Higgs Boson

.................................................................................................................................................................... Ih¿tÃmdn

]n kn s_∂n

"A

c-\q-‰m-t≠mfw \o≠ a\pjy X - ] - - n-\p-ap-ºn¬ HSp-hn¬ ssZhIWw {]Xy-£-s∏-´p.'

Hcp {]apJ ae-bmf Zn\-∏{Xw Pqsse A©n\v {]kn-≤o-I-cn® {][m\ hm¿Ø-bpsS XpS°w Cßs\-bm-bn-cp-∂p. temI-sØ-ºm-Spap≈ ]{X-ßfpw Snhn Nm\-ep-Ifpw A∂v t{_°nMv \yqkmbn \¬InbXv P\o-h-bn¬ \S∂ IWn-Im-]co-£-W-sØ-°p-dn-®m-bn-cp-∂p. `mh\-bpw, imkv{X-hpw, XXz-Nn-¥-Ifpw Hcp-an®v tN¿Ø hm¿Ø-I-fn-eqsS

te°v IS°pw apºv \ap-s°m-c¬∏w ]nt∂m´v t]mImw. 1988 ¬ a\p-jys‚ imkv{X IuXp-IsØ A£-cm¿∞Øn¬ sXm´p-W¿Øn-s°m≠v Hcp ]pkvXIw ]pd-Øn-d-ßn. tIw{_nUvPnse eqt°m-kn-b≥ {]^-k-dmb, C∂p Pohn-®n-cn-°p∂ Xnb-d‰n°¬ `uXnI imkv { X- ⁄ - c nG‰hpw tIa-\mb, Ão^≥ tlmInßns‚ "F {_o^v lnÃdn Hm^v ssSw' F∂ ]pkvX-I-am-bn-cp-∂p AXv. {]]-t©m¬∏Øn kw_-‘n®p≈ At\I ka-ky-Iƒ°v km[mc-W-°m-c\v DØcw \¬Im-\p≈ {ia-ambn hnti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-´-XmWv B ]pkv X - I w. - N - c n- { X- Ø nse s_Ãv sk√- d p- I - f n¬ H∂mb

ln§vkv t_mtkmWnt\°dn®v kqN\ \¬Inb IWnIm ]co£WØns‚ bmYm¿∞apJw, ]t£ ssZhmkvXnIyØnte°mWv bYm¿YØnhnc¬Nq≠p∂Xv. lnKvkv t_mtkm¨ F∂ ssZhIWw P\-lr-Z-b-ßsf Iog-S-°n.

F¥mWo IWn-I-sbt∂m F¥mWo Ah-Im-ih - m-ZØ - ns‚ {]k-‡nsbt∂m ]e¿°pw a\- n-em-bn-s√¶nepw Ft¥m AXn-i-b-I-c-amb t\´w ssIh-cn®p F∂ [mcW s]mXpth D≠m-bn. GXm\pw Zi-I߃°v apºm-bn-cp∂psh¶n¬ imkv{X-am-kn-II - f - n¬ am{Xw CSw t\Spam-bn-cp∂ Hcp hm¿Øsb F¥nt\bpw BtLm-j-am°n am‰p∂ ka-Im-enI am[y-a-߃ \∂mbn am¿°‰v sNbvXp. Cu hm¿Ø-bpsS hni-Zmw-iß - f - n-

AXn\v Ah-Xm-cnI Fgp-Xn-bXv tIm¿W¬ k¿Δ-I-em-im-e-bnse Imƒ kmK≥ Bbn-cp-∂p. Ah-Xmcn- I - b n¬ Cßs\ hmbn- ° p- ∂ p.

"Cu ]pkvXIw ssZh-sØ-°p-dn®v IqSn-bm-Wv. As√-¶n¬ Hcp ]t£ ssZh-Øns‚ Akm-∂n-[y-sØ-°p-dn®p-≈Xv. CXns‚ F√m GSp-If - nepw ssZhw \nd-bp∂p. "Cu {]]© krjvSn-bn¬ ssZh-Øn\v Fs¥¶nepw sXc- s ™- S p∏v D≠m- b ncpt∂m' F∂ sF≥Ãos‚ {]i-kX v amb tNmZy-Øn\v DØcw Is≠Øm≥ tlmInßv ChnsS {ian-°pI-bm-Wv. ssZh-Øns‚ a\- -dn-bm-

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24

hgnbpw kXyhpw

Pqsse ˛ HmKÃv 2012

R߃ ssZhIWw I≠p]nSn®p..!

ssZhI-WØ - ns‚ s]mcpƒ tXSn \p≈ {]b-Xv\-am-Wn-hnsS ImWp-∂-Xv. Cu ]cn-{i-aØns‚ Ah-km\w ]t£ A{]-Xo-£n-X-am-Wv.. ""ÿe- Ime ]cn-an-Xn-I-fn-√m-Ø, XpS-°hpw HSp-°hp-an-√m-Ø ssZh-Øn\v H∂pw sNøm-\n-√mØ Hcp {]]©w!''

