Unit 15 by nahdetmisr

Unit 15 Phopias Objectives Listening : Listening for gist and for specific information. Grammar : Modal verbs of possibility and deduction: must, can’t, might. Reading : Predicting the content of a text; reading for detailed information. Critical thinking : Showing an understanding of people’s fears and possible treatments for fears. Functions : Asking and answering questions. Writing : Writing an article about a phobia.

Key Vocabulary affect (v) – ed

‫يؤثر‬

avoid (v) – ed

‫يتجنب‬

phobia (n)

)‫فوبيا (خوف مرضي غير مبرر‬

session (n)

‫جلسة‬

‫يشعر بالدوار‬

situation (n)

‫موقف‬

fear (n)

‫خوف‬

therapist (n)

‫معالج‬

get over = recover

‫يشفى‬

therapy (n)

dizzy (adj)

irrational (adj)

‫غير مبرر‬

virtual (adj)

‫عالج سلوكى‬ ‫افتراضى‬

panic (adj) (v) – ked ‫مذعور – يشعر بالهلع‬ 167

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ula cab

ing

n Liste

bite (v) – bit – bitten (n) cupboard (n)

‫ عضة‬/ ‫يعض‬

‫دوالب‬

dark (adj)

‫مظلم‬

dentist (n)

‫طبيب أسنان‬

dolls (n)

‫عرائس‬

dream (n)

‫حلم‬

feeling (n)

‫شعور‬

frightened (adj)

‫خائف‬

garden (n)

hate (v) – d

‫كابوس‬

bridge (n)

criminal (n) (adj) extreme (adj)

feel (v) – felt heights (n)

hurt (v) – ed

medicine (n)

possible (adv) realise (v) – d 168

din a e R

poisonous (adj) poisoned (adj)

poison (n)

‫مجرم‬

‫قاسى‬ ‫يشعر‬

‫مرتفعات‬

shark (n)

‫حقيقى‬ ‫سمكة القرش‬

spider (n)

‫عنكبوت‬

sports ground

‫المالعب األرضية‬

strange (adj) tunnel (n) voice (n)

worry (v) – worried (n)

relaxed (adj)

remain (v) – ed rocket (n)

shop assistant (n) strange (adj) thinking (n)

treat (v) – ed

‫ممكن‬

usual (adj)

‫يدرك‬

‫يصرخ‬

shout (v) – ed

‫يؤذى‬ ‫دواء‬

‫سم‬

real (adj)

relax (v) – ed

‫كوبرى‬

‫سام‬

)‫مسمم (وضع به سم‬

the underground (n)

‫مصعد – أسانسير‬

ula cab

‫حديقة – متنزه‬

‫مرض‬

‫صورة‬

nightmare (n)

park (n)

stairs (n)

illness (n) lift (n)

‫األماكن المفتوحة‬

‫حديقة‬

‫يكره‬

image (n)

open spaces

treatment (n)

‫درجات السلم‬ ‫غريب‬

‫مترو األنفاق‬

‫نفق‬

)‫صوت (بشرى‬ ‫ قلق‬- ‫يقلق‬ ‫يسترخى‬ ‫مسترخ‬

‫يظل – يبقى‬ ‫صاروخ‬

‫بائع فى متجر‬

‫غريب‬

‫التفكير‬ ‫يعالج‬ ‫عالج‬ ‫معتاد‬

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Critical Thinking & Communication Vocabulary commonly (adv) disappoint (v) – ed dusty (adj)

‫عموما‬

nervous (adj)

‫ متوتر‬- ‫عصبى‬

‫يخيب أمل‬

pass (v) – ed

‫ينجح – يجتاز‬

‫مترب‬

easily (adv)

‫بسهولة‬

even

‫حتى‬

exchange (v) – d (n) ‫يتبادل – استبدال‬

percent probably (adv) questionnaire (n) research (n)

‫بالمائة‬ ‫من المحتمل‬ ‫استفتاء‬ ‫بحث‬

expert (n)

‫خبير‬

sort (n)

fail (v) – ed

‫يفشل‬

submit (v) – ted

flying (n)

‫طيران‬

unusual (adj)

‫غير عادى‬

landing (n)

‫هبوط‬

neighbours (n)

‫الجيران‬

W orkbook V ocabulary

catch (illness)

completely (adv)

‫يصاب بمرض‬

‫تماما‬

draft (n)

‫مسودة‬

through (adv) touching (n)

‫نوع‬ ‫يخضع – يستسلم‬

‫من خالل‬ ‫اللمس‬

Definitions affect avoid

‫يؤثر‬ ‫يتجنب‬

to cause a change in someone or something or to change the situation they are in to make sure that something bad does not happen / to deliberately stay away from someone or something 169

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dizzy

‫يشعر بالدوخه‬

doll

‫دمية – عروسة لعبة‬

fear

‫خوف‬

get over

‫يشفى‬

irrational

‫غير مبرر – غير عقالنى‬

panic

‫يشعر بالذعر‬/‫ذعر‬

feeling that you are losing your balance, for example, because you have been spinning round or you are ill a child’s toy in the shape of a small person or a baby

t he feeling you get when you are afraid or worried that something bad will happen

t o feel better after a bad experience, or after being ill not reasonable a sudden strong feeling of fear or anxiety that makes you unable to think clearly or behave sensibly. a strong, unreasonable fear of something.

phobia

‫خوف غير مبرر‬

session

‫جلسة‬

a period of time used for a particular purpose.

situation

‫موقف‬

t he combination of all the things that are happening and all the conditions that exist at a particular time and place.

therapist

‫معالج‬

virtual

‫افتراضى – محاكى للواقع‬

s omeone whose job is to do a particular type of therapy (treatment of a mental or physical illness)

when a computer makes you feel as though you are in a real situation by showing images and sounds.

