Poultry Planner_July_2021

JULY 2021

MONTHLY BILINGUAL

R.N.I. 71668/1999

Title Code HARBIL00563

Vol. 23 | No. 07 | July - 2021

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The situation has deteriorated to the point where India has now transformed from a major producer to importer of chicken and chicken products, including eggs. In the face of all these

OUR TEAM Vishal Rai Gupta Managing Director vishal@pixie.co.in Bhavana Gupta Editor-in-Chief editor.pcsl@gmail.com Siddhi Gupta Co-Editor Priyanka Patlan Co-Editor poultry.pcsl@gmail.com M: 999 170 5007 Sajjad Mahdi Business Executive poultry.pcsl@gmail.com M: 999 170 5005

HONORARY EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Mr. G.K. Rathinam Palani Tk, Dindugul Dist, Tamil Nadu Dr. J Tamizhkumaran M.VSc., PGDEP., Ph.D. (Ph. D in Veterinary & Animal Husbandry Extension Education) Mr. S.S Rathore (MVSc Poultry Science IVRI, Izatnagar) Dr. Manisha Singodia (MVSc Poultry Science, Jaipur) Dr. Annada Das (Ph. D Scholar, WBUAFS, Kolkata) Dr. M. Arul Prakash (MVSc Assistant Professor, Tanjore) Dr. B.L. Saini (Ph. D ICAR, Izatnangar) Dr. Bilawal Singh (MVSc, Assistant Professor Ludhiana)

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difficulties, it is very encouraging to know that there are some local entreoreneurs who are still engaged in the poultry business with the view to rescuing it from total collapse. The tasks has, however, been very daunting, given the high rate of importation of cheap poultry products, making it difficult for local poultry farmers to compete favorable. Over the years, poultry farmers have had cause to raise concern over their predicament but it appears nothing has been done to address their worries. It is for this reason that the Poultry Planner appeals to the government and the Ministry of Food and Agriculture in particular ro intervene and salvage the poultry industry from its present challenges. We urge the government to provide incentive packages for poultry farmers, such as support for those who import poultry feed and other inputs, so that those items can be obtained at affordable prices. Even under the dictates of a free market enterprise, it is imperative for the government to control the importation of cheap poultry products through appropriate tariff regimes qith the view to protecting operators in the local poultry industry and making them mor competitive. We also encourage commercial banks to give favorable responese to the funding of the poultry industry by devising innovative products to meet the needs of poultry farmers. The compelling need for such interventions to restore the vibrancy of the poultry industry is the prospect of creating thousands of jobs for the youth in the country, which will also help realize the government’s dream of reducing the rate of unemployment. Our poultry industry has suffered neglect for far too long and it is time to rescue ut from total collapse and male it vibrant once again. Besides the business opportunities that the industry will create, a vibrant poultry sector will help improve the protein needs of the people, especially children. The Poultry Planner therefore, appeals to the authorities to put in place the necessary interventions to attracts more investment to the poultry sector.

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Editorial Policy is independent. Views expressed by authors are not necessarily held by the editors.

Registered as Newspaper by Registrar of Newspaper for India : RNI No. 71668/1999, Tittle Code HARBIL00563 Editorial & Advertisement may not be reproduced without the written consent of the publishers.

Whilst every care is taken to ensure the accuracy of the contents of Poultry Planner the publishers do not accept any responsibility or liability for the material herein.

Publication of news, views of information is in the interest of positive poultry industrial development in India. It does not imply publisher’s endorsement.

Unpublished material of industrial interest, not submitted elsewhere, is invited.

The submitted material will not be returned.

Publisher, Printer Mrs. Bhavana Gupta on behalf of Pixie Publication India (P) Ltd. Karnal Printed at Jaiswal Printing Press, Railway Road, Karnal Published at : C/o OmAng Hotel, Namaste Chowk, Near Janta Petrol Pump, KARNAL - 132001 (Haryana) INDIA Editor-in-Chief : Mrs. Bhavana Gupta All Legal matters are subject to karnal jurisdiction

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Index

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Alura Animal Health & Nutrition

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Blueline Foods

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CHR Hansen

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Huvepharma

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Natural Herbs

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Natural Remedies

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Pixie Consulting Solutions Ltd.

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Proteon Pharmaceuticals

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Sai Krishna Poultry Equipments

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Vaksindo Animal Health Pvt. Ltd. Venky’s

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The Effects of Phytogenic Feed Additives (naturogen-510) on Performance

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by Gina Medina, L. Jungbauer and K. Wendler, Delacon Biotechnik, Steyregg, Austria and C.W. Kang

“Mycotoxicosis” A new approach to control Dr. Yogesh Paharia

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Phage Therapy as a New Hope Justyna Andrysiak

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THERE ARE NO LIMITS TO WHAT YOU CAN ACCOMPLISH, EXCEPT THE LIMITS YOU PLACE ON YOUR OWN THINKING. BRIAN TRACY

Chr. Hansen Expands Its business Into Indian Livestock Chr. Hansen

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Ventri Biologicals

Articles...

Getting in The Chicken Mind and Understanding Poultry Behavior For Production.

Nazir Ahmed

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ENDOBAN® Effect of supplementing EndoBan to the feed on the performance of broilers Jesse Stoops, Amit Kumar Patra, Geert Van de Mierop

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Press Release Currently Trending Report : Managing raw material prices in uncerain and volatile business environments

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National Annual Poultry Development Day 2021

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"Webinar on Hedging Price Volatility of Feed Ingredients using Commodity Derivatives" ...

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DSM-Novozymes Alliance Launches its ...

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The Journey from Rs 5 lakh to Rs 470 Cr:.. - Anmol Feeds

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BIOMIN Announces Participation in €10M Research ...

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Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.07 | July - 2021

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Article

Chr. Hansen Expands Its business Into Indian Livestock Discover how good bacteria in livestock farming can improve animal health and feed conversion, through Chr. Hansen's science based sustainable solutions.

Chr. Hansen is a global, differentiated bioscience company that develops natural ingredient solutions for the food, nutritional, pharmaceutical and agricultural industries. Uniquely positioned to drive positive change through microbial solutions, Chr. Hansen has worked for over 145 years to enable sustainable agriculture, fewer additives and healthier living for more people around the world.

C h r. H a n s e n ' s m i c r o b i a l a n d fermentation technology platforms, including a broad and relevant collection of around 40,000 microbial strains, have game-changing potential. Matching customer needs and global trends, Chr. Hansen continues to unlock the power of good ba c t e r i a t o re s p o n d t o g l o ba l challenges such as food waste, global health and the overuse of antibiotics and pesticides. As the world's most sustainable biotech company, Chr. Hansentouches the lives of more than 100 Crore people every day. Driven by

its legacy of innovation and curiosity to pioneer science, the Company's purpose – To grow a better world.

Naturally. – is at the heart of everything that Chr. Hansen does.

Fig 1Chr. Hansen of fers natural solutions at every step of the value chain from farm to fork. With its probiotic range,the Company contributes to several parts of animal protein delivery chain.

Fig 3 Chr. Hansen Mumbai Office

Pioneering science Backed by more than 145 years of innovation and its curiosity to pioneer, Chr. Hansen constantly seeks to anticipate global trends. This is put into action at its major research facilities in Denmark and 19 application and development centres worldwide, including one in Pune, India where Chr. Hansen works closely with customers to bring new exciting products to the market and advance fermentation beyond the borders we (We as in “mankind”, not Chr. Hansen) know today.

Chr. Hansen India was established in 2004.With itsregional office in Mumbai and more than 40employees, Chr. H a n s e n h a s p ro ve n a va l u a b l e innovation partner to many of India's leading dairies and nutraceutical companies over the past 17 years, and Chr. Hansen collaboration with leading industry players is well acknowledged.

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Fig 2 Chr. Hansen Mumbai office

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Fig 4 Chr. Hansen interacting with customers.

Closer and direct contact with the customers Chr. Hansen has now taken the decision to enter directly into the livestock sector in India with itsinnovative probiotic solutions for the poultry and dairy markets.This decision is in linewith Chr. Hansen's approach to be directly present in the market with itsown probiotic products.With the flagship probiotic products por tfolio, namely the GalliPro® and SiloSolve® brands, (the GalliPro® and SiloSolve® brands,) Chr. Hansen sets out to have a closer and more direct contact with customers, demonstratingitstechnical and Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.07 | July - 2021

scientific competences.There is an increasing awarenesswithin the livestock sector of the need to optimise health and well-being of the animals to improve performance and toreduce the need for antibiotic inter vention in production. Chr. Hansen is perfectly positioned to tap into this trend as the probiotic partnerof-choice to the feedmillers and farmers.Moreover, Chr. Hansenis actively supporting the industr y through its recentcollaborationwith b o t h t h e C L F M A a n d I N FA H organisations.