Imƒ kmKs‚ ^ntem-k^ - n-Ifpw Ão^≥ tlmInßns‚ [nj-Wbpw HØp-tN¿∂-t∏mƒ temIw Gsd {]Xo-£n-®p. IrXy-Xb - m¿∂Xpw \nbX-hp-amb DØ-c߃ sImXn-®p. F∂m¬ DØ-c-ß-tf-°mƒ tNmZyß-fmWv B ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ ImWp-∂-Xv. D]-kw-lmc-Øn¬ tlm-Inßv Cßs\ ]d-bp-∂p: ""CXp-hsc an°-hmdpw imkv{X-⁄∑ - m¿°v Cu {]]©w F¥psIm≠v F∂ tNmZyw tNmZn-°m≥ Ah-kcw e`n-®ncp-∂n-√. ImcWw Cu {]]©w F¥mWv F∂v hnh-

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Pqsse ˛ HmKÃv 2012

hgnbpw kXyhpw

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cn-°m≥ {ian-°p-Ib - m-bn-cp-∂p Ah¿. adp`mKØv F¥p- s Im≠v F∂ tNmZyw tNmZn® XXz- i m- k v { XnIƒ°m-Is´ imkv{X-]p-tcm-KXn a\ n-em-°m≥ km[n-®p-an-√. 19-˛mw \q‰m≠nse imkv { Xw Npcp°w hnZKv Z ¿°p am{Xw a\- n- e m- ° m≥ ]‰p∂ \ne-bn¬ kmt¶-Xn-Ihpw KWn-X-{]-[m-\-hp-ambn amdn. F√mh¿°pw a\- n- e m- h p∂ \ne- b nep≈ Hcp ka{K kn≤m¥w \mw Is≠-Øn-bm¬ XXz-⁄m\nIƒ°pw, imkv{X⁄-∑m¿°pw, km[mcW a\p-jy¿°pw F√mw Hcp-an®v F¥p-sIm≠v Cu {]]©w F∂ tNmZyw N¿®-sN-øm-\m-Ipw. AXns‚ D-Øcw \mw Is≠-Øn-bm¬ a\p-jyNn-¥-bpsS G‰hpw D∂-X-amb hnPb-am-bn-cn°pw AXv.Im-c-Ww- At∏mƒ \mw ssZh-Øn‚ v a\ v {Kln°pw.''

I≠p, I≠n√ 2012 Pqsse 4\v temI am[ya-

߃ BtLm-jam°n am‰nb alØmb I≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-tØ-°p-dn®v \ma-dn-™p. hmkvX-h-Øn¬ F¥mW-h¿ I≠Xv? ""Hcp IWnI Is≠Øn, ImgvN°v ln§vkv t_mtkmWns\t∏mse'' F∂mWv {]apJ Cw•ojv Zn\- ∏ {Xamb lnμp dnt∏m¿´v sNbvXX - v.

ImWm≥ Ign-bp∂ temI-Øn-\∏p-d-Øp≈ Imcy-ß-sf-°p-dn-®mWv Cu Kth-j-W-sam-s°-bpw. ImgvNbpsS temI-Ønse Imcy-߃ hniZo- I - c n- ° m≥ \ap- s °- f p- ∏ - a mWv .

F∂m¬ ImWm-\m-hmØhbpsS Imcyw ]d-bp-tºmƒ \ap°v Gsd ]cn-an-Xn-I-fp-≠v. \ap°v Adn-bp∂ Imcy-߃°v Xr]vXn-I-c-am-bp≈ hni-Zo-Ic - W - ß - ƒ \¬Im≥ {iaw \SØp-I-bm-Wn-hn-sS. hkvXp AYhm ]Zm¿∞w, ]ns∂ Du¿÷w˛ Cßs\ c≠v ASn-ÿm\ß-fmWv `uXn-I-{]-]-©-Øn-\p-≈Xv F∂v \ap-°-dn-bmw. ]Zm¿∞-߃ \n¿Ωn°-s∏-´Xv B‰-߃ sIm≠m-sW-∂pw \ap-°dn-bmw. B‰-߃°pw Xmsgbp≈ ASn- ÿ m\ IW- ß - f psS temIw k_v Bt‰m- a nIv Xew F∂m-W-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. B temIsØ-°p-dn®v ]d-bp-tºmƒ ]cn-an-XnIƒ A\n- h m- c y- a m- W v . B‰- s Øt∏mepw ImWm≥ a\p- jy- t \- { X߃°m-hn-√. At∏mƒ ]ns∂ B‰ßƒ°pw Xmsg-bp≈ ASn-ÿm-\I - W- ß - s f- ° p- d n®v ]d- b pI Gsd _p≤n-ap-´m-Wv.