Phrases, Expressions, Idioms & Prepositions (be) born with

do a questionnaire do your best fall asleep 170

‫مولود بــ‬

‫يجيب على استبيان‬

‫ابذل قصارى جهدك‬

‫ينامد‬

fall off

feel dizzy in control of give the treatment

‫يقع من على‬

‫يشعر بدوخة‬

‫سيطرة على‬

‫يعطى العالج‬

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a fear of

‫خوف من‬

stay calm

people with phobias ‫الناس الذين يعانون من الخوف‬

full of

‫مملؤ بــ‬

dream of

‫يحلم بــ‬

take the test

‫يأتى من‬

find out

frightened of come from

different from recover from

suffer from

get off

cut off go up

get out

It doesn’t matter lose control

‫خائف من‬

dream about

‫يعانى من‬

treatment for

‫يشفى من‬

reason for

‫ينزل من‬

terrible for

‫ يبتر‬- ‫يقطع‬

believe in

‫يخرج‬

in groups

‫ال يهم‬

‫يفقد السيطرة‬

make … feel good ‫يشعر شخص باحساس جيد‬ make … worse

took off its hair

‫مختلف عن‬

‫يرتفع‬

‫يجعل شئ أسوأ‬

‫يبقى هادئا‬

in public

put into

turn into get on

pick ....... up

‫يمتحن‬

‫ينزع شعرها المستعار‬ ‫يكتشف‬

‫يحلم بــ‬

‫سبب لــ‬

‫عالج لــ‬

‫فظيع بالنسبة لــ‬

‫يؤمن بــ‬ ‫علنا‬

‫فى مجموعات‬

‫يضع فى‬

‫يتحول إلى‬

)‫يركب (مواصالت‬ ‫يلتقط‬

Notes on Vocabulary exchange (v): After the match the players exchanged the T-shirts. exchange …. for …. : Ali exchanged a mobile for computer. exchange …. with …. : Ali exchanged his mobile with Ahmed. in exchange for: Ali gave Ahmed a mobile in exchange for a laptop. exchange (n): The exchange of money should be at the bank.

‫يبيادل – يستبدل‬ ‫يستبدل شئ بــ شئ‬ ‫يستبدل شئ مع شخص‬ ‫فى مقابل‬ ‫مبادلة – إستبدال‬ 171

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)‫ ( الفاعل‬+ ( affect) + ) ‫ ( شئ‬+ (adv. ‫)حال‬: ‫يؤثر علي‬ Smoking affected our health badly. )‫ (الفاعل‬+ v. to have + (a / an) + (adj. ‫ )صفة‬+ effect + on + ) ‫(شئ‬: ‫له تاثير علي تأثير‬ Smoking had a bad effect on our health. )‫يقع (جغرافيا‬ (be) situated = (be) located = lie (v) – lay – lain: The hotel is situated on the lakeside. = The hotel is located on the lakeside. = The hotel lies on the lakeside.

Confusing Words • irrational

‫غير مبرر‬

• irritable

• virtual

‫افتراضى‬

• visual

‫مرئى‬

• feel (felt)

‫يشعر‬

• advise

‫ينصح‬

• fail (ed)

‫يفشل‬

• advice

‫نصيحة‬

‫سريع الغضب‬

• remember

‫يتذكر‬

• remind • mention

‫يذكر غيره‬ ‫يذكر شئ‬

• session

‫جلسة‬

• meeting

‫اجتماع‬

Listening Text Speaker 1: I used to have a phobia about spiders. My father was frightened of spiders, so my phobia must have come from him. I remember him telling me that many spiders are poisonous. I always thought that any spider I saw was going to bite me, so I avoided all of the places where I might find a spider. I hated opening cupboards because I might have found a spider in it. And I never visited old buildings that might have been their home. 172

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Speaker 2: My mother says I loved dolls until I was about five, so fear of dolls can’t have been a phobia I

was born with. It just happened slowly, like an illness. When I was seven, one of my aunts tried to help me get over this fear. She brought me an

old doll, then took off its hair to show me that it wasn’t a real person.

Of course this just made everything worse. For weeks after, I had bad

dreams about dolls. That was when my fear turned into a real phobia.

Now, if I see a doll, I feel ill and dizzy. I just have to get away from it. Speaker 3: W hen I was fifteen, I was in London and I had to

travel on the underground. The train was full of

people. Everyone was talking or reading their

newspapers, then the train stopped in a tunnel. Most people stayed quite calm, but I began to

panic. I ran up and down the train crying and shouting. After about five minutes, the train started moving again, and I got out at the next station. Since then I haven’t travelled on the underground. I don’t like being in

very small places – that must be why I have a phobia about lifts, too. In my last job I worked on the fourteenth floor of an office building, but I

went up by the stairs, not the lift. I sometimes took the lift just to show myself that I could do it, but I didn’t enjoy it.

Speaker 4: Going to the park and other open places can be

terrible for me. I have a very strange feeling when I go to these places. The small streets near

my home and small gardens aren’t a problem,

but a trip to a big open space like a park or a

sports ground can be a nightmare . I hear my own voice saying, “I must get away!” I’m really afraid of open spaces.

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Reading Text Phobias are not just extreme fears – they are irrational fears. They can affect people’s lives and make them frightened to do things which most people do without thinking. For example, if you have a fear of heights, you may drive 40 kilometres to avoid a high bridge. The usual treatment is to slowly show the person who has the phobia what they fear. For example, a person with a spider phobia ﬁrst thinks about a spider, then looks at photographs of spiders, and ﬁnally looks at a real spider. The therapist who is giving the treatment remains calm and helps the patient to relax. The person with the phobia feels in control of the situation and, because of this, they do not panic. After a few sessions, they realise that the thing they are afraid of cannot hurt them. In another treatment, the therapist gets close to the spider and picks it up without showing any fear. This helps the patient to see that he or she has nothing to fear. Some phobias can be treated in a few sessions with the therapist. Some people with phobias need medicine to help them relax before treatment. Treatment can be done in groups where people with the same phobia are helped together. It is also possible to have treatment from a computer program, where the patient is put into a virtual situation with the thing he or she fears.