Strong global network at the customers' service With its own global network of laboratories, as well as many 3rd party partnerships,Chr. Hansenis strongly positioned to demonstrate the efficacy of its probiotic por tfoliofor customers.This is further supported by a strong centralised innovation team in Europe, where more than Chr. Hansen 300 scientists are working specifically

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on the different platforms of microbial research and development.

Strain differentiationbacked back solid science, mode of action and commercial viability are critical to the success of a probiotic application.

This is where Chr. Hansen raises the bar in the world of microbial solutions and supports its customers with extensive scientific and technical proof of its specific probiotic strain combinations. As the Company says, “Strain Matters” and this will be a topic that Chr. Hansen will address in more detail very soon.

Sustainability in 2019, an Indian award that is regarded as a benchmark of excellence worldwide.

Such recognition is a great tribute to all the sustainability efforts by the Company and a result of its many collaborative partnerships with its customers. Chr. Hansen believes that a sustainable future is achievable if they continue to develop natural and innovative solutions for generations to come.

Working for a sustainable future Sustainability is key strategic focus forChr. Hansen and the Company has been listed for four consecutive years onthe Global 100 Most Sustainable Companies by Corporate Knights. In 2019 and 2020, Chr. Hansen ranked no.1 and 2 respectively.The Company was also recognised with the Golden Peacock Global Award for

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Fig 5In 2019 and 2020, Chr. Hansen ranked no. 1 and 2, respectively, on Corporate Knights' list "Global 100 Most Sustainable Companies” in the world. Today Chr. Hansen is recognized as the world's most sustainable biotech company.

Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.07 | July - 2021

Article

The Effects of Phytogenic Feed Additives (naturogen-510) on Performance

by Gina Medina, L. Jungbauer and K. Wendler, Delacon Biotechnik, Steyregg, Austria and C.W. Kang, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea.

For Further information Please contact: Dr. Parag P Mahadik - 09421691240 Venkys india Ltd – Venkateshwara House, S. No. 114/A/2, Sinhagad Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411030

The poultr y industr y today faces challenges such as rising feed and production costs apart from the demand of being one major source of animal protein in response to the growing global human population in the perspective of food safety and security.

The ban on the use of in-feed antibiotics in Europe has influenced the increasing awareness of the consumers for food safety and health risk. Documented negative effects of using antibiotic growth promoters in feed triggered the continuous evaluation of in-feed natural growth promoter as an alternative. For the last 10 years, the studies on the use and benefits of natural products in the animal industry increased significantly.

Phytogenic feed additives (PFA) are products of plant-origin that includes herbs, spices, essential oils and other plant extracts. PFA are known to stimulate digestive processes and to improve gut health. Increased nutrient digestibility is reflected in better animal performance.

Different effects of PFA compounds like antioxidative properties (especially monoterpenes thymol and carvacrol, flavonoids, anthcycanes), antimicrobial actions (phenolic compounds being the prin- cipal active components), growth promoting efficacy (for example stabilising feed hygiene, by affecting the ecosystem of gastrointestinal microbes, improving digestibility) and improvement of flavour and palatability of feed are reported for broilers.

In several publications Awaad et al.

(2010), Jafari et al. (2009) and Liu et al.

(2010) show positive effects of plants and plant extracts on the immune response and antibody titers to NDV of

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broilers. The aim of the study was to determine the effects of phytogenic feed additive (Naturogen- 510) on zootechnical performance, immune response and nutrient digestibility in broilers.

Parameters measured were feed intake, body weight, feed conversion ratio, mortality, Newcastle disease virus antibody titer and protein and energy digestibility.

Materials and methods

Broilers were inoculated with commercially available live NDV vaccine by intra- muscular injection on the 14th day of the experiment.

A total of 840 male day-old Ross 308 male broilers were randomly distributed to four experimental treatments based on a 2x2 factorial design, s u p p l e m e n t a t i o n of c o m m e r c i a l phytogenic feed additive (Naturogen510) and the recommended and reduced dietary nutrient levels respectively.

Each treatment was replicated seven times with 30 broilers per replicate. The birds were fed with corn/soy starter (121 days) and finisher (22-35 days) mash rations for 35 days based on the following treatments: Ÿ

Basal/control diet (T1).

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Diet with reduced nutrient level (T2).

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T1 plus 150g of phytogenic feed additive (T3).

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T2 plus 150g of phytogenic feed additive.

Blood was taken from the jugular vein from two weeks after injection. Serum samples were analyzed for anti-NDV antibody titers by ELISA with commercial kits, following the manufacturer's directions.

Feed samples were analyzed for nutritional content. Data were analyzed using a randomized complete block design following GLM procedure of SAS and statistical signifi- cance at P £0.05.

Table 1. results.

Zootechnical performance

The nutritional matrix of the tested PFA was considered in the formulation of the reduced nutrient density diet. Feed and water were provided ad libitum.

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Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.07 | July - 2021

Table 3. Approximate calculated nutritional content of the starter and finisher diets.

control groups to 1.80 ± 0.05g/g (5%) in the groups with PFA on day 35.

The results supported other studies

reduced nutrient density diets increased the amount of antibody by 12.2% and 21.5%, respectively.

Similarly, the same positive effect on mortality was reflected in diets with the PFA as shown on Table 3. The results demonstrated that PFA added to broiler diets can enhance immunological activity.

Liu et al. (2010) showed that the addition of plant extracts (Radix astragali, Radix codonopis, Herba epimedii, Radix gly- cyrrizae) to the drinking water improved immune response and increased antibody titers to NDV.

Results and discussion The overall zootechnical performance effect on body weight, daily gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio are shown on Table 1.

The treatment diets with PFA (T3 and T4) showed numerically higher final body weight than diets without PFA (T1 and T2) by 1.9% and 2.5% respectively.

Reduction on nutrient density level low- ered feed intake and daily we i g h t g a i n w h i c h re s u l te d i n significantly better feed conversion ratio (T1 vs T2). The addition of commercial PFA product either at the recommended /normal basal diet or at reduced nutrient density diet ( Ta b l e 3 ) s h o w e d s i g n i fi c a n t improvement in feed conversion ratio after 35 days by 5.2% and 4.2% respectively. The higher protein digestibility and energy availability on diets supplemented with PFA either at recommended or reduced nutrient density as reflected in (Table 2) might contribute to the better body weight and FCR. An overall statistical analysis has shown that the addition of tested PFA (Naturogen-510) significantly improved (p=0.006) feed conversion ratio from 1.89±0.09g/g in the

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conducted demonstrating the beneficial effect of phytogenic feed additives. PFA have shown to stimulate secretion of digestive juices, enhances activity of digestive enzymes and reduces intesti-nal ammonia formation. The increased secretion of

digestive enzymes might improve nutrient breakdown and thus, increase a va i l a b i l i t y a n d a b s o r p t i o n of nutrients.

Table 4. Effect on antibody titer and mortality.

Based on the blood serum analysis for antibody titer against Newcastle disease virus, the addition of tested PFA at both control/basal diet and

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Awaad et al. (2010) showed that eucalyp- tus and peppermint oils are able to implement humoral immune response in chicks against ND. While Jafari et al. (2009) reported that the addition of fresh garlic to broiler diets has the potential to increase serum gglobuline in broilers vaccinated against common broiler pathogens.

Conclusion This study has shown the beneficial and promising effects of phytogenic feed additive (Natutogen-510) on zootechnical performance, immune response and nutrient digestibility in broiler production.

References are available from the author on request

Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.07 | July - 2021

Article

“Mycotoxicosis” A new approach to control Mycotoxicosis is the consequence of i n g e s t i o n of g r a i n s o r f o r a g e containing toxic metabolites produced by certain fungi. Fungi that produce toxins often do so only under specific conditions of warmth, moisture and humidity. Factors that adversely affect plants or their seeds (grains) often influence mycotoxin production. Mycotoxins can develop in field grains, damaged grains or improperly stored feeds.

Mycotoxins are toxic metabolites that synthesized by a variety of fungal species and can be produced in feed, feedstuffs and foods in suitable c o n d i t i o n s , s u c h a s m o i s t u re , temperature, oxygen and duration.

Over 200 mycotoxins identified to date, at least seven have been reported to cause disease in swine.