Ãm≥tU¿Uv tamUIgn™ 70 ¬ ]cw h¿j-ßf - mbn Kth-jW \nco-£W - ß - f - n-eqsS cq]s∏- S p- Ø n- s b- S pØ Ãmt‚¿Uv tamU¬ BWv C∂v `uXnIimkv { X- t em- I - Ø ns‚ B[m- c - i n- e . `uXn-It- em-IØ - nse \nc-h[n {]Xn`m-kß - fpw bmYm¿∞y-ßfpw hfsc Xr]vXn-I-c-amb \ne-bn¬ hni-Zo-I-

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26

hgnbpw kXyhpw

Pqsse ˛ HmKÃv 2012

cn-°m≥ Cu amXr-I°v Ign-bp∂p F∂Xv hfsc {it≤-ba - m-Wv. Gsd k¶o¿Æ-amb Cu Ãm≥tU¿Uv tamU-ens\ A¬∏w eLqI-cn®v a\- n-em-°m≥ {ian-°mw. hkvXp-°ƒ B‰-߃sIm≠pw B‰ßƒ k_v Bt‰m- a nIv IW߃s°m≠pw \n¿Ωn-°s - ∏-´n-cn-°p∂p. Cu ASn-ÿm\ IW-߃ F{Xbp≠v F∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn®v \ap°v

Adn- b n- √ m- b n- c p- ∂ p. Bt‰m- a nI tI{μamb \yq¢n-b-kn¬ t{]mt´mWpw \yqt{SmWpw; AWp-tI-{μ-Øn\p-Np‰pw C-eI - vt{SmWp-Iƒ. CXmWv km[m-cW AWp-LS- \ - b - mbn ]d-bp∂-Xv. F∂m¬ k_v Bt‰m-anI IW-߃ hf-sc-b-[n-I-ap-≠v. Ãm≥tU¿Uv tamU¬ {]Imcw 12 Xcw ASn-ÿm\ k_v Bt‰m-anI IWß-fp-≠v. Cu IW-߃ tN¿∂v {Zhy-ap-≠m-Ip-tºmƒ AhnsS aq∂v Xcw Du¿÷-߃ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. i‡-amb \yq¢n-b¿ _ew, i‡nIp-d™ \yq¢n-b¿ _ew, sshZypX-Im-¥n-I-_ew (Strong Nuclear

em¿Pv lmt{Um¨ sImssf-U¿ (LHC) `qanbnse G‰hpw henb b{¥-amWv F¬ F®v kn ˛ G‰hpw k¶o¿Æhpw. kznkv ˛ {^m≥kv AXn¿Ønbn¬ `qan°Sn-bn¬ 100 ao‰¿ XmgvN-

bn¬ 27 Intem-ao-‰¿ Np‰-f-hnÿm]n-®n-cn-°p-∂- Zo¿Lhr-Øm-Ir-Xnbn-ep≈ Cu D]-Ic- W - Ø - ns‚ \nb{¥Ww P\oh Bÿm-\a- mb tkWn\m-Wv. A‰ve-kv, kn Fw. Fkv (Compact Muon Solinoid) F∂oßs\ c≠v ]co- £ - W - ß fmWv AhnsS \S-°p-∂-Xv. 2008 emWv F¬ F®v kn {]h¿Ø\w XpS-ßnb-X.v H≥]Xv Znh-kØ - n-\p-tijw Hcp s]m´n-sØdn \S-∂t- XmsS {]h-Ø\w \n¿Øn-sh-®p. {]h¿Ø\w ]p\-cmcw-`n-°m≥ Hcp h¿j-Øn-e-[nIw Ime-sa-Sp-Øp. Cu b{¥-Øns‚ am{Xw sNehv 300 tImSn bqtdm.

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Pqsse ˛ HmKÃv 2012

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force, Weak Nuclear Force and Electromagnetism) F∂n- h - b m- W - X v .

F∂m¬ \mem-a-sXmcp _ew IqSn {]]-©Ø - n-ep-≠v. \ap°v Gsd ]cnNn-X-amb Kpcp-Xzm-I¿j-W-_-e-amWXv. k_v Bt‰m- a nI IW- ß sf s]mXp- h n¬ c≠m- b n - X n- c n- ° mw. t_mtkm-Wp-Ifpw s^¿an-tbm-Wp-Ifpw. t_mtkm-Wp-I-fmWv _ew (i‡-am-bXpw i‡n-Ip-d-™-Xp-amb \yq¢n- b ¿ _e- h pw, sshZypX Im¥nI _e-hpw) ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p∂-Xv. s^¿an-tbm-Wp-If - m-Is´ {Zhyap-≠m-°p-∂p. s^¿an-tbm-Wp-Iƒ 6 Xcw Izm¿°p-Iƒ sIm≠mWv \n¿Ωn-®n-cn-°p∂- X v . Cu Izm¿°p- I ƒ XΩni‡-amb \yq¢n-b¿ _e-Øns‚ {]h¿Ø\w \S-°p-∂p-≠v. DZm-l-cW-Øn\v Izm¿°p-Iƒ tN¿∂p-≠mb