Critical Thinking Exam phobia It does not matter how clever you are or how hard you work, you have probably felt worried before an exam at some time in the past. Experts believe that about 50 percent of all students suffer from exam phobia. Some people are so frightened of an exam they are going to take that they cannot remember important information when they are in the exam room. These students will probably get lower marks. Some students cannot even go into the exam room, and of course, they fail. 174

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There are different reasons for this phobia. Exams are extremely important for all students. They are afraid of failing, because if they fail they will not get into a good university or ﬁnd a good job. Also, students do not want to disappoint their parents. So what can students do if they suffer from exam phobia? Here is some advice from a teacher: - Get lots of sleep. If you are tired, you will probably feel more worried. - Eat healthy food. Lots of sweets and biscuits will not make you feel good. - Believe in yourself. You must believe that you can succeed. Remember to do your best and you will pass the test.

Questions & Answers Phobia 1. What are phobias? They are irrational fears.

‫ما هى الفوبيا ؟‬

‫وضح الفرق بين الفوبيا والخوف؟‬ 2. How is a phobia different from a fear? SB A phobia is stronger than a fear and is irrational. 3. What wouldn’t the person with a fear of heights do? ‫ما الذى يجب أال يفعله من يخاف المرتفعات؟‬ He wouldn’t climb a tall tree, building or a mountain . 4. Why is it important for patients with phobias to relax? SB ‫لماذا يعد من المهم لمرضى الفوبيا أن يسترخوا؟‬ Because the treatment will not work if they panic. 5. Why does it need a few sessions to treat patients with phopias? ‫لماذا نحتاج إلى عدة جلسات لعالج مرضى الفوبيا؟‬ To build up their confidence ‫ ثقة‬in the therapist and the methods.

‫ما أثر الفوبيا على الناس؟‬ 6. What is the effect of phobias on people? Phobias make them frightened to do things that most people do. ‫كيف يمكن للمعالج أن يعالج الفوبيا؟‬ 7. How can therapists treat phobia? By slowly showing patients what they fear. Sometimes therapists give patients medicine to relax. 175

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8. Are all phobias treated in the same way? Why? ‫هل يمكن معالجة كل انواع الفوبيا بنفس الطريقة؟‬ No, because some phobias can be treated in a few sessions, others need medicine to help patients relax before treatment. 9. Why do some people with phobias need medicine? ‫لماذا يحتاج بعض مرضى الفوبيا للدواء؟‬ To help them relax. 10. What is the role of the therapist who is giving treatment? ‫ما هو دور المعالج الذى يعطى العالج؟‬ The therapist should remain calm and help the patient to relax. 11. How can computer be used to treat phobias? The patient is shown a computer program where he/ she is put into a virtual situation with the thing he/ she fears. ‫ما العالج المعتاد لفوبيا العناكب؟‬ 12. What is the usual treatment for spider phobias? The usual treatment for spider phobias is to look at photographs of spiders, and finally look at a real spider.

Exam phobia ‫ما هي اسباب فوبيا االمتحانات؟‬ 13. What are the reasons for exam phobia? - Sstudents think cannot remember important information when they are in the exam room. - They are afraid of failing, because if they fail they will not get into a good university or find a good job. - Also, students do not want to disappoint their parents. 14. Some students are tired before exams. Why? ‫ لماذا؟‬.‫يشعر بعض الطالب باإلرهاق قبل االمتحانات‬ Because they don’t sleep well. 15. How many students suffer from exam phobia? ‫كم عدد الطالب الذين يخافون االمتحانات؟‬ About 50 percent. 16. Why is it important to sleep well before an exam? ‫لماذا من المهم أن تنام جيدً ا قبل االمتحانات؟‬ If you are tired, you will probably feel more worried. 176

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17. What kind of information do students forget easily? ‫ما نوع المعلومات التى ينساها الطالب بسهولة؟‬ They may forget detailed facts and figures. 18. What kind of food and drink should students have before an exam? ‫ما أنواع األطعمة و المشروبات التى يجب على الطالب أن يتناولها قبل االمتحان؟‬ They should eat healthy food such as fish, vegetables and drink fresh juice. 19. Why do you think some students don’t like exam rooms? ‫لماذا ال يحب بعض الطالب لجان االمتحان؟‬ Because of the silence ‫ الصمت‬inside these rooms. 20. How can students’ future change if they fail an exam? ‫كيف يمكن أن يتغير مستقبل الطالب لو رسبوا فى االمتحان؟‬ They might not get into the university they want to go to. They might not get the job they want to do. 21. In your opinion, what should students do to pass exams? ‫فى رأيك ما الذى يجب أن يفعله الطالب لينجحوا؟‬ They should eat healthy food and drink and study well.

Critical Thinking Questions & Answers 22. What kinds of things are people commonly afraid of? SB ‫ما أنواع األشياء التى يخاف منها الناس؟‬ Heights, spiders, insects, mice, snakes, flying, the dark, etc . ‫لماذا يخشى بعض الناس العناكب؟‬ 23. Why were some people afraid of spiders? Because they believed that many spiders are poisonous (toxic). 24. Why do some people panic when they travel on the underground? ‫لماذا يشعر بعض الناس بالذعر من ركوب مترو األنفاق؟‬ Because they don’t like being trapped in ‫ يُحتجزون فى‬very small places. 25. Should you make people do something, even if they are frightened of it? ‫هل يجب أن نجبر الناس الذين يخافون من شىء ما على أن يفعلوه؟‬ No, we should respect that some people are unable to overcome their fears. We should never force ‫ نرغم‬people to do something they do not want. Yet, you could suggest ways of helping them. 177