Some fungi produce more than one mycotoxin. Several different fungi can produce different mycotoxins in a single mixed feed. The toxins may be additive or may potentiate one another. When metabolized, they may be converted into other toxic substances. While toxicologic effects are numerous and often confusing, one should be careful not to implicate mycotoxins in disease processes without credible evidence Mycotoxicoses can present with either chronic or acute onsets. Most exposures are probably chronic or subacute as a result of consuming small amounts of toxin over a long period of time. In these instances, there may be few signs of toxicosis other than decreased appetite, slow

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growth, and increased susceptibility to secondar y diseases. Acute outbreaks may have more obvious signs and will vary for each of the different mycotoxins. Diagnosis of chronic mycotoxicosis is often difficult because clinical signs are seldom overt and lesions are not specific. By the time a mycotoxicosis is considered, the suspected feed has often already been consumed with none having been collected and stored properly for analysis .The most common mycotoxin found in poultry feed and foodstuffs is aflatoxins (AFs) because it is produced rapidly and more toxic than the others .

Mycotoxin binders are feed additives that aim to adsorb mycotoxins in the gastrointestinal tract of animals, making them unavailable for systemic absorption.

AFs are a major concern in poultry p ro d u c t i o n a n d p u b l i c h e a l t h because of serious economic losses and health problems. AF contamination causes reduced feed quality and reduced animal efficiency either through poor conversion of nutrients or problems such as reproductive abnormalities .Aflatoxicosis in poultry also causes listlessness, anorexia with lowered growth rate; poor feed utilization, decreased egg production and increased mortality. Additionally, anaemia, reduction of immune function ,hepatotoxicosis, haemorrhages .teratogenesis, carcinogenesis and mutagenesis are associated with aflatoxicosis .

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Dr. Yogesh Paharia B.V.Sc , M.V.Sc (Nutrition)

The problem of aflatoxicosis is not so easy to solve and requires constant attention throughout the entire process of grain harvest, shipping, storage, feed manufacturing, and its formulation. Nevertheless, complete avoidance of mycotoxins is not p o s s i b l e . P r e v e n t i o n of f e e d , feedstuffs and foods from AF contamination and utilization of AFcontaminated feed and feedstuffs presents a major problem.

Detoxification as well as routine, AF analysis of feed ingredients is an important step in a control program at field level.

Detoxification is defined as neutralization, elimination or m i t i g a t i o n of tox i c e f f e c t s of mycotoxins including AFs. Still, this is quite difficult because AFs are resistant molecules. Conventionally, detoxification strategies are based on chemical, physical or microbiological methods .One of the important approaches to the prevention of mycotoxicosis in livestock is the addition of nonnutritional adsorbents in the diet that bind mycotoxins in the gastrointestinal tract, and that are capable of reducing their bioavailability. These binding agents do not undergo any changes in the digestive system, and when used to feed in different levels they prevent mycotoxins from being absorbed through the digestive system and thereby generation of toxic effects on animals and transmission of toxins into animal products. They also bind AF

Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.07 | July - 2021

molecules and reduce their toxic effects .

Both inorganic and organic absorbers are used to control of mycotoxins including AF. Inorganic mycotoxin binders include commonly aluminosilicate minerals (clays) that are the largest class of mycotoxin binders, and most of the studies on the alleviation of mycotoxicosis by the use of adsorbents have been focused on these clays .The organic binders or biopolymers are complex indigestible carbohydrates (cellulose, polysaccharides in the cell walls of yeast, and bacteria such as glucomannans, peptidoglycans, and others), and synthetic polymers such as cholestyramine can adsorb mycotoxins .Saccharomyces cerevisiae initially used as a growth promoter in the early 1990s, was also found to induce beneficial effects on weight gain and immune response in broilers exposed to mycotoxins. The beneficial effects of yeast have been attributed to mannan in the yeast cell wall. By using only yeast cell walls (composed of betaglucans and mannan oligosaccharides) instead of the whole cell, mycotoxin binding can be enhanced .

The proper ties of adsorbents, mycotoxins and feed/food components play an important function in binding of mycotoxins and adsorbent activity. The physicochemical properties of the adsorbents such as total charge, charge distribution, size of the pores on the surface and surface area, iodine number, methylene blue index and pH as well take on an important function in binding effectively .On the other hand, the proper ties of m y c o t o x i n s s u c h a s p o l a r i t y, solubility, form and size of the mycotoxin to be adsorbed and the presence of ionized compounds in the environment are other effective

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factors. It has also been mentioned that the high fiber content of the feed/food substrate increased the mycotoxin affinity to adsorbent .

European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) stated that along with efficacy testing of mycotoxin binders; their safety should also be investigated because the toxin binders added to the feeds are thought to make nonspecific bindings Hundreds of different mycotoxins exist, and they vary in their chemistry and mode of action on animals. The molds that are most common in animal feed are Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium. Consequently, the mycotoxins of greatest concern are produced by these molds and include aflatoxin (produced by Aspergillus); deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, T-2 toxin, and fumonisin (produced by Fusarium); and ochratoxin and PR toxin (produced by Penicillium). Ergot is another mycotoxin commonly present in animal feed.

Even with excellent management, low levels of mycotoxins may exist in poultry feed. Several mycotoxin binders have been developed that prevent the toxic effects of mycotoxins on animals consuming contaminated feed. These materials bind with the mycotoxin(s) and prevent the negative effects on the animals consuming them. Potential mycotoxin binders include activated carbon; aluminosilicates (e.g., clay, bentonite, montmorillonite, zeolite, phyllosilicates); and complex indigestible carbohydrates (e.g., cellulose, polysaccharides in the cell walls of yeast and bacteria) as well as some synthetic polymers. The diversity in chemistry of mycotoxins influences the effectiveness of mycotoxin binders.

Mycotoxin control measures may require multiple approaches to solve t h e p ro b l e m s a s s o c i a te d w i t h

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mycotoxin consumption. More recent approaches include the use of a combination of binders, along with biological toxin binders and natural antioxidants.

Biological approach in treatment strategies involves various substance that protect critical organs such as the liver and strengthen the immune system of animals , enzymatic or microbial detoxification also referred to as biotransformation or biodetxification uses microorganism to catabolize the entire mycotoxin of transform or cleave it to less nontoxic compound some microorganism such as lactobacillus are having different Aflatoxin degrading ability , some studies shows that B.subtalis h a d p ro t e c t i v e e f f e c t a g a i n s t aflatoxicosis .therefore some organism ie lactobacillus , sacromycies for the degradation of toxins may have promising potential in feed industrial application Microbiological binding agents Mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) extracted from the cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has shown broad-spectrum efficacy against most of the mycotoxins (Raju and Re d d y, 2 0 0 0 ) . S a c c h a r o m y c e s c e re v i s i a e w a s f o u n d to h a ve beneficial effect in poultry during mycotoxicosis and MOS was believed to be the responsible factor. MOS, esterified with glucan, bound AFB 1 (up to 81.6%) and showed significant binding over zearelenone, T2 toxin and moderate binding over OTA (25.5%), during in vitro studies(Raju and Reddy, 2000). It was found to significantly improve body weight and other parameters of economic importance (Raju and Devegowda, 2000; Sefton et al., 2002; Certain strains of Lactic acid bacteria and Propionibacteria have cell wall structures that can bind mycotoxins (Yoon and Baeck 1999).

Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.07 | July - 2021

Article

Phage Therapy AS A NEW HOPE Antibiotic resistance in animals is a growing issue that urgently needs to be addressed. Antimicrobial agents are frequently used in animal husbandry as an alternative or supplement to feed additives such as antibiotics, and this use has contributed to the development of antimicrobial resistance. The overuse of antimicrobials can lead to resistant strains developing; for example, when antibiotics are routinely given for minor ailments which would otherwise heal on their own. This post will explore some possible solutions and how we can avoid a future where our only option is back-to-the-drawing board with regards antibiotic treatments for humans The problem of antibiotic-resistant bacteria The moment of introducing antibiotics was a turning point in medicine. Antibiotics revolutionized the industry, displacing other methods of combating microorganisms, and contributed to the development of various medical therapies, e.g., chemotherapy, and transplantation. It appeared to be a bold, new world and everyone was on board.

People put their trust in this medical marvel.