lmt{Um-Wp-I-fn-sem-∂mb, \ap°v Gsd ]cn-Nn-X-amb, \yqt{Sm-Wns‚ Imcy- s a- S p- Ø m¬ AXn¬ aq∂v Izm¿°p-I-fp-≠v. Ch XΩn¬ i‡amb \yq¢n-b¿ _e-Øm¬ _‘n°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. s^¿an-tbm-Wp-If - n¬ ({Z-hy-IW - ߃) Izm¿°p-Iƒ°v ]pdta 6 Xcw se]vt‰m-Wp-If - p-ap-≠v. Ce-Ivt{Sm¨ F∂p \mw hnfn-°p∂ k_v At‰manI IWw Hcp se]vt‰m¨ BWv. Hmtcm se]v t‰mWpw FXn-cmbn \yq{S-- nt\m-I-fp-≠v. hfsc sNdnb ]nWvU-ap-≈, AXy-[nI {]th-Kap≈ Du¿P-hm-lI IW-ß-fmWv \yq{Sn-t\m-Iƒ. Ch-bvs°√mw {]Xn{Zhy (antimatter) hI-t`-Zß - ƒ thsdbp- ≠ v . {]Xn- { Z- h yhpw {Zhyhpw XΩn¬ tN¿∂m¬ \in-®p-t]m-Ipw. (Annihilation Reaction) {Zhy-Øns‚ ÿm\Øv XØyp-ey-amb Af-hn¬

ssZh-an-√mØ IWw `mcw \¬Ip∂ t_mtkm- W ns‚ km∂n[yw ssk≤m-¥n-Ia- mbn {]kvXmhn-®Xv 1964 ¬ kvtIm´njv imkv{X⁄-\mb ]o‰¿ lnKvkpw Iq´p-Im-cpam-bn-cp-∂p.-]n¬°m-eØv t\m_kΩm-\-tP-Xm-hmb entbm¨ seU¿am≥ BWv AXns\ ssZh-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv. At±lw FgpXnb ]pkvXI - Ø - n¬ Cu IWn-Ib - psS ]nSn-In-´mØ khn-ti-jX hnh-cn-°m≥ God damn particle (\-in® IWn-I)F∂p hnfn-®n-cp-∂p. B ]pkvX-IØns‚ FUn-‰¿ Hcp hn]-W-\-X-{¥ambn ]pkvXI - Ø - ns‚ t]cv The God Particle - If universe is the answer, What is the question (ssZ-h-IWw: {]]©-amWv DØ-cs- a-¶n¬ F¥mWv tNmZyw)F∂m°n am‰n. AtXm-Sp-IqSnbmWv ssZhIWw F∂ t]cv {]kn-≤-am-b-Xv. F∂m¬ B t]cn-s\-°p-dn®v ]o‰¿ lnKv n\v aa-Xs- bm-∂p-an√ F∂-XmWv hmkvXh - w.

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hgnbpw kXyhpw

Pqsse ˛ HmKÃv 2012

sNehpIƒ iX- t Im- S n- I ƒ apS°n temI-Ønse G‰hpw henbXpw sNe-th-dn-b-Xp-amb ]co-£-W-im-e-bn¬ 5000 ¬]cw {]KXv` imkv{X⁄-∑m¿ t\cn-´pw, AXntesdt∏¿ ]tcm-£a- mbpw t\XrXzw \¬Ip- I bpw temI-Ønse G‰hpw anI® imkv { X em_p- I ƒ klm- b n- ° p- I bpw sNbvXv \S-Ønb Hcp ]co£Ww lnKvkv t_mtkm¨ F∂, ssIøn¬ \n∂pw hgp-Xn-t∏m-Ip-∂ ]c¬ ao\n-s\-°pdn®v Nne kqN-\-Iƒ am{Xw \¬Ip-tºmƒ Cu k¶o¿Æ-X-Iƒ apgp-h\pw \nb-{¥n-°m-s\m-cp -ssZhan-√msX XnI®pw bmZr-›nI-ambn \n¿Ωn-°s- ∏´p F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv Xs∂ kmam-\y-_p-≤n°v \nc-°p-∂-X-√.

Du¿÷w ]pd-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøpw.

DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v se]vt‰m-Wp-I-fnsem-∂mb Ce-Ivt{SmWpw ({Z-hy-IWw) AXns‚ {]Xn-{Z-hy -h-I-t`-Zamb t]mkn- t {SmWpw XΩnkwtbm-Pn-®m¬ Ah c≠pw \in-°pIbpw XØp- e y- a mb Af- h nDu¿÷w ]pdØph-cn-Ibpw sNøpw.

(CXv sF≥Ã-ns‚ {]kn-≤-amb E = MC2ka-hm-Iy-Øn\v A\p-kr-X-amWv) {Zhy-IW - ß - f - nse (lm-t{Um¨) Izm¿°p-Iƒ 6 Xc-ap-s≠∂v ]d-™t√m. \ap°v ]cn-Nb - a - p≈ lmt{UmWmb t{]mt´m-Wn¬ 3 Izm¿°p-If - p≠v. 2 A]v (up) Izm¿°p-Ifpw (Hmtcm-∂n\pw +2/3 Nm¿Pv) Hcp Uu¨ (down) Izm¿°pw (-˛1/3 Nm¿Pv). AXmbXv BsI t{]mt´m-Wns‚ BsI

Nm¿Pv +1. \yqt{Sm-Wn-\m-Is´ c≠v Uu¨ Izm¿°p-Ifpw Hcp A∏v Izm¿°p- a m- W p- ≈ - X v . AXm- b Xv \yqt{Sm-Wns‚ BsI Nm¿Pv ]qPyw. Ce-Itv {Sm-Wn-em-Is´ Izm¿°p-If - n-√. se]vt‰m-Wm-Wp-≈X - v.