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26. Why do you think it takes a few sessions for patients to realise they do not need ‫لماذا برايك يحتاج المريض لعدة جلسات ليدرك انه ال داعي للخوف‬ to be afraid? It takes time for them to realise they do not need to be afraid and that they can trust the therapist. 27. What treatments can you suggest for people with these phobias? ( speaking in public – flying - small spaces - the dark ) ‫االماكن‬-‫الطيران‬-‫م�ا ه�ي اقتراحات�ك لعالج المرضي به�ذه االنواع م�ن الفوبيا؟ (التحدث ف�ي االماك�ن العامة‬ )‫ الظالم‬-‫الصغيرة‬ - Speaking in public: The person could start by speaking to one or two people, then each week, they could speak to a few more until they feel confident. - Flying: The person could fly a virtual plane using a computer until they understand how safe they usually are. - Small spaces: The person could go into a small space with a therapist or a friend to understand that it is not dangerous or hard to leave. - The dark: The person could start in a room with a low light. They can see what is in the room and know it is not dangerous. The room could gradually become darker so they are not afraid.

Exercises 1. What is the best way to treat people with the same phobia? 2. Phobias may affect people’s lives, How do you think that? 3. If a friend is afraid of going to the open air or parks, ho do you advise him? 4. Relaxation is important for a patient with phobia to be treated. Show. 5. Why is phobia more dangerous than fear? 6. In your opinion, what advice do you give to students who panic before exams? 7. There is usual treatment for phobias, what is it? 8. Why do you think students feel worried before exams? (2015– ‫)القاهرة ادارة حلوان التعليمية‬ 9. What are phobias? 10. What kinds of things do you think people are commonly afraid of? (2015– ‫ ادارة المعادى‬-‫)القاهرة‬

11. Why do you think a lot of people are afraid of spiders, but not of butterflies? 12. Can being afraid of exams sometimes be useful ? Why or why not?

(2016– ‫)البحيرة ادارة كفر الدوار‬

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Vocabulary Exercises 1 Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d: Student’s Book – Workbook

If you are frightened of something, you feel ................. . b) frightening c) fear d) dizzy a) angry 2 If you feel extremely frightened of something, you have a ................. . a) fear b) dizzy c) disease d) phobia 3 If you turn round many times, you may feel ................. . a) phobia b) frightened c) dizzy d) spinning 4 If you ................. an illness, you recover from it. a) get at b) get better c) get over d) get on 5 If you worry so much that you lose control, you ................. . a) dizzy b) angry c) frightening d) panic 6 If you ................. something, you try not to see it, do it or go to it. a) treat b) feel c) avoid d) want 7 Some people with a fear of ................. would not climb a tall tree or a mountain. a) diseases b) heights c) lengths d) weights 8 The patients don’t ................. because they are always in control. a) dizzy b) avoid c) afraid d) panic 9 Sometimes the ................. shows the patient that the situation they fear will not hurt them. a) sociologist b) biologist c) occulist d) therapist 10 Sometimes people with the same phobia are treated in ................. . a) situations b) groups c) controls d) herds 11 A ................. is a toy which looks like a baby or a small person. a) game b) teddy bear c) dull d) doll 12 People who are frightened of open spaces, don’t like large ................. . b) parks c) spiders d) lions a) windows 13 If you ................., you lose control of yourself. a) panic b) dizzy c) afraid d) angry 14 When I was younger, I often dreamt ................. tunnels. a) about b) with c) at d) on 1

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15 Some

children are frightened ................. the dark. a) from b) by c) with d) of 16 I don’t like travelling on trains or buses which are full ................. people. a) by b) in c) of d) over 17 My fear of parties came ................. my mother. a) from b) in c) at d) out 18 I’ve always been afraid ................. birds. b) by c) from d) of a) with 19 My mother was born ................. a fear of cats. a) out b) with c) at d) in NEW 20 The

GEM

underground train runs in a ................. a) road b) railway c) tunnel d) city 21 A person ................. a phobia often needs treatment to recover. a) from b) by c) of d) with 22 Remember to do your best and you will ................. your exams. a) succeed b) pass c) fail d) go 23 The bus was ................. of people, so I couldn’t caught it. a) full b) busy c) crowded d) filled 24 Stay ................. . Don’t panic. a) relaxing b) reasonable c) calm d) control 25 A: Will you get ................. here? B: No, at the next station, please. a) on b) over c) off d) away 26 He has a phobia about ................. . That’s why he goes up by the stairs. b) planes c) spiders d) heights a) lifts 27 Don’t panic. It’s a toy spider, not a ................. one. b) real c) truly d) poisonous a) virtual 28 My fear turned ................. a phobia. a) on b) up c) into d) down 29 Smoking ................. people’s health badly. a) effects b) affects c) helps d) aids 30 His passive reaction made the problem ................. . a) worse b) worst c) best d) most 180

UNIT 15

31 She .................

me to pay the bill. a) remembered b) reminded c) witnessed d) watched 32 I like spending the weekend in ................. places. a) open b) opened c) opening d) openable 33 After a few ................., they realised that the thing they are afraid of can’t hurt them. a) sessions b) seasons c) reasons d) missions 34 When I heard the bad news, I was ................. . a) appointed b) disappointed c) appointment d) disappointment 35 ................. is the place outside the Earth’s atmosphere. a) Pace b) Place c) Face d) Space 36 She ................. a flower from the garden. a) picked b) took c) gave d) lent 37 He damaged the doll and took ................. its hair. a) over b) up c) from d) off 38 Phobias make people ................. to do things that most of us do without thinking. a) frighten b) frightened c) frightening d) fright 39 Something on a computer that is not real is ................. . a) vertical b) vertigo c) virtual d) virtue 40 Always believe ................. yourself to achieve your goals in life. a) in b) of c) on d) for 41 The opposite of frightened is ................. . a) dizzy b) Relaxed c) irrational d) stressful 42 Stress has a bad ................. on us. a) affect b) effect c) defect d) effects 43 Marwa feels nervous being on a plane travelling ................. clouds. a) on b) over c) under d) through 44 My friend exchanged his mobile ................. me. a) for b) to c) with d) at 45 . ................ is a written set of questions which you give to a large number of people in order to collect information a) An exam b) A test c) A quiz d) A questionnaire 181

