhutan and China

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Figure 4 Borders across the globe

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Figure 2 Pablo Picasso’s most-recognized Cubist painting: Guernica

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Figure 1 Border wall as Architecture (Ronald Rael and Virginia San Fratelli

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Figure 5 Border security: Fencing and watch tower surveillance

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Pakistan border

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Figure 3 9/11 Twin tower attack

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Figure 6 Walled border: International boundary demarcation approach Figure 7 Crossing the bridge into Canada, from the US: Ambassador Bridge, Open Border of India-Nepal Boundary, Indian and Pakistan border officers at the Indian-

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Figure 8 India and it's borderlands Figure 9 India and its international boundaries: Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Pakistan, Nepal,

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