ka-\zb {ia-߃ `uXnI imkv{X-Øn¬ ]e hn`mK-ßf - p-ap-s≠∂v \ap-°d- n-bmw. D∂X Du¿P-\n-e-Iƒ, Db¿∂ Kpcp-XzmI¿j-Ww, AXn-th-KX XpS-ßnb Imcy-ßs - f-°p-dn®v {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂ `uXnI imkv{X-im-J-bmWv Bt]£n-IX (Relativity). Hcp ImeØv ÿnc-am-sW∂v Icp-Xnb ]eXpw {]th-K-Øn\v (Velocity) A\p-kr-Xambn amdp-∂p-sh∂v (B-t]-£n-Iw) sF≥Ã-n≥ Is≠-Øn-bt- XmsSbmWv

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Bt]-£n-IXbpsS imJ {]k-‡am-b-Xv. Izm≠w ^nkvInkv F∂ as‰mcp imJ-bp-≠v. sNdnb IW-ßsf-°p-dn®pw Ah XΩn-ep≈ Du¿P ssIam-‰-sØ-°p-dn®pw {]Xn-]mZn°p∂ imJ-bm-WX - v. Izm≠w ^nknIvkn¬ Du¿P-X-e-߃°v IrXyamb Af-hp-I-fp-≠v. sNdnb Af-hpI-fnepw IrXy-amb CS-th-f-I-fnepw \S-°p∂ Du¿P CS-]m-Sp-If - mWv Cu imJbpsS {]Xn-]mZyw. Bt]-£nI-X-bpsS temIØv henb Afhnse {Zhyhpw Du¿÷hpw ]cn-KWn-°p-tºmƒ Izm≠w ^nkn-Ik v nhfsc sNdnb Af-hp-Ifpw Xeßfpw ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. Bt]£nIXbpsS temIØv Kpcp-XzmI¿j-W-_ew (Gravitation Force) {][m\ kzm[o\w sNep-Øp-tºmƒ Izm≠w taJ-eb - n¬ i‡n-bp-≈Xpw i‡n- I p- d - ™ - X p- a mb \yq¢n- b ¿ Du¿÷hpw, sshZyqX Im¥nI _ehpw (Electromagnetic energy) {][m\ kzm[o\w sNep-Øp-∂p.

Cu c≠v `uXn-I-imkv{Xhn-`m-Kßsf ka-\z-bn-∏n-°p∂ Hcp imkv{X-imJ C∂p-hsc cq]-s∏-Sp-Ønbn-´n-√. AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂ sNdp-IWn-II - sf D∂X Du¿÷-Øn-te-°pb¿Øn-bm¬ \S-°p∂ {]Xn-{]h¿Ø-\-ß-sf-°p-dn®v \ap°v Imcy-amsbm-∂p-a-dn-bn-√. e`y-amb Adn-hpIsf ASn-ÿm\ s∏Sp-Øn-bp≈ {]h-N-\-ßtf e`y-am-bn-´p-≈p. hm¿Ø-If - n¬ CSw t\Snb IWn-Im-]c - o£Ww \S-Ønb em¿Pv lmt{Um¨ sImssf-U¿ (LHC) sNdp-IW - ß - sf D∂X Du¿P-Øn-te-°p-b¿Øn Iq´nbn- S n- ∏ n®v Kth- j Ww \S- Ø p∂ kwhn-[m-\a - m-Wv.

DØcw tXSp∂ kaky t_mtkm-Wp-Ifpw (Du¿Pw) s^¿an-tbm-Wp-Ifpw ({Z-hyw) Dƒs∏-´X - mWv IWn-II - f - psS temIw F∂p-]d- ™ p-

h-t√m. C\n t_mtkm-Wp-I-sf-°pdn®v ]d-bmw. \ap-t°-‰hpw ]cn-N-bap≈ t_mtkm-WmWv t^mt´m¨ ({]-Imi IWw). t_mtkm-Wp-Iƒ Du¿PIW- ß - f mW.v Ahbv ° v ]nWvU(-`m-cw)-an-√. AtX-k-abw Izm¿°p-Iƒ°pw se]vt‰m-Wp-Iƒ°pw ]nWvUa - p-≠v. {]Im-iØ - n-\n√; Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wn-\p-≠v. F¥p-sIm≠v?

F¥p-sIm≠v Nne-I-Wn-I-Iƒ°v `mc-ap-≠?v a‰p-Nn-eX - n-\n√? Hcp IWnI-bpsS ]nWvU-Øns‚ Af-hns\ \nb- { ¥n- ° p- ∂ - s X- ¥ mWv ? Cu tNmZy-߃°v DØcw \¬Im-\mbn {ian® imkv{X-⁄≥am-cn¬ {]apJ-\m-bn-cp∂p ]o‰¿ lnKvkv. At±lw a‰p Nne-tcmSv tN¿∂v 1960 Ah-Xc - n-∏n® kn≤m-¥a - mWv lnKvkv t_mtkm- W p- I - f psS {]h¿Ø\ kn≤m-¥w. lnKvkv t_mtkm-Wp-Iƒ F∂ k_v Bt‰m-anI IW-߃ {]]©w apgp-h-\pap-s≠-∂pw AhbpsS ]cn-[n-bn¬ hcp∂ IW-߃°v ]nWvUw \¬Im≥ Ah-bv°mIp-sa-∂pw ]o‰¿ lnKvkv ]d-™p.