Phopias

UNIT 15

46 After

eating the food, my son ................. ill. a) failed b) felt c) feet

d) fleet

Previous Exams 47 He

always feels ................. when he looks down from a high building. (2013– ‫)الدقهلية ادارة شرق المنصورة‬

a) dizzy b) virtual c) irrational d) luxurious 48 It took Ali years to ................. the shock of his wife’s death. (2014– ‫)البحيرة ادارة دمنهور‬ a) adapt b) avoid c) fear d) get over 49 Phobias are ................. fears; there is no reason for the person to be so afraid. (2015– ‫)كفر الشيخ ادارة دسوق‬

a) rational b) irresponsible c) reasonable d) irrational 50 Some treatment puts people into the ............ they are afraid of. ( 2016– ‫)الدقهلية ادارة ميت سلسيل‬ a) situation b) occasion c) location d) examination

2 Find and correct the mistake in each of the following sentences: Student’s Book – Workbook

1. Finding a cheap place to rent is a visual impossibility in this area. (............) 2. Remember me to buy some milk tonight. (............) 3. Peter was playing by the river when he failed into the water. (............) 4. It’s irritable to expect you to work seven days a week. (............) 5. Terrorism has a bad affect on our economy. (............) 6. The patient needs a lot of meetings to get better. (............) 7. My father exchanged his mobile for my mother. (............) 8. All staff were asked to make a questionnaire about their jobs. (............) 9. Nada was very angry because her daughter took up her hair. (............) 10.She got close from her friend and asked her to repeat what she said. (............) 11. It’s taken years to get up her dangerous disease. (............) 12. She feels easy because she is looking down from a high place. (............) 13. She lowered her sound , so the teacher couldn’t hear what she was saying. (............) 14. When she wanted to kill the rat, she put some poisonous in its food. (............) 15. There’s no need to shoot! I can hear you! (............) 182

UNIT 15

rammar

Modals of Possibility (must - can’t - may - might)

‫ الـتأكيد و االستنتاج‬-1 ً‫ا‬ :‫ في حالة اإلثبات‬:‫أول‬

)‫بالـتأكيد (تعبر عن استنتاج مؤكد في المضارع و المستقبل‬ must + inf. Use must + infinitive without to when you are sure about something. .‫ يليها المصدر عندما تكون متاكدا من شيء ما‬must ‫ نستخدم‬He has an expensive car. He must be rich. )‫بالتأكيد (تعبر عن استنتاج و تأكيد في الماضي أو المضارع التام‬ must have + p.p. The past form is must have + past participle: must have + pp ‫ لالستنتاج المؤكد في الماضي نستخدم الصيغة‬It must have been cold in this photo. They are all wearing coats! :‫ في حالة النفي‬:‫ثانيا‬ ً

)‫بالـتأكيد (تعبر عن استنتاج مؤكد في المضارع و المستقبل‬ can’t + inf. Use can’t + infinitive without to when you are sure something is not possible. .‫ عندما نكون متأكدين من عدم امكانية حدوث شيء ما في الوقت الحاضر‬.can’t + inf ‫ نستخدم‬He has an expensive car. He can’t be poor. )‫بالتأكيد (تعبر عن استنتاج مؤكد بالنفي في الماضي أو المضارع التام‬ can’t have + p.p. The past form is can’t have + past participle: must have + pp ‫ لالستنتاج المؤكد بالنفي في الماضي نستخدم الصيغة‬It can’t have been winter in this photo. There are leaves on all the trees!

Examples:

He is rich. I’m certain he is happy. (must) = He is rich. He must be happy. She was absent yesterday. I am sure she was ill. (must) = She was absent yesterday. She must have been ill. He can’t buy this car. I am sure she isn’t rich. (can’t) = He can’t buy this car. She can’t be rich. She is tired. I think she didn’t have enough sleep. (can’t) = She is tired. She can’t have had enough sleep. 183

Phopias

UNIT 15

‫ االحتمال‬-2 ً‫ا‬ :‫ في زمن المضارع و المستقبل‬:‫أول‬

may + inf.

)‫شئ من المحتمل حدوثة في المضارع (غير اكيد‬

Perhaps he will travel alone.

= He may travel alone.

might + inf.

It is possible that Ahmed is tired.

)‫شئ من المحتمل حدوثة في المضارع( احتمال ضئيل‬

= Ahmed might be tired.

:‫ثانيا في زمن الماضي و المضارع التام‬

may have + p.p

The past form is may have + past participle: Perhaps he travelled alone.

may + have + pp ‫ لالحتمال في الماضي نستخدم الصيغة‬-

= He may have travelled alone.

might have + p.p.

The past form is might have + past participle:

might + have + pp ‫ لالحتمال الضئيل في الماضي نستخدم الصيغة‬-

It is possible that Ahmed was tired.

= Ahmed might have been tired.

:‫و للتلخيص الحظ الجدول التالي‬

Key words - I’m sure - I’m certain - I think - I believe - certainly definitely 184

Present ‫في المضارع‬

Past ‫في الماضي‬

must + inf / be

must have + pp ‫تأكد‬ I’m sure he is a teacher. ‫ باالثبات‬I think he won the match. He must be a teacher. He must have won the match. can’t + inf / be I’m sure, he isn’t poor. He can’t be poor.

‫تأكد‬ ‫بالنفي‬

can’t have + pp I think he didn’t succeed. He can’t have succeeded.

UNIT 15

- I’m not sure - I’m not certain perhaps probable likely - I›m very not sure very uncertain it is possible I don’t think I don’t believe

may + inf / be

may have + pp

I’m sure, he isn’t poor. ‫ احتمال‬Perhaps she phoned me. ‫ غير اكيد‬She may have phoned me. He can’t be poor. might + inf / be

might have + pp

It’s possible he plays well. He might play well.

