My World 31 by Rondeli Foundation

2021 31

presa baTomis cxovreba

sandro axmeteli

mxatvroba

qalebi vera burjanaZe – 25 weli gulagSi

saqarTvelos damoukidebloba da istoriuli paralelebi

Teatri

HOMO SOVIETICUS

istoria

saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi kirion II

ideologia

poezia gala da oli

didi qarTvelebi

saqarTvelo asi wlis winaT saqarTveloSi

dimitri SevardnaZe

31 2021

jgufi. 69. sakulto nageboba RvTismsaxurebisa da religiur wes-CveulebaTa Sesasruleblad. 70. cecxlis dasanTebi adgili miwis iatakze. (gadatan) raimes warmoSobisa da gavrcelebis adgili. 72. marTlmadidebel eklesiaSi administraciuli erTeuli, romelsac mRvdelmTavari (episkoposi) marTavs. 73. saxelmwifo an sazogadoebrivi dawesebuleba. 74. pirobiTi gamosaxuleba, simbolo, romelic mikuTvnebuli aqvs ama Tu im saxelmwifos, organizacias an sagvareulos. 77. ZiriTadi sakiTxi, romelsac exeba msjeloba, gamokvleva, saubari da misT. 83. mrgvali, Rrma ormo, romelSic sasmeli wyali grovdeba.

TinaTin evdoSvili

oTar janeliZe mixeil wereTeli giorgi badriZe vaxtang javaxaZe levan berZeniSvili manana axmeteli irakli xvadagiani sulxan salaZe irine abesaZe

1. laparakis, naTqvamis manera, niuansi. 3. memamulis miwaze mcxovrebi glexi, romelic amuSavebda batonis miwas da uxdida mas begaras. 10. saxelmwifos erTpirovnuli meTauri monarqiuli wyobilebis dros. 12. mecniereba, romelic kacobriobis istorias swavlobs nivTieri kulturis Zeglebis, artefaqtebis, arqiteqturuli Zeglebis da biofaqtebis mixedviT. 13. raime SejibrebaSi erT-erT bolo adgilze myofi sportsmeni an gundi. gadat. CamorCenili‚ warumatebeli. 14. iranis dedaqalaqi. 17. oficialuri miReba saxelmwifos maRali Tanamdebobis pirTan. 19. msaxiobi (ZiriTadad musikosi), romelic srulyofilad flobs Sesrulebis teqnikas. 20. mrgvali firfita reliefuri gamosaxulebiT, romelsac gadascemen jildod ama Tu im sferoSi warmatebul adamianebs. 22. metomeoba, nacionalizmi eklesiaSi. 26. azri, Canafiqri. 28. ualkoholo, tkbili, gaziani gamagrilebeli sasmeli. 30. qarTveli qalis Zveleburi Tavsaburavi. 31. raime nivTierebis, narevis Semadgeneli nawili. 34. garemomcveli pirobebi. 35. samkaulebis Sesanaxi patara yuTi. 36. garkveuli wesiTa da TanmimdevrobiT ganxorcielebuli operaciebis erToblioba, romelTaganac Sedgeba masalis, nakeTobis damuSavebis procesi. 37. qaTinauri. 41. raimes gavrcelebis areali an moqmedebis adgili. 42. brZolis veli. 43. saxelmwifos an piris ufleba ganaxorcielos marTlmsajuleba garkveul teritoriaze an garkveul pirTa mimarT. 44. drois garkveul monakveTSi Catarebuli procedura. 48. gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT, xifaTebiT da TavgadasavlebiT aRsavse ambavi. 49. damcavi kedeli qalaqis, cixis, ezos garSemo. 50. saqonlis an fulis gacema sesxad, romelic ukan sargebelTan erTad brundeba. 53. fsiqikuri daavadeba, zogjer axasiaTebs halucinaciebi, bodvebi. 55. Serwyma, Sedgena, SeerTeba calkeuli nawilisa erT mTlianobaSi, raime ideis Sesabamisad. 56. bizantiis imperiis dedaqalaqi 1453 wlamde. axlandeli stamboli. 57. tusaRi. 62. piri, romelmac bevri ena icis. 63. samuSao gegma, normebisa da Sesrulebis vadebis zusti miTiTebiT. 65. bgeris Tviseba, romlis mixedviTac ganirCeva erTi da imave simaRlis tonebi. 66. saqonelze, produqciaze dakruli safabriko an savaWro niSani, iarliyi. 68. sayovelTaod aRiarebuli mniSvneloba, gavlena. 70. mkveTri, gamanadgurebeli cvlileba bunebaSi an sazogadoebaSi. 71. bedis winaswar gansazRvruloba, garduvaloba. 73. SeiaraRebuli dapirispireba saxelmwifoebs an sazogadoebriv klasebs Soris. 75. iZulebis, zemoqmedebis zoma kanonis darRvevisaTvis. 76. emocia, gancda, romelsac iwvevs esa Tu is movlena, faqti da misT. da romelic rCeba adamianis mexsierebaSi. 78. afTiaqis TanamSromeli, specialuri ganaTlebis mqone, romelic amzadebs wamlebs da eweva maT realizacias. 79. sarwmunoebisTvis Tavdadebuli, xSir SemTxvevaSi, wamebuli adamiani, romlis gansakuTrebuli Rvawli aRiarebulia eklesiis mier. 80. saxelis, simbolos da dizainis erToblioba, romelic axasiaTebs garkveul produqts da mas sxva produqtebisagan gamoarCevs. 81. dramatuli nawarmoebi scenaze warmosadgenad. 82. muslimi sasuliero piri. muslimTa religiuri kultis msaxuri. 83. dablobi adgili, sadac yovelTvis dgas wyali, Cveulebriv, dafaruli wyalmcenareebiT.

wina nomerSi gamoqveynebuli krosvordis pasuxebi

garekanze: kolaJi statiisTvis `asi wlis winaT saqarTveloSi~

1. Subi 2. morali 3. bastioni 4. metoqe 5. tradicia 6. niufaundlendi 7. reidi 8. Janri 10. kontinenti 12. iordane 13. rifi 17. pansioni 22. eTnografia 23. faTeraki 24. filologia 25. dambla 28. stenografia 31. abonenti 32. manheteni 33. abreviatura 36. iuristi 39. arqiteqtori 43. segregacia 44. Trombi 45. tona 46. skepticizmi 48. operatori 50. imedi 53. serenada 54. spineti 55. stumari 57. asistenti 61. talRa 62. merqani 63. emigranti 64. signali 69. prototipi 70. sasamarTlo 71. logariTmi 76. travma 77. zvigeni 78. rigoleto 80. aqcenti 82. patenti 83. depresia 84. natura 85. teqsti 89. seria 93. brbo 94. ese

9. tuberkulozi 11. diagrama 14. veterani 15. genia 16. viza 18. ali 19. akademia 20. ialqani 21. sarbieli 22. etli 24. fondi 26. difteria 27. diversia 29. adeni 30. norvegia 34. konkistadori 35. biznesi 37. nedleuli 38. barji 40. instrumenti 41. xevsureTi 42. nilosi 44. Teatri 47. transformatori 49. licenzia 51. ra 52. mona 56. eqspertiza 58. wre 59. vaSingtoni 60. dolari 65. abonementi 66. samoTxe 67. meqanizmi 68. unari 72. aida 73. organi 74. lazeri 75. vaWroba 78. racia 79. negativi 81. hipi 83. damasko 85. tivi 86. garantia 87. energia 88. speqtakli 90. studenti 91. io 92. lobi 95. etiudi 96. studia 97. hospitali 98. Soba

31 / 2021

saqarTvelo

oTar janeliZe asi wlis winaT saqarTveloSi

didi qarTvelebi

mixeil wereTeli saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi 16 kirion II istoria giorgi badriZe saqarTvelos damoukidebloba da istoriuli paralelebi

poezia vaxtang javaxaZe gala da oli

ideologia

levan berZeniSvili HOMO SOVIETICUS

Teatri

manana axmeteli sandro axmeteli qalebi irakli xvadagiani vera burjanaZe – 25 weli gulagSi

presa sulxan salaZe

baTomis cxovreba mxatvroba irine abesaZe dimitri SevardnaZe

saqarTvelo

asi wlis winaT

saqarTveloSi oTar janeliZe

zustad asi weli – erTi saukune gvaSorebs im ambebsa da tragikul istorias, romlebzec es werili mogviTxrobs. masSi saubaria saqarTvelosa da mis irgvliv asi wlis win ganviTarebul movlenebze, imaze, Tu ra xdeboda saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi, ra ganwyobiT, ra SemarTebiT cxovrobdnen misi moqalaqeni, Cveni arcTu Soreuli winaprebi 1918-1921 wlebSi da rogor daamsxvria sabWoTa ruseTis agresiam maTi didi nawilis imedebi da molodini. asi wlis win axali dasrulebuli iyo pirveli msoflio omi (am oms pirveli mas Semdeg uwodes, rac kacobriobas 1939-1945 wlebSi Tavs momdevno – meore msoflio omi daatyda), romelmac bevri xalxisa da qveynis, maT Soris saqarTvelos, cxovreba kardinalurad Secvala. 1918 wlis 26 maiss Seiqmna saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika da saqarTvelos saxeli xangrZlivi wyvetis Semdeg kvlav aRibeWda msoflio politikur rukaze. evropisa da aziis gzaSesayarze, saqarTvelos istoriul miwa-wyalze Camoyalibda Tanamedrove tipis saxelmwifo, romelsac demokratiuli ganviTarebis arc tradicia hqonia da arc gamocdileba, magram hyavda soliduri politikuri elita, romelmac jer kidev 1917 wlis noemberSi Seqmna saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWo da misi aRmasrulebeli komiteti, noe Jordanias TavmjdomareobiT.

asi wlis winaT saqarTveloSi

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aqti, 1918 wlis 26 maisi

20 wlis asaks miRweuli orive sqesis mosaxleoba saarCevno xmiT Tanabrad sargeblobda. qalebs hqondaT rogorc aqtiuri, ise pasiuri saarCevno ufleba, rac bevr dawinaurebul saxelmwifoSi jer kidev ar iyo damkvidrebuli. saqarTvelos umaRles sakanonmdeblo organoSi arCeuli iyo 5 qali: elisabed nakaSiZe, minadora orjonikiZe-toroSeliZe, ana soloRaSvili, eleonora ter-farsegovamaxvilaZe da qristine SaraSiZe. damfuZnebeli kreba, rogorc mas uwodebdnen – „saqarTvelos cnobierebis gvirgvini“, respublikis mTeli mosaxleobis interesebs asaxavda. qarTvelTa garda, deputatebad arCeuli iyvnen saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi TiTqmis yvela eris warmomadgenlebi, kerZod: somxebi (5 deputati), rusebi (3), osebi (3), ebraelebi (3), germaneli (1), azerbaijaneli (1), berZeni (1). saqarTvelos damfuZnebelma krebam (Tavmjdomare nikoloz (karlo) CxeiZe) 1919 wlis 21 marts daamtkica respublikis axali mTavroba, romelic amjerad erTpartiuli iyo da mxolod gamarjvebuli politikuri Zalis – social-demokratebisagan Sedgeboda. mTavrobas saTaveSi noe Jordania edga.

noe ramiSvili (1881-1930)

noe Jordania (1868-1953)

erovnul sabWoSi Semavali politikuri partiebis liderTa SeTanxmebiT, axlad warmoSobili respublikis xelmZRvaneloba koaliciur mTavrobas miendo. mTavrobis Tavmjdomared da Sinagan saqmeTa ministrad social-demokratiuli partiis erT-erTi lideri – noe ramiSvili dainiSna. amave partiis wevrebi Caudgnen saTaveSi oTx sxva saministrosac. ori ministri socialist-federalistTa partiidan iyo, xolo TiTo-TiTo – erovnul-demokratiuli da eserTa partiebidan. am faqtma da aseve, saqarTveloSi evropuli codna-ganaTlebiT aRWurvili inteleqtualuri elitis arsebobamac, romelic dasavlur Rirebulebebsa da principebs erTgulebda, ganapiroba qveyanaSi mravalpartiuli politikuri sistemis formireba, gamoxatvis Tavisufleba, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis, eTnikuri umciresobebis, qalTa uflebebis dacva da aRiareba. uzrunvelyofili iyo sayovelTao arCevnebi,

saqarTvelo

saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWo

saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi gamijnuli iyo sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo xelisufleba. dawesebuli iyo kanonis winaSe moqalaqeTa Tanasworoba da samarTlebrivi saxelmwifosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sxva demokratiuli Tavisuflebani. rigiT moqalaqeebs gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi garkveuli monawileoba SeeZloT. yovelive es mkafiod aisaxa saqarTvelos konstituciaSi, romelic damfuZnebelma krebam 1921 wlis TebervalSi daamtkica. mmarTveli social-demokratiuli Zalis garda, saxelmwifoSi mimdinare politikur procesSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda opoziciac. politikuri opozicia umTavresad parlamentSi (jer erovnul sabWoSi, 1919 wlis martidan – damfuZnebel krebaSi) iyo warmodgenili da loialur xasiaTs atarebda. memarcxene opoziciur speqtrs socialist-federalistTa da socialist-revolucionerTa partiebi, xolo memarjvenes – erovnul-demokratiuli partia da misgan gamoyofili organizaciebi Seadgendnen, romlebic 1921 wlis ianvarSi erT – demokratiul partiad gaerTiandnen. gamonaklisi iyvnen bolSevikebi. isini ar cnobdnen saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikas, upirispirdebodnen ara xelisuflebas, aramed suverenul qarTul saxelmwifos da mis damxobas eSurebodnen. amis miuxedavad, 1920 wlis maisSi, sabWoTa ruseTTan gaformebuli samSvidobo xelSekrulebis ZaliT, saqarTveloSi bolSevikuri organizaciebis legaluri saqmianobac ki dauSves. minadora orjonikiZe-toroSeliZe qristine SaraSiZe eleonora (1879-1967) (1889-1973) ter-farsegova-maxvilaZe (1875-193?) ana soloRaSvili (1882-1937) elisabed nakaSiZe (1885-1937)

asi wlis winaT saqarTveloSi

saqmianobas sabWoebi da qalaqis Tavebi uZRvebodnen. erobebisa da saTaTbiroebis gadawyvetilebaTa gauqmeba mxolod sasamarTlos SeeZlo.

fari-xanum sofieva (1884-1953)

opoziciuri partiebi Tavisuflad gamoscemdnen Jurnal-gazeTebs, saparlamento tribunis garda, Seuferxeblad iyenebdnen sajaro sivrces Sekrebebis, mitingebisa Tu sxva politikuri RonisZiebebisaTvis. centraluri xelisuflebis paralelurad, funqcionirebda adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba, romelic mmarTvelobis uflebiTac iyo aRWurvili. demokratiuli arCevnebis gziT Seiqmna saerobo municipaluri organoebi – mravalpartiuli saerobo krebebi da maTi gamgeobebi, aseve, qalaqebis TviTmmarTveli saTaTbiroebi, romelTa

adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebs erTi mniSvnelovani istoriuli faqtic ukavSirdeba. arCevnebSi Tbilisis mazris yaraiazis saarCevno olqSi gaimarjva da Tbilisis samazro erobis damoukidebeli xmosani (deputati) gaxda fari-xanum sofieva. xmosanTa Soris sxva qalebic iyvnen, magram sofievas imitom gamovyofT, rom is iyo muslimi, eTnikurad azerbaijaneli. muslim qalebs ki im dros TiTqmis arsad politikuri uflebebi ar gaaCndaT. amdenad, miCneulia, rom fari-xanum sofieva msoflioSi demokratiulad arCeuli pirveli muslimi qalia. misi saxelis ukvdavsayofad dRes sofel yarajalaSi sofievas memorialia gaxsnili. sakuTari fulad-safinanso sistemis SemoRebamde saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi mimoqcevaSi darCa amierkavkasiis komisariatis bonebi, romlebic TbilisSi ibeWdeboda. 1919 wlis ivlisSi ki, damfuZnebeli krebis dekretiT, respublikis bonebis

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis bonebi nikoloz (karlo) CxeiZe (1864-1926)

saqarTvelo

iuli respublikis saqarTvelos demokrat saxelmwifo banki iason lorTqifaniZe (1866-1949)

emisia daiwyo. eskizebi mxatvrebma ioseb Sarlemanma, henrik hrinevskim da dimitri SevardnaZem SeimuSaves. qarTuli boni suverenuli saxelmwifos erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi atributi iyo. ganixileboda erovnuli valutis SemoRebac, romelsac unda rqmeoda „marCili“ – vercxlis fulis qarTuli saxelwodeba XVI-XVII saukuneebSi, magram masze muSaobis damTavreba veRar moeswro. 1919 wlis dekemberSi dafuZnda saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis saxelmwifo banki (Tavmjdomare iason lorTqifaniZe). axladSeqmnili saqarTvelos respublika biujetis deficitis pirobebSi cxovrobda, magram saxelmwifo mainc zrunavda Tavis moqalaqeTa Rirseuli arsebobisaTvis. im adamianebisaTvis, romlebmac samuSao adgilze dakarges Sromis unari da miiRes sawarmoo travma, SemoRebuli iyo pensia. umuSevrobis dasaZlevad Sromis birJebi da Sromis komisiebi yalibdeboda. 1921 wlis konstitucia krZalavda mozardTa da sazogadod qalebisaTvis RamiT muSaobas; saxelmwifos umuSevarTa daxmarebis pasuxismgeblobac ekisreboda maTTvis „samuSaos aRmoCeniT an dazRvevis saxiT“. saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi qarTvelebis gverdiT sxva araerTi eTnosis warmomadgenlebic cxovrobdnen. am eTnikuri umciresobebis, rogorc maSin uwodebdnen, „natexi erebis“, uflebaTa damkvidrebis problema qarTuli saxelmwifos mudmivi zrunvis saga-

damfuZnebeli kreba

asi wlis winaT saqarTveloSi

ni iyo, magram Tanacxovrebas mainc seriozuli siZneleebi axlda, araqarTvelTa samoqalaqo integraciis procesi saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi winaaRmdegobrivad viTardeboda. umciresobaTa nawili saxelmwifoSi saxelmwifos Seqmnas eswrafoda. magaliTad, afxazTa erovnuli sabWo damoukideblobis, xolo e. w. samxreT oseTis erovnuli sabWo avtonomiis moTxovniT gamodioda. amasTan, afxazeTsa da Sida qarTlis osebiT kompaqturad dasaxlebul soflebSi saqarTvelosagan CamoSorebisa da ruseTTan SeerTebis lozungebiT separatistuli moZraobac gaRvivda. moZraobas adgilobrivi (maT Soris – qarTveli) bolSevikebi meTaurobdnen, romlebic sabWoTa ruseTis didi mxardaWeriT sargeblobdnen. saqarTvelos demokratiulma respublikam ar dauSva separatizmi da daicva qveynis teritoriuli mTlianoba. afxazebs, romlebsac sxva samSoblo arsad aqvT da

dimitri uznaZe (1886-1950)

mTlianad soxumis olqs, saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi konstituciurad politikuri avtonomia daukanonda, osebs, romelTac samSoblo CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi hqondaT, avtonomia ar ekuTvnodaT da arc miuRiaT. qarTuli saxelmwifos erT-erTi prioritetuli amocana ganaTlebis axali, erovnuli sistemis Camoyalibeba iyo. saxalxo ganaTlebis Sesaxeb kanonis Tanaxmad, damoukidebeli saqarTvelos skola demokratiul safuZvels unda dayrdnoboda da adamianis harmoniuli ganviTareba uzrunveleyo. saskolo sistema sami safexurisagan Sedgeboda. skolis mTavar mizans warmoadgenda mozardi Taobis aRzrda, misTvis dasrulebuli saSualo ganaTlebis micema da umaRlesi saswavleblebisaTvis momzadeba. skolis maswavleblebis gadasamzadeblad Seiqmna specialuri kursebi. pedagogiur saswavleblebsa da Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetTan Camoyalibebul pedagogiur institutSi (direqtori – profesori dimitri uznaZe) gafarTovda pedagogebis momzadebis procesi. SemuSavda axali saswavlo gegmebi, programebi da swavlebis meTodika. daiwyo qarTul enaze saxelmZRvaneloebis momzadeba da gamocema, romlebic winaswar recenzirebasa da SerCevas eqvemdebareboda. bevr saganSi saxelmZRvaneloebi rusulidan iTargmna. gaizarda skolebis ricxvi. zogierTi SeZlebuli moqalaqe, gansakuTrebiT soflad, skolas sakuTari xarjiT aarsebda. skolaTa saerTo ricxvma saqarTveloSi 2 aTass gadaaWarba, xolo moswavleTa raodenoba TiTqmis 162 aTasamde gaizarda. skolebis didi nawili erT- da orwliani iyo, romelTagan bevrs jer kidev sakuTari Senoba ar gaaCnda, bevrSic saTanadod ar iyo daculi higienuri pirobebi, akldaT saskolo inventari da Wirda TvalsaCinoeba. miuxedavad amisa, skola qveynis yvela kuTxeSi mainc izidavda moswavleebs, azrians, SemoqmedebiTsa da xalisians xdida maT cxovrebas. qarTulis garda, arsebobda eTnikur umciresobaTa 300-ze meti saswavlebeli, romelTa umravlesoba saxelmwifos biujetidan finansdeboda, swavleba ki umciresobebis mSobliur enebze mimdinareobda. 1921 wlis konstituciam daakanona, rom „pirveldawyebiTi swavla sayovelTao, usasyidlo da savaldebuloa“.

saqarTvelo ganaTlebis reformis Sesabamisad, daiwyo sabavSvo baRebis mowyoba-mSenebloba. zrdasruli asakis mosaxleobaSi ganaTlebis, metwilad politikuri codnis gavrcelebas xels uwyobda saxalxo universitetebis qseli, romlebSic leqciebs ministrebi, deputatebi, mwerlebi, cnobili mecnierebi da sxvebi kiTxulobdnen. bileTebi fasiani iyo. leqciidan Semosuli Tanxa, arcTu iSviaTad, qvelmoqmedebas xmardeboda. saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi safuZveli eyreboda umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemas da viTardeboda mecnieruli kvleva-Zieba, romlis centri pirveli qarTuli universiteti iyo. Tbilisis universiteti, ivane javaxiSvilis didi ZalisxmeviT, 1918 wlis 26 ianvars gaixsna, rogorc kerZo umaRlesi saswavlebeli, magram saqarTvelos xelisuflebis gadawyvetilebiT, imave wlis seqtembridan igi saxelmwifo universitetad gamocxadda, misTvis sruli Sinagani avtonomiis SenarCunebiT. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika sekularul saxelmwifod yalibdeboda. deklaraciulad, eklesia gamoyofili iyo saxelmwifosagan, xolo skola – eklesiisagan. xelisufleba atarebda tolerantul politikas, ar ereoda kultis sakiTxebSi, daculi iyo rwmenisa da religiis Tavisuf-

ivane javaxiSvili (1876-1940)

leba, xorcieldeboda religiaTa Tanasworobis principi. SeuzRudavi iyo religiuri konfesiebis, kulturul da saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebaTa saqmianoba. respublikis kanonmdeblobiT, saqarTveloSi daSvebuli iyo moqalaqeTa politikuri Tu sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebebis, maT Soris, profesiuli kavSirebis Seqmna da funqcionireba. saxelmwifos yovelgvari Carevisagan Tavisufali iyo beWduri sityva. 1918-1921 wlebis saqarTveloSi periodul gamocemaTa farTo speqtri arsebobda, maT Soris: partiuli, samxedro, saxelovnebo, literaturuli, samedicino, pedagogiuri, sabavSvo, sasuliero, iumoristuli da sxva. Jurnalebi da gazeTebi, qarTulis garda, rusul, somxur, inglisur, germanul da frangul enebzec gamodioda. aRsaniSnavia, rom sakuTari perioduli gamocemebi hqondaT qalaqebs – baTums, quTaiss, regionebsa da TviTmmarTvelobis organoebs.

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

asi wlis winaT saqarTveloSi

iakob nikolaZe (1876-1951)

saqarTvelos mosaxleobis didma nawilma Tavisi identoba qarTul saxelmwifos – saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikas daukavSira da is Rirebulebebi gaiziara, romlebsac axlad Seqmnili suverenuli respublika amkvidrebda. samSoblos cnebam, qveynis istoriulma miwa-wyalma Tu mSobliurma enam axali gancda da datvirTva SeiZina. xalxma gaiTavisa da Seiyvara saxelmwifo simboloebi: samferovani droSa, himnad qceuli sagalobeli „dideba“ da cxenze amxedrebuli TeTri giorgis gamosaxulebiani gerbi. STambeWdavi iyo damoukideblobis dRis – 26 maisis zeimebi, romlebic 1919 da 1920 wlebSi saqarTvelos qalaqebsa da soflebSi aRiniSna da WeSmaritad saxalxo xasiaTi hqonda. „me vstkbebi Cveni damoukideblobiT. damoukidebloba namdvili sazrdoa. adamiani yoveldRe Rebulobs sazrdos, magram arasdros ara swyindeba!“ – ambobda cnobili moqandake da saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis droSis avtori iakob nikolaZe.

axalgazrda qarTuli saxelmwifosaTvis sasicocxlo mniSvneloba hqonda misi suverenitetis aRiarebas saerTaSoriso masStabiT. am mimarTebiT didi Zalisxmeva gaswies respublikis sagareo saqmeTa saministrom da misma diplomatiurma warmomadgenlobebma sazRvargareTis qveynebSi. 1919 wlis 14 marts saqarTvelos delegaciam parizis samSvidobo konferencias warudgina memorandumi da axlad Seqmnili saxelmwifos damoukideblobis aRiareba iTxova. memorandumTan erTad konferencias gadaeca frangul enaze Sedgenili saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis ruka. masze datanilia saqarTvelos miwa-wyali, romelzec im momentisaTvis demokratiuli respublikis iurisdiqcia vrceldeboda, aseve, zogierTi ganapira istoriuli kuTxec, romlebsac saqarTvelos xelisufleba ver akontrolebda, magram survili hqonda isini saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi ecnoT. saqarTvelos maSin evropaSi naklebad icnobdnen. igi ver moeqca didi politikis yuradRebis centrSi da misi damoukideblo-

parizis samSvidobo konferencia

saqarTvelo bis aRiareba gaWianurda. qarTveli sazogadoeba interesiT adevnebda Tvals parizis konferenciidan miRebul yovel informacias da mouTmenlad moeloda aRiarebis nanatr cnobas. didi britaneTis, safrangeTisa da italiis mTavrobebma gadawyvetileba saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis de faqto aRiarebis Sesaxeb 1920 wlis 11 ianvars miiRes. mokavSireTa am gadawyvetilebas imave wlis TebervalSi iaponia, xolo agvistoSi belgia SeuerTda. ufro adre, 1919 wlis 15 seqtembers, saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba oficialurad aRiara argentinis xelisuflebam. Tu rogor Sexvda Tbilisi saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis de faqto aRiarebas, Tavis dRiurSi aRgviwers TviTmxilveli da monawile maro mayaSvili:

erTmaneTs „mgrZnobiare dRe iyo. yvelas saxe uRimoda, bevri dRes im lebi ulocavdnen, hkocnidnen. bednierebis crem sityl Tqmu warmo daiRvara. mTlad maJrialebda tanSi yovel ebeSeuZl eb vgon vaze da musikis xmaze. Sin aravin ijda maSin da nebTova aRfr ebi, lic iyo gareT ar yofna. frialebdnen droS uli xalxi simReriT dadioda Sua quCaSi“. maro mayaSvili (1902-1921)

aranakleb sainteresoa saqarTveloSi didi britaneTis umaRlesi komisris, oliver uordropis, TvaliT danaxuli igive dResaswauli. britaneli diplomati Tavis gancdebs meuRlisaTvis gagzavnil werilSi Semdegnairad gadmoscemda: „aRiarebam TbilisSi didi patriotuli demonstraciebi gamoiwvia. informaciis gamocxadebidan erT saaTSi qalaqi droSebiT iyo mofenili, manqanebis moZraoba SeCerda, maRaziebi da qarxnebi daixura. mTelma garnizonma, kavaleriiTa da artileriiT, Cemi saxlis win mosasalmeblad Caiara. Semdeg me da premier-ministri mTavrobis sasaxlesTan daveswariT aRlums. ...qalaqi gaanaTes da operaSi gaimarTa didi probritanuli demonstracia, romelsac Ramis 11 saaTidan dilis 4 saaTamde banketi mohyva“. oliver uordropi (1864-1948)

yovelive zemoTqmuliT STagonebuli konstantine gamsaxurdia SeniSnavda: „sami weli demokratiuli respublikis arsebobisa ufro Zlieri iyo Tavisi gancdis intensiurobiT, vidre Cveni monobis asi weli“. konstantine gamsaxurdia (1893-1975)

de faqto – saerTaSoriso samarTalSi faqtobrivi aRiareba niSnavs saxelmwifos mier axali saxelmwifos an mTavrobis arasrul cnobas. de iure – (iuridiulad, kanonis safuZvelze) – saxelmwifos an misi mTavrobis sruli oficialuri aRiareba.

asi wlis winaT saqarTveloSi

aristid briani (1862-1932)

evgeni gegeWkori (1881-1954)

1920 wlis 7 maiss moskovSi, sabWoTa ruseTsa da saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikas Soris dadebuli xelSekrulebis ZaliT, saqarTvelos suvereniteti cno rsfsr-m. metropoliis mier yofil koloniaze xelis nebiT aRebam gazarda saerTaSoriso ndoba saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis damoukideblobisadmi. 1920 wlis seqtemberSi saqarTvelos evropel socialistTa didi delegacia estumra, romelSic II internacionalis liderebi da TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebi karl kaucki, emil vandervelde, remzei makdonaldi, pier renodeli da sxvebi Sediodnen. stumrebma, romlebsac saucxoo daxvedra mouwyves, imogzaures sxvadasxva kuTxeSi, Sexvdnen qalaqebisa da soflebis mosaxleobas, gaecnen qveynis warsuls, kulturas, tradiciebs, mimdinare saxelmwifoebrivi aRmSeneblobis miRwevebsa Tu siZneleebs. samSobloSi dabrunebulma evropelma socialistebma Tavisi wili samsaxuri gauwies qarTul saxelmwifos, xma aRimaRles misi uflebebis dasacavad, TavianTi qveynebis mTavrobebisa da parlamentebis winaSe daayenes saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis iuridiulad aRiarebis moTxovna. 1921 wlis 27 ianvars mokavSire saxelmwifoTa umaRlesma sabWom saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba de iure cno. „mokavSire saxelmwifoebi bednierni arian kvlavac daadasturon is Rrma TanagrZnoba, riTac Cven Tvals vadevnebdiT qarTveli xalxis Zalisxmevas damoaristid brianis werili

remzei makdonaldi (1866-1937)

karl kaucki (1854-1938)

emil vandervelde (1866-1938)

saqarTvelo ukideblobis misaRwevad da ukve miRweuli warmatebebiT Cveni aRfrTovaneba“, – werda safrangeTis premier-ministri aristid briani saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis sagareo saqmeTa ministrs, evgeni gegeWkors, saqarTvelos aRiarebis damadasturebel da milocvis werilSi.