Aßs\ kI-e-Øn\pw ]nWvUw (`mcw) \¬Ip∂ IW-߃ F∂ \ne-bn¬ lnKvkv t_mtkm-Wp-Iƒ Adn-bs - ∏-´p. Nne-cX - ns\ ssZh-IW - ߃ F∂pw hnfn-®p. ssk≤m-¥nI-amb sXfn-hp-Iƒ Ds≠-¶nepw lnKvkv t_mtkm¨ ]co-£-W-ime-bn¬ CXp-hsc Is≠-Øn-bn-´n√.

AXn-\p≈ {ia-amWv Ign™ Nne amk-ß-fmbn P\o-h-bnse LHCtI{μo-Ic - n®v \S-∂Xpw GI-tZiw Dd∏m-bX - pw. \mep-Xcw ASn-ÿm\ _e-ßfn¬ t_mtkm-Wp-Iƒ°v Imcy-amb ]¶p \n¿h-ln-°m-\p-≠v. Cet{Œm amK-\ v ‰ - nIv (ssh-ZypX Im¥n-I) _eØn\v ]cn[n A\-¥-am-Wv. AhbpsS {]h¿Ø\w t^mt´m-Wp-Iƒ F∂p hnfn-°p∂ t_mtkm-Wp-IfmWv \nb-{¥n-°p-∂-Xv. {]Imiw,

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FIvkv sd, Kmam-sd, tdUn-tbm, samss_¬ t^m¨, Snhn XpS-ßnb-hb - psS Xcw-Kß - s - f√mw CXn-\p-Zml-cW - ß - f - m-W.v i‡n-tb-dnb \yq¢nb¿ _ew \yqt{Sm¨, t{]mt´m¨ XpS-ßn-b-h-bn-emWv ImWp-∂-Xv. Ah-bn¬ •qthm-Wp-Iƒ (Gluon) F∂ t_mtkmWpw i‡n-Ip-d™ \yq¢n-b¿ _e-Øns‚ a≤y-ÿ-∑mcmbn W,Z t_mtkm- W p- I fpw {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p.

Kpcp-Xzm-I¿j-W_ - e - Ø - n-\v a≤yÿw hln-°p-∂-Xmcv F∂v Ct∏mgpw hy‡a√. {Kmhn-t‰m-Wp-Iƒ (Graviton) F∂ t_mtkm-Wp-Ifmhpw Ah F∂v Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p.

IWn-Im-]c- o-£Ww ]Zm¿∞-Øn\v ]nWvUhpw X¬^-e-ambn `mchpw \¬Ip∂ ASnÿm-\-I-W-ßsf Is≠-Øm-\p≈ ]co-£W - a- mWv IWnIm ]co-£W - w.

AXm-bXv lnKvkv t_mtkm-Wp-Iƒ F∂ ssZh-I-WsØ tXSn-bp≈ At\z-jW - w.

B¬]vkv ]¿Δ-X\ - n-cI - f - psS ASnbn¬ `qan-°p-Io-gn¬ Xøm-dm-°nb 27 Intem-ao-‰¿ \of-ap≈ LHCbnepw Ata-cn-°-bpsS s^¿an-em-_n-epamWv Cu ]co-£-W-߃ \S-∂-Xv. bqtdm- ] y≥ Hm¿K- s s\- t k- j ≥ t^m¿ \yq¢n-b¿ dnk¿®v tk¨ (CERN) BWv CXns‚ \S-Øn-∏pIm¿. Ah¿ c≠v Soap-I-fmbn ]co£-W-߃ \S-Øn. lmt{Um-Wp-IfpsS Iq´-Øn¬s∏-Sp∂ t{]mt´m-WpIsf AXoh {]th-KØ - n¬ XzcWw sNøn-∏n®v Iq´n-bn-Sn-∏n®mWv ]co£Ww \S-Øn-bXv. {]Im-i-th-KtØm-SpØ {]th-K-Øn¬ \S-Ønb Iq´n-bn-Sn-bn¬ lnKvkv t_mtkm-Wns‚ km∂n[yw Gsd-°psd sXfnbn-°m≥ Ign-™p. lnKvkv IW߃°v A¬∏- m bpt D≈q. sk°‚ns‚ ]Xn-\m-bn-c° - W - ° - n\v

lnKvkpw, t_mkpw ]ns∂ C¥ybpw C∂v temI-{]-i-kvX-amb t]cmbn lnKvkv t_mtkm¨ Xocp-tºmƒ B t]cnse t_mtkm¨ F∂ hm°v C¥y°v Ah-Im-is- ∏-´X - m-W.v C¥y≥ imkv{X-⁄\ - mb ktXy-{μ-\mYv t_mkv 1924 ¬ ssk≤m- ¥ nI cq]w \¬In Ah-X-cn∏n® t_mkv ˛ G≥Ão≥ Ãm‰nkv‰nIvkv BWv Cu I≠p- ] n- S nØ-Øns‚ ASnÿm-\w. Izm≠w _e-X{- ¥-Ønse ASn-ÿm-\-amb ÿnXn-hn-h-c-°-W°p- I ƒ Xøm- d m- ° nb ktXy- { μt_mkv AXv Hcp {]_-‘a- mbn Hcp {_n´ojv tP¿W-en\v Ab®p-sIm-SpØp. F∂m-eh - ¿ AXv ]cn-KW - n-°pItbm {]kn- ≤ o- I - c n- ° p- I tbm sNbvXn-√.