I don’t think he phoned me. He might have phoned me.

Advanced Points :‫ الحظ الفرق بين هاتين الجملتين‬-1 Dina got the full marks in the exam. She must be clever. .‫الدليل حدث في الماضي واالستنتاج في المضارع النها مازلت طالبة‬ He is a successful professor. He must have been a clever student. .‫الدليل في المضارع واالستنتاج في الماضي الن فترة الدراسة انتهت‬ .‫ يمكن ايضا استخدام صيغة االستمرار في االستنتاج‬-2 He cant open his eyes. He must have been studying all the night.

Grammar Exercises 1 Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d: Student’s Book – Workbook

My father was frightened of spiders, so my phobia ............. have come from him. a) can’t b) mustn’t c) must d) won’t 2 I hated opening cupboards because I ............. a spider in one. a) might find b) must find c) can’t find d) might have found 3 I don’t like being in very small places. That ............. why I have a phobia about lifts. a) must be b) might have been c) may have been d) can’t be 1

185

UNIT 15

Phopias

4 I loved dolls until I was six, so my fear of dolls ............. a phobia I was born with.

a) will be b) can’t have been c) must be d) might have been 5 Our neighbours are breaking one of their windows. They ............. their keys. a) must have lost b) can’t have lost c) might have lost d) may have lost 6 He was absent yesterday. He ............. ill. a) might be b) may be c) can’t have been d) might have been 7 A student got out of the class and then he came back again. He ............. forgotten his bag. a) can’t have b) must have c) must d) might have 8 Tariq has injured his leg and his bicycle is lying on the road near him. He ............. the hole. a) must have seen b) can’t have seen c) might have seen d) can’t see 9 Rafeek has just come home from a football match. He looks happy. He ............. the match. a) might win b) must win c) can’t have won d) must have won 10 I can’t remember how old I was when I first saw the Pyramids, but I ......... four. a) must be b) might be c) can’t have d) might have been 11 They are all wearing coats, so it............. cold when they took the photograph. a) must be b) must have been c) can’t have been d) can be NEW

GEM

12 Who’s knocking on the door? It ............. be my friend Ali. I asked him to come.

a) must be b) can’t be c) must have been d) might have been 13 She probably lost her wallet. That means she ............. lost her wallet. a) might b) might have c) must have d) can’t have 14 It ............. be a bird. You must be mistaken because it hasn’t wings. a) may b) might c) can’t d) must 15 Do you think he is annoyed? – It’s possible. He ............. be. a) must b) can’t c) should d) might 186

UNIT 15

16 You ............. have

seen Dr Ahmed here yesterday. He is still abroad. a) may b) must c) can’t d) mustn’t 17 My friend is a doctor. He ............. clever at school. a) must have been b) can’t have been c) might have been d) may have been 18 She came to school late. She ............. caught the school bus. a) must have b) may have c) can’t have d) might have 19 She looks happy. She ............. her exams. a) must pass b) may pass c) can’t pass d) must have passed 20 A lot of people are waiting to get tickets; the film ............. exciting. a) can’t be b) may be c) must be d) might be 21 Ayman returned home from a football match and he was very happy. His team .............

a) must have won b) can’t win c) must win d) can’t have won 22 They have been playing all day. They ............. be very tired. a) must b) might c) might have d) can’t 23 When I knocked on the door, there was no answer, they ............. out. a) must be b) must have been c) can’t be d) can’t have been 24 The thief ............. after he had robbed the bank. We can’t find him now. a) must run b) must have run c) mustn’t have run d) can’t run 25 My uncle didn’t come back to my birthday party. He ............. my invitation. a) must have received b) might have received c) may have received d) can’t have received 26 Hams couldn’t answer the questions, they ............. have been difficult for her. a) can’t b) must c) might d) mustn’t 27 That ............. Ali’s house. He moved to a new house a year ago. a) must be b) might be c) can’t be d) mustn’t be 28 My wife was at the doctor’s yesterday. She ............. ill. a) must be b) can’t be c) must have been d) can’t have been 29 He is carrying all the bags without any help. He ............. strong. a) must be b) can’t be c) must have been d) can’t have been 187

Phopias

UNIT 15

Previous Exams 30 You .............

have seen Ali here yesterday. He is still abroad. (2012 ‫)بني سويف – إدارة سمسطا‬ a) must b) may c) mustn’t d) can’t 31 She got the full marks in her exams this week. She ............. clever. (2012 ‫)الشرقية – إدارة منيا القمح‬

a) must have had b) must be c) must have d) had streets are all muddy. It ............. so much yesterday night.

32 The

(2013‫)أسيوط – إدارة أبانوب‬

a) can’t have rained b) must rain c) must have rained d) would have rained 33 He was hungry. The food ............., all the plates were empty. (2015‫)القاهرة – إدارة مدينة نصر‬ a) can’t eat b) must eat c) must have been eaten d) can’t have been eaten 34 I have just seen Omar at school now. He ............. be at home. (2015‫)القاهرة – إدارة مصر الجديدة‬ a) can’t b) mustn’t c) can d) must 35 I am sure I lost one of my gloves. I ............. have dropped it somewhere. a) must

b) can’t

c) shall

(2016 ‫)البحيرة – إدارة كفر الدوار‬

d) will

2 Rewrite the following sentences using the word(s) in brackets, to give the

same meaning. 1. I’m sure Tarek hasn’t finished reading that book. He only started it two hours (Tariq can’t) ago. (can’t) 2. It is impossible that Amal sold her car. 3. I think that he is Arab because he speaks Arabic well. (2012‫( )أسيوط – إدارة ديروط‬must) 4. I am sure he went to the theatre last night. (2013‫( )كفر الشيخ – إدارة دسوق‬must) 5. I am sure that he didn’t need help. (2015 ‫( )القاهرة – إدارة النزهة‬can’t) 6. I am sure that Yasser didn’t win the match. He looks sad. (2016 ‫( )الشرقية – مشتول‬can’t) 7. I am sure he wasn’t at home. (2016 ‫( )سوهاج – إدارة تيما‬can’t) 8. It is impossible that they didn’t win their match. (2016 ‫( )سوهاج – إدارة طهطا‬must) 9. It’s certain that my mobile phone wasn’t stolen. (can’t) 10. It is possible that my son broke the window. (may) 11. They were late. Perhaps they missed the nine o’clock train. (may) 12. It is impossible that our teacher made this mistake. (Our teacher) 13. I’m sure that Ahmed isn’t strong enough to carry this box. (can’t)