The phenomenon of antibiotic resistance appeared at the beginning of antibiotic discovery, but due to the rate of discovery and introduction of new antibiotics, it did not raise much concern. But with time, the amount of new and effective antibiotics has drastically decreased and the problem of antibiotic resistance has become more noticeable. Even before commercially available antibiotics were introduced, this had always been a cause of concern as a natural process. While natural compounds functioned as antibacterials in low doses, therapeutic doses accelerated the healing, as well as the resistance rate. Like all living organisms, Bacteria want to survive. They develop mechanisms that adapt them to unfavorable conditions, e.g. make them resistant to therapeutic agents.

Unfortunately, antibiotic resistance is significantly influenced by their overuse, not only in the treatment of diseases, but also when used as growth promoting agents in plant cultivation and animal breeding. It is estimated that in the last case, up to 73% of antibiotics are used worldwide. The greatest consumption is in aquaculture, where even

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Justyna Andrysiak tons of antibiotics are released into the waters and therefore accumulate in the environment. This affects not only the development of antibiotic resistance but also the destruction of the ecosystem.

Resolving the antibiotic resistance in animals became an issue that had to be addressed right away.

How does Bacteria develop resistance?

Bacteria acquire resistance as a result of gene mutations and horizontal gene transfer: conjugation (collection/ transfer of genetic material from/to another bacteria), transformation (collection of genetic material from the environment), transduction (with the participation of bacteriophages). Moreover, bacterial cells can achieve transient, genetically uncoded resistance through processes such as growth in biofilms, swarming adaptation, metabolic dormancy, and persistence.

Looking for other strategies is desirable Due to the declining effectiveness of antibiotics, it is important to slow down the process of acquiring antibiotic resistance by bacteria and to seek and develop other methods of disease prevention and treatment. Itroduction of prescription-only antibiotics would help greatly,

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since in many countries their availability is too easy. Discouraging the antibiotics' abuse will help slow down the process of developing resistance.

The use of antibiotics in feed and aquaculture must also be eliminated to the necessary minimum. This problem has been discussed many times in the European Union and it was assumed that in 2022 there will be introduced a law banning the use of antibiotics which are of par ticular importance in medicine. Even for animals, antibiotics should be available by prescription-only, after dispensation by a veterinarian.

Increasing the availability of rapid diagnostic tests to detect the etiology of the disease is essential. The use of antibiotics to combat viral infections must be strongly discouraged. This includes cases of pharyngitis, the viral case for which doctors often recommend antibiotic treatments.

Additionally, vaccines are an important preventive measure to help develop immunity against various diseases.

But the most essential way to bypass this problem of resistance is the use of bacteriophages.

Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.07 | July - 2021

Phage therapy has a good chance of success The use of bacteriophages is promising because they act very specifically. This means that they will not have a negative effect on the microflora, unlike antibiotics.

The undoubted advantages are that they cease to function when they neutralize all target bacteria and reproduce on their own.

This is why small and single doses are usually enough.

Finding new ways to resolve the issue ofdeveloping antibiotic resistance for animals in future is important.

Phage therapy as a "rediscovered" path Bacteriophages are bacterial viruses that recognize specific species and even strains of bacteria. The name also means "bacterium eater". Phage therapy was introduced a centur y ago, but was discontinued after the introduction of antibiotics. However, research continued in places such as Russia, Georgia and Poland.

Institutions which are known for their long activity in the field of bacteriophages are E l i a va I n s t i t u t e of B a c t e r i o p h a g e , Microbiology and Virology, founded in 1923 in Tbilisi, Georgia and the LudwikHirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, founded in 1952 Wroclaw, Poland.

Initially, bacteriophages were used mainly in the treatment of typhoid fever, dysentery, skin and surgical wound infections, peritonitis, septicemia, urinar y tract infections, and external otitis, but also in pneumonia, meningitis, osteomyelitis, and postsurgical infections in cancer patients.

The allegations that questioned the effectiveness of the bacteriophages mainly included insufficient methodology design.

Bacteriophages have regained interest through a more detailed understanding of phage biology, genetics, immunology, and pharmacology. Many studies suggest that properly developed bacteriophage cocktails give very satisfactory results, both in medicine, agriculture and aquaculture.

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Moreover, bacteria striving to develop resistance against phages have a much more difficult task. This is because phages also react to these changes, evolve and bypass the bacterial defense mechanisms. The tendency of bacteria to develop phage resistance is about ten times slower than in case of antibiotics. Also, phage-resistant bacteria are not resistant to other phages having similar target range. What is more, phage resistant bacteria are not always associated with negative effects. They frequently exhibit decline in bacterial virulence because of losing the ability for colonization and increasing sensitivity to other phages.

The specificity of bacteriophage action may seem to be a disadvantage for some people, and in fact it is a limitation, but mainly in the context of sterilizing, e.g., laboratory equipment and surfaces or limiting the number of microorganisms in food products. However, for the treatment of diseases, specificity is highly desirable.

Animals, including humans, are colonized by numerous bacteria that enable the proper functioning of the body, and killing them can lead to troublesome and longterm consequences, such as chronic diarrhea and susceptibility to various diseases. Living organisms come into daily contact with pathogenic bacteria, which are eliminated by the immune system.

Microbiota also participates in this process, since it competes for a place to live, preventing other bacteria from growing in their vicinity. Moreover, the problem with narrow spectrum of action can be easily circumvented by creating cocktails containing different phages.

Another reason in favor of phage therapy is the high prevalence of viruses, thanks to which they are easily found in the environment. Moreover, there are many virulent bacteriophages in nature which are lethal to bacteria, and additionally they

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constantly evolve parallel to the bacteria.

Many antibiotics only inhibit multiplication of bacteria instead of killing them, which increases their ability to adapt.

Currently, large technological advances, including the development of efficient tools and techniques, make it possible to significantly increase the effectiveness of p h a g e t h e r a p i e s . T h a n k s to n o ve l bioinformatics tools and sequencing technology, it is very easy and quick to determine whether the tested bacteriophage is viruent or only inhibits the growth of bacteria. It is also possible to identify the best conditions for a given bacteriophage in which it is most active. As a result, various stabilizing solutions are created that maintain effectiveness and bioactivity even for months.

Disadvantageous factors which must be paid special attention are thermal and pH stability. Many bacteriophages are most active at neutral pH. The aforementioned creation of bacteriophage cocktails offers great opportunities to target potentially pathogenic bacteria, while preserving the microflora. Moreover, the constantly expanding knowledge and technical possibilities will contribute to the development of more and more effective production methods on an industrial scale, and to the reduction of isolation costs, which are already relatively cheap.

In every sense, bacteriophages are the present and the future. And this revolution will be the new marvel that medicine desperately needs.

Prepared by: Justyna Andrysiak Gordillo Altamirano FL, Barr JJ. Phage therapy in the postantibiotic era. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2019;32(2):e00066–18.

Chan BK, Abedon ST, Loc-Carrillo C. Phage cocktails and the future of phage therapy.

Future Microbiol. 2013;8(6):769–783.

Loc-Carrillo C, Abedon ST. Pros and cons of p h a g e t h e r a p y. B a c t e r i o p h a g e .

2011;1(2):111–114.

Reardon S. Phage therapy gets revitalized.

Nature. 2014;510(7503):15–16.

Kowalska JD, Kazimierczak J, Sowińska PM, Wójcik EA, Siwicki AK, Dastych J. Growing trend of fighting infections in aquaculture environment-opportunities and challenges of phage therapy. Antibiotics (Basel). 2020;9(6):301. r Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.07 | July - 2021

Article

Getting in The Chicken Mind and Understanding Poultry Behavior For Production.

Zulfqarul Haq1, Azmat Alam Khan1, M.T. Banday and Nazir Ahmed2 1

ICAR-Poultry Seed Project, Division of Livestock Production and Management, SKUAST-K, India * Assistant professor Directorate of Extension SKUAST-K

Introduction Historically, behavior has played a subtle but primary role in chicken meat and egg production. Although the implications of behavior to husbandry practices have become more visible in recent years, research has lagged behind the technological changes which have occurred in poultr y production. Additional information is needed regarding the relationships between behavior and husbandry, as well as the interface of these with other disciplines, in determining production practices.

One of the most striking discoveries we made in researching this subject is that the modern domesticated chicken, contrary to popular belief, has much in common with the wild jungle fowl from which he descends. Despite the different circumstances between wild and domestic fowl, their behaviours, when permitted natural expression, remain very similar. This contradicts the common belief that natural behaviors and desires have been essentially “bred out” of the domestic chicken.

Knowledge of the behaviour of the stock and the application of that knowledge in the care of the stock plays an important part in the maximisation of production efficiency of a poultry production enterprise. As a consequence, the study of poultr y behaviour is important to ensure that the welfare of the birds and production efficiency are maintained. Behaviour is the way that animals respond to the different stimuli they encounter in their environment.