1919 wels parizis samSvidobo konferenciaze wardgenili saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis ruka

periodulma presam saqarTvelos de iure aRiarebis dRe Tavisi mniSvnelobiT saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis dRes gautola. erT-erTi gazeTis meTauri werilis Tanaxmad: 26 maisi da 27 ianvari ori sazeimo da sadResaswaulo TariRia, radgan isini gansazRvraven Cveni samSoblos momavals. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis damoukidebloba msoflios 20-ze metma saxelmwifom aRiara. maT Soris: safrangeTma, didma britaneTma, italiam, iaponiam, belgiam, germaniam, poloneTma, avstriam, rumineTma, luqsemburgma, haitim, libiam, meqsikam da sxv. Cveni qveynisaTvis didi mniSvneloba hqonda dasavleTis civilizebul erTa ojaxSi Sesvlasa da damkvidrebas. aseTi saerTaSoriso gaerTianeba kidevac Seiqmna 1920 wels aSS-is prezident vudro uilsonis ideis Tanaxmad. es iyo erTa liga, romlis mizansac saxelmwifoTa Soris keTilganwyobis damyareba, sayovelTao mSvidobisa da uSiSroebis ganmtkiceba, mcire erTa uflebebis dacva warmoadgenda. saqarTvelom imTaviTve gamoTqva survili, Sesuliyo saxelmwifoTa am axal universalur TanamegobrobaSi, romelic Tavisi damoukideblobis ganmtkicebisTvis saimedo garantad warmoedgina, magram sawadels ver miaRwia. 1920 wlis 16 dekembers, JenevaSi gamarTul erTa ligis asambleaze, kenWisyris monawile 24 saxelmwifodan saqarTvelos sasargeblod xma mxolod 10-ma qveyanam misca. uaris motivi imiT aixsna, rom liga ver SeZlebda evropis ganapira rTul regionSi mdebare saqarTvelos dacvas moZaladeTa Tavdasxmisagan. TbilisSi akreditebul ucxo saxelmwifoTa diplomatiur warmomadgenlebs Soris, romlebmac saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobas saerTaSoriso aRiarebis faqti werilobiTac miuloces da sazeimo banketze saqarTvelos Tavisuflebis sadRegrZeloc warmoTqves, sabWoTa ruseTis elCi aron Seinmanic iyo. igi aSkarad tyuoda da cdilobda SecdomaSi Seeyvana sa-

qarTvelos xelisufleba, rodesac acxadebda, sabWoTa ruseTi didi sixaruliT egebeba saqarTvelos de iure cnobaso. rodesac rusi diplomati am sityvebs warmoTqvamda, moskovSi ukve dawyebuli iyo mzadeba saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg samxedro moqmedebisaTvis. 1921 wlis 11-12 Tebervlis RamiT lores olqSi, somxeTis mxridan, ruseTis wiTeli armiis nawilebi SemoiWrnen (ganxorcielebul samxedro operacias bolSevikebma „saqarTvelos mSromelTa ajanyeba“ uwodes da igi sabWoTa istoriografiaSic amgvari saxelwodebiT Sevida), 14 Tebervals ki kremlSi gankarguleba gaica Tbilisis aRebis Sesaxeb. parizis konferenciaze wardgenili saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis memorandumi

asi wlis winaT saqarTveloSi

iunkrebi

giorgi mazniaSvili (1870-1937)

giorgi kvinitaZe (1874-1970)

ruseTis samxedro SenaerTebma saqarTvelos azerbaijanis, soWisa da darialis mxridanac Semouties. qarTuli jaris, saxalxo gvardiisa da laSqris meomrebis mxardamxar TavdadebiT ibrZodnen Tbilisis samxedro skolis iunkrebi. iunkrebma Tavi gansakuTrebiT kojor-tabaxmelis brZolaSi gamoiCnes. 1921 wlis 24 Tebervals mTavarsardalma giorgi kvinitaZem, noe JordaniasTan SeTanxmebiT, Tbilisis datovebis gadawyvetileba miiRo. mTavrobam dasavleT saqarTveloSi gadainacvla. 25 Tebervals saqarTvelos dedaqalaqi me-11 wiTelma armiam daikava. baqoSi myofma sergo orjonikiZem kremls udepeSa, rom Tbilisis Tavze sabWoTa xelisuflebis droSa afrialda. dedaqalaqis datovebis Semdeg qveynis Tavdacvis sistemas bzari gauCnda. suramTan da osiaurTan sabWoTa jarebis SeCereba veRar moxerxda. saqarTvelos gamouvali mdgomareoba Seuqmna kremlTan unisonSi myofma TurqeTmac, romlis nawilebma, saqarTvelosaTvis dapirebuli daxmarebis nacvlad, arTvin-artaani daikaves da baTumis misakuTrebac moindomes. baTumSi gamarTuli saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis gadawyvetilebiT, qveynis ganTavisuflebisaTvis brZolis ucxoeTidan gasagrZeleblad, demokratiuli respublikis mTavroba emigraciaSi gaixizna. TurqTa jaris aWaridan gandevna general giorgi mazniaSvils brZoliT mouxda. es iyo saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis droSiT mopovebuli ukanaskneli gamarjveba.

sergo orjonikiZe (1886-1937)

baTumSi wiTeli armia Sevida. saqarTveloSi ruseTis saokupacio reJimi damyarda.

ioseb stalini (1878-1953) wiTeli armia TbilisSi, 1921

didi qarTvelebi

saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi

kirion II

mixeil wereTeli

saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi kirion II im adamianTa ricxvs ekuTvnis, vinc Cveni qveynis istoriaSi waruSleli kvali datova Tavisi sasuliero, sazogadoebriv-politikuri da samecniero moRvaweobiT. igi XIX-XX saukunis mijnis sxva did qarTvelebTan erTad emsaxura Tavis ers da revoluciebis qar-cecxlSi gaxveuli ruseTis imperiis uRelqveS myof saqarTvelos erovnuli TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebisTvis myari sayrdeni moumzada. misi cxovreba aRbeWdilia piradi tragediebiT, saxelmwifos mxridan politikuri devna-SeviwroebiT, faruli Tu aSkara mtrobiT da didi siyvaruliT. siyvaruliT moyvasisa da samSoblos mimarT, romelsac grZnobdnen da afasebdnen misi Tanamedroveebi – mowinaaRmdegenic da keTilmosurnenic. Tumca vidre momavalSi avtokefaliaaRdgenili saqarTvelos eklesiis pirveli kaTolikos-patriarqi farTo sarbielze gamovidoda, XIX saukunis dasawyisidan, saqarTvelos eklesiaSi movlenebi dramatulad ganviTarda. XIX saukunis damdegs daiwyo ruseTis eqspansia samxreT kavkasiaSi – jer qarTl-kaxeTis samefo gaauqmes, Semdeg imereTis samefo daipyres. saqarTvelos teritoria, guberniebis statusiT, ruseTis imperiis provinciad iqca, sadac imperatoris politikas kavkasiis mTavarmarTebeli atarebda. qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis mizanmimarTuli moSla imaSic gamoixata, rom

kirion II

qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba

patriarqi anton II (1764-1827)

1810 wels imperiulma mmarTvelobam saqarTvelodan gaiwvia kaTolikos-patriarqi anton II da 1811 wels gaauqma saqarTvelos samociqulo marTlmadidebeli eklesiis avtokefalia. qarTulma eklesiam dakarga instituciuri damoukidebloba da ruseTis sinodis saegzarqosod gadakeTda. ruseTis eklesiis sinodi, Tavis mxriv, imperatoris warmomadgenels, saero pirs, eqvemdebareboda, romelic imperiul politikur dRis wesrigs atarebda. imperia mis marTlmadidebel eklesias iyenebda, rogorc marTvis saSualebas, erTgvar instruments xalxis dasamorCileblad.

movlenebis amgvarma ganviTarebam qarTul sazogadoebaSi saprotesto muxti gaaCina. XIX saukunis pirvel or aTwleulSi dampyrobluri politikis winaaRmdeg ramdenjerme moewyo saprotesto aqcia Tu ajanyeba. erT-erTi yvelaze didi winaaRmdegobis moZraoba – 1832 wlis SeTqmuleba, romlis mizanic qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgena iyo, ruseTSi gadasaxlebul qarTvel batoniSvilTa da saswavleblad wasuli axalgazrdebis wreSi Caisaxa. is daaxloebiT Svidi weli mzaddeboda, magram wina mcdelobebis msgavsad, warumateblad dasrulda.

saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis gauqmeba niSnavda, rom sakaTalikosos kuTvnili qoneba ruseTis sinodis xelSi gadavida, ramac Zalian daazarala qarTuli eklesia da misi msaxurebi. egzarqosebi aviwroebdnen maT, wirva-locva rusulad tardeboda, qarTul taZrebs rusuli eklesiebis yaidaze cvlidnen – unikaluri kedlis mxatvroba iRebeboda, TeTrdeboda, xdeboda arqiteqturuli elementebis Canacvleba, nadgurdeboda eklesiebSi daculi Zveli qarTuli xelnawerebi, ruseTSi gahqondaT saqarTvelos eklesiis qoneba. rusi egzarqosebi iyvnen saqarTveloSi rusifikaciis politikis erT-erTi mTavari gamtareblebi.

XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi erovnulganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba gansxvavebuli formiT gagrZelda. sazogadoebriv asparezze gamoCndnen didi qarTveli moRvaweebi – ilia WavWavaZe da misi Tanamoazreebi. ruseTis imperiis winaaRmdeg maTi mTavari iaraRi xalxis ganaTleba da codnis gavrceleba iyo. maT wamoiwyes aqtiuri literaturul-publicisturi saqmianoba, daaarses Jurnal-gazeTebi, wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba, saTavadaznauro, saadgilmamulo bankebi da sxv. maT moicves saqarTvelos yvela kuTxe, moaxerxes erovnuli TviTSegnebis amaRleba, sazogadoebis gaerTianeba. am suliskveTebiT izrdebod-

didi qarTvelebi nen da yalibdebodnen axalgazrdebi, romlebmac SemdgomSi didi wvlili Seitanes qarTuli enisa da kulturis SenarCunebasa da saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenaSi. swored aseT moRvaweTa Soris iyo giorgi saZagliSvili – saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi kirion II. giorgi saZagliSvili daibada 1855 wels goris mazris sofel niqozSi. misi deda, salome daviTis asuli gorgasaniZe, ganaTlebuli da saTno adamiani iyo, romelmac Svils pataraobaSive Caunerga keTilSobileba. „igi iyo wyaro Cemi sulieri sasoebisa, masSi iyo siyvaruli Cemi... pirveli Tesli RvTismoSiSebisa daTesa CemSi dedam“, – ase ixsenebs mRvdelTmTavari dedas. giorgi mxolod oTxi wlis iyo, rodesac deda gardaecvala – meore bavSvze mSobiarobas gadahyva. mamas, ieronime saZagliSvils, daawva tvirTi, aRezarda ori mcirewlovani Svili. ieronime mRvdeli iyo da mTiuleTSi msaxurobda. sxvadasxva periodSi muSaobda mleTaSi, ananurSi, CargalSi, aqtiurad eweoda saganmanaTleblo da misionerul saqmianobas. man bevri iRvawa mTis mosaxleobaSi qristianuli moZRvrebis gasavrceleblad. mamis Sesaxeb mogonebaSi vkiTxulobT:

ilia WavWavaZe saadgilmamulo bankis SenobasTan

„poeturi niWiT momadlebuli, Rrmad ganmsWvaluli pasuxismgeblobis grZnobiT, gamrje, cocxali xasiaTis adamiani... me Tu mivaRwie warmatebas mecnierebaSi... Tuki ram arsebobs CemSi Zvirfasi, qristianuli, yovelive amiT me davalebuli var mamaCemisagan, Cemi bunebrivi niWis ganviTarebis uzarmazari keTilismyofeli gavlenisaTvis“. ananuris taZris moZRvrad msaxurebisas ieronimem daaarsa samrevlo skola. patara giorgic am skolaSi dadioda da dawyebiTi ganaTleba aq miiRo. 1862 wlidan giorgi swavlas goris sasuliero saswavlebelSi agrZelebs. is did interess iCens swavlisa da kulturuli memkvidreobis mimarT. 1869 wels giorgi Tbilisis sasuliero seminariaSi Cairicxa. am periodis Tbilisi iyo kavkasiis politikuri cxovrebisa da kulturis centri, sadac socialuri cxovreba dinamikurad midioda. regionSi ruseTi iyo gabatonebuli da kargad dagegmil imperiul politikas axorcielebda – sxvadasxva xerxiT cdilobda rusuli gavlenis gaZlierebas politikasa da kulturaSi. imperiuli wnexis sawinaaRmde-

axalgazrda giorgi saZagliSvili

kirion II

ris, quTaisis sasuliero saswavleblebSi, agreTve Tbilisis qalTa saeparqio saswavlebelSi. igi aswavlida qarTul da rusul enebs, geografias, istoriasa da saRmrTo istorias. 1896 wels dainiSna saqarTvelos monastrebis saqmeebis gamgeblad da kavkasiaSi qristianobis aRmdgeneli sazogadoebis skolebis inspeqtorad. am Tanamdebobaze muSaobis periodSi misi ZalisxmeviT qarTlis mTianeTSi daarsda 19 samrevlo skola. misi mecadineobiT TianeTSi, vanaTsa da awerisxevSi aSenda skolebi, biblioTekebi da wignTsacavebi. ieronime saZagliSvili da giorgi

god sazogadoebriv asparezze aqtiurobdnen Tergdaleulebi. isini Tavisi SemoqmedebiT cdilobdnen xalxSi gaeRviZebinaT erovnuli cnobiereba,zrunavdnen qarTul memkvidreobaze, agrovebdnen da swavlobdnen mas. amasTanave, isini sazrdoobdnen im epoqis evropel moazrovneTa ideebiTac. Tavisufleba da TviTmyofadoba maTi mTavari faseuloba iyo. presaSi, sajaro Tu kerZo Sekrebebze mimdinare msjelobebisa da literaturuli movlenebis kvaldakval yalibdeboda axali qarTuli cnobiereba, iqmneboda axali qarTuli realoba. giorgi swored am procesis monawile iyo. 1876 wels, Tbilisis sasuliero seminariis warCinebiT damTavrebis Semdeg, giorgim, saxelmwifos mxardaWeriT, kievis sasuliero akademiaSi ganagrZo swavla. RvTismetyvelebasTan erTad man Seiswavla geografia, arqeologia, msoflios istoria, 1880 wels ki daasrula sadisertacio naSromi da mieniWa RvTismetyvelebis kandidatis xarisxi. kievidan giorgi samuSaod odesis sasuliero seminariaSi gadavida. 1883 wels giorgi brundeba samSobloSi da pedagogiur saqmianobas iwyebs jer Telavis sasuliero saswavlebelSi, Semdeg – go-

kirion II iyo didi qvelmoqmedi. misi xelSewyobiT ramdenime aTeul axalgazrdas mieca SesaZlebloba ganaTleba mieRo ruseTisa da sazRvargareTis saswavleblebSi. kirions madlierebiT swerda 1907 wlis 20 ivniss mRvdeli ioseb CijavaZe: „didi saqmea Cveni samSoblosaTvis, rom 12-15 kacs uzrdi, ganaTlebas aZlev, egre rom emsaxuraT 3-4 kacs CvenSi, axla saqarTvelo bevrad ganaTlebuli da win wasuli iqneboda“. kirionis bevri stipendianti SemdgomSi gaxda cnobili saeklesio moRvawe da mecnieri. maT Soris iyo korneli kekeliZe, romelmac madlierebis niSnad Tavisi pirveli Sroma kirions miuZRvna.

Tbilisis sasuliero seminaria

didi qarTvelebi pedagogiur saqmianobasTan erTad giorgi aqtiur samecniero da publicistur saqmianobasac eweva. Zalian farToa misi interesis sfero. is aqveynebs narkvevebs da werilebs saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriaze, qarTul literaturaze, xalxur zepirsityvierebasa da tradiciul wes-Cveulebebze. man aRwera da gamosca liaxvis xeobis istoriuli Zeglebi da sxv. gorSi muSaobis periodSi giorgi daojaxda. colad SeirTo aneta TabuniSvili, romelsac damTavrebuli hqonda goris qalTa gimnazia. maT SeeZinaT vaJi – iorami. 1896 wels ojaxs didi ubedureba daatyda. imJamad gavrcelebulma Savi Wiris epidemiam imsxverpla giorgis col-Svili. „moulodnelma dartymam pirqve daamxo Cemi ojaxuri cxovreba, davkarge Ze, xolo Semdeg – colic. ganvicade ra saojaxo cxovrebaSi udidesi marcxi, me miviRe ber-monazvnoba“, – ase aRwers cxovrebis am umZimes epizods kirion II.

41 wlis asakSi gadatanili tragediis Semdeg giorgi saZagliSvili berad aRikveca, ewoda kirioni da qvaTaxevis monastris winamZRvari gaxda. monasterSi moRvaweobis periodSi mas ar Seuwyvetia mecnieruli saqmianoba, qarTlis soflebSi intensiurad ganagrZobda xalxuri wes-Cveulebebisa da eklesia-monastrebis siZveleTa Seswavlas. qvaTaxevis monastris winamZRvrobis periodSi qvaTaxevidan Camoitana da Tbilisis saeklesio muzeums Caabara 96 xelnaweri, maT Soris, XI saukunis saxareba, agreTve XV saukuneSi gadawerili daviTni da sxv. 1898 wlis 22 agvistos saqarTvelos saegzarqosos sasaxleSi kirioni alaverdis episkoposad akurTxes. episkoposad xelTdasxmis RonisZiebas bevri xalxi daeswro. kirionma STambeWdavi sityva warmoTqva: „me sruliadac ar warmovidgendi am Tvrameti wlis winaT, roca kursi Sevasrule kievis sasuliero akademiaSi, Tu CemTvis aseTi bednieri da didmniSvnelovani dRe dadgeboda… bevr gegmas vawyobdi Cemis momavlis moRvaweobisas, bevrs adgils virCevdi samsaxurisas, magram uflis gangebulebam dRes naCveneb gzazed damayena: sxvebsaviT mec vfiqrobdi momepovebina myudroeba da bedniereba ojaxurs cxovrebaSi, magram bedma aqac mimuxTla. da amis gamo samsaxuri eklesiis mimarT monazvnis wodebaSi CemTvis aucilebel-auSorebeli Seiqmna. swored oci Tvis winaT amave adgils, sadac axla vdgevar, videqi monazonis ubralo tansacmelSi da vaZlevdi aRTqmas monazonuri cxovrebisas… didi madlobeli var im Cemi moZRvrisa, romelmac am WeSmarit gzazed damayena. dRes umaRlesis brZanebiT unda vitvirTo mZime movaleobani mwyemsmTavrisa... alaverdis taZari iseTi siwmindea, romelsac did pativs scemen araTu mxolod marTlmadidebelni, aramed aramarTlmadidebelnic da TviT mTiani daRestanis mkvidrnic. ...vmadlob saRrmTo gangebas am xvedrisaTvis... iloceT CemTvis, raTa ...ufalman momces SeZleba, Zala da sibrZne misis eklesiis sasargeblod moRvaweobisa~. kirion II-is literaturul-publicisturi da samecniero memkvidreoba qarTul da rusul enebze Sesrulebul 200-ze met naSroms moicavs. esaa sagazeTo statiebi, RirsSesaniSnav movlenebTan dakavSirebiT warmoTqmuli sityvebi, saRvTismetyvelo naSromebi, sxvadasxva qveynisa da konfesiis maRal sasuliero ierarqebTan urTierTobis amsaxveli epistoleebi, filologiuri, eTnografiuli da saistorio xasiaTis kvlevebi.

kirion II

ilia WavWavaZis redaqtorobiT gamomavali gazeTi `iveria~ didi sixaruliT gamoexmaura kirionis episkoposad kurTxevis faqts.

ZesTan erTad aqtiurad ibrZvis qarTuli qristianuli memkvidreobis dasacavad. saqarTvelos egzarqosma aleqsi I-ma daafasa kirionis alaverdis eparqiaSi moRvaweoba da 1901 wels igi wminda anas meore xarisxis ordeniT daajildova. amave wels kirioni goris episkoposad daadgines. igi mSobliur gorSic daucxromlad saqmianobs, soflebSi sakuTari xarjebiT aarsebs samrevlo skolebs da samkiTxveloebs.

dimitri baqraZe (1826-1890)

alaverdis episkoposobisas kirionma aRadgina mZime mdgomareobaSi myofi alaverdis sakaTedro taZari, Seiswavla kaxeTis eklesia-monastrebSi daculi siZveleebi, Seagrova da saqarTvelos saeklesio muzeums gadasca xelnaweri wignebi. maT Soris iyo 1089 wels gadawerili saxareba. am periodSi kirioni ilia WavWavaZesa da dimitri baqra-

kirioni agrovebda xalxuri zepirsityvierebis nimuSebs. misi davalebiT Seiqmna specialuri komisia, romelSic Sediodnen grigol diasamiZe, grigol yifSiZe da daviT kariWaSvili. maT Caweres zepirsityvierebis nimuSebi. kirioni zrunavda zepirad Semonaxuli saeklesio sagaloblebis Cawerasa da notebze gadatanaze.

kirion II Zalisxmevasa da Tanxas ar iSurebda siZveleebis gadasarCenad, Sesagroveblad da Sesaswavlad. igi mTeli Segnebuli cxovreba agrovebda da yidulobda istoriuli Rirebulebis mqone nivTebsa Tu xelnawerebs. sxvadasxva dros man qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis muzeums, saqarTvelos saistorio da saeTnografio muzeumsa da Tbilisis saeklesio muzeums Seswira mdidari koleqcia, romelTa Sorisac iyo „vefxistyaosnisa“ da „qarTlis cxovrebis“ ramdenime xelnaweri, arqeologiuri nivTebi, albomebi, suraTebi da didi numizmatikuri koleqcia (2700-ze meti moneta), xelnaweri da nabeWdi wignebis mdidari biblioTeka da sxv. am organizaciebs, saqmianobis mxardasaWerad, xSirad Tanxasac swiravda.

didi qarTvelebi wminda anas ordeni

egzarqosi aleqsi I (1837-1914)

kirionis aqtiuri moRvaweoba, romelic qarTul saqmes emsaxureboda da mimarTuli iyo avtokefaliis aRdgenisaken, mxedvelobidan ar gamorCenia imperiul reJims. mis saqarTveloSi moRvaweobaSi safrTxes xedavda saegzarqoso.1902 wels episkoposi kirioni gadaiyvanes ukrainaSi, kameneck-podolskis eparqiaSi. es imperiuli reJimis taqtikuri svla iyo. episkoposis devna-Seviwroeba saqarTvelodan garidebiT ar damTavrebula, mas zedized ucvlian eparqiebs. 1903 wels gadahyavT xersonSi, 1904 wels – oriolSi. kirioni yvelgan aqtiurad muSaobs, mas samSobloSi darCenil TanamoazreebTan mudmivad aqvs mimowera, is agrZelebs samecniero muSaobasac. 1906 wlidan ki igi soxumSi msaxurobs. kirionma iq mosaxle eTnikuri jgufebis pativiscema maleve daimsaxura. kirioni iTvaliswinebda sxvadasxva erovnebis mrevlis survils da maT uqmnida garemos, rom sakuTar enaze moesminaT RvTismsaxureba. man Camoayaliba komisia, romelic muSaobda saeklesio wignebis afxazurad Targmanze, raTa afxazebs afxazurad moesminaT wirva-locva. episkoposi yovelmxriv cdilobda, rom adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi gaRvivebuliyo „Zveleburi qarTvel-afxazT Zmuri ganwyobileba da kavSiri“ (1906 wlis 12 seqtembers soxumis episkoposi kirionis ioseb CijavaZisadmi gagzavnili werilidan).

mefisnacvali ilarion voroncov-daSkovi (1837-1916)

1905 wels ruseTis mTeli imperia moicva revoluciurma moZraobam. qarTulma mowinave sazogadoebam da saeklesio moRvaweebma isargebles Seqmnili viTarebiT, moiwvies saeklesio kreba da imsjeles saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenis Sesaxeb. krebis Semdeg qarTulma samRvdeloebam golovinis prospeqtze mSvidobiani msvleloba moawyo. saqarTvelos egzarqos aleqsis moTxovniT mefisnacvalma voroncov-daSkovma mSvidobiani msvleloba kazakebis meSveobiT daarbia. am faqts didi vnebaTaRelva mohyva. is rusul presaSic ki dagmes. mefis xelisuflebis am saqcielis gamo kidev ufro gaizarda saprotesto muxti. sazogadoebam, ilia WavWavaZis meTaurobiT, oficialur doneze moiTxova saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis sakiTxis ganxilva. magram mTavroba cdilobda saqmis gaWianurebas. 1906 wels saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT peterburgSi ruseTis saeklesio sinodTan gaimarTa msjeloba. episkoposebi kirioni da leonide moxsenebiT gamovidnen da asabuTebdnen qarTuli eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenis kanonierebas. miuxedavad amisa, ruseTis sinodis sabWom es moTxovna ar daakmayofila.

kirion II

revoluciuri moZraobis Senelebis Semdeg kirioni soxumis eparqiidan kovnos eparqiaSi gadaiyvanes. soxumis episkoposobidan misi daTxovnis mizezad afxazTa gaqarTvelebis braldeba wauyenes, Tumca kirionis soxumis episkoposad datovebas qarTvelebis garda rusebi, berZnebi da afxazebi iTxovdnen. isini aRniSnavdnen, rom kirionis episkoposobis periodSi qarTvelebi qarTulad, rusebi rusulad da berZnebi berZnulad ismendnen wirva-locvas. 1907 wels ilia WavWavaZe mokles. samSoblodan Sors myof kirions ufleba ar misces dakrZalvaze Camosuliyo. man mxolod samZimris depeSis gamogzavna SeZlo. 1908 wels kidev ufro agresiuli formiT gagrZelda kirionis devna. mas cili daswames, daabrales, TiTqos monawileobda TbilisSi egzarqos nikonis mkvlelobaSi. sinamdvileSi am dros kirioni saerTod ar imyofeboda TbilisSi. mas episkoposis wodeba CamoarTves da tambovis guberniis sanaqsaris udabnoSi gadaasaxles, sadac ukiduresad mZime pirobebSi cxovrobda. mogvianebiT gamoZiebiT dadginda, rom kirions am saqmesTan Sexeba ar hqonia. is gadaiyvanes xersonSi, Tumca kvlav policiis meTvalyureobis qveS iyo. 1914 wels kirionma imperators mimarTa TxovniT, rom moexsnaT misTvis mkacri meTvalyureoba da samSobloSi dabrunebis neba miecaT. Txovna nawilobriv daukmayofiles – mouxsnes mkacri meTvalyureoba, magram samSobloSi gamgzavrebis ufleba ar miuRia. kirions aRudgines episkoposis xarisxi da polockisa da vitebskis eparqiebi Caabares.

akaki wereTeli (1840-1915) kirionis dapatimrebis gamo akaki wereTeli mRvdel ioseb CijavaZes swerda: „kirionis ambavma laxvari gamiyara... rac imedi mqonda, sul gamiqarwylda, magram amazed glovis dro ar aris. Tavs ar davzogav, waval peterburgSi da Tu Cemi ar gavitane, cocxali aRar davbrundebi da mtrebs ki ar gavaxareb“. kirionis devnis ambavi evropaSic Seityves. oliver da marjori uordropebi cdilobdnen daxmarebodnen usafuZvlod dakavebul kirions da saerTaSoriso sazogadoebaSi SeekribaT mxardamWerebi. marjori uordropma werili gaugzavna gibraltaris episkoposs da sTxovda saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliisTvis brZolaSi daxmarebas. belgiis adamianTa uflebebis dacvis organizaciis Tavmjdomarem JorJ loranma, qarTvel studentTa SuamdgomlobiT, saxelmwifo saTaTbiros mimarTa kirion episkoposis mxardasaWerad.

egzarqosi nikoni (1861-1908)

leonide oqropiriZe (1860-1921)

didi qarTvelebi

1917 wlis Tebervlis revolucia episkoposi leonide da patriarqi kirion II

miuxedavad imisa, rom kirionma mZime wlebi da bevri gansacdeli gadaitana, is Cveuli gulisxmierebiT moekida saqmes polockisa da vitebskis eparqiaSi. ganagrZo nayofieri samecniero saqmianobac: daaarsa vitebskis istoriul-arqeologiuri sazogadoeba da Tavi mouyara mniSvnelovan istoriul memkvidreobas. misi ZalisxmeviT polockis muzeums Seemata mravali axali eqsponati. kirionma bevri ram gaakeTa rogorc mecnierebisaTvis, aseve qristianuli sarwmunoebis ganmtkicebisaTvis. dauRalavi Sromisa da didi damsaxurebis gamo mas eparqiaSi didi avtoriteti hqonda. 1917 wlis Tebervlis revoluciis dros ruseTSi Zlierdeba muSaTa da wiTel armielTa moZraobebi da Tavdasxmebi sasuliero pirebze. erT-erT gazeTSi, `wiTel jariskacTa da muSaTa deputatebis sabWoebis uwyeba~, gamoqveynda statia, romelSic cili daswames da Seuracxyofa miayenes kirions. am statias mrevlsa da adgilobriv sazogadoebaSi didi vnebaTaRelva gamouwvevia. SemorCenilia dokumenti, romelsac xels aw-

ers 150 adamiani. isini aRSfoTebas gamoTqvamen statiis gamo da Rrma pativiscemasa da guliTad Tanadgomas gamoxataven kirionis mimarT. Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg ruseTSi Seqmnili politikuri viTareba xelsayrelad gamoiyena qarTvelma samRvdeloebam da 1917 wlis 12 marts mcxeTis sveticxovlis sakaTedro taZarSi Catarebul saeklesio krebaze miiRo gadawyvetileba saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenis Taobaze. krebis sabWom eklesiis winamZRolis movaleobis Sesruleba kaTolikos-patriarqis arCevamde guria-samegrelos episkopos leonide oqropiriZes daavala. Camoyalibda eklesiis droebiTi mmarTvelobis organo – aRmasrulebeli komiteti, romelSic sasuliero pirebTan erTad saero pirebic Sediodnen. episkoposma leonidem sveticxovelSi Sekrebil mravalricxovan sazogadoebas mimarTa da saqarTvelos eklesiis damoukideblobis aqti gaacno. es gadawyvetileba ruseTis droebiT mTavrobas gaegzavna dasamtkiceblad.