AXns‚ Hcp {]Xn B¬{_´v sF≥Ão\v Ab-®p-sIm-Sp-Øt- ∏mƒ At±-l-Øn\v t_mkns‚ kn≤m-¥Øns‚ {]k‡n DS≥ t_m[y-am-bn. ]n¬°m- e Øv ASn- ÿ m\ IWßsf c≠mbn Xncn-®-t∏mƒ _ew ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p∂ k_v Bt‰m-anI IW-߃°v t_mtkm-Wp-Iƒ F∂p t]cp- \ ¬In. ktXy- { μ- t _mkns‚ I≠p-]n-Sn-ØsØ B[m-cam°n Kth-jWw \S-Ønb ]e¿°pw ]n¬°m-eØv t\m_¬k-Ωm\w e`n-®p. -kz¥w t]cnse IW-߃ BtKmf {]ikvXn t\Sp-∂-Xp-ImWm≥ t_mkn-\m-bn-√. F∂m¬ ]o‰¿ lnKvkv Cu ]co-£Ww \S∂ LHC bn¬ k∂n-ln-X-\mbn-cp∂p. -

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tImSn Awi-Øn-\p-≈n¬ AXv a‰p cq]-ß-fmbn amdpw. Iq´n-bn-Sn-°ptºmƒ t{]mt´mWp-Iƒ°p≈nse Izm¿°p- I fpw •qthm- W p- I fpw th¿s]-Sp-Ibpw lnKvkv IW-ßf - psS km∂n[yw \nco-£W tamWn-‰d - nsXfn-bp-Ibpw sNøpw. c≠v Soap-I-fn-embn 5100 Hmfw imkv{X-⁄-∑m¿ Cu ]co-£WØn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Øn-cp-∂p. lnKvkv t_mtkm-Wns‚ km∂n-[y-Øn-\p≈ ]›m-Øe - - sX-fn-hp-If - mWv Ct∏mƒ e`y-am-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. 100% sXfnhv Ct∏mgpw e`n-®n-´n√ Ft∂m¿°-Ww.

I≠Xpw ImWm-ØXpw Nne am[y-a-߃ {]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂Xp-t]mse lnKvkv t_mtkm¨ {]Xy-£s - ∏-´pthm? Aß-s\-sbmcp Ah- I m- i - h mZw tk¨ t]mepw Db¿Øp-∂n√ F∂-XmWv hmkvXhw. Cu ]co-£-W-Øn¬ I≠-Xpt]m-se-bp≈ ImgvNI - ƒ ]e-t∏mgpw ImWp-∂h - b - m-W.v h√msX Bthiw sIm≈m≥ hc-s´, CXv Cu \q‰m≠ns‚ I≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-sam-∂p-a-√.

Cu ]d-bp-∂Xv LHC bpsS h‡mhv Xs∂-bmb sPbnwkv Kn√nkv BWv. "Hcp km[m-c-W-°m-cs‚ `mj-bn]d-™m¬ \maXv Is≠-Øn. F∂men-sXmcp \o≠-bm-{X-bpsS XpS°w am{X-am-Wv. GXv hgn°v bm{X XpSc-W-sa∂v Ct∏mƒ hy‡-am-bn.' tk¨ ta[mhn t\ƒ^v lyqh-dns‚ Af∂p Xq°n-bp≈ hm°p-I-fnBth-i-tØ-°m-tfsd bmYm¿∞yamWv sXfn-bp-∂X - v.

sXfn-bp-∂Xpw sXfn-bm-ØXpw C\n lnKvkv t_mtkm¨ {]Xy£-s∏´p F∂p Xs∂ k¶¬∏n-°pI. F¥mWv AXv sXfn-bn-°p-∂Xv? Nne tI{μ-߃ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂Xpt]mse almhnkvt^mS\w (Big Bang) Øns‚ sXfn-hmbn lnKvkv