The stimuli may be from other birds, their environment, people or any other thing or occurrence.

General Behaviour The domestic fowl by nature is a wary, shy animal with limited ability and short-term flexibility. However, in the longer term, it displays a good ability to adapt to different circumstances and changing conditions. It has excellent vision and hearing, but its

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other senses tend to be poorly developed.

In the wild state it lives on the jungle floor in a thick forest habitat and its behaviour tends to fit into that niche. Here it uses the ground space for foraging, dust bathing and nesting. At night it perches in the trees for protection against ground predators. A number of these behaviour activities are innate (inborn) and it is believed that the inability to carry them out may lead to a state of frustration.

Social behaviour Fowls are a gregarious species with an elaborate social behaviour based on a definite group structure when kept in flocks.

They maintain personal space by communication via postural changes.

Important signals are associated with the position of the head and the relative angles of the head and the body to other birds.

They maintain contact with flock mates by sight up to intermediate distances and by vocal communication at longer distances or if out of sight. The wild and/or feral male establishes a territory with his harem.

Subordinate, unattached males occupy the same territory so long as they adopt a subordinate relationship to the dominant male. However, these subordinate males do most of the crowing while the dominant male suppresses all hens fighting in the vicinity.

Breeding behaviour The hen is a seasonal breeder and is secretive about its nesting site. It lays on a 23 to 26 hour cycle and produces up to 10-15 eggs before incubating them constantly with only one major daily break for feeding and plumage care. The male mates regularly with the hen and also acts as an escort to and from the nest. On hatching, the chickens rapidly imprint (bond) onto the hen. They move about with her, initially staying quite close and are brooded very often. As they g ro w a n d t h e i r n e e d f o r b ro o d i n g diminishes they range further and further from the hen. Her brood remain living on

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the ground until the chickens are about 6 weeks of age when the hen re-commences to roost, encouraging the chickens to join her. When the chickens are about 10 to 12 weeks old she starts the weaning process by driving the chickens from her. When they are weaned by about 16 to 18 weeks the hen rejoins the harem and the chickens join the juvenile flock.

Chicken Behavior and Communication Chickens have over 30 distinct vocalizations that communicate a wide range of information pertaining to territory, mating, n e s t i n g , d i s t r e s s , d a n g e r o r f e a r, contentment and food discovery. Reports say chicken can be deceptive and cunning, that it possesses communication skills on par with those of some primates and that it uses sophisticated signals to convey its intentions. When making decisions, the chicken takes into account its own prior experience and knowledge surrounding the situation. It can solve complex problems and empathizes with individuals that are in danger. According to one of the lead researcher on poultry behavior, C.L. Smith, chickens use highly complex forms of communication using signals that are functionally referential and representational, a form of communication observed in many primates and some birds.

One example of this kind of communication is how males entice females with food as a form of courtship that does not immediately lead to mating. This means that females, not only take their time to eavesdrop and evaluate the males behavior, but they also must form an opinion about various males and their reputations for providing food and then commit these various experiences to memory. Only then does the female express a mating preference.

Another example Smith offers is how more submissive males in a flock use clever and deceptive strategies to court females while diverting attention away from the dominant male who would otherwise derail their plans. The objective is to outsmart the Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.07 | July - 2021

dominant male by attracting a potential mate away from him without him getting wise to the submissive male's intentions.

And this strategy often succeeds. Potts cites the example of chickens responding to calls indicating the presence of novel food but not so much to food calls about known food. Thus it now appears that the cognitive processes involved in representational thinking in chickens are similar to those required for associative learning in humans.

Factors governing behavior responses: There are a number of factors that influence the behavior responses of fowls to any stimuli.

Genetics: The bird's genetic make-up has an important influence on its reaction to any stimuli. Some strains are more docile than others and this characteristic, some consider being quite important in their management.

Experience: While much of their behavior is innate. There is that which has to be learned.

Chickens know instinctively how to eat, but they do not know what to eat and where to find it.

Age: In addition to the need to learn many aspects of their behaviors, age has another implication. Certain behaviors are not e x p re s s e d u n t i l t h e c h i c ke n re a c h appropriate ages. Example of these behaviors includes the development of the peck order and reproductive behavior.

Environment: The environments play an important part in the way chickens respond or behave. High light intensity tends to increase activity which is a beneficial response in ver y young chickens in encouraging seeking food and water.

Five sense organs of poultry: i)

Sight:

The sense of sight is good with the embryo showing its first reaction to light at about day 17 after the start of incubation. Fowls have little mobility of the eyes and they have approximately 300° vision. Fowl have excellent sharpness of vision. They can see the colours like human and are most sensitive to green. Chickens prefer blue objects with red being, the nest preferred followed by orange and green. The contrast in colour is very important for attracting chicken i.e. feed and water. The colour of light influences some behaviors and aspects of production efficiently but white light is generally preferred because it requires less power to achieve a given intensity and hence is more cost effective.

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ii) Smell:

Hen chick relationship:

It is believe that fowls have very limited smelling ability because they are not repelled by obnoxious odor.

There is some evidence of pre-hatching interactions between hens and chicks.

Embryos and hens begins to vocalize the day before hatching and so more and more often as hatching approaches. If the embryo begins to give a distress call, the hen vocalizes or moves on the nest and the embryo becomes silent or begins to emit pleasure calls. For the first 10-12 days, after hatching, chicks stay close to the hen. After this age, they begin to feed independently of the hen but still sleep and warm themselves under her. Hens have no favorites when it comes to a brood of chicks. It is simply first come first served. Vocal communication is important in the hen chick relationship. If a chick is hidden from its hen, it gives distress calls and the hen goes in the direction of sound.

iii) Hearing: The fowl's ear is well developed but does not include an ear lobe or pinna. It is located behind the eye and a tuff of feathers protects the opening. Calls in the range of 250-3000 her tz are used in vocal communication. Chicken are attracted to sounds that have a low frequency and short duration and which are repetitive i.e. the sound of a broody hen clicking to her chicks.

A chicken in distress gives a loud, high frequency call. iv) Taste: Fowls have approximately 300 taste buds and they discriminate between strong tasting compounds, particularly in the drinking water. They will reject water that is above approximately 32°C although they will drink very cold water. v) Touch: Birds are highly responsive to touch.

Females will often adopt a sexual crouch, when touched on the back.

Egg laying behaviors:

Behavior of mature chicken: Individual recognition: Birds normally form a social hierarchy; usually attack a new bird of the same species or breed that is introduced into the pen or cages. In order to develop a pecking order, birds must be able to recognize individuals in a flock. This ability allows them to identify and peck only those hens lower in the pecking order. Laying hens are able to recognize around 30 individuals. The social structure developed in small groups begins to breaks down in flocks of 30-60 birds.

When there are more than 60 birds in the flock, the chicken becomes less aggressive and more tolerant of each other.

Hens like to lay in enclosed places. In a hen house, these enclosures are provided by nest boxes. Specific behavior patterns, typical of chicken are the search for feed, selection of the nest as a place for laying eggs, dust bathing and plumage care, flying and perching before resting. In the wild life state, chickens lay eggs chiefly during the spring season. Hens are not aware whether their eggs will be fertilized or not. A wild hen lays 8-10 eggs and then beginsto sit on them maintaining a temperature of 98°F for three weeks until the eggs hatch. Using its beak, the mother hen turns the eggs several times a day so that the developing chicks do not stick to the inside of the egg shell. After hatching of eggs, mother hen will be busy in rearing of chicks.

Grooming activity in bird is referred to as preening. Feathers are important for insulation and water proofing (in addition to flight for those birds that can fly). Birds have a single oil glands near the base of the tail, referred to as the preen gland. Birds pinch this gland with their beaks to extract waxy oil, which they then apply as they pass their feathers through their beaks. Chickens preen on their own, but they prefer to do it as a group activity.

Chick behaviors:

Fighting:

After hatching, the chicks will not peck at a sheet of water, even if they are thirsty and standing in it. They will however, peck at shiny objects or bubbles in the water. It means, chicks must also be taught to drink when chicks are raised without a hen, producers must dip their beaks in water, so that they learn to drink. When the beak gets wet, the chicks drinking responses is initiated.

Chicks start fighting when they are only a few weeks old. They are already starting to establish their rank in the flock. This fighting often continues until they reach maturity and the pecking order is well established.

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Preening:

Foraging: In the wild, Jungle fowl spend 61% of their time for foraging. Foraging behaviors includes pecking and scratching at potential food sources.