kirion II

1917 wlis 8-17 seqtembers Catarebuli saeklesio krebis monawileebi

qarTvel morwmuneTa erT-erTma jgufma vitebskSi delegacia gagzavna, romelmac kirions sTxova, dabrunebuliyo samSobloSi da monawileoba mieRo saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis arCevnebSi. Tavdapirvelad mRvdelTmTavarma uari ganacxada, Tumca bolos mainc gaiTvaliswina sazogadoebis survili da saqarTveloSi dabruneba gadawyvita. Tbilisisken momavals aragvis xeobaSi sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebi Seegebnen. samSobloSi dabrunebuli episkoposi as ocamde cxenosanma didi pativiT gamoacila Tbilisamde, sadac mas xalxi zeimiT daxvda. 1917 wlis 8-17 seqtembers TbilisSi Catarda sruliad saqarTvelos saeklesio kreba. krebam daamtkica avtokefaliuri eklesiis marTva-gamgeobis debuleba. gaimarTa saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis arCevnebi, romelSic monawileobas iRebda ori

kandidati – episkoposi leonide da episkoposi kirioni. faruli kenWisyris Sedegad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqad airCies kirioni. mas ewoda kirion II. kaTolikos-patriarqad aRsaydrebis ceremoniali mcxeTobis dResaswaulze, 14 oqtombers, sveticxovlis sakaTedro taZarSi Catarda. kirion II sakaTalikoso taxtze asvlisTanave Cveuli gamWriaxobiT da SromismoyvareobiT Seudga saqmianobas. man Seqmna 12 wevrisagan Semdgari sakaTolikoso sabWo, romelSic Sediodnen rogorc sasuliero, ise saero pirebi. misi ZalisxmeviT daiwyo eklesia-monastrebis restavracia, gauqmebuli eparqiebis aRdgena da qarTuli sasuliero saswavleblebis Seqmna. igi iRvwoda saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis saerTaSoriso aRiarebisaTvis, kavSirurTierTobebi daamyara sxva konfesiebis sulier liderebTan.

didi qarTvelebi saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis gamocxadebas mohyva kidev sami mniSvnelovani movlena: 1917 wlis 19-22 noembers Seiqmna saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWo, riTac, faqtobrivad, Camoyalibda qarTuli xelisufleba, romelsac erovnuli damoukideblobisaTvis brZola bolomde unda mieyvana; 1918 wlis 26 ianvars Seiqmna umaRlesi ganaTlebis kera – qarTuli universiteti; xolo 1918 wlis 26 maiss warmatebiT dagvirgvinda erovnuli damoukideblobisaTvis brZola da daibada axali qarTuli saxelmwifo – saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika. Cveni qveynisTvis am gardamtex dReebSi kaTolikos kirion II-is mier warmoTqmuli sityvebi dResac aqtualuri da yuradsaRebia. es im adamianis gulis amoZaxilia, vinc mTeli sicocxle Tavisi samSoblos ukeTesi momavlisaTvis fiqrsa da zrunvaSi gaatara da upirveles prioritetebad ganaTleba da Tavisufleba miaCnda.

kirion II-is xati

1917 wels saqarTvelos eklesiam 106 wlis win gauqmebuli avtokefalia aRadgina da ruseTis sinodis mmarTvelobas Tavi daaRwia. es qveynis politikuri damoukideblobisaken gadadgmuli mniSvnelovani nabiji iyo. aman biZgi misca qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenas.

romis papi benediqte XV (1854-1922)

kirion II-m 1917 wlis 2 noembers werili gaugzavna romis paps benediqte XV-s. igi kaTolikuri eklesiis meTaurs amcnobs, rom saqarTvelos eklesiam aRadgina avtokefalia, romelic 1811 wels ruseTis mTavrobam saeklesio samarTlis uxeSi darRveviT gaauqma. kirioni xazs usvams or eklesias Soris megobrul urTierTobas da mimarTavs benediqte XV-s: `siyvaruliT movikiTxav Sens unetaresobas da gpirdebi, rom qarTveli xalxi ar Seaviwrovebs Seni taxtis mimdevrebs“.

kirion II

`didi istoriuli dRe gagviTenda... madloba RmerTs! asi wlis monobis borkili aexsna mravaltanjul qarTvel xalxs. es udidesi aqti erTxmad miiRo yvela wodebis qarTvelma, miuxedavad partiebisa da rwmenisa. aRsrulda mudmivi natvra saqarTvelosi. 26 maiss 5 sT. gaisma pirveli Tavisufali sityva Tavisufal saqarTveloSi. magram nu daviviwyebT, rom Tavisufleba da damoukidebloba gvakisrebs did zrunvas did moqalaqeobriv sibrZne-sifxizles Txoulobs Cvengan. erTobaSi aris Zalao, amboben, da Tu esea, exlandeli momenti miT umetes moiTxovs yvelasagan Zmur SeerTebasa da Sromas. Tavisufleba is wminda da tkbili dedis ZuZua, romelmac gamogvzarda Cven da kacad gvaqcia. rodesac kacs ubedureba Tavzed daatydeba dahkargavs mas, veluri kacis xarisxzed Camodis igi. monobisTana mware xvedri dedamiwam ar icis. Tavisuflebas bina aqvs Tavisufali kacis gulSi. igi damagvirgvinebelia Cvenis cxovrebisa. Tavisufleba RvTiuri niWia. maS, gaumarjos damoukidebel saqarTvelos! gaumarjos Tavisufal qarTvel xalxs! gaumarjos yvela im erebs, romelnic CvenTan erTad icxovreben Tavisufal saqarTveloSi!~ kirion II-is sityva, Tqmuli saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebasTan dakavSirebiT

qveyanaSi bevri sasikeTo cvlilebis miuxedavad, sagareo Tu saSinao situacia mainc sakmaod daZabuli iyo. rTuldeboda urTierToba mTavrobasa da eklesias Soris da arc sakuTriv eklesiaSi iyo mSvidi viTareba. Tbilel mitropolit leonide oqropiriZesa da kaTolikos-patriarq kirion II-s Soris damokidebuleba ise daiZaba, rom kirioni sionis sakaTedro taZris nacvlad anCisxatSi atarebda msaxurebas. 1918 wlis 26 ivniss kaTolikos-patriarqi kirion II gaemgzavra martyofis wminda antonis monastris rezidenciaSi. meore diliT is Tavis sawol oTaxSi iaraRiT mokluli naxes. mkvlelobis saqme srulyofilad ar gamouZiebiaT da Sesabamisad, dRemde daudgenelia, Tu vin iyo damnaSave. kirionis saqmianobas ebrZodnen rogorc Sinauri, ise gare Zalebi. saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi kirion II dakrZalulia Tbilisis sionis sakaTedro taZarSi. igi istoriaSi Sevida rogorc didi qarTveli moRvawe, romelmac mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana saqarTvelos warsulisa da kulturis kvlevaSi da gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenis saqmeSi. eklesiam sarwmunoebrivi da sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobis gamo kirion II wmindanad Seracxa.

1918 wlis 26 ianvars, wminda daviT aRmaSeneblis xsenebis dRes, TbilisSi gaixsna qarTuli universiteti. kirion II sapatio stumarTa Soris iyo. man SesaniSnavi sityva warmoTqva gaxsnis sazeimo RonisZiebaze: `axla Tqvens xelSia, batono profesorno, bed-iRbali am maRali samecniero taZrisa. Cveni guli ivseba sixaruliT, rom sibrZnes, romelic dausrulebelia, vnergavT amieridan Cvens xalxSi, am dResac moveswariT, rom qarTul universitets vxsniT... ltolvilebam sinaTlisadmi, codnis wyurvilma da WeSmaritma siyvarulma Sehkriba dRes aq auarebeli xalxi. kaci Seqmnilia sinaTlisaTvis da TviT bunebisgan Canergilia masSi RvTiuri niWi – Zieba WeSmaritebisa, romelic hqmnis kacs Tavisuflad. gilocavT Cveni pirveli universitetis xelmZRvanelno da visurveb Cveni sazogado saqmis warmatebas sakeTildReod Cveni erisa. ganaTlebiT irCeva kaci kacisagan. igi fasdaudebeli saunjea, romlis SeZenas bevri dro, moTmineba da cda unda~.

axladgaxsnili qarTuli universiteti

istoria

saqarTvelos damoukidebloba da istoriuli paralelebi

giorgi badriZe

bolo ramdenime welia sul ufro xSirad gvesmis saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis Sesaxeb masobrivi informaciis saSualebebidan Tu socialuri qselebiT. 2018 wels saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenis 100 wlis iubile aRvniSneT, xolo 2021 wels zedized sami movlenis 100 wlisTavia: antantis da maTi mokavSireebis mier saqarTvelos damoukideblobis de iure aRiareba, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis konstituciis miReba da bolSevikuri ruseTis mier samxedro agresiis Sedegad saqarTvelos damoukideblobis damxoba. miuxedavad xelmisawvdomi informaciisa, Cvens sazogadoebaSi jer kidev didia pirveli respublikis Sesaxeb codnis nakleboba, rac mniSvnelovnad uSlis xels dRevandeli saqarTvelos winaSe arsebuli realobis, SesaZleblobebisa da problemebis sworad gaazrebas. codnis amgvar simwires Tavisi mizezebi aqvs – sabWoTa dros ise gaizarda mravali Taoba, rom maT saqarTvelos damoukideblobis Sesaxeb saerTod araferi gaegonaT. yoveli wlis 7 noembers pompezurad aRiniSneboda „didi oqtombris socialisturi revoluciis“ wlisTavi, xolo 25 Tebervals saqarTvelos „gasabWoebas“ gvazeimebdnen. damoukideblobis periods an saerTod ar axsenebdnen, an raRac gaugebrobad, komikur epizodad iyo warmoCenili.

saqarTvelos damoukidebloba

rodesac 1917 wels ruseTis imperia daingra, TviTmpyrobeloba jer droebiTma mTavrobam, xolo Semdeg bolSevikurma xelisuflebam Caanacvla. rogorc ki samoqalaqo omis dasrulebis Semdeg bolSevikebma kavkasiisTvis moicales, maT didi xnis fiqris gareSe daarRvies 1920 wlis 7 maiss saqarTvelosTan dadebuli xelSekruleba da qveyana omiT daipyres. garkveuli Sida dapirispirebis Semdeg bolSevikuri xelmZRvaneloba iZulebuli gaxda, rom axali sabWoTa saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi saqarTvelo erT administraciul erTeulad Seeyvana, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg ki, misi Semadgeneli respublikebi saerTaSoriso samarTlis damoukidebel subieqtebad aRiares, maTi imdroindeli sazR-

Sa vi zR vi so kr ug i

yubanis olqi so xu mi so kr ug i

saqarTvelo XIX saukunis bolos l e ma Cxu zr mi s a

Tergis olqi

Wis ra ra daRistnis maz TuSeTis s s mazra quTaisi pni olqi ozu Te mazra Sora a goris rgeT r la is vis maz mazra mazra mazra axa baTu za lc is qaT mi ix Tbilis mazra okrugi s maz is axa si ok ali lq Rn ra ru s la aaR gi qi maz is arT los maz s ra vini borCa ra artaa s nis okrugi a r z ma okrugi

duSeTis mazra

dRes sul ufro meti samecniero Tu publicisturi naSromi qveyndeba, romlic Suqs hfens Cveni istoriis am umniSvnelovanes epizods da erTi ram ueWvelia – pirveli respublikis gareSe sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg erTiani saqarTvelos arseboba erTob saTuo iqneboda. bevrisTvis dRemde ar aris cxadi, rom rusuli imperiis SemadgenlobaSi saqarTvelo, rogorc aseTi, saerTod ar arsebobda – iyo Tbilisisa da quTaisis guberniebi. anu ruseTma XIX saukuneSi saqarTvelo, rogorc geografiuli da politikuri cneba, sruliad gaaqro. metic, ruseTis imperiis mier Catarebuli mosaxleobis aRricxvebis mixedviT, „qarTvelebad“ marto qarTlis da kaxeTis mosaxleoba miiCneoda, xolo imerlebi, megrelebi, svanebi da aWarlebi calke eTnosebad iyvnen gaformebuli.

olTisis okrugi

TurqeTi

elisavetopolis

yarsis okrugi

gubernia

erevnis

nis yaRizmagi okru

gubernia

ruseTis imperiis sazRvari TurqeTTan guberniis da olqebis sazRvrebi okrugebis da guberniebis sazRvrebi TurqeTi ruseTi

quTaisis gubernia Tbilisis gubernia yarsis olqi

vrebis mixedviT. amrigad, 1918 wels Cvens winaprebs saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika rom ar SeeqmnaT, saqarTvelo sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSic ar iarsebebda da misi daSlis Sedegad erTiani saxelmwifos Seqmna saerTaSoriso aRiarebis ramdenime damoukidebeli subieqtisgan SeuZlebeli Tu ara, Zalian rTuli iqneboda. ruseTi afxazeTs da cxinvalis regions dResac gvedaveba da axla warmoidgineT, ra Sansi eqneboda saqarTvelos, es regionebi (da SesaZloa sxvebic) damoukidebel saxelmwifoebad saerTaSorisod rom iyvnen aRiarebuli?!

sabWoTa okupaciis me-15 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili zeimi

istoria amrigad, SevTanxmdeT, rom saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis Tundac xanmokle arsebobas qarTveli erisTvis udidesi istoriuli mniSvneloba hqonda da swored aman mogvca Sansi, rom komunizmis da sabWoTa kavSiris marcxis Semdeg damoukidebloba axlidan aRgvedgina, rogorc erT ers. modi, axla SevecadoT im Sida da sagareo pirobebis ganxilva, romelSic pirvel da meore respublikas mouwia asparezze gamosvla da SesaZloa dRevandeli saqarTvelosTvis garkveuli gakveTilebic aRmovaCinoT.

1917 wlis ruseTis droebiTi mTavroba

pirveli bolSevikuri xelisufleba

saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi respublika ssrk-is Seqmnis Semdeg etapobrivad Camoyalida – is jer amierkavkasiis socialisturi federaciuli sabWoTa respublikis nawili iyo, romelSic azerbaijanTan da somxeTTan erTad afxazeTi calke wevrad Sedioda. „federacia“ 1935 wels gauqmda da saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi respublika, romelsac avtonomiuri statusiT afxazeTi daubrunda, sabWoTa kavSiris federaciis subieqtad aRiares.

XX saukuneSi saqarTvelom damoukidebloba orjer moipova da orivejer saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgena rusuli imperiis CamoSlis Sedegi iyo. pirveli msoflio omis dasawyisisTvis ruseTis imperia garegnulad Tavisi Zlevamosilebis zenitSi iyo. miuxedavad imisa, rom evropis da amerikis wamyvan saxelmwifoebs, socialuri da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovnad CamorCeboda da 1905 wels istoriaSi pirveli evropuli qveyana gaxda, romelic aziur saxelmwifosTan (iaponiasTan) omSi damarcxda, rusuli imperia udides teritorias akontrolebda fineTidan da poloneTidan dawyebuli wynar okeaniamde da msoflioSi yvelaze mravalricxovani jari hyavda. 1914 wels msoflio omSi is balkaneTSi dasamkvidreblad da bosforisa da dardanelis sruteebis gasakontroleblad CaerTo, rac geopolitikurad mas xmelTaSua zRvaze gauxsnida gzas da aseve ausrulebda saukunovan ocnebas, dakavSirebuls konstantinopolis (Tanamedrove stambolis) gakontrolebasTan. XVI saukunidan moyolebuli, misi saxelmwifo ideologia e. w. „mesame romis“ doqtrinas efuZneboda, romlis mixedviT, moskovi konstantinopolis (anu „meore romis“) memkvidre iyo da qristianuli aRmosavleTis gaerTianebis mandati hqonda, rac mis eqspansias ara dapyrobad, aramed „RvTis nebis Sesrulebad“ warmoaCenda. oRond sabolood ruseTis imperiisTvis yvelaferi savalalod dasrulda – maSin, roca misma mokavSireebma (safrangeTma da britaneTma) germaniisa da misi mokavSireebis winaaRmdeg omi moiges, ruseTi, Tavisi grandiozuli ambiciebis ganxorcielebis nacvlad, Signidan daiSala. is iZulebuli gaxda damarcxebul germaniasTan da osmaleTis imperiasTan damamcirebel sazavo xelSekrulebebs daTanxmeboda, riTac imperiis evropuli teritoriis mniSvnelovani nawi-

saqarTvelos damoukidebloba

li dakarga (maT Soris, TurqeTs dauTmo saqarTvelos teritoriis nawili). mokled, aRmoCnda, rom ruseTis ideologiurad motivirebuli geopolitikuri ambiciebi Seusabamo iyo misi socialur-ekonomikuri struqturisTvis – ekonomika ubralod CamoiSala gazrdili samxedro xarjebis fonze da saxelmwifoc mihyva. Sedegad, centralur da aRmosavleT evropaSi warmoiqmna ramdenime axali saxelmwifo, zogma ki, saqarTvelos msgavsad, didi xnis win dakarguli damoukidebloba daibruna. aseTive bedi gaiziara sabWoTa kavSirmac. 1980-iani wlebisTvis is msoflios oridan erT-erTi supersaxelmwifo iyo. meore msoflio omis Semdeg moskovis kontroli kidev ufro Sors gavrcelda, vidre amaze ruseTis imperatorebi odesme iocnebebdnen. marTalia, sabWoTa ruseTma 1920-ian da 1930-ian wlebSi imperiis dakarguli teritoriebi mxolod nawilobriv daibruna (man ver daamarcxa patara fineTi da teritoriis mxolod nawili waarTva), samagierod, sabWoTa jarebi evropis Suagulamde mividnen da germaniis mniSvnelovani nawili, Cexoslovakia, poloneTi, ungreTi, rumineTi da bulgareTi didi xniT moiqcies kontrolqveS. metic, aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi sabWoTa gavlena sxva kontinentebzec vrceldeboda da karibis regions, centralur amerikas, afrikas da samxreT-aRmosavleT aziasac gadaswvda. Tavisi Zlevamosilebis pikze, 1979 wels, sabWoTa jarebi avRaneTSi SeiWrnen, qveyanaSi, romlis dapyroba manmade veravin SeZlo. marTalia, sabWoTa propaganda amas „internacionalisturi valis Sesrulebas“ uwodebda, magram iqceoda, rogorc daundobeli dampyrobeli da am SeWras milionze meti avRanelis sicocxle Seewira. avRaneTSi ganxorcielebulma agresiam dasavleTsa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris arsebuli dapirispireba, romelic istoriaSi „civi omis“ saxeliTaa cnobili, bevrad ufro gaamwvava. rogorc aRmoCnda, ruseTis imperiis msgavsad, sabWoTa kavSiric Tixis fexebze mdgari kolosi iyo, radgan garegnuli siZlieris miuxedavad, misma ekonomikam ubralod ver gauZlo gazrdili samxedro xarjebis tvirTs da 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisidan Rrma krizisSi Sevida. aTwleulis bolosTvis sabWoTa kavSiri sruliad gakotrebuli aRmoCnda da bolos jer e. w. „socialisturi banaki“, anu Tavisi gavlenis sfero dakarga, xolo Semdeg Tavadac daiSala.

ruseT-iaponiis omi, iaponuri graviura

rusi jariskacebi I msoflio omSi

moskovi – mesame romi

istoria saqarTvelos ruka

avRaneli mebrZolebi ssrk-avRaneTis omSi

saqarTvelos sazRvrebi 1919 w Tanamedrove sazRvrebi

ruseTisTvis gadacemuli teritoriebi azerbaijanisTvis gadacemuli teritoriebi somxeTisTvis gadacemuli teritoriebi TurqeTisTvis gadacemuli teritoriebi

amgvarad, ruseTis imperiac da sabWoTa kavSiric ideologiurad ganpirobebuli sakuTari geopolitikuri ambiciebis msxverplad iqcnen, rasac ver gaswvda maTi ganuviTarebeli ekonomika. damoukideblobis mopovebis dRidan saqarTvelos orive respublikas kidev erTi saerTo problema, yvelaze didi gamowveva hqonda – axlad daSlili rusuli imperiisTvis miuRebeli iyo saqarTvelos suverenul saxelmwifod Camoyalibeba. bolSevikuri ruseTi pirvel etapze samoqalaqo omiT da ukiduresi ekonomikuri krizisiT iyo moculi, magram pirvelive SesaZleblobisTanave Seecada imperiis dakarguli teritoriebi ZaliT ukan daebrunebina. es procesi sxvadasxvanairad mimdinareobda – ruseTma maleve daamxo ukrainis da belarusis damoukidebeli respublikebi, Tumca 1920 wels sastikad damarcxda poloneTTan. amave wels bolSevikebma xelT igdes azerbaijani da somxeTi da 1921 wlis TebervalSi saqarTvelos jeric dadga. sabWoTa `sapyrobiles~ SedarebiT didxans ga-

daurCnen baltiis qveynebi, fineTma ki, rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, Tavi gmirulad daicva da teritoriis mxolod nawili dakarga. 1991 wels, damoukideblobis aRdgenisTanave, saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis umTavres problemad isev ruseTi iqca. marTalia, ruseTi Tavadve gamovida sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis iniciativiT, rodesac ssrk-is prezident mixeil gorbaCovis zurgs ukan ruseTis federaciis liderma boris elcinma Camoayaliba „damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobroba“ (dsT), magram maSinve naTeli iyo, rom elcinis mizani yofili sabWoTa respublikebisTvis realuri damoukideblobis miniWeba ki ar iyo, aramed mixeil gorbaCovis TamaSgare mdgomareobaSi datoveba da Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdeba. e. w. „SezRuduli suverenitetis“ doqtrinis farglebSi is Tanaxma iyo ssrk-ze meti avtonomia mieniWebina sabWoTa kavSiris Semadgeneli subieqtebisTvis, magram mzad iyo Zala exmara maT winaaRmdeg, vinc ruseTis realuri kontrolis orbitidan gasvlas ecdeboda.

saqarTvelos damoukidebloba

gamarjvebuli poloneli jariskacebi anadgureben sabWoTa droSebs

fineli mebrZolebi ssrk-fineTis omSi

aseTi sul oTxi respublika aRmoCnda – dsT-Si gawevrianebaze uari ganacxades estoneTma, latviam, lietuvam da saqarTvelom. ruseTis specsamsaxurebi aqtiurad cdilobdnen Sida ganxeTqilebis da konfliqtebis provocirebas oTxive qveyanaSi, magram am mxriv warmatebas mxolod saqarTveloSi miaRwies. Cvens qveyanaSi e. w. „samoqalaqo omi“ (realurad ki, SeiaraRebuli gadatrialeba) zustad im momentSi daiwyo, roca 1991 wlis 22 dekembris dilis 8 saaTze ruseTis ultimatumis dro amoiwura, romlis mixedviTac saqarTvelo dsT-Si unda gawevrianebuliyo. Sedegi qarTuli saxelmwifosTvis katastrofuli aRmoCnda. gadatrialebam ara mxolod daamxo saqarTvelos kanonieri xelisufleba, aramed didi xniT Cafla sisxlian qaosSi qveyana, yvela Sesabamisi politikuri da ekonomikuri SedegiT. gansxvavebiT pirveli respublikisgan, romelic bolSevikuri ruseTis agresiis winaSe, sruliad usamarTlod, marto darCa, 1991 wels dasavleTis mxridan aqtiuri daxmarebis Sansi Tavad saqarTvelom gauSva xelidan. amis mizezi iyo viTareba, romelic moulodnelad daSlili sabWoTa kavSirisgan gamoyofil saxelmwifoebSi dasavleTs daxvda – baltiis qveynebSi samive ers sruliad konsolidirebuli pozicia hqonda, estoneTis, latviis da lietuvis politikurma Zalebma gverdze gadades yovelgvari uTanxmoeba da sakuTari qveynebis damoukideblobis aRdgena da evropul ojaxSi dabruneba mTavar erovnul miznad aqcies; arc Tavad qveynebs Soris yofila raime uTanxmoeba – maT aranairi sasazRvro davebi ar hqoniaT „istoriuli teritoriebis“ dasabruneblad. maTi erTianobis saukeTeso simbolo ki iyo 675-kilometriani cocxali jaWvi, romelic am sami eris xalxma, erTmaneTTan xelCakidebulma, gamarTa 1989 wlis 23 agvistos, molotov-ribentropis paqtis gasaprotesteblad.

boris elcini (1931-2007)

mixail gorbaCovi dab. 1931

dsT-is droSa

istoria samoqalaqo omi TbilisSi

saqarTvelosa da kavkasiaSi ki, samwuxarod, dasavleTma sruliad gansxvavebuli suraTi dainaxa. SesaZloa, 1989 wlis 9 aprilma raRac xniT gaaCina erTianobis SegrZneba, magram aSkara iyo, rom sazogadoeba mraval dapirispirebul nawilad iyo dayofili. erTi jgufi srul damoukideblobas saerTod ar miiCnevda sasurvelad, radgan misi interesebi Rrmad iyo dakavSirebuli sabWouri sistemisgan miRebul privilegiebTan. erTsulovneba erovnul moZraobaSic ki ar arsebobda da maleve gaiyo or dapirispirebul banakad – „mrgval magidad“ da „erovnul kongresad“. Sesabamisad, zviad gamsaxurdias da `mrgvali magidis~ xelisuflebaSi mosvlisTanave, kongresi da maTi mokavSireebi Seurigebel opoziciad iqcnen. imis miuxedavad, im dros vin meti Secdoma dauSva, xelisuflebam Tu opoziciam, gare damkvirveblisTvis saqarTvelo konfliqtebiT mocul da demokratiuli ganviTarebisTvis naklebad perspeqtiul postsabWour regionad aRiqmeboda. arada, pirveli respublikisgan gansxvavebiT, 1991 wels saqarTvelosTvis, romelsac damoukidebloba axali mopovebuli hqonda, bevrad ufro xelsayreli saerTaSoriso viTareba yalibdeboda. pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis prezidentis, vudro uilsonis liderobiT dasavleTma scada axali msoflio wesrigis Camoyalibeba, romlis erTerT safuZvlad istoriaSi pirvelad Caido erTa TviTgamorkvevis da omis gziT davebis gadaWris akrZalvis principebi. am axali msoflio wesrigis mTavar institutad isev vudro uilsonis inicirebuli saerTaSoriso organizacia – erTa liga unda gamxdariyo. magram 1919-1920 wlebSi Catarebuli parizis samSvidobo konferenciis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi Tavidanve safrTxis qveS dadga, radgan aSS-is kongresma uari Tqva maTive qveynis liderobiT Camoyalibebul organizaciaSi gawevrianebaze da SeerTebuli Statebi TviTizolaciaSi daabruna. Sedegad, amerikis, rogorc misi principebis aRsrulebis mTavari garantis gareSe darCenili erTa liga Tavidanve mkvdrad Sobili aRmoCnda. pirveli msoflio omiT gadaRlil da dasustebul evropul saxelmwifoebs arc Zala SeswevdaT da arc gansakuTrebuli survili hqondaT, rom saqarTvelos msgavsi patara qveynebi bolSevikuri agresiisgan daecvaT. metic, maleve naTeli gaxda, rom maT erTmaneTis dacvac ar SeeZloT da agresorebTan dayvavebis politikiT cdilobdnen konfliqtebis Tavidan acilebas. Sedegi yvelasTvis katastrofuli aRmoCnda – axali, ufro mdgradi msoflio wesrigis Seqmnas morigi, kidev ufro sisxliani msoflio omi da saerTaSoriso asparezze SeerTebuli Statebis dabruneba dasWirda.

saqarTvelos damoukidebloba

9 aprili

rodesac saqarTvelo damoukidebel saxelmwifod msoflios meored moevlina, wamyvan demokratiul saxelmwifoebs ukve didi xnis win hqondaT gadalaxuli yovelgvari imperiuli kompleqsebi da erTa TviTgamorkvevis princips Tavad yvelaze mxurvaled uWerdnen mxars. am viTarebaSi nebismieri erisTvis, romelic aCvenebda demokratiuli ganviTarebis mzadyofnas, evropuli ojaxis kari Ria iyo. swored amitom centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis mravalma erma, romlebic CvensaviT iZulebiT moxvdnen komunistur mmarTvelobaSi, maT Soris, samma yofilma sabWoTa respublikam, srulad isargebla amgvari SesaZleblobiT da dRes yvela maTgani evrokavSiris da natos wevria. Cven ki dRemde ver gagviRwevia ruseTis Zalismieri wnexidan, razec pasuxismgebeli, pirvel rigSi, Tavad varT – ruseTi pirvelive dRidan aqtiurad uwyobda xels Cvens Sidapolitikur dapirispirebebs Tu konfliqtebs eTnikur niadagze, magram unda vaRiaroT, rom ruseTis gegma upirvelesad Cvenive xeliT Sesrulda. amis yvelaze TvalsaCino da tragikuli simbolo iyo 1991 wlis 25 dekembris saRamo: mixeil gorbaCovma teleeTeriT ganacxada, rom tovebda ssrk-is prezidentis Tanamdebobas, rac sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis aRiareba iyo. oRond imis nacvlad, rom am istoriuli movlenis aRsaniSnavad quCebSi gvezeima, Cven rusTavelze erTmaneTTan omiT viyaviT dakavebuli...…

istoria

marTalia, momdevno aTwleulebSi saqarTvelo iRebda dasavleTis daxmarebas, romlis xarisxi da moculoba ganuxrelad izrdeboda, magram faqtad rCeba, rom 1990iani wlebis dasawyisSi arsebuli Sansi, samSvidobos gagveRwia, Cven ver gamoviyeneT. samwuxarod, dResac Cveni damoukideblobis gamyarebisTvis (maT Soris, teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenis) mTavar gamowvevad rCeba ara mxolod rusuli agresia, aramed Tavad qarTul sazogadoebaSi arsebuli savalalo midrekileba ganxeTqilebisken maSin, roca erTianoba yvelaze metadaa saWiro. Tuki saqarTvelos ori respublikis gamocdilebas istoriuli gakveTilebis TvaliT gadavxedavT, maT Soris yvelaze mTavari, albaT, Semdegia:

1. ruseTi ver egueba imperiuli statusis dakargvas da miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra formiT icvlis saxes (da saxels), mudmivad cdilobs odesRac dapyrobil teritoriebze kontrolis aRdgenas. 2. am mizeziT, ruseTisTvis miuRebelia Tavad qarTuli saxelmwifos idea da ara – romelime konkretuli mTavroba Tu Cveni qveynis sagareo-politikuri orientacia. is aqtiurad ebrZvis maT, vinc xels uwyobs saxelmwifoebriobis gamyarebas, rac aseve socialur-ekonomikuri winsvliTac xdeba. 3. ruseTisTvis SemaSfoTebelia, roca misi mezoblebis ganviTareba ukavSirdeba dasavleTTan TanamSromlobas, gansakuTrebiT, roca xedavs demokratiuli institutebis gamyarebas. ruseTis mmarTvel reJims,

mixeil gorbaCovi xels awers dokuments ssrk-is prezidentis postis datovebis Sesaxeb

`mrgvali magida – Tavisufali saqarTvelos~ saarCevno plakati

saqarTvelos damoukidebloba

SesaZloa, demokratiis ganviTareba mis samezobloSi ufro did safrTxed miaCndes, vidre nato, radgan man zustad icis, rom natosgan mas samxedro agresia ar elis, xolo demokratiis warmateba, didi albaTobiT, reJimis dasasruls moaswavebs. 4. saqarTvelosTvis praqtikulad SeuZlebelia marto gaumklavdes rusul agresias. ukve didi xania Camoyalibda xelsayreli saerTaSoriso garemo, rom saqarTvelom miiRos realuri daxmareba, aseve – usafrTxoebis sferoSi. dasavleTma Cvenken uprecedento nabijebi gadmodga da dRes kidev erTxel gveZleva istoriuli Sansi, rom Tavad Cvenc saboloo nabijebi gadavdgaT evropul ojaxSi dasabruneblad da dasavleTis usafrTxoebis garantiebis mosapoveblad. magram amas, pirvel rigSi, Cveni Sidapolitikuri da sazogadoebrivi konsolidacia sWirdeba. am konkretul momentSic ki, roca SegveZlo evrokavSiris daxmareba masTan integraciis dasaCqareblad gamogveyenebina, evropeli emisrebi saqarTveloSi morig Sidapolitikur krizisSi mediaciiT arian dakavebuli. sabolood unda iTqvas, rom ramdenadac Zneli ar unda iyos saqarTvelos msgavsi mcire qveynis bedi rTul saerTaSoriso garemoSi, istoria mas periodulad aZlevs Sanss, rom fexze dadges da Tavisi usafrTxoeba da keTildReoba uzrunvelyos. Cven ramdenjerme xelidan gavuSviT SesaZlebloba, magram dRes aseTi istoriuli Sansi jer kidev arsebobs. qarTulma sazogadoebam unda SevZloT da, rogorc baltielma erebma 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, gverdze gadavdoT uTanxmoebebi da avasruloT Cveni winaprebis mravali Taobis sanukvari ocneba – gaviyvanoT Cveni qveyana samSvidobos da mas Rirseuli adgili mivaniWoT evropis Tavisufal erebs Soris.

poezia

gala da oli

vaxtang javaxaZe

1913 wlis 25 seqtembers galaktionma pirveli sasiyvarulo werili gagzavna WiaTuraSi:

– sada xar exla, olol!.. ise minda exla Sens axlos viyo, Sens sunTq s vgrZnobde... magram yv aferi isea S aZl

i, rogorc cisa da miwis SeerT a. me mgonia, Cemi u naskn i siy r

i gedis

simRera iyo im bednier is, rom sac ase ganvicdidi martoobis dros Cems siymawvileSi... olol, Tu salda d wamiy n , Sen gewyin a, ara? me mgonia, Sen er d erTi ars a xar mT Cemi ubedur a g

qveyanaze, rom sac

s gatkens... exla rom Sen n viyo, dagkocnidi, dagkocnidi giJiviT... saSin

ier

oblobas ganvicdi. aravin ar minda vnaxo, dav aparako. minda, mxolod Sen iyo Cems axlo. ra vqna, olol, ar SemiZlia uSenod gaZl a. maradis Seni g. tabiZe

gala da oli

erTmaneTi quTaisSi gaicnes 1912 wels da werilebs WiaTuraSi ugzavnida, sadac olia maswavleblobda.

galaktioni dedasTan da ZmasTan erTad

galaktioni xSirad Cadioda WiaTuraSi da rCeboda kidec. leqsebsac iqve werda da misi pirveli mkiTxveli olia gaxldaT. 1914 wels poeti ori kviriT daikarga: – martis miwuruls galaktioni gauCinarda, ufro zustad, quTaisidan gaqra. Zmam ramdenimejer miakiTxa, magram mis asavaldasavals ver miakvlia. prokle SeSfoTebulia da nacnob-maxloblebs sTxovs daxmarebas. da, ai, 7 maiss mariam xaCaturovas werils iRebs: `galaktioni quTaisSi ar Camosula da mec Zalian mikvirda misi ambavi, magram exla gavige, rom WiaTuraSi yofila~. – gvauwyebs nodar tabiZe. olia ganuwyvetliv elodeboda werils quTaisidan da quTaisis matarebels – WiaTuris vagzalSi. molodinisas ki galaktionis xelnawerebs efereboda, romlebic magidaze ewyo:

–

T lier

Seni x iT gadaweril rve

masven en. Sex ac ki maSin s am furcl isa. yov ex oda, kiTx

s. x

i mi n l s. moWarb

i grZnob i ar

maTganze Seni anabeWdia. RmerTo Cemo, axlaxan igi

obda, werda, ocn obda, ganicdida, Cems gverdiT idga. exla ki aRaraa. minda wavikiTxo

Seni leqs i da weril i, magram meSinia, raRacis meSinia. mgonia, x i rom Se xo, Seni k li waiSl a, CemTvis waiSl a da samudamod waiSl a. es 1915 wlis ianvris Canaweria da olias dRiurebSi, romlebic galaktionma Semogvinaxa Tavis arqivSi, mze iSviaTad anaTebs, mTvare ki Zalian xSirad kaSkaSebs da SeiZleba vivaraudoT, swored 1915 wels, olias TandaswrebiT da SesaZlebelia olias STagonebiT, daiwera WiaTuraSi `mTawmindis mTvare~. sxvaTa Soris, dRiurebs werdnen saziaros – orenovans:

exla orni rT, mz

damSvid iT,

vucqeriT, rogorc ar gvicqeria... saRamoTi ki vkiTx

obT dRiurs,

rac ki od me dagviweria.

poezia olia rusulad gaxldaT ganswavluli da qarTuls imerulad uqcevda. olia galaktionma ticians gaacno da ticianma Tqva – `mas genialuri Tvalebi aqvso~. mere, mogvianebiT, galaktionma mwared gaixsena:

hoi, lal i, lal i, Se rdens gigavs T l i, ar maviwyd a me Seni genialuri T l i.

olias arqivma Seyvarebuli galaktionis 17 werili Semogvinaxa:

galaktioni da ticiani

– olia!.. rac Sen waxvedi, raRac saSin ma sicari em moic mT i Cemi ars a. CemTvis ubralod Sens axlo yofna sakmarisi iyo, rom Sens garda araferze mefiqra sazafx oT usaTuod er d viqn iT sadme... Tu sazafx oT ara, moskovSi xom mainc, Tu moskovSic ara, od me xom mainc viqn iT er d?.. mSvidobiT, gkocni, gkocni. Seni maradis da maradis iqi c galaktioni. panteleimon petrenkos daxatuli olia okujavas portreti

_ olkin, Zvirfaso olkin, usaTuod Camodi male, Torem vs movi av... miTxari, giy r r Zv urad? me mgonia, ara! Cemg ri ci gana SeiZl a vinm uy rd ?.. me ki isev Zv urad, gagiJ iT da didi siy ruliT miy rxar!.. momwere, olkin, Tu ranairad da rogor giy r r, risTvis giy r r, Cemo Zvirfaso, er d erTo megobaro, er d erTo nugeSo... galons Sen Zalian uy rxar.

_ marTla a d iyavi, olol? sad iyo im dros Seni galaktioni, rom mxur le alersiT ganekurne. minda viyo Sen n, Sen n visaubro, Seni nagrZnobis xma gavigono... Seni, Seni, Seni.

gala da oli

oliac ugalaktiono dReebs veRar itanda:

– mT rev, Sen gaxsovs Cemi giJuri Rame i? Sen gaxsovs, rogor avdiodiT m ze me da galaktioni? Sen gaxsovs, rogor amitana idumalma SiSma? Sen gaxsovs, im Ram pirv ad makoca da gamomityda siy r Si? Sen yv aferi gaxsovs! sadaa axla igi? me igi Zalian miy rs da ar SemiZlia vi Sevi vo. SemiZlia, mxolod Sen g aubro usityvod.

galaktionis daxatuli tician tabiZis portreti

_ Cemo galon, saSinlad minda g aubro, minda axla Cem n iyo, aq, am ganmarto o xSi, minda magrad Cagekra, minda gakoco da kocnakocnaSi vdaviwy iT CameZinos. galon, sada xar? ratom amdenxans ar Cans werili? S ven isas gzalze gavedi, megona, Camoxvidodi. galon, rogor minda, rom Segxvde, magrad Cagekra da mogefero. Sen mindixar, mxolod Sen! modi! raxania aRar minaxixar! wami saukuned meCven a miy rxar, miy rxar, miy rxar, galon, mT i Cemi siy riT. minda axla Sen n viyo.

_ Sen waxvedi. me avtirdi. vexvevi baliSs, rom sac Seni vi amZim da... Ria fanjaraSi mT r vuyur , rom ic oriv dagvnaToda am o xSi jer kidev guSin, roca gaxar i viyavi da ganSor aze ar vfiqrobdi. axla mT re me Semomyur s, mxolod me, danaR ian s, daRon s, mwuxar iT damZim s... vqviTin , vtiri, m av s daveZ , mwyuria alersi, mwyuria vdaviwy a. gaoc i mT re ise Semomyur s, TiTqos mekiTx a: sadaa igi? o, saocaro galon, iqn Senc am mT r Sehyur axla da aseve naR ob iqn Senc im wam s igon , roca er d viyaviT. `artistuli yvavilebi~

poezia 1916 wels SeuRldnen da quTaisis guberniidan moskovs gaemgzavrnen. ori Tvis Semdeg galaktioni samSobloSi dabrunda da momavali 1917 wlis aprilSi isev oliasTan Cavida. olia mTeli cxovreba msaxiobobaze ocnebobda. moskovSi col-qmarma daamTavra erTsemestriani sareJisoro kursebi da atestatebic aiRes. eswrebodnen mcire Teatris speqtaklebs. rac mTavaria, poeti meore wigns amzadebda. werda bevrs da kiTxulobda bevrs. did dros atarebda rumiancevis biblioTekaSi. 1918 wels galaktions ukve mzad hqonda `artistuli yvavilebi~, saukunis wigni, Sedevrebis krebuli, romelmac gansazRvra axali qarTuli poeziis momavali. undoda wigni moskovSi daebeWda. vano sarajiSvilTan erTad ramdenime stambas estumra, magram qarTuli Srifti ver aRmoaCina. olia da galaktioni aqtiurad monawileobdnen revoluciur gamosvlebSi. ramdenime dRiT galaktioni petrogradSi gaemgzavra. 1917 wlis Tebervlis revolucias galaktioni quTaisSi Sexvda, olia ki – moskovSi. moskovSi isini gaecnen amerikel komunists – jon rids da 1924 wels daweril poemaSi `jon ridi~ poetma aRwera oqtombris revoluciis saintereso epizodebi. colqmarma monawileoba miiRo moskovis mosaxleobis aRweraSi. 1918 wlis ivlisSi galaktioni saqarTveloSi gamoemgzavra, olia ki moskovSi darCa. amave wels dawerili leqsi `gemi `dalandi~ aseTi strofiT daasrula:

gaxsen

is momZaxoda mtanjv i landi:

Sen da moskovi, petrogradi, lenini kremli! Savi zRvis land s miapobda gemi dalandi” ” da T lze madga ganSor is msubuqi cremli.

vano sarajiSvili (1879-1924)

`Sen~ – cxadia, olias gulisxmobs. olias da leninis erTad moxseniebac araa SemTxveviTi: 1917 wels olia moskovSi gaxda komunisturi partiis wevri da misi Zmebic aqtiuri komunistebi gaxldnen. isic niSandoblivia, rom olia 1921 wels, sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis Semdeg, dabrunda TbilisSi. am dros galaktionis lirika zenits aRwevs. ukve gamocemuli aqvs `artistuli yvavilebi~. emzadeba Semdegi wignisaTvis. wers `efemerebis~ cikls. 1926 wels `mnaTobSi~ aqveynebs as leqss. olia aqtiurad exmareba. umzadebs rusul pwkaredebs. Tuki galaktioni daigvianebs, daeZebs da saxlSi mohyavs. sasmels yidulobs da saxlSi moaqvs. xSirad TviTon mihyveba meuRles restoranSi. 1926 wels daibeWda soliduri moculobis krebuli, egreT wodebuli `zarniSiani wigni~, romelmac daasrula XX saukunis qarTuli poeziis ganaxlebis procesi.

gala da oli

1924 wels galaktionma `mnaTobSi~ gamoaqveyna poema `mogonebebi im dReebis, roca ielva~, romelSic CarTo 1924 wlis ajanyebulTa daxocvis usastikesi epizodi: patimrebi daxurul satvirTo vagonebSi Seiyvanes da ise daxoces. Jurnalis es nomeri akrZales da galaktioni daapatimres. am dros Sinsaxkomis ufrosi iyo kote cincaZe, romelsac olia quTaisidan icnobda. galaktionis dapatimrebis ambavi rom Seityo, olia Sinsaxkomisaken gaiqca, magram cincaZesTan ar SeuSves. maSin telefoniT daureka da kotem daamSvida, wadi saxlSi da galaktions male gavaTavisuflebo. galaktioni meore dRes saxlSi dabrunda. erT-erT werilSi galaktioni werda:

_ Zvirfaso olia, Sen rom ar yofiliyavi, S aZl

ia me samudamod dav amar ine am cinik is xro s.

`zarniSian wignSi~ dabeWdili leqsis `warwerebi~ erT variantSi ki vkiTxulobT:

msurs cota Rimili um anqolio, ar mwams misteria. SemeZlos netavi, rom vinme olia vkocno, viT feria. 1929 wels olias Zmam, Salva okujavam, griboedovis quCaze ukeTesi bina miiRo da sakuTari 12 metris farTobis bina Tavis das da siZes dauTmo krilovis 10 nomerSi. 20-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi qarTvel komunistebs Soris urTierToba daiZaba. olia da misi Zmebi budu mdivanis koaliciaSi aRmoCndnen. isini met avtonomias moiTxovdnen da daupirispirdnen stalinstebs. budu (polikarpe) gurgenis Ze mdivani (1877-1937) – Zveli bolSeviki, sabWoTa partiuli da saxelmwifo moRvawe. 1922 wels b. mdivanma saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis centraluri komitetis wevrebTan (filipe maxaraZe, sergo qavTaraZe, mixeil okujava, kote cincaZe) erTad gaaprotesta amierkavkasiis sabWoTa socialisturi federaciis Seqmnis formebi da meTodebi. ioseb stalinma da ruseTis komunisturi partiis kavkasiis biuros xelmZRvanelobam am jgufs brali dasdo bolSevikuri erovnuli politikisagan nacionalistur gadaxraSi da maT „nacional-uklonistebis“ (rus. уклон gadaxras niSnavs) iarliyi miakera. „nacional-uklonistebi“ miiCnevdnen, rom saqarTvelo sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSirSi (ssrk) uSualod, „damoukideblobis yvela atributis SenarCunebiTa“ da amierkavkasiis federaciis gverdis avliT unda Sesuliyo. es azri moskovSi ar gaiziares. saqarTvelos kompartiis „nacional-uklonisturi“ centraluri komiteti (da maT Soris b. mdivani) Tanamdebobidan koleqtiurad gadadga.

poezia

1929 wels olia da misi Zmebi daapatimres da Sua aziaSi gadaasaxles. olia samaryandidan werilebs ugzavnida da iwvevda galaktions. galaktioni gaecno literaturas Sua aziis Sesaxeb. esaubra mxatvrebs gigo gabaSvilsa da rihard zomers, romlebic adre Sua aziaSi cxovrobdnen, da emzadeboda gasamgzavreblad. magram oTxi Tvis Semdeg olia yirimSi gadaiyvanes – yarasubazarSi da axla aqedan epatiJeboda meuRles, samgzavro marSrutsac acnobda. galaktioni moemzada, magram kidev oTxi Tvis Semdeg olia TbilisSi dabrunda. 30-iani wlebis dasawyisSi galaktioni, samwuxarod, aqtiuri ideuri TematikiT dainteresda: 1930-1931 wlebSi zedized gamosca axali leqsebis sami krebuli – `epoqa~, `pacifizmi~ da `revoluciuri saqarTvelo~. 1933 wels saqarTvelos saxalxo poetis wodeba mianiWes da poeturi moRvaweobis 25 wlisTavis aRsaniSnavi iubile operis TeatrSi gadauxades. galaktioni scenaze nerviulobda, olia ki kulisebSi ijda da iqidan amxnevebda:

– meSinoda, iTu violinos sim iviT daWim ma nerv ma ver gauZlon-meTqi. am dros umweo bavSviviT gamoiyur oda da saerTod igi praqtik saqmianobaSi xSiradaa didi bavSvi. Caiwera oliam Tavis dRiurSi. 1935 wels galaktionma monawileoba miiRo parizis mweralTa antifaSisturi kongresis muSaobaSi da iq sityva warmoTqva. am gamosvlis teqsti oliasTan erTad moamzada. kongresidan dabrunebis Semdeg moxseneba waikiTxa mweralTa kavSirSi da am teqstis dawerisas coli exmareboda. 1936 wlis 25 Tebervals umaRlesi jildo miakuTvnes – leninis ordeni, xolo amave wlis 11 noembers olia meored daapatimres. etyoba, am dros dawera da aRar gaagrZela es gabrazebuli striqoni:

asec ar SeiZl a, amxanago stalino! 44

gala da oli

1935 wels galaktions deda gardaecvala, 1936 wels ki coli wahgvares ise, rom memkvidres ver eRirsa:

udabnoSi midis zoli da iq vdga r Seni mwiri, aRarc deda, aRarc coli, aRarc Svili, aRarc Ziri. olia iaroslavlSi gadaasaxles da iqidan sistematurad ugzavnida werilebs, galaktioni ki ar Tu ver pasuxobda, fuls ki ugzavnida. uceb werilebi Sewyda:

– yv aferi SeiZl a rgad moewyos, rom olias ambavi ara: Tvenaxe ria werili araa misgan. orasi maneTi gavugzavne da damibrunda. adr ati ar gamocxaddao. Semdeg kidev orasi _ isic damibrun . safosto yuTi daixurao. dazRve i werili gavugzavne, isic damibrun . amnair mdgomareobaSi (daaxlo iT, yv afers ar vswer) ga tare Svidi Tve. verkvevi koSmar idan.

rogorc Semdeg gamoirkva, olia iaroslavlidan moskovis axlos, qalaq vladimirSi gadaiyvanes da iqidan werda:

– imedia, Sen mainc gjera, rom me sabWo x isufl is mteri ara r. ukve ga gzavne gancxad a centrSi. vnaxoT. mjera daadgenen Cems udanaSa obas da gama visufl en... – Seni alersiani xma Cam mis:,, ,,male gaarkveven Sens saqm , darwmund ian, rom Sen ciliswam is msxverpli xar da gaga visufl en . – neta Tu meRirs a male saxlSi dabrun a? gavigon

ki Sens say r

xmas?

– v alm i da vefer i Sens wign s da x nawer s. auwye maT, rom me isini Zv vs ve i, rogorc yov Tvis.

urad miy ran da

1938 wlidan galaktionTan cxovrobda misi meore meuRle olga dariusi, romelmac poets urCia olias gamo werili miewera stalinisaTvis. saintereso faqtia: meore coli pirvelis dabrunebaze zrunavs. werilis teqsti olga dariusma Seadgina da gaagzavna kidec. rogorc irkveva, am werilma stalinamde ver miaRwia. galaktioni mweralTa kavSirSi daibares da gulTbilad moikiTxes, xom araferi gawuxebTo. saguramos dasasvenebeli saxlis ori sagzuri SesTavazes da galaktioni darwmunda, rom misma mcdelobam ar gaamarTla.

poezia 1941 wlis meore naxevarSi, germanelebi rom moskovs miuaxlovdnen, stalinma da beriam gaiTvaliswines saSiSroeba, rom sabWoTa kavSiris politikuri patimrebi SeiZleboda mowinaaRmdegeTa xelSi aRmoCeniliyvnen. 6 seqtembers Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisarma lavrenti beriam Tavdacvis saxelmwifo komitetis Tavmjdomares ioseb stalins warudgina 170 politikuri patimris sia da moiTxova maTTvis umaRlesi sasjeli. stalinma imave dRes daado Tanxmobis rezolucia. qalaq oriolSi sxvadasxva qalaqebidan Caiyvanes 154 patimari (danarCenebi cocxlebi ar aRmoCndnen!). oriolis maxloblad, daTvebis tyeSi, veeberTela xeebi moTxares da samarxebi winaswar moamzades. 11 seqtembers moskovidan Camovida operatiuli sameuli – egreT wodebuli `troika~. yovelgvari gafrTxilebis gareSe SemohyavdaT patimrebi da ucxadebdnen sasikvdilo ganaCens. mere daxuruli manqanebiT mihyavdaT qalaqgareT. ase ganaxorcieles es mzakvruli operacia. daxvretilebi ormoebSi Cayares, miwa miayares da xeebi pirvandel mdgomareobaSi daabrunes. am 154 ganwiruls Soris iricxeboda olia okujava. galaktionma amis Sesaxeb araferi icoda. olias ukanaskneli werili 1941 wlis 30 agvistos TariRiT miiRo. werili ase mTavrdeboda:

– saxlSi minda!

gala da oli

1957 wlis 10 dekembers, roca olias reabilitaciis jerma moaRwia, galaktioni dakiTxes da man dawera ganmartebiTi baraTi. cxadia, igi darwmunda, rom olia represiebs emsxverpla. olias 10 weli hqonda misjili. 1941 wels rom ar daexvritaT, 1946 wlis 11 seqtembers ganTavisufldeboda da gadaarCenda galaktions. ase rom, stalinma da beriam, oliasTan erTad, galaktionic gawires. olia rom daapatimres, galaktioni am striqonebiT gamoeTxova:

sarkm i saRamom da fardam daburda, sanT i mbJutavi mTlad gaudaburda – mas Semdeg, rac Seni sax a bindbundze saxlidan gavida da aRar dabrunda.

1959 wlis 17 marts ki galaktionic `saxlidan gavida da aRar dabrunda~. 1941 wels oliasTan erTad daxvrites cnobili qarTveli Terapevti Salva miqelaZe. 2011 wels misma SviliSvilma arCil miqelaZem moinaxula represirebulTa memorialuri saflavi da Camoitana erTi muWa miwa. 2011 wlis 17 marts olias saflavidan Camotanili miwa Cemi xeliT movayare galaktionis saflavs mTawmindaze.

ideologia

H o m oS o v i e t i c u s

levan berZeniSvili

Homo soveticus an Homo sovieticus (homo sovietikus, laT. «sabWoTa adamiani») – sabWoTa adamianis kritikuli da ironiuli dasaxelebaa. neologizmi Sedgeba laTinuri sityvisagan homo (adamiani) da laTinizebuli epiTetisgan „sabWoTa“. gamoTqma SemoiRo da popularuli gaxada mweralma a. zinovievma wignSi „homo sovetikus“ (1982).

sabWoTa sociologisa da mwerlis, miunxenSi emigraciaSi myofi aleqsandr zinovievis ganmartebiT, wignis daweris dros, XX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi, termini „homo sovietikusi“ dasavleTSi ukve karga xnis aTvisebuli da damkvidrebuli iyo da atarebda aSkarad uaryofiT mniSvnelobas: „dasavleTSi Wkviani da ganaTlebuli xalxi homo sovetikusebs gveZaxis. amayoben imiT, rom maT aRmoaCines adamianis aseTi tipi da moifiqres aseTi lamazi dasaxeleba. amasTanave, isini am dasaxelebas iyeneben CvenTvis damamcirebeli da damcinavi mniSvnelobiT. isini ver xvdebian, rom Cven cota meti gavakeTeT – Cven pirvelebma gamoviyvaneT adamianis es axali tipi, xolo dasavleTma TiTqmis ormocdaaTi wlis Semdeg axali sityva Seqmna da Tavisi es wvlili istoriaSi bevrad ufro mniSvnelovani hgonia, vidre is, rac Cven SevqmeniT. dasavleTis warmodgena sakuTar Tavze dacinvas imsaxurebs“.

HOMO SOVIETICUS

termini Tavis sawyiss iRebs bolSevikebis istoriuli mcdelobidan, SeeqmnaT „axali adamiani“. sabWoTa sistemis Semoqmedebi mravalgzis miuTiTebdnen, rom komunizms Cveulebrivi, „Zveli“ adamiani ver aaSenebda da rom Tvisebrivad axali socialuri sistemis asaSeneblad saWiro gaxdeboda „axali adamianis“ Seqmna. bolSevikebis amgvar damokidebulebas ase aRwerda maT mimarT simpaTiiT ganwyobili rusi mwerali maqsim gorki: „...bolSevikebi, leninis meTaurobiT ruseTis cocxal sxeulze, rus xalxze, rus proletariatze usastikes samecniero cdas atareben... am „cdis“ mizania cocxali adamianuri materiis gadakeTeba“. maqsim gorki (1868-1936)

formiT Homo socialisticus („socialisturi adamiani“) termini pirvelad didma marTlmadidebelma filosofosma s. bulgakovma gamoiyena wignSi „RmerTebis nadimi“ revolucioner jariskacTa da mezRvaurTa mimarT. igi werda: „miaqcieT yuradReba, rogor gamoicvala jariskaci garegnuladac ki – igi mxecs daemsgavsa, saSineli gaxda, gansakuTrebiT es mezRvaurs exeba. vaRiareb, rom „amxanagebi“ me xandaxan mgonia arsebebi, romlebsac saerTod ar gaaCniaT suli da floben mxolod dabal sulier SesaZleblobebs da warmoadgenen darvinis maimunebis gansakuTrebul saxeobas – Homo socialisticus“. sergei bulgakovi (1871-1944)

SemdgomSi termini gavrcelda dasavleTSi, rogorc Cans, pirveli talRis rusma emigrantebma Caitanes, romelTa Soris iyo s. bulgakovic, gaZevebuli qveynidan „filosofiuri xomaldiT“. (am gemma sabWoTa kavSiridan ucxoeTSi sabWoTa filosofiuri elitis didi nawili gaiyvana, faqtobrivad yvela, vinc represiebs gadaurCa). xomaldi Oberbürgermeister Haken

xomaldi Preussen

„filosofiuri xomaldi“ – ase ewoda or germanul samgzavro orTqlmavals (Oberbürgermeister Haken (gaemgzavra1922 wlis 29-30 seqtembers) da Preussen (gaemgzavra 1922 wlis 16-17 noembers)), romlebiTac petrogradidan (amJamindeli sanqt-peterburgi) Stetenamde (germania) gaamgzavres sabWoTa ruseTidan gaZevebuli inteleqtualuri elitis 160-ze meti warmomadgeneli, romelTa Soris filosofosebic iyvnen, faqtobrivad yvela, vinc represiebs gadaurCa. 1922-1923 wlebSi, ebrZoda ra gansxvavebul azrs da Tavis mowinaaRmdegeebs, sabWoTa xelisuflebam, leninis iniciativiT, ruseTidan sazRvargareT gadaasaxla mecnierebisa da kulturis moRvaweebi – amgvarad, sabWoTa xelisuflebis mowinaaRmdegeebs sikvdiliT dasja gasaxlebiT Seucvales. rogorc lev trockim axsna, es xalxi gaamgzavres, radgan maT dasaxvretad sababi ar hqondaT, maTi atana ki SeuZlebeli iyo.

ideologia Tavisi SinaarsiT homo sovieticus-is, rogorc cnebis, msgavsia sazogadod qceuli gvari mixail bulgakovis Semoqmedebidan – Sarikovi. es gvari, rogorc termini, xSirad ixmareba bulgakovis vrceli moTxrobis, „ZaRlis gulis“, gamoqveynebis Semdeg. bulgakovis am moTxrobas Zalian saintereso bedi ergo. misi dawerisa da gamoqveynebis istoriac bevrs gveubneba sabWoTa adamianis Sesaxeb. moTxroba daiwera 1925 wlis martSi. sabWoTa uSiSroebam, romelsac maSin ОГПУ (gaerTianebuli mTavari politikuri sammarTvelo) erqva, 1926 wlis 7 maiss, mwerlis binis Cxrekisas, bevr sxva ramesTan erTad am moTxrobis xelnaweric „amoiRo“. 1960-ian wlebSi moTxroba gavrcelda e.w. samizdatSi (esaa „TviTgamocema“, anu araoficialuri gamocema, romelic akrZaluli iyo; mxolod saxelmwifos hqonda ufleba, wigni gamoeca). 1967 wels „ZaRlis guli“ gamoica dasavleTSi. sabWoTa kavSirSi es teqsti oficialurad daistamba mxolod gorbaCovis „perestroikis“ dros, 1987 wels, Jurnal „znamiaSi“. dasavleTSi gamocemuli teqstis msgavsad, masSic uamravi Secdoma da uzustoba iyo. bolos da bolos „ZaRlis gulis“ mecnierulad dadgenili, swori teqsti gamoqveynda bulgakovis ortomeulSi. moTxrobis mokle Sinaarsi aseTia: moskovSi, 1924 wlis dekemberSi, saxelganTqmuli qirurgi, profesori filip filipoviC preobraJenski aRwevs gansakuTrebul Sedegebs adamianis gaaxalgazrdavebis saqmeSi. igi agrZelebs gamokvlevebs da Caifiqrebs warmoudgenel eqsperiments – upatrono quCis ZaRls gadaunergavs adamianis hipofizsa da saTesleebs. amaSi mas exmareba misi TanaSemwe, eqimi ivan arnoldoviC bormentali. sacdel cxovelad aiyvanes quCis mawanwala, ujiSo ZaRli Sariki. operaciis Sedegebma yvela molodins gadaaWarba – Sarikma nel-nela daiwyo adamianuri ieris miReba; magram aqve gairkva, rom igi gaxda uxeSi da loTi, rogoric iyo gadanergili organoebis donori, lumpeni klim Cugunkini. adamianad qceuli ZaRlis istoria bulvaruli presis sakbilo gaxda. preobraJenskis saxlTan Tavs iyrian cnobismoyvareebi. TviT profesori operaciis SedegiT kmayofili araa, radgan kargad xvdeba, rac dadgeba Sarikisgan. amasobaSi Sariki aRmoCndeba komunisti aqtivistis – Svonderis gavlenis qveS. Svonderma Sariks Caunerga azri, rom igi proletaria, romelsac burJuazia Cagravs (preobraJenskisa da misi asistentis, bormentalis saxiT) da ganawyobs yofil ZaRls Tavisi Semoqmedis winaaRmdeg. Svonderi, romelic saxlis komitetis Tavmjdomarea, aRWuravs Sariks dokumentiT, romelic poligraf poligrafoviC Sarikovis saxelzea gacemuli da moawyobs mas usaxlkaro cxovelebis daWerisa da ganadgurebis samsaxurSi da aiZulebs profesors, oficialurad Caweros Sarikovi Tavis binaSi. Sarikovi samsaxurSi swraf karieras ikeTebs da ufrosi xdeba. Svonderis cudi gavleniT, zedapirulad gaecnoba