188

UNIT 15

14. I think he is definitely a doctor. (must) 15. I’m nearly certain he is ill. I’ve seen him going to hospital. (must) 16. This house was certainly built in 2009. (must) 17. I think he was ill. (must) 18. I don’t think he will come back tomorrow. (might) 19. I phoned him but no one answered. I think he was out. (must) 20. Perhaps my father will come tomorrow. (may) 21. I’m sure Mr. Samir has paid the phone bill. (must) 22. I’m very uncertain that he received my letter. (might) 23. Ali definitely did all his homework. (must) 24. I don’t think he is an engineer. (He….) 25. I am sure he isn’t rich. (must) 26. The government has definitely built many new cities in the desert. (Many new cities..)

Language Functions Asking and answering questions

‫عمل ا�سئلة واجاباتها‬

• Have you ever had a phobia? • Yes, I have a phobia of spiders. • When did it start? How long did it last? • It started when I was five. • How did it make you feel? • It made me frightened of any dark rooms or cupboards. • Have you got over it? • Yes, I got over it. • What did you do to get over it? • I went to a therapist who helped me.

Skills 1 Finish the following dialogue:

“Emad wants to borrow money from his elder brother Wael” Emad : Would you mind doing me a favour? Wael : Of course. ..................................(1)..................................? Emad : I want you to lend me fifty pounds. Wael : What for? 189

UNIT 15

Phopias

Emad : ..............................(2).............................. . Wael : A present for your mother, ............................(3)............................? Emad : It’s her birthday. Wael : But why didn’t you ask your father? Emad : ..............................(1).............................. . Wael : All right. Here you are.

2 Write what would you say in each of the following situations:

You have a phobia of spiders. A friend asks you when it began 2 You make a prediction about your friend who is absent. 3 You see a boy hitting a small dog. Express your anger. 4 You see a doctor getting out of your neighbour’s house. What do you think? 5 Your friend asks if you are afraid of heights. Express your worry. 6 Your friend tells you about his father’s death. You feel annoyed about this. 7 You ask your friend about his irrational fear. 8 Your brother asks you about your friend Ali who you are not sure he is ill. 1

3 Translation:

A) Translate into Arabic: 1. Illiteracy and ignorance are enemies to progress of our country. 2. The worth of a nation is measured by the way it cares for its children. 3. We must improve the quality of local products to improve our economy. 4. Don’t worry. I will help you with your homework when I have time. B) Translate into English:

Illiteracy

worth

products

passive effects improve

190

Enrich

.‫ يعتبر مترو األنفاق واحدا من أهم اإلنجازات في مصر‬-1 .‫ الخوف من االمتحانات سالح له تأثيرات سلبية وايجابة‬-2 .‫ هناك انواع من المخاوف المرضية يمكن عالجها في بسهولة‬-3 .‫ من الضرورى أن تجيد اللغات األجنبية لتحصل على فرصة عمل‬-4

your ‫األمية‬

‫قيمة – يستحق‬ ‫منتجات‬

‫تأثيرات سابية‬

‫يحسن‬

vocabulary ignorance

care for

achievements

positive effects economy

‫الجهل‬

‫يهتم بــ‬

‫انجازات‬

‫تأثيرات ايجابية‬

‫اقتصاد‬

UNIT 15

Writing: an article about a phobia 1. Do you have or have you ever had an irrational fear or a phobia? ‫هل لديك أو سبق لك أن أصبت بخوف مرضى؟‬ ‫متى بدأ؟ ما المدة التى استمر فيها؟‬ 2. When did it start? How long did it last? ‫كيف كنت تشعر؟‬ 3. How does or how did it make you feel? ‫كيف تغلبت عليه؟‬ 4. What did you do to get over it?

Model Paragraph Phobia I’ve always been afraid of cats. I don’t like touching them and I hate the way they look at me. Their eyes are very cold and frightening. It’s completely irrational, but it isn’t really a phobia. When I was quite young, about three or four, I think, I was on holiday with my parents and I saw a black cat catch a bird. It played with the bird for about five minutes, then it ate it. I still dream about this sometimes. I still have the fear, but it isn’t as bad as it was when I was a child. Very strange. If I saw a cat, I would feel a bit dizzy. I couldn’t move for a few seconds. I haven’t got over it completely, but I made it better by not running away from cats. If I saw a cat, I wouldn’t touch it, but I looked at it. If I looked for long enough, the cat would go away. It didn’t like me looking at it. So, I felt I was in control.

Advanced ‫هذا التمرين مجاب عنه فى آخر الكتاب‬

1 Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d:

This is not tea. You .................. have boiled the water when you made it. a) can’t b) mustn’t c) can d) might 2 He must .................. fast when the accident took place. The car was completely destroyed. a) have driven b) drive c) be driving d) have been driving 1

191

UNIT 15

Phopias

We don’t know how she committed the crime, but some people think she .................. drank poison. a) might have b) can’t haveen c) must have d) can have 4 I’m happy that I didn’t come by car. It rained heavily and I .................. have had an accident. a) must b) can’t c) can d) might 5 You.................. remembered to bring me th CD. – No, here it is a) must have b) can’t have c) must have been d) can’t have been 3

2 Find the mistake in each of the following sentences, then write it correctly: 1. I can’t lend you 20000 pounds now. 2. He can’t have played well as he lost the match. 3. He is definitely not guilty. 4. Mohammed certainly won the game. 5. My son might have met his daughter in the club.