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Nesting: Domestic hens prefers to lay in nests containing loose material that they can settle into molding the material with their bodies and feet and they can manipulate with their beaks.

Dust bathing: Dust bathing is the act of rolling or moving around in dirt to cleanse the skin and feathers to remove the parasites, dead skin and other skin irritants. It also helps prevent the buildup of the oil from preening.

Perching: At night it perches in the trees for protection against ground predators. A number of these behaviors activities are innate (inborn) and it is believed that the inability to carry them out may lead to a state of frustration.

Chicken have a desire to roost. At about 3 weeks of age, chicks start to jump up to higher surfaces.

The structure of a chicken's claw ensures a firm grip, while the chicken is perching and will prevent the chicken from falling off a tree branch, even when the bird is asleep.

Responding to high temperature: Chicken can tolerate with cold weather better than hot. Chickens can not sweat because they don't have sweat glands. They cool themselves by dipping their beaks in cold water or flapping their wings to air out their feathers. They may pant when they are desperate to cool down.

Drinking: Chickens must have access to a supply of clean, fresh water. Water in the crop softens feed so that digestion can occur. Without water, dry feed forms clumps in the crop. The clumped feed can press on the bird's carotid artery, decreasing blood flow to the brain.

This can cause paralysis and possible death.

Why chicken lift their heads after dipping their beak in water?

Poultry have a split in the hard palate of the beak that allows air into the nasal passages.

This prevents vacuum from forming in chicken's mouth. As a result, chickens rely on gravity to draw water into the crop. This is why chicken lift their heads after dipping their beaks in water.

Eating Behaviour At hatching, chickens inherently know how to peck and they can pick up objects i.e. eat.

However, they do not know how to discriminate between what they should or should not eat. It is largely by trial and error that they find out the difference. Therefore, the first feeding experience should provide

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easy access to feed and deny access to materials other than feed. The normal practice is to place paper on the floor of their accommodation and to sprinkle a small quantity of feed on that for the first 24 hours. The paper is usually removed after about 3 days. It is also a normal practice to place feed in large, shallow trays called scratch trays or chick-type feeders for the first 7 – 14 days.

Feeding chicks When reared by a hen the chickens' feeding problems are greatly reduced because the hen shows them what to eat and what not to eat. She does this by example and vocal calls.

There are a number of feeding systems that may be used by the poultry manager to feed the stock. Fowls are able to adapt to different types of feeders very easily provided the opportunity is given to do so progressively when changes are made. Therefore, once the chickens have learnt to discriminate between what is food and what is not, feeding systems can be changed and those systems can be operated at a height to minimise wastage and to fit other management requirements. Fowls are very adept at moving food particles with their beak. This can lead to selectivity of larger particles or in excessive wastage of feed (up to 10%). The problem of selectivity is overcomed by preparing the feed in finer form (but not too fine) or by pelleting. Placing a mesh on top of the food after filling can reduce food wastage from manually filled troughs. The mesh (recommended size 25 – 30 mm) prevents the birds from flicking feed particles and thus reduces feed wastage.

Stocking Density The key to success is ultimately to identify the relationship between capital costs, production costs, returns and bird welfare for each flock. One important element in this relationship is that of stocking density – the number of birds placed into a given area.

Production per bird tends to remain constant until flock size reaches a certain number. As this number is increased above what could be called the maximum stocking density, mor tality will increase and production will probably decrease. The losses associated with this per bird production decrease will initially be more than compensated for by the increased total production from the house from the increase in the number of birds.

As the number of birds is further increased a point is reached when production losses from higher mortality and lower per bird production are so great that the increased

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total house population cannot compensate for them. There is a point before this where modern society will not accept the conditions that are considered inferior caused by increasing the number of birds.

The successful manager will take all of these factors into consideration and house the maximum number of birds without reaching a population density that has poor consequences. Therefore, it is important for managers to be aware of regulations regarding stocking densities and cage size.

Early Handling When young chickens are given a lot of attention and are handled gently but frequently, they respond by better growth, resistance to disease and usually react less to stress and are less fearful. Those flocks where this approach to management is used and continued throughout the birds' life will have a significantly lower reaction to dayto-day management problem situations.

Making time to spend with the stock will result in better production efficiency and well being of the birds.

Non-Adaptive Or Displacement Behaviour W h i l e p o u l t r y a re k n o w n f o r t h e i r adaptability, they do possess innate behaviour needs that, if they are not given an opportunity to carry out may lead to non-adaptive or displacement behaviour.

These activities are seemingly irrelevant activities that appear when the birds have been thwarted in some aspect of their behaviour. Examples of this behaviour include escape behaviour, preening, redirected pecking and various other types of movement. The situations that lead to these types of activity are believed to produce a level of frustration in the birds.

This, in turn, may develop to where production efficiency is adversely affected.

Conclusion Poultry behavior is a reflex of their welfare status at a particular moment, and it is related to internal (physiological) and external (environmental) factors. Several natural behaviors that favor welfare, as well as undesirable behaviors, may be stimulated by environmental enrichment.

The correct interpretation of the behaviors expressed by poultry, including their frequency, duration, and sequence, may be used to further improve their production performance. Thus more intensive studies according to different geographical location and climate should be established for further progress.

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Article

ENDOBAN® Effect of supplementing EndoBan to the feed on the performance of broilers

Jesse Stoops Product Manager jesse.stoops@nutrex.eu

Dr. Amit Kumar Patra M.V.Sc(Animal Nutrition) Technical Sales Manager-SOUTH ASIA amit.patra@nutrex.eu

Introduction Endotoxins are potentially toxic compounds from bacterial origin. Once absorbed, endotoxins induce an inflammatory response, thus wasting energy and nutrients meant for growth and p ro d u c t i o n . T h e m o s t we l l - k n o w n endotoxins are lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which are a component of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria. In poultry, the gastrointestinal tract is the most important source of endotoxins and the main risk site where endotoxins can be transferred from the lumen into the bloodstream.

Nutrex developed a new innovative feed additive, EndoBan, by combining different strategies to reduce the leakage of e n d o t o x i n s a n d i m p r o v e a n i m a l 's performance.

The aim of this trial was to investigate the effect of EndoBan on growth performance and LPS absorption in broilers undergoing an intestinal challenge.

Materials and Methods A pen trial was conducted in which Cobb 430Y male broilers were reared in a poultry house (AgriVet, India) for 42 days. A total of 198 broilers were randomly allocated to 3 treatments (Table 1) with 6 replicates per treatment (11 birds/pen at the start of trial).

For all animals, a three phase dietary program (starter d0-14, grower d15-28 and finisher d29-42) was used in which all diets were fed ad libitum.The composition of the dietary diets is listed in Table 2.

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Geert Van de Mierop Managing Director geert.vandemierop@nutrex.eu

intake. Pen mortality was recorded to correct feed intake.

On day 17, birds from the challenge groups were administered with a coccidial suspension consisting of 10000sporulated oocysts of Eimeriaacervulina, Eimeria maxima and Eimeriatenella via oral gavage.

After the coccidial treatment, a bacterial suspension consisting of E. coli(1010cfu/bird) was given daily by oral gavage from day 21 till 22. At day 25, blood samples were taken (10 birds/treatment) to analyze the LPS concentration and the concentration of α-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP). A schematic presentation of the protocol is shown in Figure 1. Body weight and feed intake were recorded at weekly intervals. Feed conversion was calculated from the measured weight gain and feed

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Results The intestinal challenge resulted in reduced animal performance. At the end of the trial (day 42), the best results were obtained for the non-challenged control group. Nevertheless, challenged birds supplemented with EndoBan could alleviate the negative effects of the challenge and had an improved BW (+ 83g)

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endotoxins from the intestinal lumen into the bloodstream. The challenge used in this study led to a higher leakage of LPS molecules into the bloodstream and the production of acute phase proteins (e.g. AGP). Dietary supplementation of EndoBan decreased the LPS concentration in blood compared to the challenged control group and even the non-challenged control group. Moreover, birds fed the EndoBan supplemented diet had significantly (p < 0.01) lower serum AGP concentrations compared to the challenged control group.

Conclusions The intestinal challenge used in this study was efficient to cause a disturbance in the intestinal barrier leading to reduced growth performance and higher LPS absorption.

compared to the challenged control group.