HOMO SOVIETICUS

komunistur literaturas da Tavs mdgomareobis baton-patronad igrZnobs, euxeSeba profesors, cudad iqceva saxlSi, iparavs nivTebsa da fuls. bolos da bolos, saqme iqamde midis, rom Sarikovi abezRebs profesorsa da bormentals. es saCivari samarTaldamcav organoebamde ver midis mxolod imitom, rom saqmeSi eqimis gavleniani pacienti Caereva. maSin preobraJenski da bormentali ubrZaneben Sarikovs, wavides binidan, rasac is kategoriuli uariT upasuxebs. eqimi da profesori veRar aitanen poligraf poligrafoviCisgan amden Tavxedobas da axal operacias Caatareben, amJamad Sarikovs ZaRlis hipofizs gadaunergaven, ris Sedegadac igi nel-nela dakargavs adamianur Tvisebebs da isev ZaRli xdeba. termini „sabWoTa adamiani“ Zalian xSirad gamoiyeneboda sabWoTa kavSiris oficialur presaSi im dadebiTi Tvisebebis xazgasasmelad, romlebic axasiaTebdaT ssrk moqalaqeebs da romlebic, rogorc dasaxelebidanac unda Candes, TiTqos Camoyalibda swored sabWoTa xelisuflebis wyalobiT. amis sawinaaRmdegod, Homo sovieticus SeiZleboda gamoeyenebinaT mxolod araoficialurad, pirad saubrebSi. igi miuTiTebda sabWoTa adamianebis uaryofiT Tvisebebze, romlebic aseve sabWoTa xelisuflebas braldeboda. zogierT am Tvisebas aqtiurad dascinoda sabWoTa satira (saocrebaa, magram aseTi ram mainc arsebobda), Tumca hipoTeza, rom naklovanebani („calkeuli naklovaneba-

mixail bulgakovi (1891-1940)

miSel geleris wigni `manqana da WanWikebi. sabWoTa adamianis formirebis istoria“

ni“, rogorc sabWoTa oficialuri terminologia ambobda) SeiZleboda Tavad sabWoTa wyobas gamoewvia, oficialuri cenzurisTvis sruliad miuRebeli iyo. frangi istorikosi miSel geleri Tavis naSromSi „manqana da WanWikebi. sabWoTa adamianis formirebis istoria“ (1988) amtkicebda, rom sabWoTa samedicino umaRles saswavleblebSi laTinuri enis Seswavla iwyeboda winadadebiT „Homo sovieticus sum“ („me var sabWoTa adamiani“). geleri amtkicebda, rom es termini gamoyenebuli iyo gamomcemloba „politizdatis“ mier 1974 wels gamocemul wignSi „sabWoTa adamianebi“. geleris mixedviT, am wignSi ewera, rom sabWoTa kavSiri gaxda Tavisuflebis samefo, „gonieri adamianis axali, umaRlesi tipis – homo sovetikusis samSoblo“. frangi mecnieris am ganmartebis mixedviT, sabWoTa propaganda seriozulad miiCnevda, rom sabWoTa qveyanaSi „gamoiyvanes“ adamianis axali biologiuri tipi. ar vici, aseTi wigni arsebobda Tu ara, magram laTinuri enis saxelmZRvanelo, romlis pirvel gverdze laTinurad marTla ewera „Homo sovieticus sum et patria mea Foedus Sovieticus est“ – sabWoTa adamiani var da Cemi samSoblo sabWoTa kavSiriao, Cemi TvaliT maqvs nanaxi moskovis leninis saxelobis centralur biblioTekaSi, romelic, amave dros, ruseTis mTavari saxelmwifo, anu erovnuli biblioTekaa, xolo Tavis droze sabWoTa kavSiris erovnuli biblioTeka iyo.

ideologia rogorc zemoT ukve vTqviT, sabWoTa kavSirSi termini „homo sovietikusi“ farTod gaxda cnobili ukve gviansabWoTa xanaSi, aleqsandr zinovievis amave saxelwodebis wignis gamoqveynebis Semdeg, 1982 wels. zinovievi axsenebda, rom termini dasavleTSi manamdec gamoiyeneboda. wignis winasityvaobaSi zinovievi Tavis mkiTxvels aognebda gancxadebiT, rom TviTonac homo sovietikusi iyo. avtori aseve iyenebda abreviatura „homososs“, rasac xumrobiT xsnida Tavisi da sxva homososebis siyvaruliT, SeemoklebinaT sityvebi. mwvave satirul wignSi, romelic ZiriTadad sabWoTa inteligencias eZRvneboda, zinovievi werda: „SexedeT am [sabWoTa] adamians! is Wkviani da ganaTlebulia. mas aravin asulelebda, ar aSinebda, ar ryvnida. ufro piriqiT, is amas Tavad akeTebda sxva adamianebis mimarT, romlebic, amasoaleqsandr zinovievi baSi, Tavs motyuebulad, daSinebulad da garyv(1922-2006) nilad ar miiCnevdnen. sabWoTa adamianebs saerTod ar sWirdebaT aseTi damuSaveba, radgan isini, visac gnebavT, TviTon gaasuleleben, daaSineben da garyvnian. es maTi bunebaa da amitom maT siamovnebT amis keTeba, rogorc sakuTari Tavis, ise sxvebis mimarTac“. sabWoTa politikuri sistemis specialisti, CvenTvis ukve nacnobi frangi istorikosi m. geleri, „homo sovetikuss“ ganmartavs, rogorc TvisebaTa da xasiaTis niSanTa jams, romelic sxvadasxva proporciiT damaxasiaTebeli iyo yvela sabWoTa adamianisTvis. geleris mixedviT, sabWoTa tipis sistema ganaxorcielebda „socialur wvrTnas“, rac xels uwyobda am TvisebaTa ganviTarebas, zrdasa da gabatonebas. igi CamoTvlida „sabWoTa adamianis“ Semdeg niSnebs ise, rogorc maT aRwerda oficialuri sabWoTa ideologia: Sromis upirvelesi mniSvneloba; samSoblos usazRvro erTguleba; koleqtivis wevroba; mezoblebis cxovrebiT mudmivi daintereseba, iqneba es saxlis mezobeli Tu mezobeli planetaze – am adamianze mTlianad zrunavda saxelmwifo. geleri miiCnevda, rom, Tu sareklamo ritorikas Tavs davanebebT, es niSnebi srulad emTxveva zinovievis aRweras da mohyavda Semdegi citata wignidan „homo sovetikus“:

„homososi miCveulia SedarebiT cud pirobebSi cxovrebas, mzadaa, Sexvdes sirTuleebs, gamudmebiT moelis uaress; iwonebs xelisuflebis moqmedebas; cdilobs, xeli SeuSalos maT, vinc arRvevs saqcielis dadgenil formebs, srulad uWers mxars xelmZRvanelobas; aqvs standartuli ideologizebuli Semecneba; Tavisi qveynis gamo pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba; mzadaa msxverplisTvis da mzadaa sxvebic gawiros.“

HOMO SOVIETICUS

vnaxoT sabWoTa ideologiis mier CamoTvlili dadebiTi Tvisebebis „muSaoba“ sabWoTa sinamdvileSi. daviwyoT Sromis upirvelesi mniSvnelobiT. moviyvanoT magaliTi saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis cxovrebidan. Cveni respublika mTel sabWoTa kavSirSi cnobili iyo meCaieebis, mecitruseebisa da meRvineebis SromiT. oficialuri propagandis mixedviT, saqarTvelo CineTze met Cais awarmoebda. es, ra Tqma unda, tyuili iyo, rac yvelas unda daejerebina. am miTosis mxardasaWerad „aRmoCndnen“ mSromelebi, romelTac Cveulebrivi adamianis Sromis dRiuri normis aTjer (!) gadaWarbeba SeeZloT. esec, ra Tqma unda, tyuili iyo. ubralod, aTi adamiani krefda Cais da mTel namuSevars erT kacs miawerdnen. Semdeg aseT legendarul, araadamianuri SromiTi potencialis adamianebs (Sromis gmir meCaieebs, mecitruseebs, meRvineebs) irCevdnen saxalxo deputatebad da maT saxelebs saqveynod cnobils xdidnen. aseT absurdamde dadioda Sromis e.w. „pativiscema“. gavagrZeloT samSoblos usazRvro erTgulebiT. gadaWarbebuli warmodgena samSobloze, sabWoTa saxelmwifoze, mis siyvarulze, mis mniSvnelobaze imdenad gamjdari iyo Zvalsa da rbilSi, rom mas sabWoTa adamiani yvelaferze maRla ayenebda. ideologiac swored amas moiTxovda. amitom aravis ar gaukvirdeboda, rom bavSvs, romelsac martoxela deda zrdida, dabezRebis werili miewera miliciaSi, rom dedamiss, romelic puris qarxanaSi muSaobda, SvilisTvis puris qarxnidan moparuli puris naWeri

mohqonda, bavSvi SimSiliT ar momikvdeso. dedas daapatimrebdnen, bavSvs gmirad gamoacxadebdnen da bavSvTa saxls miabarebdnen, sadac, misda samwuxarod, namdvil saxelmwifos Sexvdeboda da Zalian male gaigebda, ras niSnavda dedis gareSe cxovreba. kidev erTi wmidaTawmida cneba sabWoTa sinamdvilidan: koleqtivis wevroba. sabWoTa adamiani yovelTvis iyo raRacis wevri. koleqtivis wevri, oqtombreli, pioneri, komkavSiris wevri, partiis wevri, monkavSiris (monadireTa kavSiris) wevri, sportuli rezervebis wevri. ar vargoda individualizmi, ganmartoeba, sakuTari azri da a.S. anekdotebSi laparakobdnen im Citis ubedurebaze, romelic koleqtivs moswyda da a.S. mezoblebis cxovrebiT daintereseba, upirveles yovlisa, niSnavda maTs kontrols, xom arian isinic CvensaviT Sromis damfaseblebi, samSoblos erTgulebi, koleqtivis wevrebi? xom ar aqvT rame saidumlo, rames xom ar umalaven samSoblosa da partias? xom ar iparaven, rame Seuferebeli nivTi xom ar gauCndaT, amave dros, xom ar uWirT, rames xom ar gvimalaven da a.S. sabWoTa kavSiris sulier naTesav CrdiloeT koreaSi, magaliTad, dRemde fanjris fardebia akrZaluli, rom vinmem rame ar daumalos saxelmwifos. adamianze mTlianad zrunavda saxelmwifo. amas axlac xSirad gaigonebT Zvelebisagan: dailoca sabWoTa kavSiri – swavla ufaso iyo, jandacva ufaso iyo da a.S. ekonomikis sakiTxebSi gaurkvevel adamians SeiZleba es marTlac did sikeTed moeCvenos, mag-

ideologia ram Znelad gasagebi aq araferia. saxelmwifo biujetidan is Tanxa, romelic mSromels unda mieRo, mas srulad ar eZleoda da ganaTlebisa da jandacvis biujetSi midioda. ase zrunavda saxelmwifo moqalaqeze, romelsac, faqtobrivad, ufasod amuSavebda, aswavlida da kurnavda. yvelaferi ufaso iyo, maT Soris, adamianis Sromaca da sicocxlec. ingliseli slavistis, lidsis universitetis TanamSromlis, f. elisis mixedviT, mudmivi Tavdasxma gonebaze, saR azrsa da moqcevis wesebze amaxinjebs da azianebs rogorc pirovnebas, ise mis inteleqtsac, Slis sazRvars WeSmaritebasa da sicrues Soris. Sedegad, formirdeba SiSiT savse da inteleqtualur iniciativas moklebuli „homo sovietikusi“, romelic „partiuli ideebisa da lozungebis ruporia, es imdenad ara adamianuri arsebaa, ramdenadac WurWeli, romelic ivseba da icleba partiis miTiTebiT“. Tavis statiebsa da leqciebSi cnobili sociologi iuri levada da misi jgufis wevrebi Homo soveticus-is tipur uaryofiT Tvisebebs Soris aRniSnaven Semdegs: sakuTari Sromis xarisxisadmi uyuradReboba – sabWoTa adamians ar adardebda, ra produqcias uSvebda misi qarxana, ar fiqrobda produqciis gaumjobesebaze; qurdoba samuSao adgilebze – es movlena imdenad gavrcelebuli iyo, rom rusul enaSi Seiqmna axali sityva несун (sityvasityviT, „wamRebi“); iniciativis ararseboba da nebismieri piradi pasuxismgeblobisgan gaqceva; dadablebuli ambiciebi (adamianis yvelaze ufro Seuracxmyofeli daxasiaTeba iyo „karieristi“ da „ambiciuri“); xelisuflebis nebismieri moqmedebisadmi udrtvinveli morCileba, Semguebloba; mzadyofna, Seasrulos nebismieri, maT Soris – uzneo, gankarguleba; loTobisadmi midrekileba; eWvianoba; wvrilmani eSmakoba.

HOMO SOVIETICUS

i. levada bevr sxva naSromSic aRwerda pirovnebis uaryofiT pirad Tvisebebs, romlebic axasiaTebda sabWoTa adamians da mravalwliani gamokvlevebis Sedegad mivida daskvnamde, rom sabWoTa adamiani, rogorc pirovnebis tipi, arsad ar gaqra sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, aramed agrZelebs arsebobas dResac da es Tvisebebi Taobidan Taobas gadaecema. ufro metic, mecnieris azriT, iseT uaryofiT Tvisebebs, rogoricaa socialuri mliqvneloba, paternalizmi, eWvianoba da izolacionizmi daemata cinizmi da agresiis gaZlierebuli xarisxi. levadas azriT, es negatiuri cvlilebebi isev gaxda Sedegi sazogadoebrivi Tavisuflebis SezRudvisa da damaxinjebuli ekonomikuri da moraluri stimulebisa, romlebsac ruseTis axali xelisufleba nergavs. rogorc erT-erTma gamokiTxvam aCvena, 2004 wlisTvis gacilebiT Semcirda im adamianebis ricxvi, romlebic Tvlian, rom ruseTis moqalaqeebi arafriT ar gansxvavdebian sxva qveynebis mosaxleobisgan da gaizarda imaTi ricxvi, vinc ruseTs mtrebiT „alyaSemortymul cixesimagred“ miiCnevs. msoflio presis erT-erTi flagmanis, cnobili britanuli yovelkvireuli gamocemis The economist-is („ekonomistis“) azriT, romelmac 2011 wels Homo sovieticus-is cnebas sakmaod vrceli analitikuri statia miuZRvna, sabWoTa kavSiris kolafsisa da, gansakuTrebiT, komunizmis dacemis Semdeg, 1991 wels dasavleTSi gaCnda imedi, rom ruseTSi damkvidrdeboda dasavluri moraluri Rirebulebebi, xolo qveyana nel-nela Sevidoda ganviTarebul qveyanaTa rigebSi. magram, rogorc Jurnalistebi miiCneven, es Tvalsazrisi ar iTvaliswinebda ruseTis ekonomikis dacemis xarisxs, adamianebis fsiqologiuri gamofitvis donesa da samocdaaTwliani xelisuflebis pirobebSi sazogadoebis moraluri gadagvarebis siRrmes. aravis hqonda warmodgena, ra tipis saxelmwifo Secvlida sabWoTa kavSirs da ras niSnavs – „iyo rusi“. yovelive zemoTqmuli Zalian xSirad gvexeba Cvenc, Cvens dRevandelobasac.

Teatri

sandro axmeteli

manana axmeteli

2021 wlis 27 ianvars rusTavelis Teatrs erovnuli Teatris statusi mieniWa. am gadawyvetilebas gamoCenili qarTveli reJisori robert sturua ase gamoexmaura: „asrulda didi axmetelis ocneba!“ sandro axmeteli – qarTuli erovnuli Teatris fuZemdebeli, didi reJisori da didi patrioti, romelmac mTeli Tavisi cxovreba, Zal-Rone qarTuli Teatris erovnuli modelis Seqmnas Sealia da, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am did saqmes Seewira kidec. Teatri, romelic axmetelma Seqmna, aRmocenda qarTveli xalxis msoflSegrZnebis wiaRidan da miznad isaxavda qarTul scenaze erovnuli sulis, energiisa da TviTmyofadobis warmosaxvas. sandro axmeteli daibada 1886 wlis 14 aprils siRnaRis mazris sofel anagSi, Toma mociqulis samrevlo eklesiis diakvan vasil daviTis Ze axmetelaSvilisa da mariam ivanes asul odiSeliZis ojaxSi. axmetelebis ojaxi ganaTlebiTa da codniT gamoirCeoda da maTTvis niWierebis gamo `ministriaani~ SeurqmeviaT. sandros 1900 wels daumTavrebia Telavis sasuliero saswavlebeli da ojaxis ganjaSi gadasvlis Semdeg ganjis gimnaziaSi gaugrZelebia swavla, saidanac Tavisufali azrovnebisTvis gauricxavT. Semdeg Zlivs aRudgeniaT Tbilisis gimnaziaSi, sadac gimnaziis inspeqtori maSin eqvTime TayaiSvili yofila. 1905 wels sandro axmeteli, politikiT dainteresebuli da gaaqtiurebuli, Tavisufali azris gamoxatvisaTvis dauWeriaT da mcire droiT metexis cixeSi dautusaRebiaT. ganTavisuflebuli TelavSi dabrunebula, sadac gaucnia cnobili publicistisa da mwerlis ivane rostomaSvilis asuli taso. 1907 wels sandrom da tasom iqorwines; am qorwinebidan sandro axmetels hyavda ori vaJi – Salva da juanSeri.

sandro axmeteli

sandro axmetels sakmaod farTo interesebi hqonia – Teatri, literatura, politika, iurisprudencia, musika, aviacia. 1908 wels Caubarebia peterburgis universitetis iuridiul fakultetze. iuristis ganaTlebam mas saSualeba misca mudmivad yofiliyo CarTuli sazogadoebriv-politikur cxovrebaSi. 1910 wlidan sandro axmeteli eweoda aqtiur publicistur moRvaweobas da qarTul da rusul presaSi aqveynebda werilebs Teatraluri xelovnebis sakiTxebze, exmianeboda politikur movlenebs. man Camoayaliba radikal-demokratiuli glexTa partia, romelsac warmoadgenda kidec saqarTvelos erovnul sabWoSi. 1918 wlis 26 maiss ki, rogorc politikosma, xeli moawera saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aqts. 1918 wlis 27 ivlisidan sandro axmeteli iyo erovnul sabWoSi Camoyalibebuli damfuZnebeli krebis saarCevno komisiisa da xelovnebis komisiis wevri (sul muSaobda 20 komisia). presidan iwyeba sandro axmetelis sareJisoro cxovrebac. misi pirveli mcdeloba iyo 1910 wels qvemo maCxaanSi dadgmuli aleqsandre sumbaTaSvil-iuJinis piesa „Ralati“, romelic mxatvrulad Tavadve gaaforma da msaxiobebad Tavisive megobrebi hyavda. Semdeg, 1919 wels, daudgams dimitri arayiSvilis opera „Tqmuleba SoTa rusTavelze~, 1920 wels ki – umniSvnelovanesi namuSevari – sandro SanSiaSvilis simbolisturi piesis mixedviT Seqmnili speqtakli „berdo zmania“. 1923 wels TbilisSi dabrunebul kote marjaniSvils sandro axmeteli Tbilisis rusTavelis saxelobis TeatrSi reJisorad miuwvevia, mogvianebiT ki axmeteli iyo rusTavelis Teatris mTavari reJisoric da samxatvro xelmZRvanelic (1926-1935 wlebSi). isic unda iTqvas, rom 1924 wels sandro axmetelis iniciativiT daarsda axalgazrda msaxiobTa korporacia „duruji“.

sandro axmetelis mSoblebi mariam odiSeliZe da vasil axmetelaSvili

sandro axmeteli studentobisas

1918 wlis 2 aprils zaqaTalis radikal-demokratiuli glexTa partiis mTavari komiteti saqarTvelos erovnul sabWos mimarTavs, rom komiteti erovnuli sabWos kandidat domenti aroSiZis magier niSnavs aleqsandre axmetels. 1919 wlis 14 Tebervals radikal-demokratiulma glexTa partiam damoukideblad miiRo monawileoba saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebSi, magram ver SeZlo xmebis saWiro raodenobis mogroveba (miiRo 3000-ze odnav meti xma). saqarTvelos umaRles sakanonmdeblo organoSi am partiis arc erTi wevri ar yofila arCeuli.

Teatri 1934 wels mixeil javaxiSvili sandro axmetels swerda: „Zmao sandro! ociode wlis win Sen gahbede da sajarod ganacxade qarTul Teatrs erovnuli saxe ara aqvso. es azri maSin kadnierebad CaTvales. magram rusTavelis Teatrma cxadad gaamarTla Seni naTqvami. Seni TaosnobiT daarsebulma da Seni xelmZRvanelobiT aRzrdilma Teatrma TandaTan ipovna erovnuli forma-xasiaTi, ritmi, plastiuroba, gmiruli suli da Sig Tanamedrove Sinaarsi CaRvara. mxolod am ori RerZis wyalobiT SeeZlo Teatrs msoflio aRiareba moexveWa, rac man samarTlianad daimsaxura. rusTavelis saxelis zidva uZnelesi da sapatio gmirobaa. Tqven es tvirTi Rirseulad zideT da yvelas daanaxeT, rom arc odesme daTmobT“. mixeil javaxiSvili (1880-1937)

da marTlac, sandro axmetelis Semoqmedeba, qarTuli Teatris erovnuli modelis idea nasazrdoebi iyo qarTuli sulieri da materialuri kulturis ZeglebiT, xalxuri SemoqmedebiT, xalxuri yofiT, iqneboda es mravalxmiani xalxuri simRerebi Tu cekvebi, xalxuri TamaSebi, zepirsityviereba Tu wes-Cveulebebi. reJisors STaagonebda sofluri lxini da saxalxo dResaswaulebi, sadac Tavs iyrida mxatvruli Semoqmedebis mravalferovani formebi, romelTa Semsruleblebic artistuli silaRiT eZleodnen improvizaciis Tandayolil instinqts, myisierad amyarebdnen cxovelmyofel kavSirs da gatacebiT mRerodnen, cekvavdnen, Sairobdnen, monawileobdnen sxvadasxva TamaSobasa da ritualSi. es axmetelis mSobliuri samyaro iyo. absoluturi musikaluri smeniT dajildoebuli ymawvili mSvenivrad ukravda xalxur sakravebze, soloebs mReroda niko sulxaniSvilis gundSi. amavdroulad rusTavelis, baraTaSvilis, firosmanis, vaJa-fSavelas ideur-esTetikuri suliskveTebiT iyo STagonebuli, maTi idealebis mimdevari. axmetelma aRzarda erovnuli ritmiTa da plastikiT gawvrTnili msaxiobebi da maTi ZalisxmeviT qarTul TeatrSi ganaxorciela scenuri, musikaluri, qoreoplastikuri elementebis sinTezi, romelSic wamyvan rols asrulebda musika. axmeteli musikalurad moazrovne reJisori iyo. Tavis speqtaklebSi musikas mianiWa aqtiuri dramaturgiuli funqcia. man moiyvana qarTul TeatrSi kompozitori, diriJori da orkestri, aaxmovana gundi, Sekra mocekvaveTa jgufi, pirvelma Semoitana mbrunavi scena, originaluri dekoratiuli gadawyveta. manamde qarTul scenas msgavsi

sandro axmeteli

ram ar unaxavs. axmeteli dgas qarTuli, erovnuli, reJisoruli Teatris saTaveSi. misi Teatri TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZoli xalxis suliskveTebas, revoluciuri epoqis qartexilebs gamoxatavda, globalur WrilSi ganixilavda socialur procesebs da politikuri mizanswrafviTac gamoirCeoda. misi Teatri idga sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis avangardSi, es iyo zogadsakacobrio idealebisaTvis mebrZoli, mZafri vnebebiT damuxtuli, erovnuli temperamentiT aboboqrebuli samyaro. axmetelis Teatri Tavisi arsiT iyo erovnulic, Tanamedrovec da internacionaluric. axmetelis Teatris erovnulma modelma umaRlesi Sefaseba daimsaxura imdroindel Teatralur samyaroSi. mas iwvevdnen msoflios udides kulturul centrebSi. 1930 wels rusTavelis Teatri pirvelad gascda saqarTvelos farglebs da monawileoba miiRo nacionaluri Teatrebis olimpiadaSi. es iyo uaRresad masStaburi RonisZieba – daTvaliereba, romelSic CarTuli iyo 36 Teatraluri dasi. saolimpiade speqtaklebs eswrebodnen Teatraluri xelovnebis cnobili moRvaweebi, dramaturgebi, kritikosebi, Jurnalistebi, eqspertebi evropidan da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebidan. olimpiadaze rusTavelis Teatri wardga Tavisi cnobili speqtaklebiT: „anzori“, „rRveva“ da „lamara“. dadgmebma namdvili sensacia moaxdines. fexze dadga mTeli Teatraluri moskovi. qarTuli Teatris speqtaklebze SeuZlebeli iyo moxvedra, bileTebi ar iSoveboda. presaSi aRfrTovanebuli recenziebi ibeWdeboda. „lamaras“ erTerT warmodgenas daeswro TviT stalini, Tavisi amaliT. axmeteli erTbaSad moeqca saerTaSoriso Teatraluri sazogadoebis yuradRebis centrSi.

msof„rusTavelis Teatrma gaaoca moskovi. is lio Teatrebis pirvel rigSi dawinaurda“. a. lunaCarski „madloba rusTavelis Tea trs sicocxliT savse umSvenieresi speqtakl ebisaTvis, romelTa msgavsi arasodes minaxa vs~. norvegieli dramaturgi nordal grigi

dimitri arayiSvili (1873-1953)

genialurma „qarTvelma artistebma da maTma i gamarjveba did ma tel reJisorma sandro axme v ufro kide xeb Sesa mis Si val moma moipova. mets gavigebT“. a. qristenseni „sicocxle Cqefs rusTavelis Teat rSi. aq xelovneba mocemulia diad, mSvenier formaSi. aTasi madloba“. „axmetelis dasi Teatraluri beladis mdgomareobamde mivida“. v. bliumi

oficialuri presa xazgasmiT aRniSnavda:

rusTavelis Teatris pirvelive speqtaklebma naTlad dagvanaxa, rom mas SeuZlia Rrma, principuli gavlena moaxdinos mTels sabWoTa Teatralur xelovnebaze.

genia~. „qarTul Teatrs hyavs Tavisi heli flangani

Teatri gamarjvebul reJisors sTavazobdnen dadgmebs moskovis, leningradis Teatrebi. iwvevdnen vaSingtonSi, londonSi, niu-oirksa da parizSi. magram rusTavelis Teatri am gastrolebisaTvis amaod emzadeboda – beriam moskovSi umalve afrina Semdegi Sinaarsis telefonograma:

„aleqsandre vasilis Ze axmeteli iyo „samxedro centris“ aqtiuri monawile. 1924 wels meTaurobda aralegalur organizacias „duruji“, eweva antisabWoTa muSaobas. 12 msaxiobi, romlebic asruleben mTavar rolebs sagastrolo repertuarSi, 1924 wlidan ewevian antisabWoTa saqmianobas“. lavrenti beria (1899-1953)

cxadia, sazRvargareT es gastrolebi CaiSala. ufro meti zar-zeimiT Catarda rusTavelis Teatris meore gastrolebi moskovSi, 1933 wels. axmetelma, cnobil speqtaklebTan erTad, ori axali, Tvisebrivad gansxvavebuli dadgma warmoadgina: „TeTnuldi“ da „in tiranos“ (anu „tiraniis winaaRmdeg“) – ase daasaTaura man Sileris „yaCaRebi“ – axmetelis Semoqmedebis gvirgvini. am saTaurSi Cadebuli iyo gabeduli qveteqsti, rac Semdeg erT-erT braldebad wauyenes dapatimrebul axmetels. „in tiranoss“ Sileris piesis Seqspiruli dadgma uwodes. triumfaluri gastrolebis Semdeg axmetelma miiRo saerTaSoriso sagastrolo biuros direqtoris artur hogenbergis werili:

„batono aleqsandre! rogorc gavigeT, ganzraxuli gqoniaT momaval wels moawyoT didi turne amerikaSi. uflebas vaZlev Cems Tavs mxolod SegekiTxoT – gaqvT Tu ara survili amerikaSi Casvlamde CamobrZandeT evropis mTavar qalaqebSi. vfiqrobT, pirvelad – venaSi, Semdeg – budapeStSi, praRasa da varSavaSi, ciurixsa da parizSi, londonsa da amsterdamSi, briuselSi, haagasa da, Sesabamisad, italiaSi...“ magram, samwuxarod, verc es SeTavazeba ganxorcielda. unda iTqvas, rom qarTuli erovnuli Teatris sulisCamdgmeli samSobloSi imTaviTve moeqca mtruli, bneli Zalebis rkalSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom uamravi gulmxurvale Tayvanismcemeli hyavda, rogorc TeatrSi, ise Teatris gareT, misi momxreebi Tavs axmetelistebsac ki uwodebdnen, magram mowina-

sandro axmeteli

aRmdegeebi gamudmebiT ebrZodnen. bolSevizmis apologetebi Tavs esxmodnen axmetelis dadgmebis politikur poziciebsa Tu tendenciebs, erovnul formebs uwunebdnen da brals nacionalizmSi sdebdnen. yovel speqtakls kritikis qarcecxlSi atarebdnen. axmetelma mTeli cxovreba konfliqtebSi, xelCarTul brZolebSi gaatara. xmalamoRebuli icavda Tavis poziciebs. axmetelis mtrebi misi reabilitaciis Semdegac ar cxrebodnen. bolomde cdilobdnen misTvis Ziri gamoeTxaraT.