Test

Based on Unit 15

A Language Functions 1 Finish the following dialogue:

“Tasneem and Aseel meet in the street” Tasneem : Hello, Aseel .Your blouse is very nice. Is it new? Aseel : ..................................(1).................................. . Tasneem : ..................................(2)..................................? Aseel : I bought it last week. Tasneem : ..................................(3).................................. . Aseel : At Omar Effendi’s. Tasneem : ..................................(4)..................................? Aseel : Thirty pounds. It isn’t expensive, is it. Tasneem : It isn’t expensive at all . I’ll buy one next week.

2 Write what you would say in each of the following situations:

1. You want to know if one of your friend’s relatives has a phobia 2. Your friend asks you when your phobia of snakes started.

192

(joking) (certain) (must) (lost) (It…..)

UNIT 15

3. Your younger brother is making loud noise while you are studying. You are angry. 4. Your sister is frightened of dolls.

B Vocabulary and Structure 3 Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d:

Huda is .................. about the results of exams. a) delegated b) afraid c) worried d) interested 2 He got the full marks. He .................. hard. a) must have worked b) can’t have worked c) might have worked d) must work 3 “Reasonable” means .................. . a) fact b) rational c) phobia d) effect 4 She is wearing a heavy coat. She .................. a nurse. a) can’t be b) must have been c) must be d) might have been 5 The .................. of the plane was perfect because the pilot was very clever. a) earth b) lending c) landing d) ground 6 Mr Ameer didn’t come to work yesterday. He .................. ill. a) must be b) must have been c) can’t be d) can’t have been 7 You look tired, sit down and .................. . b) return c) repeat d) relax a) remain 8 He drank a lot of water. He .................. thirsty now. a) must be b) might be c) can’t be d) can’t have been 9 Be calm! Don’t feel .................. . a) happy b) relaxed c) nervous d) rational 10 The toys are everywhere in the room. The children .................. in it. a) must play b) must have played c) can’t have played d) might play 11 When he looks down from a high building, he feels .................. . a) dizzy b) irrational c) virtual d) luxury 12 Samy .................. a very good player otherwise, he wouldn’t have won a) might be b) can be c) must be d) could be 1

193

UNIT 15

Phopias

4 Rewrite the following sentences using the word(s) in brackets to give the same meaning:

1. You got here very quickly. I’m sure you walked very fast.

2. I’m not sure if he left my umbrella in the restaurant last night.

3. Be careful of that dog. Perhaps it bites you.

(must)

(migh)

(might)

4. We didn’t see Ahmed at school. I am certain he wasn’t at home either. (can’t)

5 Find and correct the mistake in the following sentences: When the therapist is calm, the person becomes panic. 2 Some treatments may take many seasons. 3 Phobia is considered rational fear. 4 I cant hear your sound, please speake more loudly. 1

Reading

6 Read the following passage, then answer the questions:

One day, I was standing outside an underground station in London waiting for a friend, when I saw two men. One was sitting on the pavement. His clothes were old and dirty and had a hat in front of him. As people passed by, he said, “Can you give me some change, please?” A few people tossed some coins into the hat but most people ignored him. The other man was wearing a suit and holding a plastic petrol can. He stopped people and told them his car had run out of petrol and he had forgotten his wallet. He asked them to lend him some money for petrol. Most people happily gave him money. Some gave him coins, but most gave him notes. I watched him for ten minutes. In that time he collected a lot of money. He put it in his pocket, but he did not go to the petrol station. It became clear to me that both men were beggars. The one in the dirty clothes needed money more than the one in the suit. But the one in the suit was much more successful. Isn’t that strange? A. Answer the following questions:

1. Why was the writer standing outside the station? 2. Which man collected the most money? 3. Did the man in the suit really have a car which had run out of petrol? 4. What does the underlined pronoun “it” refer to?

194

UNIT 15

B. Choose the correct answer from a , b , c or d:

5. “Most people ignored him” means people .................. . a) shouted at him. b) refused to give any money. c) walked past without looking at him. d) moved quickly. 6. People .................. the second man’s story. a) didn’t believe b) believed c) doubted d) knew

7 Answer Only Four (4) of the following questions:

1. Mention two sorts of phobias and the way of their treatments? 2. What do we call the person who treats people with phobias? 3. How do you think some people with phobias can get over them? 4. How can the internet help in treating phobias? 5. phobias may affect people’s lives passively. Discuss. 6. Why do you think it takes a few sessions for patients to realize they do not need to be afraid?

The Novel (Gulliver’s Travels)

8 A) Answer the following questions:

1. How did Nancy find the hotel where Mrs. Maylie and Rose stay? 2. Whose address did Oliver show Rose? 3. Mr Grimwig was angry when he heard what Rose had said. Do you agree? Why? 4. What did Rose realise when she saw Mr. Brownlow? 5. In your opinion, was Sikes happy with Fagin’s visit? Why?

B) Read the following quotation, then answer the questions:

“ He is an evil man. He knows you and he knows you are here. That is how I found this hotel.” a) Who said this? To whom? b) How did the speaker know the place of the addressed? c) Why did the speaker think that the person they were talking about was an evil man? 195

UNIT 15

Phopias

Writing

9 Write a paragraph of (90) words about only one (1) of the following: 1. “Summer camps for students” 2. “Exam phobia”.

F Translation 10 A) Translate into Arabic:

1. Millions of people are suffering very badly from hunger in the poorer countries of the world. 2. No doubt that self-confidence is an essential factor in forming the human personality.

B) Translate into English:

.‫ تنفذ الحكومة كثيرا من المشروعات العظيمة لزيادة اإلنتاج ورفع مستوى المعيشة‬-

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