t_mtkm-Wns‚ km∂n[yw Xocptam? Hcn-°-ep-an√! ssk≤m-¥n-Iambnt∏mepw alm- h n- k v t ^m- S - \ Øn\v _e-ta-Im≥ Cu I≠p-]n-SnØ-Øn-\m-In√ F∂-XmWv hmkvXhw. lnKvkv t_mtkm¨ Ds≠∂v sXfn-™m¬ Xs∂ AXn-\m¬ almhn-kvt^m-S\w \S∂p F∂p Fßs\ Dd-∏m-°m-\mIpw? {Zhyw H∂pIn¬ X\ntb D≠mbn hcn-Itbm As√-¶n¬ {Zhyw \nXy-ambn D≠mbn-cn-°p-Itbm sNbvXmte alm-hnkvt^m-S\w \S-°p-I-bp-≈q. (Cu c≠p km[yX-If-nepw kvt^mS\w \S-°-W-sa-∂v bmsXmcp \n¿_-‘hp- a n√!) lnKv k v t_mtkm¨ Ds≠∂v h∂m¬ Xs∂ Cu c≠v km[y- X bpw \S- ° - W - s a- ∂ n- √ . temI-Ønse {]Xn-`mkßsf \nb{¥n- ° p∂ imkv { X- \ n- b - a - ß ƒ lnKvkv t_mtkm-Wn-s\m∏w X\nsb cq]-s∏-Sptam? adp-h-iØv Hcp almhn-kvt^m-S\ - s - Ø-°p-dn®v Nn¥n-°ms\-¶nepw km[n-°-W-sa-¶n¬ Cu ASn-ÿm\ IW-߃ D≠mtb Xocp. a‰p hm°p-I-fn¬ ]d-™mCXp-hsc imkv{Xob hgn-I-fn-eqsS {]mcw-`-am-bn-t∏mepw sXfn-bn-°m≥ Ign-bmØ Hcp hnZqc km[y-Xbv°p XS- - a mbn apºn- e p- ≠ m- b n- c p∂ _lp-iXw XS- -ß-fn¬ tIhew Hcp Imcy- s Ø- ° p- d n®v ]d- b m≥ Ipd®p A\p-am-\-߃IqSn e`n®p F∂p am{Xw. lnKvkv t_mtkmWn\v AXn-e-∏pdw H∂pw \¬Im\n√. am[ya-߃ hym]-Ia - mbn dnt∏m¿´v sNbvXXp-t]mse alm-hn-kvt^mS-\Ø - n-\p-ti-ja - p-≠mb kml-Ncyw ]p\:krjvSn-°m≥ LHC °v Ign-bn√. Ct∏mƒ Hcp Imcyw kw`-hn®p F∂p h∂m¬Xs∂ ap≥Im-e-ßfnepw Aßs\ \S∂p F∂p ]dbm-\m-In-√. C∂v a\p-jy\v _lncm-Im-iØvt]mbn aSßn hcm≥ Ign-

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"BZn-bn¬ ssZhw BImihpw `qanbpw krjvSn-®p' F∂ ⁄m\-Øns‚ \n[nsbm-fn∏n® "A\\y' {]kvXm-h-\sb Ah-K-Wn®m¬ ]n∂-sb-ßs\ "ssZh-Øns‚ a\ v {Kln°m≥' a\p-jy-\m-Ipw.

bpw. c≠v \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°v apºpw Aßs\ km[n-°p-am-bn-cp∂p F∂v -AXn\v A¿∞-an-√-t√m.

CXn-s\mcp adp-h-i-ap-≠v. IWnIm-]-co-£-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Imcy-߃ \ap°v {]]-©-sØ-°pdn-®p≈ Adn-hp-Iƒ h¿≤n-∏n-®p-Xcp- ∂ p. Ãmt‚¿Uv tamU- e ns‚ C\nbpw XnI-thmsS hni-Zo-Ic - n-°m\m-hmØ ]eXpw˛ Kpcp-Xzm-I¿jWw, `mcw F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ Adn-hp-Iƒ ˛ hni-Z-am-°m≥ Cu ]co-£W - ß - ƒ klm-bI - a - m-Ipw.

Ahkm\w XpS-ßn-bn-S-ØpXs∂ XpS-ßn-bn-SØp Xs∂ Ah-km\n-°pI F∂ sshNn{Xyw IWnIm ]co-£-W-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ hmkvX-h-ambn. Ão^≥ tlmInßv h¿j-߃°p-apºv ]d-™Xvsh®v \ap-t°m¿Ωn-°mw. F¥p-sIm≠v F∂v hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ DZy-an-®n´v F¥mWv F∂p ImWn-°m≥ {ian°p-∂p. imkv{X⁄¿°pw km[m-c-W°m¿°pw Hcp-t]mse a\- n-emhp∂ \ne-bn¬ ]d™ "BZn-bnssZhw BIm-ihpw `qanbpw krjvSn®p' F∂ ⁄m\-Øns‚ \n[n-sbmfn∏n® "A\\y' {]kvXm-h-\sb Ah- K - W n- ® m¬ ]n∂- s b- ß s\ "ssZh-Øns‚ a\ v {Kln-°m≥' a\p-jy-\m-Ipw. AXn\v ssZh-I-WsØ-b-√, ssZhsØØs∂ a\pjy≥ ImtW≠n-bncn-°p∂p. ssZhsØ IqSmsX {]]t©m¬∏Ønsb hniZoIcn°p∂XmWv imkv{Xw F∂ sX‰n≤mcWbn¬ GXp Is≠ØepIsfbpw ImcyadnbmsX Iq´p]nSn°pIbmWv a\pjy¿.

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