„...Teatrs Semoesia aTasi komisia, pirdapir muSaobis saSualebas ar gvaZlevdnen: yvelaferSi cxvirs yofdnen, yvelaferSi Wkuas gvaswavlidnen. vgrZnobdi, rom maT SeeZloT Sekruli dasis daSla, koleqtivSi bzaris Setana, amitom yovelgvar winaaRmdegobas vuwevdi. diax, zogjer uxeSadac vebrZodi. sxva gamosavali me ar mqonda. aTjer ufro Zviri mijdeboda Cemi simkacre, Cemi Secdoma, radgan axali, ufro energiuli ieriSis mosatanad sababi eZleodaT. ra vicodi maSin, rom Turme adamians, vinc ar Ralatobda sakuTari sindisis xmas, Tavis profesias, idealebisadmi rwmenas, advilad arafers apatiebdnen. gvian Sevicani es elementaruli WeSmariteba. maSin CemTvis mTavari is iyo, rom rac ufro met warmatebas vaRwevdi, ufro mtkiced vukavSirdebodi Cems xalxs. imas ki vxvdebodi, rom vidre xalxTan aseT kavSirs mivaRwevdi, unda gamevlo gansacdeliT aRsavse dReebi, unda ganmecada martosulobis tkivili, mraval adamianTa bedis gaerTianebis sirTulec da mtanjveli SemoqmedebiTi iWvic. erTi sityviT, jojoxeTis yvela kari...“ werda sandro axmeteli erT-erT werilSi.

1934 wliTaa daTariRebuli rusTavelis Teatris wamyvani msaxiobis akaki xoravas madlierebiT savese sityvebi, miwerili sandro axmetelisTvis:

„Zvirfaso megobaro da maswavlebelo!.. xSirad, da axla gansakuTrebiT, vnanob, rom ar davibade Sens maxloblad, raTa Seni susti oreuli vyofiliyavi da mimeRo Sengan cxovrebisa da adamianis codna. Senganve gamego azri da daniSnuleba adamianis arsebobisa. magram imisTvisac vemadlierebi beds, rom ukve simwifis asakSi, Sens xelSi mowafed vgrZnob Tavs da Seni cxovrebis kvaldakval varkvev Cemi arsebobis safuZvlebs. Sen bevri ram gaakeTe CemTvis, ara marto gaakeTe, aramed Sen me Semqmeni arafrisagan. ra SemiZlia gavakeTo amis sanacvlod? riTi SemiZlia gadagixado? riTi SeuZlia mowafes madloba gadauxados Tavis maswavlebels? mxolod SromiT da qedis moxriT Seni sulieri samyarosa da Seni sulieri xalis winaSe. gmadlobT yvelafrisaTvis, Cemo Zvirfaso sandro! msaxiobisaTvis Znelia gadauxado samagiero maswavlebels. magram me gavakeTeb yvelafers, raTa SemTxvevisTanave madliereba gamovxato rogorc moqalaqem, maSinac ki, Tu es damijdeba sicocxlis fasad“. akaki xorava

Teatri am konfliqtidan daiwyo tragedia, romelic elviseburi siswrafiT ganviTarda da SemaZrwuneblad dasrulda. 1935 wlis 25 ivliss beriam sagangebo TaTbiri Caatara da axmeteli antisabWoTa saqmianobaSi daadanaSaula. maSinve momzadda ganaCeni, romelic Semdeg presis furclebzec gamoqveynda:

akaki xorava (1895-1972) da akaki vasaZe (1899-1978)

TandaTan gamwvavda is sabediswero konfliqti, romelic rusTavelis TeatrSi berias faruli xelmZRvanelobiT mzaddeboda da ganxorcielda axmetelis erTguli mowafeebis mxardaWeriT. sxvaTa Soris, amis damadasturebeli werilobiTi dokumentic arsebobs.… 1935 wels baqoSi rusTavelis Teatris damagvirgvinebeli speqtakli axmetelis winaaRmdeg agorebuli kampaniis ukanaskneli akordi iyo. „lamaras“ finalur warmodgenaSi akaki xorava nasvam mdgomareobaSi, barbaciT asrulebda Tavis rols. erTbaSad dairRva axmetelis mier saguldagulod awyobili da detalurad gaTvlili speqtaklis ritmi. warmodgena lamis gamovida mwyobridan. sazRvari ar hqonda aRSfoTebuli axmetelis risxvas. is xom TeatrSi yovelTvis mkacrad icavda disciplinas. uklebliv yvela emorCileboda mis SemoqmedebiT nebas, miT ufro – gastrolebis dros. rogorc gairkva, rusTavelis Teatris kidev erTi wamyvani msaxiobi akaki vasaZe saqmis kursSi iyo, magram man es umsgavso incidenti ar gaamxila. TbilisSi dabrunebisTanave axmetelma akaki xorava Teatridan moxsna. akaki vasaZe ki rusTavelis TeatrTan arsebuli eqsperimentuli studiis xelmZRvanelobidan gaaTavisufla. beria umalve gamoexmaura am konfliqts. man kategoriulad moiTxova msaxiobebis aRdgena, rasac axmeteli ar daemorCila. es ar iyo uprecedento SemTxveva. cnobili iyo, rom axmeteli arc manamde emorCileboda berias.

„Teatris direqtori al. axmeteli rusTavelis saxelobis TeatrSi atarebda sabWoTa sazogadoebisagan, farTo masobrivi mayureblisagan, mwerlebisagan, dramaturgebisagan, mxatvrebisagan mowyvetis xazs... axmetelis datovebas SemdgomSi rusTavelis saxelobis Teatris saTaveSi SeuZlia Teatri miiyvanos ufro met CamorCenamde mxatvrul SemoqmedebiT muSaobaSi. SeaCeros Teatris zrda da gaagrZelos misi mowyveta sabWoTa sazogadoebisagan“. 1935 wlis 13 seqtembers sandro axmeteli gaaTavisufles rusTavelis Teatridan. konfliqtSi monawile msaxiobebi TeatrSi aRadgines. akaki vasaZe rusTavelis Teatris samxatvro xelmZRvanelad daniSnes. Jurnal-gazeTebi aWrelda axmetelis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli cilismwamebluri braldebebiT:

axmeteli TeatrSi axSobs cocxal azrs! ებს.

ახმეტ ელი დგამს მავნე სპე ქტაკლ ახმეტელის თეატრი ბურჟუაზიული ნაციონ

ალიზმის თეატრია.

axmeteli rolebs ar aZlevs partiulebsa da komkavSirelebs. რუსთაველის თეატრში არ არის პარტორგანიზაც ია და კომკავშირული უჯრედი.

თეატრში კარჩაკეტილობა ეგზოტიკა იკიდებს ფეხსდა .

თეატრი ნაციონალიზმისაკენ ქანაობს.

sandro axmeteli

presaSi gamoqveynda axmetelis mamxilebeli koleqtiuri werilic, romelsac xels awerdnen masTan axlomdgomi pirebi, visac rusTavelis TeatrSi wamyvani poziciebi ekavaT. Relavdnen axmetelis gulSematkivrebi. reJisori TanagrZnobis werilebs iRebda ucnobi Tayvanismcemlebisagan. erT-erT xelmouwerel werilSi vkiTxulobT:

„...roca marcxdebodi, mainc mudam mwvervalze ideqi. Sen arasodes kargavdi simaRlis grZnobas. amisaTvis gemdurebodnen, ver iqna da ver dagaCoqes, mainc ra dedam gSoba aseTi gautexeli! bevrs sadideblad eyofoda Seni warumatebeli speqtaklebi, Sen ki mudam mwvervalebisaken geWira Tvali zogjer ise amayadac, rom CemTvis vfiqrobdi: damTavrda! yvelaferi damTavrda! is axla gancdebisagan mokvdeba! magram Sen imwuTSiac iseTi Tavneba bavSvi iyavi, rogorc maSin, egzarxosis pativsacemad rom ar imRere. wveTi sisxlic ar aris SenSi araqarTuli da ufleba ar gaqvs, ar gaiziaro Seni winaprebis xvedri, tanjvis gziT moipovo didi qarTvelis saxeli! yvelafers gaviRebdi, ris gaRebac cocxal adamians SeuZlia, oRond qarTul TeatrSi Sens dabrunebas Semaswro – vinc qristesaviT ewama, is unda aRdges kidec!“

sandro axmeteli da veriko anjafariZe

Teatridan gaZevebuli sandro axmeteli moskovis Teatralurma sazogadoebam sixaruliT miiRo. sTavazobdnen speqtaklebis dadgmas: moskovis didi Teatri, „mwvane Teatri“, „revoluciis Teatri“, ebrauli Teatri mixoelsis xelmZRvanelobiT, sverdlovskis operetis Teatri, leningradis operisa da baletis Teatri, sadac daiwyo muSaoba borodinis operis „Tavadi igoris“ dadgmaze, romelic, samwuxarod, ver daasrula...

sandro axmeteli da Tamar wulukiZe

Teatri scena speqtaklidan `in tiranos~

scena speqtaklidan `anzori~

1936 wlis 19 noembers axmeteli daapatimres da TbilisSi Camoiyvanes. satvirTo manqanis Ria Zaraze, xelborkildadebuli, Tbilisis centralur quCebze, marjaniSvilisa da rusTavelis Teatrebis win demonstraciulad Camoatares da sukis sapyrobilis jurRmulebSi Caagdes. axmeteli dasajes, rogorc `faSisturi ideebis mqadagebeli nacionalisti da formalisti~. antisabWoTa saqmianobis damadasturebeli „mtkicebulebebiT“ aris SeTiTxnili sukis arqivSi Semonaxuli „axmetelis saqmis“ octomeuli, romelic efuZneba absurdul braldebebs, informatorebisagan miRebul cnobebs, dakiTxvis SemaZrwunebel oqmebs. „axmetelis saqme“ ikereboda 1924 wlidan. rogorc Cans, mas gamudmebiT uTvalTvalebdnen Sesabamisi organoebi. 1924 weli xom istoriuli TariRia, roca qarTvelma patriotebma qaquca ColoyaSvilis meTaurobiT kidev erTxel gaibrZoles da didi msxverplic gaiRes saqarTvelos damoukideblobisaTvis. axmeteli maTi Tanamoazre iyo da swored amitomac iwyeba am TariRiT „axmetelis saqmis“ welTaRricxva. yalbi, SeTiTxnili „dokumentebis“ safuZvelze dapatimrebul sandro axmetels 222 dRis ganmavlobaSi ararsebuli danaSaulisaTvis sulis amoxdamde awamebdnen da misgan ararsebuli codvebis aRiarebas moiTxovdnen. es gaugonari tragedia 1937 wlis 29 ivniss sandro axmetelis daxvretiT dasrulda.

„dRemSvidobisa! damoukidebel saqarTveloSi mzec ki sxvanairad keklucia, ufro nazi da saamuria! oh! es ra aRmatebuli grZnoba yofila!“ werda 1918 wlis 28 maiss sandro axmeteli

qaquca ColoyaSvili (1888-1930)

sandro axmeteli

Tamar wulukiZe patimrobaSi

sandi axmeteli

axmetelis bedi gaiziares misma erTgulma mowafeebma, romlebmac protestis niSnad datoves rusTavelis Teatri. eseni iyvnen Teatris wamyvani msaxiobebi: elguja lorTqifaniZe, ivane laRiZe, ivane abaSiZe, platon koriSeli, ia qanTaria da sami qali: buJuJa SaviSvili, nino RviniaSvili (mokarnaxe) da sandro axmetelis meuRle, rusTavelis Teatris mSveneba – Tamar wulukiZe. daxvretas gadaurCnen mxolod msaxiobi qalebi, romlebic Soreul aRmosavleTSi gadaasaxles, saidanac dabrundnen Tamar wulukiZe da nino RviniaSvili. Tamar wulukiZes kidev erTi ubedureba daatyda Tavs, gadasaxlebaSi imyofeboda, roca misi erTaderTi, daoblebuli vaJi, 16 wlis sandi axmeteli tragikulad daiRupa... umZimesi da mtanjveli iyo sandro axmetelis xvedri.… saubedurod, mas wilad xvda dideba samSoblos gareT da daundobloba – samSobloSi. man gamoscada siyvaruli da veragoba, triumfaluri gamarjvebebi da Suri, aRiareba da dasmena, erTguleba da Ralati... aseT oromtrialSi gaatara Tavisi xanmokle wuTisofeli, romelic mtruli Zalebis gamarjvebiT da misTvis SemaZrwunebeli marcxiT dasrulda.… gavida wlebi,… axmetelis namoRvawari ukve istoriis kuTvnilebaa da ai, saukuneebis mijnaze, mileniumis egidiT Catarebulma kvlevam daadgina XX saukuneSi msoflio masStabis 100 saukeTeso dadgmis CamonaTvali, romelSic Sevida qarTuli Teatris sxvadasxva drois ori Sedevri: axmetelis „in tiranos“ da robert sturuas „kavkasiuri carcis wre“. es sayovelTao aRiareba sandro axmetelis saxelis ukvdavebas niSnavs!

qalebi

vera burjanaZe 25 weli gulagSi

irakli xvadagiani „...vis ar axsovs, baTomSi deda-Svili, SalSi gaxveulni, dadiodnen quGebSi. erTs webo hqonda Salis qveS, meores — mowodebebi. rodesac cofmoreuli Gekistebi gaSmagebuli daTareSobden da xalxs masiurad atusaRebden, swored am dros es ori qali proklamaciebiT avsebden quGebs...“ ese keWeymaZis mogonebaSi naxsenebi, 1920-ian wlebSi aWara-lazeTSi, iatakqveSeTSi momuSave es deda-Svili usaxelod darCa, iseve, rogorc mravali qali, romlebic amxanagebis, Zmebis, qmrebisa Tu mamebis mxardamxar iyvnen Cabmuli sabWoTa rusuli saokupacio reJimis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. saidumlo kurierebad, politikuri wiTeli jvris misiiT – cixis WiSkarTan, patimrebisTvis amanaTebisa da informaciis gadasacemad, iatakqveSeTis dasaxmareblad sando moqalaqeebisagan Semowirulobebis Sesagroveblad, proklamaciebis dastebiT Teatrisa Tu operis qandaraze da iaraRiT xelSi quCis Setakebebsa Tu ajanyebebSi – mebrZol qalebs yvelgan naxavdiT, im respublikis damoukideblobis aRsadgenad, simbolod rom koxtad mokazmuli, SeiaraRebuli qali aerCia. 1920-ian wlebSi sabWoTa okupaciis winaaRmdeg mebrZolTa erT-erT himnad gadaqceul leqsSi, romelic 1922 wels, patimrobisas, dawera damfuZnebeli krebis deputatma, mweralma da publicistma daviT CxeiZem Tavisuflebis dasabruneblad, am sityvebiT mouwodebdnen moqalaqeebs:

25 weli gulagSi

„wminda giorgi qarTvelebs miuZRvis abjris JRrialiT, Cvenc SevuerTdeT mamacebs, samferi droSis frialiT, erTad CavideT brZolaSi, davlewoT cixis karebi, saqarTvelodan avgavoT, civ CrdiloeTis jarebi.“ 1924 wlis agvistos cxel dReebSi, erTiani antisabWoTa ajanyebisas, dasavleT saqarTveloSi sviris amboxebulTa razmi sabrZolvelad emzadeboda; razmis Tavze ki samferi droSa frialebda, romelic 24 wlis vera burjanaZis Sekerili iyo. vera Tavadve miuZRoda razms. imereTSi ajanyebis CaxSobas da masobriv daxvretebs, sxva asobiT mebrZolsa da moqalaqesTan erTad, veras Zma – ladiko burjanaZec emsxverpla. dapatimrebuli medroSe ki quTaisis Cekas („politbiuros“ – sabWoTa uSiSroebis samsaxuris – `Cekas~ (sagangebo komisia) regionuli ganyofileba) sardafSi eloda sakuTar rigs, Tumca SedarebiT iRblianebs noembris amnistiam – reJimis droebiTma ukandaxevam mouswro da gaaTavisufles. sabWoTa saokupacio reJimTan Seurigebeli mebrZoli qalis – vera burjanaZis cxovreba erT-erTi yvelaze tragikuli da Tan heroizmiT savse ambebis jaWvia. is erTi pirovnebis totalitarul monstrze gamarjvebis ambavTan erTad, im Taobis mware bedsac Segvaxsenebs, fizikur mospobasTan erTad, mexsierebidanac meTodurad rom waSala sabWourma propagandisa da falsifikaciis manqanam. vera sofel obCaSi daibada 1907 wels, Zlier, mravalSvilian ojaxSi. 1921 wlis Sem-

deg da-Zmani: vladimeri (ladiko), Salva da vera aqtiurad iyvnen Cabmuli winaaRmdegobis iatakqveSa qselSi; isini saqarTvelos social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis axalgazrduli organizaciis wevrebi iyvnen da baRdaTis, svirisa da quTaisis zonebSi moqmedebdnen; erTmaneTTan akavSirebdnen organizaciebs, tyeSi gasul mebrZolTa jgufebs sursaTiTa da informaciiT amaragebdnen da momavali SeiaraRebuli gamosvlisTvis emzadebodnen. sofelSi, sanaTesaosa da iatakqveSeTSi veras Sinauri saxeliT icnobdnen – faco (facura). obCaSi 1920-iani wlebis Taobas didxans axsovda, SeiaraRebuli rogor SemoaWenebda cxens sofelSi da aRtacebuli bavSvebi Jivil-xiviliT rogor aedevnebodnen xolme. ajanyebis damarcxebis Semdeg, quTaisis Cekas sakanSi orTviani patimrobisas, veram „politbiuros“ Tavmjdomaris gasilaqebac moaswro da sardafSive daiwyo dapatimrebulTa Soris „cixis telegrafiT“ (cixis kamerebs Soris kedlebze kakunis specialuri kodiT Setyobinebebis sistema, romelic ruseTis yofili imperiis politpatimrebis TaobebisTvis cnobili instrumenti iyo) kavSiris aRdgena da maTi organizeba. veras ZmisSvili, guliko burjanaZe, ixsenebs: „...quTaisSi, uSiSroebis... saknebSi erTmaneTTan dakavSirebis… raRaca sistema gaakeTa mamidaGemma, ver ereodnen, e.i. gautexeli iyo! da viRaca gogo raRacaze dauWeriaT da Seagdes da _ Semoagdes GemTano da diliT... „kagebes“ ufrosi (vinc iyo iq, samsaxuris) _ kaco, es am ubedurTan rom SegiSviaTo?! eso awi rames ityviso? ai, gamozrdida wuxelio da gouSviTo! da _ gouSves...“ (citata guliko burjanaZesTan aRebuli pirispir interviudan; zepiri istoriebi sabWoTa terorze, tomi 1, Sovlab, 2019)

zepiri istoriebi (Oral History) – es aris kvlevis meTodi, romelic emyareba adamianebis, ojaxebis istoriis mniSvnelovani movlenebis Sesaxeb informaciis mopovebas interviuebis safuZvelze, tardeba ZiriTadad audio (SesaZloa videoc) teqnikis daxmarebiT. zepiri istoriebis meTodiT xdeba iseTi informaciis miReba, romlis werilobiTi wyaroebic ar arsebobs. zepiri istoriebis meTodis gamoyenebisas interviuerebi upiratesobas aniWeben Ria kiTxvebs (anu kiTxvis saxeobas, romelic ar sTavazobs respondentebs pasuxis SesaZlo variantebs. am tipis kiTxvebi minimalur gavlenas axdens respondnetTa pasuxebze, magram maTi statistikuri damuSaveba Zalian Sromatevadi saqmea). zepiri istoriebi kvlevis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani meTodia feministi mkvlevrebisaTvis. bevrs miaCnia, rom swored am meTodiT gaxda SesaZlebeli qalebis gamocdilebis Sesaxeb siCumis darRveva akademiur sferoSi. zepiri istoriebis Caweris idea amerikelma biografma, istorikosma da Jurnalistma alan nevinsma 1938 wels sazogadoebas SesTavaza – SeeqmnaT iseTi organizacia, romelic sistematurad Seagrovebda da Caiwerda saxelovani moqalaqeebis cxovrebis Sesaxeb monaTxrobs, uaxlesi politikuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli istoriis Sesavsebad. 1948 wels alan nevinsi Tavad Caudga saTaveSi zepiri istoriis pirvel proeqts, romelic kolumbiis universitetis bazaze daiwyo.

qalebi amnistiiT gaTavisuflebis Semdeg vera, iseve, rogorc gadarCenilTa umravlesoba, kvlav iatakqveSa organizaciebis aRdgenas Seudga da 1924 wlis agvistos mZime msxverplis miuxedavad, jiutad agrZelebda mosaxleobaSi sabrZolo suliskveTebis gaRvivebas, dazaralebulTa dasaxmareblad Semowirulobebis Segrovebasa da moqalaqeebis antisabWoTa literaturiT momaragebas. 1926 wels veram obCaSi „sisxliani agvistos“ ori wlisTavis mosaxseniebeli proklamaciebic gaavrcela. winaaRmdegobis Zalebis aqtiurobas, ra Tqma unda, Cekas memkvidre „gepeu“ (ГПУ – saxelmwifo politikuri sammarTvelo) gulxeldakrefili ar ucqerda da lamis yovelTviurad atarebda wmendis operaciebs. morig jerze, 1926 wlis 22 dekembers, iatakqveSelTa jgufTan erTad verac daapatimres. quTaisis „nacnobi“ „politbiurodan“ TbilisSi gadagzavnes, sadac 1927 wlis 16 maiss saqarTvelos ssr da amierkavkasiis sfsr „gepeus“ admingadasaxlebis kolegiam veras, rogorc gamousworebel mowinaaRmdeges da iatakqveSeTis avtoritetul organizators, 3 wliT gadasaxleba miusaja rsfsr-is sakoncentracio banakebSi. daniSnulebis adgilamde xangrZlivi etapirebisas, vera, garkveuli periodiT, moskovSi, „butirkaSi“ (Бутырка (Бутырская тюрьма) – butirskis cixe; ruseTis federaciis dedaqalaqSi, moskovSi, arsebuli erT-erTi uZvelesi sapatimro. amJamad „№2 samZebro izolatori“.) gaaCeres, sadac STamomavlebis gadmocemiT, man friad mniSvnelovan stumars sakadrisi pasuxi gasca: „…pirvelad...gadasaxleba [iyo] „butirkaSi~, gadasaxlebaSi roca gauSves, gauSves sami wliT, mere „plius tri, plius tri“ (plus sami, plus sami) gaukeTes iqa da am gadasaxlebaSi mamidaGemma (Zaan axalgazrda iyo, 20 wlis iyo Tu raRaca) ... daamTavra sa-

`butirkis~ cixe moskovSi

sabraldebo daskvna vera burjanaZis saqmeze, 1927

ferSlo da aman gadaarGina iq, imitom, rom iq gadasaxleba rogor iyo, iciT? TviTon unda erGina Tavisi Tavi _ emuSava. SezRudvebi hqonda da meti sxva araferi. hoda... mere is iyo da _ saxlidan gatanebuli hqonda iseni, bevri konservebi da raRacebi ra _ saWmelebi, amitom iqaur saWmels ar Wamda da dasawyisSi politpatimrebs Zalian faqizad epyrobodnen. sakmarisi iyo rame ar SegeWamao, xo ukve im wuTSi Segicvlidneno... da „galadovka“ (anu SimSiloba) xom ar gamoacxada? [azustebdnen], mara SimSilobas, roca iwyebdio, unda gamogecxadebiao! ase _ dRes ar SeWame da xval SeWame, egre ar iyoo. xo, amitom me ar mqonda gamocxadebulio, imaT saWmels ar vWamdi, me Gemi mqonda gatanebuli saxlidano, gamomataneso da dRe da Rame arevia ra, da meZinao da braxuni, raRacaebi... gaviRviZe, Semovida viRac kacio _ nanaxi myavdao Tu suraTi mqonda nanaxio (ar vici, axla ramdenad me damamaxsovrda, ramdenad SeiZleba _ tyuils ratom ityoda axla mamidaGemi?! raSi sWirdeboda magi, maSin stalini „stalini“ ki ar iyo kaco!) ...

25 weli gulagSi

_ mere mamida? _ me vuTxari, _ Sevxedeo da vicanio. _ mere? _ me vuTxari, _ mamida, ar miesalme? _ Gveno tilian bolSevikebso xels ar varTmevdiT, ar vesalmebodiTo! _ ar adeqi? _ ratom unda avmdgariyavio?! ratom unda avmdgariyavio meo imis, bolSevikis Semosvlazeo?!

centrSi zis vera burjanaZe. dganan, marcxnidan: besarion kvantaliani, aleqsandre Ciqovani, JanJak qadagiSvili da akaki meZmariaSvili. qalaqi minusinski, 1931wlis 10 oqtomberi

axalgazrda ioseb stalini

hoda ... ese naxevrad zurgiT vijeqio da miTxrao, gamomkiTxa, isa esao, da _ arao, me vuTxario, SimSili ar gamomicxadebiao... maqvso saWmelio da rato unda vWamo amaTi saWmelio?! _ … patara qarTvelo qaloo, dawereo da gadmodio Gveni droSis qveSo (moewona etyoba, es viRac utexi ariso, xo ici?!) ... _ da meo Zalian kai droSis qveSa varo da me Gems gzas vadgevaro da mivdivaro da araferi ar mesaqmeba TqvenTano! hoda, Sebrunda da nu, gavidao. hoda, Samovardao „nadziratelnicao“ (anu zedamxedveli qali) da _ icio, vin iyoo? da _ vici, vin iyoo. ooo _ Говорит, он к всем не приходит-o! (anu: Tqva, is yvelasTan ki ar midiso) ...“ Semdeg iyo xangrZlivi gadasaxleba cimbirSi – minusinskSi (qalaqi ruseTis federaciaSi, krasnoiarskis mxareSi, aRmosavleT cimbirSi), sadac ukve qarTvel politpatimarTa „kolonia“, saTvistomo iyo Camoyalibebuli. maT umravlesobas sabWoTa reJimi

yovel 3 weliwadSi erTxel meqanikurad ugrZelebda gadasaxlebis vadas – an adgilze tovebda, an ruseTis sxva zonebSi amisamarTebda. gadasaxlebaSi moxvda aseve veras umcrosi Zma – Salva burjanaZec. minusinskSi vera polonel politpatimar qirurgze daqorwinda, romelic maleve kvlav daapatimres da daxvrites. Semdeg iyo meore siyvaruli da qorwineba politpatimar besarion (beso) kvantalianze, romelic aseve 1927 wlidan iyo gadasaxlebuli Soreul banakebSi. 1936 wels, bolos da bolos, wyvils aRar gaugrZeles rutinuli samwliani vada da isini saqarTveloSi, besos saxlSi – samtrediaSi dabrundnen. Tumca, am dros ukve arnaxuli masStabis generaluri wmendis, „didi sabWoTa teroris“ pirveli operaciebi iwyeboda da 1937 wlis 27 ivliss veras da besos ojaxsac moakiTxes: „... es 37-Si, mere rom daiWires _ meo, arasodeso ar vuwamebivaro araviso, magramo SemoyavdaTo besoo da mayurebinebdneno, besos rogor scemdneno, rom esec gaetexaT! magram esa _ beso ki ara, Tavi rom mogeWra, ar gatydeboda, imisTana iyo! da es, damaxasiaTebelia Gveni gvarisTvis...“

qalebi troikis oqmi vera burjanaZeze

Sinsaxkomis gansakuTrebulma sameulma, „troikam“, 1937 wlis 8 seqtembers beso kvantalians daxvreta miusaja, xolo vera kvlav 10 wliT gadaasaxla „Sroma-gasworebis koloniaSi“, „gulagis“ uzarmazari qselis erT-erT kunZulze – arxangelskis olqSi, kargopolis „lagerSi“. `... [`lagerze“] ara, ara, arafers ar yveboda, iSviaTad. me SevuGndebodi. hoda, SevuGndebodi _ mamida momiyevi, mamida momiyevi, mamida momiyevi! momiyveboda da ... kidev ra minda, rom gavixseno?! _ ho, iseTi gulGvili iyo! xom amdeni simware hqonda gamovlili, hqonda nanaxi?! ai, bavSvis tirilze SeiZleboda guli gaskdomoda... roca „lagerSi“ moxvda _ ai, iq saSinelebebi xdeboda! saSinelebebi! rogor eqceodnen! magi imaze _ tyis Wraze, „Лесоповал“ _ magaSi ar iyo, imitom, radgan eqTani iyo, amitom is ... „lageris“ saavadmyofoSi muSaobda. saavadmyofoSi muSaobda da rom ar emuSavaTo _ ras Svebodnen iciT? nemsSio Zafs gauygulagi

vera burjanaZis gulagidan ganTavsuflebis cnoba

ridneno, kbils Gamoiwmindavdneno, kbilebso da es nadebi _ amas mere kanqveS gaiyridao da SeyavdaT es... infeqcia da es iwyebda ... dalpobaso, xelio ... da iseTi suni idgao, iseTi suni idgao, ver gaGerdebodio, saavadmyofos teritoriazeo! es rom mourGebodaTo da raRaca dro isvenebdneno... ... axla iq [„lagerSi“] ra xdeboda: rom mokvdebodao zamTarSi xo, vinme, iq xo „veGnaia merzlataa“, iq xo ver moTxriden saflavso da mihqondaT erT adgilze da hyridnen am ... TovlSio. xo, mere rom dadnebodao Tovlio, cota rom galRvebodao, cota _ mere iTxrebodao saflavebio, saflavi erTi _ didi da mere daasaflavebdnen sul yvelaso da _ dedaGemso ra aqvso satiralio?! asakovani qalio Tavis loginSio Tavis SvilebTan da imaTTan bednierad wavidao am qveynidano! hoda, biZaGemze _ Salvao, me da Sen bednieri xalxi varTo... Gveno, dagvmarxaveno sa-

25 weli gulagSi

politikur gadasaxlebulTa jgufi, qalaqi minusinski, 1933 wlis 15 marti. dganan marjvnidan – besarion kvantaliani da vera burjanaZe.