In this study, an oral coccidial and E. coli suspension were used to induce intestinal challenge. Any damage to the intestinal barrier could increase gut permeability and the translocation of

EndoBan showed improved or similar responses as the nonchallenged group, indicating that EndoBan neutralizes the negative effects caused by the challenge model. Therefore, we see that EndoBan can effectively reduce the translocation of endotoxins from the lumen into the bloodstream and improve animal's performance.

K NARENDER REDDY as Chief Operating Officer (COO), Natural Remedies Natural Remedies is spreading its wings to new geographies and is growing at a rapid pace.

In the last year, we performed exceptionally well and look forward to growing at an accelerated pace in the upcoming years.

Helming this growth is no easy task, and this requires the insight and ability of a veteran in this field.

In this regard, Mr. K. Narender Reddy is being promoted as the Chief Operating Officer from his current role of Commercial Director.

Mr.Reddy has been with Natural Remedies for over 30 years and has risen to this position from being a Veterinary Sales Representative.

Mr. Reddy will be leading the organisation by building a strong culture that embodies the vision, and values that NRPL stands for.

Mr. K Narender Reddy Chief Operating Officer 29

In this new role as the COO, apart from sales,marketing, formulation & development functions, he will take care of the entire operations for providing strong customer support. He will also oversee strategic customer success and relationships in Asia Pacific and European markets. He will also spearhead the operations in the Australia, UK and US markets as Natural Remedies continues into its next phase of growth.

We wish Mr.K.Narender Reddy the very best as he takes up this monumental responsibility. www.pixie.co.in

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Press Release

"Webinar on Hedging Price Volatility of Feed Ingredients using Commodity Derivatives" on June 14, 2021 from 16:00 hrs to 17:30 hrs.

CLFMA OF INDIA, the apex organization and the voice of the Country's dynamic livestock industry in association with National Commodity and Derivatives Exchange (NCDEX) organized Webinar on hedging price volatility in feed ingredients using commodity derivatives. In the recent past, commodity prices have seen high volatility which has impacted the normal operations of business. It was thus imperative to understand how to manage this risk using the derivatives platform. The webinar was chaired by the Chairman of CLFMA OF INDIA Mr. Neeraj Srivastava. It included eminent panelists from the industry, Mr. Kapil Dev, CBO NCDEX, Mr Sumit Gupta, Business head, South Asia and South EA, McDonald Pelz, Mr Rajjib Saha, Agri derivatives Manager, ITC ABD Ltd, and Ms. Rajini Panicker from Phillip Capital. All the panelists have an average experience of more than 15 years in the industry. The event was moderated by Dr. Sujit Kulkarni, Managing Committee Member of CLFMA OF INDIA and finally the vote of Thanks was given by Mr. Suresh Deora, Hon Secretary of CLFMA OF INDIA. Key objective of the Webinar was to discuss on anomalous rise in prices of Soybean seed and Soybean DOC and Corn which in turn enormous production cost leads to challenging circumstances for livelihood of livestock farmers of India. Webinar highlighted on the following topics: Ÿ

Hedging Practices in Global & Domestic Markets

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Price risk management using commodity derivative tools

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Hedging mechanism – A Case Study

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The Webinar started with a welcome address by Dr. Sujit Kulkarni, who also moderated the sessions. Dr. Sujit Kulkarni said that since last almost 3 to 4 months our industries have seen the volatility and the unusual spike particularly in Soyabean which led to increase in the feed cost.

Almost 80% price rise in Soyabean meal price was observed and there was a huge spike in soyabean seed also. So, CLFMA thought it prudent to support the Industry in this crucial time and hence arranged the webinar with NCDEX and invited the commodity market experts to deliberate the issue.

CLFMA OF INDIA Chairman Mr. Neeraj Kumar Srivastava thanked Dr. Sujit Kulkarni for giving a very nice brief of the Webinar. He, on behalf of CLFMA and its MC Members, welcomed all. Mr Neeraj Srivastava, in his Welcome Note stated the objectives for the webinar, wherein he highlighted the importance of commodity price risk being a financial risk driven by commodity supply and demand fundamentals. The global commodity markets are facing high volatility due to the supply and demand gaps. It is important to manage this volatility using risk management tools like Futures and Options. The webinar is

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organized to understand the importance of these tools for effective price risk management and protecting the bottom lines of the business.

Mr Kapil Dev was the first panelist to speak on the subject. He highlighted the fact that risk is something that is unknown and uncertain. There is health risk, life risk and wealth risk.

While we insure ourselves against the life and health, wealth is something that is not insured. Volatility and uncertainty is always there in business largely driven by unknown and uncertain factors. He cited some of the recent examples, droughts, Geopolitical events, biofuel push or logistical bumps like container shortages, Suez Canal blockage for recent volatility in the commodity prices. He explained that these can be effectively managed using the concept of Hedging.

Mr Sumit Gupta was the next panelist to talk on the subject. He further elaborated what Mr.Kapil Dev had explained in his presentation. He explained the weather patterns in terms of El Nino and La Nina periods a n d h o w t h e s e l a rg e l y i m pa c t production of Agriculture commodities globally. Hi mainly focused on Corn and Soybean as these are largely used raw materials as feed ingredients. World corn production should increase to meet the rising demand. Corn prices almost doubled over last year for US farmer while the Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.07 | July - 2021

Indian Corn markets didn't see this kind of rally, this price gap has made Indian corn attractive for exports. He also highlighted the domestic scenario where demand is driven by poultry and starch industry. There has been sharp increase in production and c o n s u m p t i o n d o m e s t i c a l l y. F o r Soybean, he stressed on the fact that while the demand was increasing the yield was constant. The demand for Soybean will continue to increase due to increasing awareness on food preferences and income growth. He mentioned that proper research and analysis of the commodity will help in taking informed price decisions.

to get an understanding of the market fundamentals.

Finally, Ms. Rajini Panicker explained the role of a member in the ecosystem of Futures market. She highlighted how they work with various value chain participants to device customized strategies for them based on their raw

Mr. Rajib Saha continued where Mr. Sumit Gupta left his presentation and stressed more upon from a business perspective how these price volatilities impact the revenues of business.

Corporates must have risk management policy to ensure that planned targets of annual sales, purchases and profitability numbers are attained to satisfy management and shareholders. It is all the more important for corporates who are into commodities as they have a number of risks including risk of change in government policies on tariffs, overseas trade, weather, currency or even hedge funds' strategies.

Procurement via futures gives two-way protections, one is fixing the price and another is immunity from counterparty default. Futures also give price signals as they are reflective of what is going on in the markets both globally and domestically. He urged the participants to at least keep following the prices of futures market 37

material requirement. She also explained in detail the opportunity l o s s i n S o y b e a n i f t h e m a r ke t participants had hedged Soybean this year. This year being highly volatile, she explained the same for the last year as well, where if hedged the corporate would have saved about 46% in their overall procurement costs.

She summarized her presentation by saying Securing raw material purchases through far-month commodity futures contracts not only www.pixie.co.in

gives the protection from potential rise in prices at a later date but also raises the efficiency of capital through leveraged transactions.

Webinar par ticipants actively participated in Question and Answer session and Panelists answered their Questions satisfactorily.

Mr. Suresh Deora, Hon. Secretary of CLFMA OF INDIA concluded the webinar by thanking the panelists for their valuable inputs and the audience for participating and making the event a success. CLFMA OF INDIA will associate for more such programs for the benefit of the feed industry at large.

The event was attended by 270 participants and total registrations received were 317.

Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.07 | July - 2021

Press Release

DSM-Novozymes Alliance Launches its Second-Generation Protease, ProAct 360™ Kaiseraugst, CH, 08 June 2021

The DSM|Novozymes Feed Enzymes Alliance today announces the commercial release of its breakthrough second-generation protease, ProAct 360™.

ProAct 360™ sets a new market standard in protease technology for poultry on three key fronts: feed e f fi c i e n c y, a f f o r d a b i l i t y, a n d sustainability. This innovative feed solution delivers more consistent improvements in growth performance, along with improved matrix values for key amino acids and faster action. As its name suggests, ProAct 360™ reflects a 360° understanding of the needs of poultry producers, and also of the challenges that poultry production can face with regard to environmental footprint.

ProAct 360™ helps feed producers to be more flexible in their selection and use of raw materials, reducing the industry’s reliance on soy and other major crops while at the same time helping to cut feed costs. It also significantly enhances the digestibility of protein, ensuring greater retention of nitrogen in the metabolism and therefore lower nitrogen emissions to the environment.

With its enhanced potency, ProAct 360™ offers improved returns on investment and its value proposition goes beyond the product itself. It includes a unique set of value-adding end-to-end digital services, ranging from raw material analysis to a sustainability calculator, that enable deeper insights and more informed 38

decision-making.