qarTvelos miwaSio! Sen xo icio, Sen xom mainc icio, Gveno ra biWebi davtoveTo?! (Salvas dakrZalvaze xmamaRla laparakobs, kibis TavSia, qveviT, Salvas sanam gamoiyvandnen), hoda... erTi muWa qarTuli miwa ar dayriaTo! da, mokled, es oratoruli niWi Zalian hqonda da imas Sveba da movida mamaGemi da meubneba: _ wadi, papao da mamidaSens uTxario, gaGerdes, Tu ara, mesame „zaxodze“ Tu gauSves, ar uSvelis araferio, aRar uSvelis aRaraferio! gaaGumeo ...“ veram gadasaxlebaSi 1937 wels misjil 10-wlian vadaze damatebiT kidev 4 weli moixada da 1951 wels dabrunda samSobloSi. staJian politpatimars Tavisi mrwamsi, principebi da axalgazrduli SemarTeba verc 25 wlis tyveobam, verc ojaxis mospobam da verc „Tavisuflebaze“ „kagebes“ gamudmebulma zedamxedvelobam daaTmobina. mTeli ojaxisTvis, soflisa da naTesaobisTvis igi kvlav rCeboda komunisturi saxelmwifosagan gansxvavebuli, ukeTesi da ukve warmoudgeneli Tavisufali saqarTvelos cocxal simbolod. „...ori moxucebuli kaci dadioda, ori. cal-calke modiodnen… hoda, e.i. rom mouaxlovdebodnen WiSkars (axla _ sakuTari saxli, xedi Gans, yvelaferi), minaxia xolme _ ase, gaixedavdnen, miGveuli iyvnen _ „sleJka“! aqiT gaixedavdnen, aqeT gamoixedavdnen da _ durTavdnen Tavs pirdapir! Semovidodnen da axla _ wasvlis xans xom gavacilebdiT da me yvelaze win mivdiodi da gaaRebdnen WiSkars, ase _ geixedavdnen. vis raSi undoda, kaco?! Zlivs dadiodnen! rogor agnebdnen Gvens saxls, ar vici. yovel SemTxvevaSi, maSin Zaan bebrebi megona. aqeT gaixedavdnen, iqiT. mamidaGemi ar acilebda, Sua ezodan mobrundeboda _ wadi, wadi Seno, faco, wadio, _ eubnebodnen, _ erTad ar dagvinaxono! da mageni gadiodnen mere _ eg unda genaxa, ra!“ XX saukunis Tanatolma, mTeli misi axalgazrdobisa da bednierebis STamnTqmeli monstris mxolod ukanaskneli 1 weli veRar naxa sakuTari TvaliT. sabWouri reJimis bolo danaSaulis – 1989 wlis 9 aprilis tragediis momswre ki gaxda. vera burjanaZe 1990 wels gardaicvala im imediT, rom misi, Zmebisa da aTasobiT usaflavod gamqrali TanamebrZolis sanukvari mizani – saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgena axlos iyo: „...mere kidev, ra Tqva, iciT, mamidaGemma? rom _ meo bednieri qali varo, rom moveswario bolSevikebiso... politikur, ekonomiur da ideologiur kraxso! axlao, sad ariano „Gemi biWebio“?! ... sad arian „Gemi biWebio“ exlao, sad ariano?! axlao, momwifebuli, iseTi periodi ariso, rom ai, exlao... mere Gemi qmari eubneba _ ager ara xaro, ... verao? da _ Gemze ityvian, gamoGerGetebuli beberi ariso da ar gamomyvebiano, ar gamomyvebiano! ufro axalgazrda rom viyo, me vici, rasac vizamdio...“

presa

sulxan salaZe baTumis dabrunebidan „baTomis cxovrebamde“ 1920 wlis bolos damoukidebeli saqarTvelos respublika 1921 wlis Sesaxvedrad emzadeboda. axali wlis dadgoma imiTac iyo mniSvnelovani, rom baTumi pirvelad xvdeboda axal wels danarCen damoukidebel saqarTvelosTan erTad. arada manamde, pirveli respublikis mier damoukideblobis gamocxadebis dRidan moyolebuli, baTums ukve bevri ramis naxva moeswro: jer – osmaluri okupacia, mere – britanuli. sabolood, 1920 wlis 7 ivliss, britanelebis baTumidan gasvlis Semdeg, qalaqSi saqarTvelos droSa aRimarTa. morigi rusuli, amjerad sabWoTa, okupaciis dawyebamde da saqarTvelos `gawiTlebamde~ erT welze naklebi rCeboda, magram maSin amis warmodgena rTuli iyo. wlebis Semdeg baTumis saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi dabrunebis dRis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos respublikis damfuZnebeli krebis wevri isidore ramiSvili werda:

baTomis cxovreba

„maxsovs is dRe, dRe, rodesac baTumis olqidan ukanasknelad unda gasuliyvnen inglisis xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi, samxedro Zalebi da baTumi saqarTvelos ubrundeboda. Tbilisidan daiZra jari da maTi sardlebi, daiZrnen xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi da sazogadoebis mravali wevri. matarebeli matarebels misdevda, Sig teva ar iyo da yvelas bednierebis Rimi uqroda pirisaxeze. es iyo niSani, rom ukanaskneli Savi wertilic qreboda da saqarTvelos Tavze edgmeboda Tavisuflebis brwyinvale TaRi, SaravandediT gabrwyinebuli. diliTganve baTumis quCebi aivso aTasnairad aWrelebuli da mokazmuli xalxiT. Semodioda Sig qarTveli jari, romelsac xalxi aRtacebiT egebeboda. idga guguni mxiarulebisa, erTmaneTis ndobisa da siyvarulisa. gamoeba xalxs msubuqi frTebi da miwaze fexs ar akarebda. yvelas Tvalwin edga axlo momavali, axlad aSenebuli brwyinvale Senoba Tavisufali qveynisa ganaxlebuli, gakeTebuli xalxis survilis Tanaxmad, rodesac batoni TviT xalxi iqneboda da misgan amorCeuli mTavroba – misi survilebis amsisidore ramiSvili (1859-1937) rulebeli organo“.

isidore ramiSvilis es sityvebi cxadad mowmobs, Tu ramdenad didi iyo baTumis saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi dabrunebiT gamowveuli sixaruli. miuxedavad rTuli droebisa, baTumis dabrunebam axali Zala misca pirvel respublikas. Tumca es ambavi baTumis saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi dabrunebas ar exeba. arc im gansacdels da bewvis xidze gavlas, rasac „vis darCeba baTumi“ erqva. es ambavi pirveli respublikis dros baTumSi dabadebul erT qarTul gazeTzea, romlis gamocemac 1921 wlis pirvel dReebSi daiwyes da sul ori Tve iarseba. 1921 wlis 2 ianvari idga. baTumelebi da qalaqis stumrebi wlis meore dRes axal qarTul gazeT „baTomis cxovrebas“ ecnobodnen.

qarTuli social-demokratiuli moZraobis erT-erTi damaarsebeli, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis erovnuli sabWosa da damfuZnebeli krebis wevri. daxvrites sabWoTa teroris dros, 1937 w.

gazeTi social-demokratiuli mimarTulebis yoveldRiur gamocemas warmoadgenda da baTumSi Smaevskis eleqtro-mbeWdav stambaSi ibeWdeboda, misamarTze: baTumi, mixeilis quCa (dRevandeli zviad gamsaxurdias) 2 # 1. gazeTi oTxi gverdisgan Sedgeboda. redaqtoris Tanamdeboba k. qavTaraZes eWira. misi naxva SeiZleboda yoveldRe, dilis 10dan 12 saaTamde, redaqciaSi – marias quCa (dRevandeli memed abaSiZis), sabaSvilis saxlis qveda sarTuli. gazeTis pirveli nomrebis fasi 30 maneTi iyo. qalaqis farglebSi erTi TviT gamowera 800 maneTi Rirda, qalaqis gareT – 1200 maneTi. redaqcia maswavlebelTa da muSa-mosamsaxureebisaTvis fasdaklebis pirobas debda. cnobili iyo gazeTSi gamosaqveynebeli gancxadebebis fasic. pirvel gverdze ganc-

britanuli jari baTumSi

presa xadebis striqonis fasi 50 maneTi iyo, bolo gverdze – 45. rac Seexeba samgloviaro gancxadebebs, misi fasi SeTanxmebiT ganisazRvreboda. garda amisa, xelmouwerel gancxadebebs redaqcia gazeTSi ar beWdavda da arc maT Senaxvaze iRebda pasuxismgeblobas. aucilebel pirobas warmoadgenda, rom gazeTSi gamosaqveynebeli werili sufTad, erT gverdze yofiliyo dawerili.

qarTuli jari baTumSi

reklamebidan sabWoTa represiebamde

jer kidev ianvris nomrebSi, gazeTSi mravlad ibeWdeboda reklamebi. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT baTumSi arsebuli Teatrebi aqtiurobdnen. miuxedavad imisa, rom „baTomis cxovrebis“ sul 46 nomeri daibeWda, is qalaqis da mTlianad qveynis erTgvari sarkea. ufro zustad, 1921 wlis ianvar-Tebervlisa, romelic erTnairad itevs, rogorc saqarTvelos de iure aRiarebas, ise bolSevikuri ruseTis mier damoukidebeli saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis damxobas da qveynis gawiTlebas.

dondukov-korsakovis (konstantine gamsaxurdias) da marias (memed abaSiZis) quCebis kveTa, marjvniv meore – sabaevis (gumbaTiani) saxli, sadac „baTomis cxovrebis“ redaqcia iyo ganTavsebuli 1921 w.

baTumSi, marias quCaze arsebuli yvelaze popularuli eleqtroTeatri „apolo“, romelic 1910 wlidan qalaqis ganuyofeli nawili iyo da germaneli qalis, brovalis, da qarTveli kacis, sxirtlaZis, siyvarulis Sedegad Seqmnil kinoTeatrs warmoadgenda, baTumis sazogadoebas araerT warmodgenaze iwvevda: „dRiuri dacemulisa“, „siyvaruli da qurdoba“, „sanaxaoba fineTSi“, „saidumlo mkvleloba“, „saRamo batonisa“, „areuli adresebi“ da „wiTeli beWedi“.

baTomis cxovreba

cnobisTvis, brovalis da sxirtlaZis siyvaruliT Seqmnili ojaxi da „apolo“ sabWoTa reJimma imsxverpla. saqarTvelos gasabWoebis Semdeg brovali iZulebuli gaxda sam SvilTan erTad germaniaSi wasuliyo. sxirtlaZe baTumSi darCa. komunistebma qoneba CamoarTves da sicocxle martoobaSi daasrula. dakrZales baTumSi, „souqsus“ sasaflaoze. „baTomis cxovrebis“ Tanaxmad, eleqtroTeatr „apolos“ arc „Smaevskis“ Teatri CamorCeboda. sanam Teatris 1921 wlis ianvris Tvis warmodgenebsa Tu reklamebze vityviT rames, oriode sityva Tavad am Teatris Sesaxebac unda iTqvas. miT umetes, rom masSi srulad ikiTxeba XX saukunis pirveli oTxi aTeuli wlis istoria.

vilis) cirki aago. 1912 wels cirki Teatrad gadakeTda, magram baTumis samxedro gubernatorma Smaevskis TeatrSi dawyebuli warmodgenebi maleve akrZala. mogvianebiT, 1916 wels, Smaevskim Teatris axali Senoba aago. 1918 wels, baTumSi Turqebis Semosvlis Semdeg, Senoba restornad gadakeTda. 1919 wels, ingliselebis baTumSi Semosvlis Semdeg ki – kabared. Senobam funqcia srulad saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis dros daibruna da 1921 wlis dadgomasTan erTad, 8 ianvridan, mayurebels iseT warmodgenebsa da Cvenebebze iwvevda, rogoric iyo: „divertsmenti“, „morevSi“, „dila“, „qalis Zala“, „aRlumi“, „tirili galaqtion tabiZisa“, „dReni Cveni cxovrebisa“ da, ra Tqma unda, cnobili msaxiobis – maro mdivnis sasceno moRvaweobis 20 wlis iubile baTumSi.

maro mdivani (1885-1952)

Smaevskis saxeli baTumSi aqtiurad 1907 wlidan Cndeba, maSin, roca baTumelTaTvis cnobilma gamomcemelma xaim moses Ze Smaevskim erisTavis quCaze (dRevandeli mazniaS-

`apolo~ eleqtroTeatri

presa li bal-maskaradi, romelSic poeti ioseb griSaSvili monawileobda, xolo meore – koncerti, sandro kavsaZis xelmZRvanelobiT da uSualo monawileobiT.

gemi `franc ferdinandi~

Smaevskis Teatrze saubris bolos kidev erTi ambavi unda gavixsenoT. Teatris mepatrone da gamomcemeli xaim moses Ze Smaevski sabWoTa reJimma 1937 wels daxvrita! „apolos“ da „Smaevskis“ Teatrebis gverdiT 1921 wlis ianvarSi „baTomis cxovrebis“ furclebidan mkiTxveli kidev erTi Teatris Sesaxeb igebda informacias. amerikuli sistemiT, myudrod da Tbilad gawyobili eleqtroTeatri „triumfi“ mayurebels warmodgenebze iwvevda: „frTebi“, „oci weli katorRa“, „maqsi or cecxl Sua“, „maT megobrobaSi zRva Sxamia“, „beWedi sircxvilisa“ da „qali amocana“. Teatrebis miRma, 1921 wlis ianvarSi, sakrebulos darbazSi, kidev ori saintereso RonisZieba Catarebula: erTi – grandiozu-

sandro kavsaZe (1874-1939)

mxolod Teatrebis gancxadebebi ar ibeWdeboda „baTomis cxovrebis“ furclebze. sazRvao qalaqis gazeTSi xSirad werdnen baTumSi Semosuli da gasuli gemebis Sesaxeb. rogorc maSindeli Canawerebi mowmobs, 1921 wlis ianvridan moyolebuli, baTumis portSi Camodgoma ukve moeswroT gemebs „franc ferdinandi“, „dalmacia“, „franc-iosif kirali“, „palacki“, „kleopatra“. baTumidan mimavali gemebi gaivlida navsadgurebs: trapizoni, konstantinopoli, mesina, brindizi, triesti, venecia, neapoli... mgzavrebisaTvis pirveli, meore da mesame klasis kaiutebi iyo gankuTvnili. Teatrebisgan gansxvavebiT, „baTomis cxovrebis“ furclebze iSviaTad ibeWdeboda baTumeli vaWrebis da qalaqSi moqmedi savaWro saxlebis gancxadebebi. am mxriv gamonakliss Zmebi sesiaSvilebis da amxanagobis savaWro saxli warmoadgenda. amxanagoba saRvine da gastronomiuli produqtebiT iwonebda Tavs da rogorc maSin werdnen, muStars saukeTeso roms da koniak „imperials“ sTavazobda. sxvadasxva saxis gancxadebebidan bolos qalaqSi stumrad myofi ariTiun minasianis gancxadebaa gamosarCevi. rogorc Tavad batoni minasiani acxadebda, amerikaSi miRebuli pasporti dakargvoda ori suraTiT.

ioseb griSaSvili (1889-1965)

baTomis cxovreba

mpovnels pasportis mitanas baTumSi, mixeilis quCaze sTxovda, sanacvlod ki, jildod, 5000 maneTs hpirdeboda. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, iTxovda, rom pasporti gauqmebulad CaTvliliyo. „baTomis cxovrebaSi“ minasianis gancxadeba bolos 1921 wlis 11 ianvars gamoqveynda. aravin icis, ipova Tu ara dakarguli amerikuli pasporti da ra bedi ewia Tavad pasportis mepatrones, magram im droSi saWiro dokumenti rom iqneboda, udavoa. 1921 wlis ianvari cxadia, „baTomis cxovrebis“ furclebze gamoqveynebuli ambebidan yvelaze mniSvnelovani mainc is aris, rac pirvel respublikas, mis rTul droebas da imJamindel gaurkvevel politikur viTarebas ukavSirdeba. samwuxarod, umravles SemTxvevaSi rTulia mniSvnelovani statiebis avtorTa srulad identificireba. ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, statiis boloSi avtoris gvari weria mxolod, yvelaze xSirad – k. fircxalaiSvili, i. didiZe da i. trapaiZe. gazeTis pirvelive nomrebSi saintereso statiebi daibeWda, sadac gasuli 1920 wlis erTgvari mimoxilva iyo warmodgenili. sxva mravali sakiTxis gverdiT, redaqcia mezobel qveynebTan arsebuli samxedro konfliqtebis sirTuleebzec werda da eWvi ar epareboda, rom am yvelaferSi bolSevikuri ruseTis xeli eria. marTalia, 1920 wels sasixarulo ambavi bevri ar yofila, magram rogorc „baTomis cxovreba“ werda:

„omis wylulebi jer kidev Sexveuli ar gvqonda, rom sasixarulo ambavi gavigeT ianvarSi: evropam saqarTvelos saxelmwifo icno faqtiurado. didi zeimiT da sixaruliT Sexvda am ambavs qarTveli xalxi. sabuTic iyo sixarulisa“. 1920 wlis Sejamebisas mniSvnelovan movlenebs Soris redaqciam baTumis dabrunebis sakiTxi daasaxela: „TviT Cvens arsebobas mieca meti Sinaarsi. Cveni gza evropisken Cvens xelT aris da miT Cvens ekonomiurs simagres safuZveli Caeyara. saqarTvelo ubaTomoT warmoudgeneli iyo. didi xnis ocneba gagvixorcielda“.

redaqciis gansakuTrebul wuxils iwvevda is faqti, rom saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobasa da sabWoTa azerbaijans Soris uTanxmoebas bolo ar uCanda. amjerad problema navTis mowodebis sakiTxs ukavSirdeboda:

„Cveni matareblebi gzaSi gaaCeres, Cveni orTqlmavlebi Tavis rkinis gzaze samuSaoT gauSves da dapirebuli navTiT Tavis bakebi gaavses“.

gasakviri araferi iyo, im dros azerbaijani ukve gaewiTlebina ruseTs da bevri ram pirdapir moskovSi wydeboda. wiTeli armia baqoSi, 1920

presa problemebis nakleboba arc somxeTis mxares igrZnoboda da aqac sabWoTa ruseTi aqtiurobda. „neitraluri zonis“ saTauriT gamoqveynebul statias, romelsac avtori mxolod saxels urTavda Tan, ase asrulebda:

„saqarTvelo SemTxveviT Seqmnili qveyana ar aris. mas xelmwifebiT imdeni Zali da nebisyofa Seswevs, rom igi erovnul Tavisuflebas da damokidebulebas usikvdiloT ar dasTmobs“. „baTomis cxovrebas“ yovelTvis axlda Canawerebi, sadac vrclad iyo saubari im gansxvavebebze, rac saqarTvelosa da ruseTs Soris arsebobda. rogorc maSin ityodnen, es ori qveyana didad iyo daSorebuli erTmaneTisgan. am Temaze vrceli statia daibeWda 1921 wlis 28 ianvris nomerSi, saxelwodebiT „saqarTvelo da ruseTi“. didiZis mier momzadebul vrcel mimoxilvaSi ramdenime sayuradRebo sakiTxi iyo wamoWrili. maT Soris – sabWoTa ruseTis mudmivi mzadyofna, rom gaefarToebina Tavisi teritoriebi; mudmivi Seurigebloba baltiispireTis saxelmwifoebis damoukideblobisadmi; gawiTlebuli somxeTis da azerbaijanis mZime mdgomareoba. rogorc maSin azerbaijanTan dakavSirebiT gazeTis furclebidan iuwyebodnen:

wiTeli armia erevanSi, 1920

ukeTesi mdgomareoba arc somxeTSi iyo:

usaqmod ruseTi arc saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebiT rCeboda da rogorc maSin werdnen, mudmivad cdilobda, rom qveynis SigniT SeiaraRebul ajanyebaTa qseli moewyo, rac saqarTvelos gawiTlebis gzaze did daxmarebas gauwevda. 1921 wlis ianvris bolos „baTomis cxovrebaSi“ gaCnda cnobebi saqarTvelos respublikis konstituciis winaswari proeqtis komisiebSi ganxilvis dasrulebis Taobaze. varaudobdnen, rom damfuZnebeli kreba mokle droSi daamtkicebda qveynis uzenaes kanons da saqarTvelo Camoyalibebuli qveyana iqneboda.

baTomis cxovreba

„de iure“ „baTomis cxovrebis“ yvelaze amaRelvebeli nomeri, albaT, mainc 1921 wlis 2 Tebervals daibeWda. oTxSabaT dRes gamocemuli 23-e nomris didi nawili antantis qveynebis mier saqarTvelos de iure aRiarebas ukavSirdeboda, rac 1921 wlis 27 ianvars moxda. es faqti imdenad didi movlena iyo, rom 27 ianvars 26 maisis tol-sworad miiCnevdnen da ambobdnen:

saqarTvelos de iure aRiarebas vrceli statia mieZRvna gazeTSi, saTauriT „de iurec“. miiCnevdnen, rom am aRiarebiT, saqarTvelos sakiTxi saerTaSoriso doneze garkveuli iyo. antantis qveynebis xangrZlivi yoymani sabolood saqarTvelos sasargeblod gadawyvetiliyo da amieridan saqarTvelo msoflio saxelmwifoTa tol-swor qveyanas warmoadgenda. mxolod erTi didi problema rCeboda da is sabWoTa mTavrobebs ukavSirdeboda. mTavrobebs, romelic kremlidan imarTeboda.

uflebianma warmomadgenelma parizSi, romsa da londonSi – akaki Cxenkelma miiRo. misasalmebeli sityviT gamovida aseve grigol giorgaZec, vinc im droisaTvis baTumsa da baTumis olqSi saqarTvelos mTavrobis gansakuTrebuli rwmunebulis posts ikavebda. mTeli qalaqi saqarTvelos droSebiT iyo morTuli.

akaki Cxenkeli (1874-1959)

grigol giorgaZe (1879-1937) - saqarTvelos samxedro ministri 1918-1919 wlebSi. iyo pirveli respublikis sagangebo rwmunebuli baTumSi. daxvrites sabWoTa teroris dros, 1937 wels.

saqarTvelos de iure aRiarebis faqts didi zeimi mohyva baTumSi. rogorc „baTomis cxovreba“ werda, miuxedavad cudi amindisa, sasixarulo cnoba mTel qalaqs mosdeboda da quCebi xalxiT iyo gavsebuli. qarTuli jaris nawilebi sazeimo musikis da „vaSas“ SeZaxilebiT gadaadgildebodnen qalaqSi. 31 ianvars, roca baTumSi saqarTvelos de iure aRiarebas aRniSnavdnen, yvela dawesebuleba daxures da muSaoba SeaCeres. dRis pirvel saaTze voznesenskis (dRevandeli petre meliqiSvilis) quCaze dawyebuli sazeimo aRlumi ki saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis wevrma da respublikis srul-

presa de iure aRiarebiT gamowveuli sixaruli da zeimi arc momdevno dReebSi gamqrala. Sesabamisad, am sakiTxze weras agrZelebda gazeTi. 6 TebervlisaTvis baTumSi mravalricxovani mitingi gamarTes, romelSic jari da gvardiac iRebda monawileobas. gamomsvlelebi, romelTa Sorisac iyvnen samuslimano saqarTvelos ganmaTavisuflebeli komitetis xelmZRvaneli memed abaSiZe da baTumis qalaqis Tavi gizo anjafariZe, vrclad saubrobdnen „de iure“ aRiarebis mniSvnelobaze. de iure aRiarebis cnobebi „baTomis cxovrebis“ furclebidan arc momdevno dReebSi Camosula. werdnen, rogorc Tbilissa da quTaisSi gamarTuli RonisZiebebis, ise damfuZnebeli krebis wevrebis mier sxvadasxva mitingze warmoTqmuli sityvebis Sesaxeb. dasasruli saqarTvelos de iure aRiarebiT motanili sixaruli da imedebi, Tebervlis Sua ricxvebidan Seicvala. moyolebuli 1921 wlis 15 Tebervlidan, gazeTis mTavari Tema bolSevikuri ruseTis mier saqarTvelos mosalodneli gawiTlebis safrTxe gaxda. swored maSin saredaqcio statiaSi „baTomis cxovreba“ ambobda:

„Cveni sixaruli da zeimi, romelic iyo gamowveul i saqarTvelos evropis mier iuridiulaT cnobis gamo, mwuxarebiT icvleba. omis aCrd ili, romelsac yovelTvis gaurbis Cveni xalxi da mTavroba, kvlav Cvens winaSe aisaxa“.

gizo anjafariZe (1887-1937)

memed abaSiZe (1873-1937) - qarTveli sazogado moRvawe, mwerali, publicisti. sanjay-beg abaSiZeTa STamomavali. stalinuri represiebis msxverpli.

baTomis cxovreba

1921 wlis 15 Tebervlis Semdgomi nomrebi TiTqos erTmaneTs hgavs. sul ufro meti adgili eTmoba omis qronikas da frontis ambebs. mowodebebi, Txovna da mxardaWeris werilebi mudmivad cvlis erTmaneTs. 1921 wlis Tebervlis bolo dRes „baTomis cxovrebis“ sevdiani dRe dadga. savaraudod, swored im dRes gamoica gazeTis bolo nomeri, romelic oTxis nacvlad erT gverdze daibeWda. yvela statia da gancxadeba bolSevikur ruseTsa da saqarTvelos Soris mimdinare oms asaxavda. rogorc gazeTis bolo nomeri ityobineboda, Teatr „groteskis“ direqciisagan 24 Tebervals gamarTuli warmodgenis Sedegad Segrovebuli 221,000 maneTi nestor ruseiSvils frontis komitetisaTvis gadaeca. Tebervlis bolos frontis komitets saxalxo gvardiisTvis 30 fuTamde wonis 10 yuTi konservi miewodebina, xolo qalaqis gamgeobaSi frontis komitetis qalTa wre daWrilTaTvis saWiro TeTreulis warmoebas agrZelebda. baTumis saavadmyofos TeTreulis mTeli maragi, Tbili sabnebi da konservebi frontis xazisTvis gaegzavna. erTaderTi, riTac gazeTi mkiTxvels axarebda, saqarTvelos konstituciis miReba iyo.

iTxvis wuTebSi, nebis grialSi, dedaqalaqis gank baz zar da aSi aly bis ose bar „wiTeli bar s konstitucia“. naes organoSi miiRes saqarTvelo xalxis warmomadgenlebma eris uze

Tumca konstituciis miRebis da misi mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb vrclad dasawerad aRaravis ecala. 1921 wlis gazafxulis dadgomasTan erTad „baTomis cxovreba“ gaqra.

mxatvroba

dimitri SevardnaZe

irine abesaZe

„me arafris meSinia, radgan brali araferSi mimiZRvis!“ – am sityvebiT gamoeTxova 1937 wlis 10 ivniss Tavis uaxloes megobars, mxatvar qeTevan maRalaSvils, cnobili sazogado moRvawe da xelovani dimitri SevardnaZe. am sabediswero dRes, saqarTvelos imJamindeli umaRlesi xelisuflebis sanqciiT, daapatimres da sul male, rogorc „xalxis mteri“, daxvrites adamiani, romlis „danaSaulic“ mxolod is iyo, rom mTeli Tavisi sicocxle qarTul kulturas emsaxureboda. dimitri SevardnaZem Tavisi xanmokle, magram uaRresad aqtiuri cxovrebiT umniSvnelovanesi roli Seasrula qarTuli kulturis ganviTarebis saqmeSi. igi iyo `qarTvel xelovanTa sazogadoebis~ damaarsebeli, erovnuli samxatvro galereis Seqmnis iniciatori da xelmZRvaneli, xelovnebis saxelmwifo muzeum `metexis~ daarsebis sulisCamdgmeli da pirveli direqtori. swored am muzeumis bazaze Seiqmna saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis Salva amiranaSvilis saxelobis xelovnebis saxelmwifo muzeumi. dimitri SevardnaZe iyo aseve saqarTvelos ZeglTa dacvis komitetis Tavmjdomaris moadgilec da didi Rvawli miuZRvis samxatvro akademiis daarsebaSic. dimitri SevardnaZe daibada 1885 wlis 1 dekembers sof. baxvSi (ozurgeTis raioni). mxatvris mamas, irakli SevardnaZes, sasuliero seminaria daumTavrebia da jer maswavleblad umuSavia sofel akeTSi (ozurgeTis raioni), Semdeg ki – saaqcizo sammarTveloSi. mxatvris deda, barbale

dimitri SevardnaZe

(babuci) WeliZe, ganaTlebuli da mtkice nebisyofis qali, mzrunvelobas ar aklebda sam Svils – dimitris, mixeils da ninos. bavSvebma pirveldawyebiTi ganaTleba baxvis skolaSi miiRes, Semdeg ki swavla quTaisis realur saswavlebelSi ganagrZes. patara dimitris quTaisis realur saswavlebelSi SesvlisTanave miuqcevia pedagogTa yuradReba, risi dasturicaa sanimuSo yofaqcevisa da maRali akademiuri moswrebisaTvis meore klasis daxurvisas miRebuli qebis sigeli. mwerali geronti qiqoZe, romelic dimitri SevardnaZesTan erTad swavlobda quTaisis realur saswavlebelSi, moaxloebuli revoluciis wlebTan dakavSirebiT moswavle-axalgazrdobis mRelvarebis mogonebisas aRniSnavs:

`rodesac realur saswavlebelSi Jurnali davaarseT da mas „Tanamedrove“ vuwodeT, Cveni Jurnalis pirvel nomers fridrix Sileris suraTi amkobda, dimitri SevardnaZis mier Sesrulebuli. es imas mowmobda, rom mzad viyaviT karl mooriviT da vilhelm teliviT iaraRiT xelSi gamovsuliyaviT mtarvalebis winaaRmdeg~. geronti qiqoZe (1885-1960)

dimitri SevardnaZe moswavleTa politikur gamosvlebSi monawileobisaTvis garicxes quTaisis realuri saswavleblis meeqvse klasidan, Tumca male sxvebTan erTad Seiwynares da saswavlebeli, eqsternis wesiT, 1906 wels daasrula. imave wels dimitri swavlis gasagrZeleblad germaniaSi gaemgzavra da warmatebiT Cairicxa miunxenis samxatvro akademiaSi. niWier da imedismomcem axalgazrdas sazRvargareT yofnisas materialur daxmarebas uwevdnen gimnaziis progresulad moazrovne pedagogebi da WiaTuris marganecis damamuSavebeli Savi qvis sabWo. radgan samSoblodan daxmarebas mainc arastabiluri xasiaTi hqonda, mxatvari xelmokled cxovrobda da iZulebuli iyo samxatvro akademiaSi swavla miunxenis erTerT fotoatelieSi retuSorad muSaobisTvis SeeTavsebina. swavlisa da fotoatelieSi momqancveli muSaobisgan Tavisufal dros dimitri samxatvro galereebisa da muzeumebis gacnobas andomebda, mogzaurobda germaniis qalaqebSi xelovnebis cnobili muzeumebis dasaTvaliereblad da iRebda pirebs saxelganTqmuli mxatvrebis namuSevrebidan. gadmocemiT, drezdenis suraTebis galereaSi korejos erT-erTi ferweruli nawarmoebis pirze muSaobisas dimitri SevardnaZis ostatobas aRufrTovanebia galereis maRali rangis stumari – rumineTis mefe. axalgazrda mxatvris avtoritetsa da ostatobaze metyvelebs, rom mas, WiaTuris Savi qvis sabWos stipendiats, daevala WiaTuris samTo-teqnikuri saswavleblis ek-

mixeil SevardnaZe

mxatvroba lesiisaTvis xis kankelis moxatva. 1912 wlis 19 ivliss dimitri SevardnaZem WiaTuris Savi qvis sabWos piradad warudgina kankelis gegmis sami varianti da TviT kankelis moxatulobis eskizebi. komisiis xelmZRvanelobas imdenad moswonebia proeqtebi, rom mxatvrisaTvis axali dakveTebic SeuTavazebia – saeklesio xatebisa da kankelis moxatulobaTa ganaxleba. SekveTebisa Tu saqarTvelos Jurnal-gazeTebis redaqciebisaTvis miunxenidan gamogzavnili recenziebis, grafikuli Canaxatebis honorariTa da ardadegebze samSobloSi yofnisas saistorio Zeglebze muSaobisas miRebuli anazRaurebiT dimitri SevardnaZe isev axloblebs exmareba – ciurixSi fuls ugzavnis Zmas, romelic iq umaRles iuridiul ganaTlebas iRebda, samSobloSi ki – mSoblebs. icoda ra, rogori rTuli iyo samSoblosgan moSorebiT ucxoeTSi myofTaTvis Tavis gatana, dimitri SevardnaZe exmareboda yvelas, vinc amas iTxovda, ganurCevlad erovnebisa, asakisa da sarwmunoebisa, materialurad da moralurad amxnevebda maT. amitomac uyvardaT igi gansakuTrebiT. dimitris sikeTis dasturia Tundac maTematikis germaneli maswavleblis – hainrix rotis madlierebiT aRsavse werilebi, dimitrisaTvis gagzavnili, sadac saqarTveloze uzomod Seyvarebuli germaneli wers, rom arasodes daiviwyebs im sikeTes, rac dimitris misTvis gaukeTebia, qarTuli enis SeswavlaSi daxmarebia da saWiro saxelmZRvaneloebiTa da wignebiT moumaragebia. 1916 wels, miunxenidan samSobloSi sabolood dabrunebis Semdeg, dimitri SevardnaZe aqtiurad Caeba erovnuli kulturis ganviTarebisaTvis zrunvis yoveldRiur saqmianobaSi. swored es TariRi iTvleba qarTuli kulturisaTvis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi saxelovno profesiuli organizaciis – `qarTvel xelovanTa sazogadoebis~ – dabadebis TariRad, organizaciisa, romelsac, miuxedavad mravali sirTulisa, dimitri SevardnaZem xorci Seasxa. mxatvrisTvis Cveuli Tavmdabloba, saqmis keTeba CrdilSi yofniT gaxda mizezi imisa, rom dimitri SevardnaZem „sazogadoebis~ Tavmjdomaris postze pirvel saorganizacio krebas cnobili sazogado moRvawis, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis wevris – giorgi Jurulis kandidatura warudgina. „qarTvel xelovanTa sazogadoebis“ sapatio Tavmjdomared, dimitri SevardnaZisve winadadebiT, ivane javaxiSvili dasaxelda. mokrZalebuli bunebis mxatvarma Tavmjdomaris amxanagis (anu moadgilis) posti daikava da, faqtobrivad, Tavad itvirTa „sazogadoebis“ muSaobis mTeli simZime.

dimitri SevardnaZe (1885-1937) lado gudiaSvili (1896-1980)

qeTevan maRalaSvili (1894-1973) mixeil Wiaureli (1894-1974)

dimitri SevardnaZe

amgvari sazogadoebis Seqmna mxolod dimitri SevardnaZis axdenili ocneba ar yofila, misi aucilebloba drom moitana – sazogadoebas unda eTava qarTuli xelovnebis Zeglebis meurveoba, qarTveli mxatvrebis erT ojaxad SekavSireba, maTi kerZo interesebis saerTo, sazogado interesebisaTvis daqvemdebareba. dimitri SeardnaZis es saSviliSvilo wamowyeba namdvilad drouli iyo, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im metad savalalo mdgomareobas, rodesac, sruli ganukiTxaobis gamo, Tvalsa da xels Sua iRupeboda qarTuli kulturis Zeglebi, qveynis erovnuli ganZi. `qarTvel xelovanTa sazogadoebam“ daarsebisTanave ramdenime konkretuli, umniSvnelovanesi nabiji gadadga. es iyo, istoriul naSTTa dacvis mizniT, ivane javaxiSvilisa da eqvTime TayaiSvilis mier 1907 wels daarsebul `saqarTvelos saistorio da saeTnografio sazogadoebasTan~ SeTanxmebiT mowyobil samecniero-samxatvro eqspediciebSi aqtiuri monawileoba da maTi Sedegebis eqsponireba. saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis fondsacavebSi daculia am eqspediciebis dros dimitri SevardnaZis mier Sesrulebuli Sua saukuneebis kedlis mxatvrobis pirebi. mxatvarma mravali freskis piri gadaiRo nabaxtevSi, aseve winarexSi, maRalaanT eklesiaSi. manve Seasrula samxreT saqarTveloSi, ispiris xeobaSi, qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis Zeglebis – oTxTa eklesiisa (dorT-qilisa) da oSkis kedlis warweraTa pirebi.

1918 wels dimitri SevardnaZem ivane javaxiSvilisgan umniSvnelovanesi dakveTa miiRo – axlad gaxsnili qarTuli universitetis beWdisa da gerbis Seqmna. mxatvarma universitetis avtoritetul sabWos ramdenime eskizi warudgina, romelTa Sorisac saukeTeso SeirCa. igi dResac, gamartivebuli saxiT, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis gerbis safuZvels warmoadgens.

ivane javaxiSvil i (1876-1940)

aiSvili eqvTime Tay ) 53 (1862-19

saxviTi xelovnebis centraluri muzeumi `metexi~ 1933 wlidan metexis cixeSi iyo ganTavsebuli

mxatvroba

dimitri SevardnaZis mier Seqmnili universitetis gerbis eskizebi

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebam saocari erovnuli grZnobiT damuxta imdroindeli qarTuli sazogadoeba, gansakuTrebiT – SemoqmedebiTi axalgazrdoba. erovnuli kulturis faqtoris mTeli sigrZe-siganiT gaazreba kidev ufro gamZafrda „qarTvel xelovanTa sazogadoebis“ moRvaweobis im wlebSi, rodesac saqarTvelos damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebrivi struqturebis Senebis SesaZlebloba mieca. „sazogadoeba“ da misi progresulad moazrovne xelmZRvaneloba Tavdauzogavad iRvwoda erovnul skolebSi esTetikuri swavlebis dasanergad, xels uwyobda erovnuli sajariso formirebis Seqmnas. am wlebSi piradad dimitri SevardnaZem zedized miiRo dakveTa – Seesrulebina erovnuli fulis niSnebis, safosto markebis, samxedro tanisamosis eskizebis proeqtebi. arsebobs cnoba, rom dimitri SevardnaZes 1920 wels mxatvrulad gauformebia „Cemos“ (WiaTuris saeqsporto manganumis sazogadoebis) aqciebi, Zmebi qavTaraZeebis qarxnis sareklamo firniSi da sxv. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis wlebSi „sazogadoebam“ gaagrZela samecniero-samxatvro, saeqspedicio da farTo sagamofeno saqmianoba, romelsac warmatebiT Seuxama mesame, saganmanaTleblo gezi, romlis Sedegadac, daostatebis mizniT, ucxoeTis kerebs miaSures „qarTvel xelovanTa sazogadoebis“ gamgeobisa da piradad dimitri SevardnaZis mier SerCeulma kadrebma: daviT kakabaZem, lado gudiaSvilma, Salva qiqoZem, qeTevan maRalaSvilma, elene axvledianma, mixeil Wiaurelma da sxvebma. amave periodSi wamoiwia dimitri SevardnaZis mier „qarTvel xelovanTa sazogadoebis“ sxdomebze araerTgzis dayenebulma sakiTxma – TbilisSi daarsebuliyo saSualo da umaRlesi samxatvro saswavleblebi. Salva qiqoZe (1894-1921)

elene axvlediani (1901-1975)

daviT kakabaZe (1889-1952)

dimitri SevardnaZe

1916 wlis nabaxtevis eqspediciis monawileebi. pirvel rigSi: balaxze zis giorgi erisTavi, meore rigSi: skamze zis amirejibi (maspinZeli, saxeli ucnobia), mesame rigSi dganan, marcxnidan marjvniv: dimitri SevardnaZe, amirejibis meuRle, mose ToiZe, irakli ToiZe da lado gudiaSvili.

uaxloesi megobris, mxatvar giorgi erisTavis mogonebiT: „dito iyo metad keTili, uangaro, Tavmdabali da dauzareli adamiani, magram sxvisTvis sikeTis qmnisTvis mzadmyofi. ...ditos hqonda saocari unari Tavisi

tician tabiZe (1895-1937) da nino tabiZe (1900-1960)

ideis praqtikulad ganxorcielebisa. energiulad Seudgeboda xolme saqmes, mozRvavebul enTuziazms sxvebsac gadascemda da saqmeSi Caabamda. mas farTo ganaTleba da universaluri codna hqonda. zedmiwevniT icoda mxatvroba da xuroTmoZRvreba. erTxel kompozitorma kote focxveraSvilma moutana damtvreuli Congurebi. ditom ise mSvenivrad aRadgina, kote metad gaxarebuli iyo – Cemi sayvareli instrumentebi gamicocxlao“. germaniidan Camosvlis Semdeg dimitri Turme TbilisSi Runibis (amJamad v. barnovis) quCaze, № 23 saxlSi dafuZnda Tavis mSoblebTan da da-ZmasTan erTad. „am saxlSi Caisaxa yvela azri da idea im didi erovnuli wamowyebebisa, rac ase awvalebda da mosvenebas ar aZlevda ditos. misi binis aivnidan iSleboda Tbilisis warmtaci xedi metexiTurT. es aivani iyo Cveni STagonebis da axalgazrduli sixarulis mowme. aq mosvla yvelas uxaroda“ (giorgi erisTavi). dimitri SevardnaZesTan stumroba, masTan saubari rom gansakuTrebiT uyvardaT, kidev erTi mogonebiT dasturdeba. tician tabiZis meuRle – nino tabiZe ixsenebda: „dito ucnaurad, lamazad da araCveulebrivad cxovrobda. ewveodiT Tu ara barnovis quCa-

mxatvroba

vaxtang kotetiSvili (1893-1937) niko firosmani (1862-1918)

ze, maSinve saxlis saxuravze migipatiJebdaT, sadac Sezlongebi idga, Sav yavas mogarTmevdaT da iwyeboda saubari suraTebsa da axal leqsebze. vijeqiT da SevyurebdiT lampionebSi Caflul qalaqs. zRapruli sanaxaoba iSleboda Cvens Tvalwin! vigonebdiT firosmans, mis axlaxan napovn suraTebze vkamaTobdiT... ditos bina patara muzeums hgavda, iqidan yvela maspinZelze Seyvarebuli gamodioda“ (n. tabiZe, „ticiani da misi megobrebi“, Tb. 1985). 1921 wels saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis Semdeg, Secvlili politikur-socialuri pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, „qarTvel xelovanTa sazogadoebam“ Seupovari TanmimdevrulobiT ganagrZo Tavisi saqmianoba. miuxedavad mravali xelisSemSleli barierisa, dimitri SevardnaZis da misi ideuri Tanamoazreebis, pirvel rigSi, misi tragikuli bedis gamziareblis – moqandakis da mecnier-folklorist vaxtang kotetiSvilis udidesi Zalisxmevis Sedegad Seesxa xorci „qarTvel xelovanTa sazogadoebis“ wesdebiT gaTvaliswinebul TiToeul punqts – iqneba es dResac moqmedi saqarTvelos mxatvarTa kavSiri, saqarTvelos erovnuli samxatvro galerea, xelovnebis saxelmwifo muzeumi, saqarTvelos ZeglTa dacvis sammarTvelo Tu Tbilisis saxelmwifo samxatvro akademia.

aqve unda aRiniSnos dimitri SevardnaZis didi damsaxureba qarTuli kulturis sazRvargareT gatanis TvalsazrisiTac. man aqtiuri monawileoba miiRo 1930 wels germaniaSi Zveli qarTuli xelovnebis nimuSebis gamofenis mowyobisas. didia dimitri SevardnaZis wvlili niko firosmanaSvilis namuSevrebis moZiebis, koleqciis Sekrebis, gamofenebis mowyobis da mxatvris saxelis farTo popularizaciis TvalsazrisiTac. niko firosmanaSvilis pirovnebiT dainteresebis Sesaxeb dimitri SevardnaZem miunxenidan Camosvlisas, gazeT „baxtrionis“ korespondentisTvis micemul interviuSi ganacxada:

„...CamosvlisTanave Cemi yuradReba miiqcia sadguris win mdebare duqnebis suraTebma. dainteresebulma gamoviZie avtoris vinaoba da miTxres, rom es naxatebi ekuTvnis niko firosmaniSvilso. 1916 wels Sevudeqi qarTvel mxatvarTa SekavSirebas da am mizniT ganvizraxe mxatvarTa sazogadoebis daarseba, Sevadgine sia, romelSic Sevitane niko firosmaniSvili, rogorc xalxosnuri mxatvari“…. „baxtrioni“, 1922 wlis 28 seqtemberi

dimitri SevardnaZe

Tbilisis samxatvro akademia

swored dimitri SevardnaZis TaosnobiT da piradi monawileobiT Seiqmna niko firosmanaSvilis namuSevrebis ZiriTadi koleqcia, romelic dRes saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSia daculi. misive damsaxurebaa, rom erovnuli galereis bazaze Seiqmna aRmosavluri xelovnebis nimuSebis sruliad unikaluri koleqciebi. aRsaniSnavia erTi SemTxveva, romelic mxatvris pirovnul Tvisebebze, mis uSualobaze metyvelebs da romelmac saqarTvelos suraTebis erovnul galereaSi stumrad mi-

dimitri SevardnaZe da baletmeisteri al. saxarovi

suli ucxo qveynis oficialuri stumrebis gaoceba gamoiwvia. stumrebma galereis ezoSi mofusfuse kacs, romelic didi cocxiT ezos hgvida, hkiTxes, Tu sad SeiZleboda galereis direqtoris, batoni SevardnaZis, naxva, rasac mohyva stumrebis Tvalwin saocari transformacia – meezove Tavad galereis direqtori dimitri SevardnaZe aRmoCnda, romelmac winsafari moixsna da Tavis samuSao kabinetSi SeipatiJa stumrebi. bunebiT Tavmdabalma dimitri SevardnaZem 1924 wlis Tbilisis aRmaskomis statistikuri ganyofilebis ganaTlebis seqciis mier Catarebul „tfilisis xelovanTa da JurnalistTa aRweraSi“ anketis kiTxvas, migiRiaT Tu ara monawileoba mxatvrul gamofenebSi, uaryofiTi pasuxi gasca. iqve misi xeliT miwerilia SeniSvna: „germaniidan dabrunebis Semdeg davaarse „qarTvel xelovanTa sazogadoeba“ da movawyve sami mxatvruli gamofena, erTi xuroTmoZRvrebis (qarTuli) nimuSebis gamofena da ori eqspedicia Zveli qarTuli xelovnebis Sesaswavlad (erTi – osmaleTis saqarTveloSi), romelic 1917 wels iyo mowyobili. zemo-aRniSnuli mizezebis gamo, me piradad mxatvrobas Tavi davanebe drois uqonlobis gamo“. sakuTari Tavisadmi uaRresad momTxovni mxatvari arafers wers sxva RirsSesaniSnavi gamofenebis Sesaxeb, romlebic misi iniciativiT gaimarTa da iseT umniSvnelovanes faqtebze, rogoric iyo erovnuli samxatvro galereisa da Tbilisis samxatvro akademiis gaxsna. aqve gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom miu-

mxatvroba xedavad marTlac didi sazogadoebrivi datvirTvisa da xanmokle sicocxlisa, dimitri SevardnaZem moaxerxa sakmaod mdidari SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreobis datoveba, rogorc fermwerma, Teatrisa da kinos mxatvarma, qarTuli Sriftis reformatorma da rogorc mxatvar-restavratorma. naxsenebi anketis Sevsebidan zustad erTi wlis Tavze, 1925 wels, dekoratiuli xelovnebis parizis saerTaSoriso gamofenaze sabWoTa saqarTvelodan warmodgenili iyo ori mxatvris – irakli gamrekelis da dimitri SevardnaZis – Teatraluri eskizebi: TbilisSi kote marjaniSvilis dadgmuli verfelis piesisTvis „kaci-sarke“ irakli gamrekeliseuli dekoraciis eskizi da dimitri SevardnaZis mier Seqmnili zaqaria faliaSvilis operis „abesalom da eTeris“ meore dadgmis dekoraciebis eskizebi. gamofenis frangi organizatorebis ZiriTadi moTxovna yofila, rom parizul gamofenaze mxolod is eqsponatebi moxvedriliyo, romlebSic axali saxelovnebo tendenciebi iqneboda asaxuli da ara, rogorc isini fiqrobdnen, – „modernizmis niSniT beWeddasmuli mravalgzis gadaReWili nimuSebi“. rogorc Cans, SerCeuli eqsponatebi srulad akmayofilebda organizatorTa mier Camoyalibebul kriteriumebs.

irakli gamrekeli (1894-1943)

dimitri SevardnaZis Sesrulebuli WiaTuris eklesiis kankelis moxatulobis eskizebi

dimitri SevardnaZes 1926 wels Seusrulebia Tamar vaxvaxiSvilis pirveli qarTuli pantomimis „mzeTamzis“ kostiumebi da butaforiebi. rogorc scenografs, mxatvrulad gauformebia meliton balanCivaZis oTxmoqmedebiani opera `Tamar cbieri~, xolo dimitri arayiSvilis opera `SoTa rusTavelis~ ganaxlebuli dadgmisTvis kostiumebis eskizebi Seuqmnia. dimitri SevardnaZis grafikuli namuSevrebis Sesaxeb saubrisas aucileblad unda aRiniSnos misi umniSvnelovanesi namuSevari – mas, rogorc mxatvars, daevala qar-

sandro axmeteli (1886-1937)

kote marjaniSvili (1872-1933)

dimitri SevardnaZe

Tuli Sriftis grafikuli moxazulobis gardaqmnis proeqtis warmodgena da dimitrim es imdenad warmatebiT Seasrula (1926 wels), rom akad. vaxtang beriZe wlebis Semdeg, 1986 wels, dabejiTebiT ityvis: „dimitri SevardnaZis mier Seqmnili qarTuli sastambo Srifti savsebiT imsaxurebs, rom kvlav SemoviRoT xmarebaSi“. mxatvris grafikul memkvidreobaSi sagangebo adgili uWiravs SoTa rusTavels da mis ukvdav poemas `vefxistyaosans~. mxatvars 1936 wels Seusrulebia SoTa rusTavelis portreti, romelic gamiznuli iyo 1937 wels `vefxistyaosnis~ 750 wlisTavis saiubileo dReebisadmi miZRvnili gamofenisaTvis. isic unda iTqvas, rom 1937 wlis 10 seqtembers, rodesac mxatvari ukve represirebuli iyo, muzeum „metexis“ ezoSi sajarod dawves dimitri SevardnaZis kabinetSi arsebuli „arasamuzeumo“ faseulobad miCneuli nivTebi. swored maSin, agizgizebuli koconis mxilvelma xelovnebaTmcodne mamia duduCavam, sxvebisgan malulad cecxlis enebs gamostaca dimitri SevardnaZis mier Sesrulebuli SoTa rusTavelis xsenebuli portreti, romelic Semdeg mecnieris ojaxur koleqciaSi inaxeboda.

aleqsandre wuwunava (1881-1955)

dimitri SevardnaZis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli, qarTuli kinomxatvrobis istoriis dasawyisic. miunxenidan dabrunebisTanave dimitri SevardnaZe reJisorma al. wuwunavam miiwvia pirveli qarTuli mxatvruli filmis – `qristines~ gasaformeblad, Semdeg, 20-30-ian wlebSi iyo nino nakaSiZis nawarmoebis mixedviT wuwunavasve gadaRebuli filmi `vin aris damnaSave?~ da egnate ninoSvilis istoriuli romanis mixedviT Seqmnili filmi „janyi guriaSi“. dimitri SevardnaZe iyo mxatvari al. yazbegis nawarmoebis mixedviT reJisor nikoloz Sengelaias mier gadaRebuli filmisa `eliso~. sabediswero 1937 wels dimitri SevardnaZe kvlav daukavSirda kinos – igi miiwvies aleqsandre puSkinis saiubileo TariRTan dakavSirebuli mxatvruli filmis „mogzauroba erzurumSi~ samxatvro konsultantad. es iyo mxatvris bolo namuSevari.

mxatvroba

petre ocxeli (1907-1937)

evgeni miqelaZe (1903-1937)

1956 wels, dimitri SevardnaZis oficialuri reabilitaciisTvis micemuli Cvenebisas, cnobilma portretistma qeTevan maRalaSvilma sajarod ganacxada Semdegi: „rodesac sapyrobile gadaitanes orTaWalaSi, xolo metexis cixesimagreSi garemontda erTi korpusi, rom eqsponatebis nawili daebinavebinaT, moulodnelad movida brigada, berias gankargulebiT, raTa aefeTqebinaT metexis saydris Senoba da im adgilas SoTa rusTavelis Zegli aRemarTaT. dimitri SevardnaZem ar misca taZris afeTqebis ufleba da cnobil sazogado moRvaweebTan (giorgi CubinaSvili, mixeil javaxiSvili, sandro axmeteli da sxv.) erTad gaemarTa beriasTan. beriam SesTavaza am taZris ieri mogonebaSi fotosuraTebisa da maketis saSualebiT SemoenaxaT. maT amaze upasuxes: ra pasuxs gavcemT Cven STamomavlobas, rodesac gvkiTxaven, Tu ratom davangrieT qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis umniSvnelovanesi Zegli. beriam yvela daiTxova, mxolod dimitri SevardnaZe daitova – „risTvis moiyvaneT isini? sazogadoebrivi azris SeqmnisaTvis, ara? Tqven metexis taZars daangrevT, oRond Tqvenive xeliT. me ki, Tqven dagexmarebiT muzeumis axali Senobis agebaSi~. amaze dimitri SevardnaZem kategoriuli uari ganacxada. am incidentis Semdeg dimitri gaemgzavra moskovs da iq miaRwia „metexis“ muzeumisaTvis da qarTuli istoriuli Zeglebis dacvis mizniT xuTi milioni maneTis gamoyofas. moskovidan dabrunebisTanave igi, yovelgvari gafrTxilebis gareSe, jer Tanamdebobidan moxsnes, mere ki, sul male, daapatimres“.

mixeil javaxiSvili (1880-1937)

1956 wels mixeil javaxiSvilis, tician tabiZis, sandro axmetelis, evgeni miqelaZis, vaxtang kotetiSvilis, petre ocxelis, dimitri SevardnaZis da vin mosTvlis kidev ramdeni udanaSaulo msxverplis gamwarebul ojaxSi mivida oficialuri reabilitaciis cnoba, romlis trafaretul sityvebSi saocari cinizmi ikiTxeboda: „danaSaulis ararsebobis gamo saqme Sewyvetilia, reabilitirebulia sikvdilis Semdeg“. aranakleb sazarelia 1937-1938 ww-Si da Semdgomac qarTul periodul presaSi dabeWdili informacia „xalxis mtrebis“ mamxilebeli aqtivebisa da sagangebo krebebidan. erT-erT maTganSi, romlis saTauradac gamotanilia „qvewarmavalni aRgvili arian!“ vkiTxulobT muzeum „metexis“ saxeldaxelod gamarTuli mitingis Sesaxeb:

„... yvela oratoris sityva gamsWvalulia Rrma siyvaruliTa da erTgulebiT sabWoTa qveynisadmi da udidesi mZulvarebiT xalxis mtrebisadmi, maT Soris, muzeumis yofili direqtoris, garewar SevardnaZisadmi, romelic mTeli Tavisi moRvaweobis manZilze SeniRbul Sxamian gesls anTxevda Cveni qveynis winaaRmdeg, devnida muzeumidan sabWoTa Tematikas da mis magivrad arqauli siZveleebis idealizacias axdenda“. gazeTi „axalgazrda komunisti“, 12 ivlisi, 1937

dimitri SevardnaZe

giorgi CubinaSvili (1885-1973)

mxatvris megobrebi imasac varaudobdnen, rom dimitri SevardnaZes Cekistebma ar apaties, rodesac ruseTis centraluri muzeumebidan meorexarisxovani mxatvrebis suraTebi daegzavnaT respublikebis muzeumebs da dimitri SevardnaZem uari ganacxada am gadarCeuli, uxarisxo balastis miRebaze – mas mtkiced hqonda gadawyvetili „metexis“ muzeumidan qarTuli „luvris“ Seqmna da eqsponatebsac saguldagulod, mxolod xarisxis niSniT agrovebda. dimitri SevardnaZisaTvis wayenebuli braldebebidan metad ucnauri da amavdroulad simptomatiuria erTi aseTi kuriozuli „samxilic“: „m…uzeumis mTel muSaobaSi iyo Sinauri atmosfero. muzeumSi ar iyo SromiTi disciplina, arc socialisturi Sejibreba, saubaric ki zedmetia, rom ar iyo partiuli ujredi“. es saSineli sityvebi, vfiqrobT, im anaqronizmiT savse epoqis zusti kardiogramaa. dabolos, dimitri SevardnaZis sulier megobars – qeTevan maRalaSvils mdinare mtkvars gadmomyure, qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis uZvelesi Zegli – metexis taZari – usaflavod darCenili mxatvris memorialad miaCnda. marTlac, swored es taZari da mis win aRmarTuli vaxtang gorgaslis Zegli iqca Tbilisis erT-erT mTavar RirsSesaniSnaobad, romlis gareSec Cveni dedaqalaqis saxe warmoudgenlad migvaCnia, taZari, romelic Tavisi sicocxlis fasad, umecarTa xelyofisagan ixsna mxatvarma da didma sazogado moRvawem, sabWoTa okupaciis mier mowyobili „wiTeli teroris“ msxverplma dimitri SevardnaZem.

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Sveulad 2. oficialuri werilobiTi sabuTi, romelic adasturebs raime faqtsa Tu movlenas an aRwers raime process (sxdomas, dakiTxvasa da misT.). 4. qalaqi saudis arabeTSi, muslimTa religiuri centri, sadac mdebareobs qaabas taZari. 5. minerali, bariumis bunebrivi sulfati. 6. raime moqmedebis, saqcielis gamomwvevi mizezi. 7. namdvili, WeSmariti ambavi, SemTxveva, movlena. 8. provincia centralur iranSi, sadac XVII saukunis dasawyisSi Sahma abas I-ma saqarTvelodan ayrili qarTvelebis sakmaod didi nawili daasaxla. 9. oTxsimiani musikaluri sakravi, romelsac xemiT ukraven. 11. umaRlesi saswavleblis ganyofileba, sadac aswavlian garkveul momijnave samecniero disciplinebs. 12. Turqi (osmalo) jariskaci. 15. adamianTa mravalricxovani jgufis msvleloba raime mizniT. 16. zepiri gziT Semonaxuli zRapruli xasiaTis gadmocema, romelime istoriuli piris an raime mniSvnelovani movlenis Sesaxeb. 18. mahmadianTa religia. 21. erTi erovnebis adamianebis erToba sakuTari qveynis farglebs gareT. 22. rigis, wyobis, raime ganlagebis marjvena an marcxena mxare. 23. daavadebis dadgena avadmyofis gamokvlevis Sedegad. 24. umaRlesi sasuliero wodebis mqone piri, eparqiis meTauri an misi TanaSemwe. 25. RvTismsaxurTa gaerTianeba, romelsac aqvs eklesia da ber-monazonTa sacxovrebeli nagebobebi, sameurneo mamuli. 27. raime daavadebis an movlenis damaxasiaTebeli garegnuli niSani. 29. naxSirbadis dioqsidi 32. raime magari masalis (liTonis, xis, qvis, minis) gluv zedapirze amokveTili naxati. 33. leqsad dawerili siuJetiani mxatvruli nawarmoebi. 38. kavkasiis mkvidri mosaxleobis ZiriTadad iZulebiTi gadasaxleba osmaleTis imperiaSi XIX saukuneSi. 39. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mTavari sapatriarqo sakaTedro taZari mcxeTaSi. 40. sazogadoebriv-politikuri xasiaTis literatura aqtualur Temebze. 45. ama Tu im regionaluri marTlmadidebeli eklesiis damoukidebloba. 46. sxvadasxva avtoris rCeul TxzulebaTa krebuli. 47. istoriuli ambis aRsaniSnavad an gamoCenili pirovnebis ukvdavsayofad aRmarTuli nageboba, didi Zegli. 51. qveynis mosaxleobis yvelaze ganaTlebuli, yvelaze ganviTarebuli nawili. 52. raime geografiuli adgilis saxelwodeba. 54. risame farTo masebSi gavrceleba, yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdomad qceva. 58. nawarmoebis Seqmna misi Sesrulebis procesSive. 59. drois xangrZlivi monakveTi, romelic xasiaTdeba RirsSesaniSnavi movleniT. 60. zRvruli norma. 61. raime produqtis (Cveulebriv Rvinis, Cais, Tambaqos) gemos gasinjva misi xarisxis gasarkvevad; daWaSnikeba. 64. msxvili feodali Sua saukuneebis dasavleT evropaSi, romelsac damokidebuli vasalebis mimarT mefis uflebebi hqonda. 67. oTxi Semsruleblisgan Semdgari musikaluri

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