Christie Chavis, Vice President at DSM Animal Nutrition and Health, observes: “ProAct 360™ is our latest breakthrough technology in sustainability-driven innovation.

Improving sustainability while reducing feed costs and supporting animal welfare is the key requirement for the animal protein industry today.

The launch of ProAct 360™ is an important proof point of our strategic initiative We Make it Possible, which is designed to deliver solutions that e n a b l e t h e t r a n s i t i o n to f u l l y sustainable animal protein production worldwide.”

Robert Vergo, Account Director, G l o b a l St r a t e g i c A c c o u n t s a t Novozymes, comments: “ProAct 360™ is the latest of many groundbreaking innovations from the DSM|Novozymes Feed Enzymes Alliance. Selected via a rigorous screening process involving more than 500 protease candidates, it is a novel and robust protease product tailored to the needs of today’s feed industry. ProAct 360™ has been perfected for progress, reflecting a complete perspective on our customers’ commercial sustainability plans and targets.

With the launch of this secondgeneration protease, we are inviting our customers to join us on the journey toward a genuinely sustainable animal production industry.”

The DSM|Novozymes Alliance pioneered feed protease technology 10 years ago with the launch of its www.pixie.co.in

fir st-generation ProAct, which became the market standard for improving amino acid digestibility in animal feed. The need for proteasebased solutions is greater than ever today, with animal protein producers facing a volatile market characterized by high protein meal prices and a slow recovery from the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.

With the launch of ProAct 360™, the DSM|Novozymes Alliance intends to make protease technology broadly available to poultry customers, to support the development of a more sustainable global animal production industry, once more delivering on its We Make it Possible promise.

ProAct 360™ will initially be launched in the markets of Latin America, with a roll-out to the other regions of the world to follow in the medium term.

Future swine applications are being studied.

About Novozymes Novozymes is the world leader in biological solutions. Together with customers, partners and the global community, we find biological answers to preserve the planet’s resources and help build better lives.

As the world’s largest provider of enzyme and microbial technologies, our bio-innovation enables increased health and nutritional benefits, higher agricultural yields, improved washing, energy-efficient production, renewable fuel and many other benefits that we rely on today and in the future. We call it Rethink Tomorrow. www.novozymes.com Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.07 | July - 2021

Press Release

The Journey from Rs 5 lakh to Rs 470 Cr : The Story of Anmol Feeds Kolkata-based Anmol Feeds was started in 2000 by Amit Saraogi.

The company manufactures and sells different types of feeds, mainly for shrimp, fish, cattle, and poultry, across 20 states in India.

Amit Saraogi, hailing from Bihar, was pursuing his engineering from Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore, between 1994 and 1998. He would often visit his family members in Bihar, and especially his uncle in Ramnagar, during his summer holidays.

Apart from running a grocery shop, his uncle also sold poultry feed. While assisting his uncle during his free time, Amit realised that there was an 39

imbalance in the demand and supply of livestock feed. “The product was in short supply, and at the time, there weren't many companies producing it in Bihar,” Amit says.

After completing his graduation, Amit was back in Bihar, and started working on ideas to bridge the demand and supply gap in the livestock feed space.

He soon rented out a factory space to work on his idea.

Working out of his plant in Muzaffarpur and borrowing Rs 5 lakh from his father, Amit started his entrepreneurial journey in 2000.

In his early days, Amit did not hesitate to work the ground up, learning to even manufacture www.pixie.co.in

broiler feed using trial and error methods. He would often get expert tips from his uncle on the quality of the feed, considering his expertise in the field.

This is how Anmol Feeds Pvt. Ltd. came into existence. Today, the company manufactures and sells different types of animal feeds, mainly for shrimp, fish, cattle and poultry.

According to financials of the company accessed by SMBStory, the company clocked Rs 470 crore in FY20. Anmol Feeds is part of the Nouriture Group, a larger group which also includes Saraogi Agroware and Herbal Industries. According to him, c u m u l a t i v e l y, t h e g ro u p 's turnover stands at Rs 600 crore.

Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.07 | July - 2021

Press Release

BIOMIN Announces Participation in €10M Research Project to Improve Animal Health, Welfare through Better Understanding of Gut Microbiota Interactions Getzersdorf 21 June 2021 – Leading animal nutrition and feed additive producer BIOMIN has recently announced its involvement in a 4-year, €10 million EU-backed research consor tium effor t to address the challenges of pig and poultry production by creating a new technology to analyze animal-microbiota interactions at the microscale and produce 3D visualizations.

Over the past several years BIOMIN has applied -Omics technologies to address animal/bird gut health and performance aspects on-site at commercial operations using portable sequencing devices and advanced analytics.

“As we continue to roll out microbiome analysis services for customers in more markets globally, we’re looking in parallel 5 to 10 years into the future in terms of The Project 3D’omics, which involves 13 technological innovation at what these partner organizations from 11 countries technologies could offer to the industry and receives funds from the European and our customers,” stated Dr Kittel.

Union’s Horizon 2020 Research & P o t e n t i a l Innovation Platform, is led by the applications University of Copenhagen in Denmark, “We're excited to and has the potential to improve the u ncover the sustainability of animal production. b i o l o g i c a l “Gut microorganisms have a systemic m e t a b o l i c impact on many biological processes of interactions and farm animals. Because of this, niche properties under s tanding anim al-m icrobiota that shape an interactions is recognized as one of the animal's gut key steps to advance towards more m i c r o b i a l efficient animal production, more community and sustainable procedures and to improve host health,” commented Dr Mahdi the welfare of animals,” said Antton Ghanbari, Scientist at BIOMIN. Alberdi, Assistant Professor at the Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, GLOBE “These insights have numerous potential Institute at the University of Copenhagen applications, including the development of precision solutions to improve animal and 3D’omics project coordinator. health, welfare and per formance, Looking to the future understanding and addressing various “The role of animal host-microbiota pathogen challenges, and helping to interactions is crucial to understanding i n f o r m t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of f e e d gut health, and thus improving animal formulations,” Dr Ghanbari observed. health, welfare and performance,” noted “We appreciate the opportunity to work Dr Christian Kittel, Research Program with well-renowned universities, research Director Gut Performance at BIOMIN. “We see continued interest in -Omics based institutions and industry players on this tools that help our customers adopt EU-backed project and we're hopeful that precision animal farming, and we expect the results will bring the entire industry this interest to further increase in the another step closer to a more sustainable future,” concluded Dr Kittel. future,” he added.

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About Project 3D'omics The Project 3D'omics is a part of t h e H o r i z o n 2020 Research and Innovation Action and involves 11 E u r o p e a n c o u n t r i e s .

3D'omics receives €10 million over the next four years with the University of Copenhagen (UCPH) as the coordinating institution. UCPH is involved with depar tments GLOBE Institute, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Biology and Department of Food and Resource Economics, who represents the Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences and the Faculty of Science.

The project involves universities, research institutions and companies, including: the University of Copenhagen (Denmark), Veterinary University of Vienna (Austria), KU Leuven (Belgium), ETH Zurich (Switzerland), Ben Gurion University (Israel), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (Norway), Center for Genomic Regulation (Spain), Max Delbrück Center (Germany), Aviagen (United Kingdom), Norsvin (Norway), Biomin (Austria), Novogene (The Netherlands) and Afecta (Finland).

This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme.

Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.07 | July - 2021

It said the tests were conducted after around 200 chickens had been found dead at the farm last month.

According to the Indore Poultry Farmers’ Association, retail price of dressed chicken has soared to Rs240250 per kilogram and egg is sold at Rs 7 per piece at retail markets in Indore.

In a heartbreaking incident, a young boy from Sikkim breaks down after the chickens he raised were being transported for poultry production.

The video that has now gone viral has left netizens in a glum mind, learning about the innocence of the little boy’s bonding with the birds.

The video, which is a little over five minutes, shows the 6-year-old boy from Melli, south Sikkim pleading with the adults to not load the birds in the van. He is seen pointing towards the chickens and wailing. After a point, he even folds his hands and requests his elders to let the chickens be and eventually falls on the ground and wails, to not have the birds be taken away from him.

Once the van gets loaded with the chicken, the little one is seen saying the saddest of goodbyes to the birds while his father tries to calm him down, assuring him that he will again get new birds.

Dr Surendra Kumrawat, president, Indore Poultry Farmers’ Association said, “I have been into this industry since the year 1989 and have never seen such high farm rates for chicken.

Cost of rearing birds has gone up sharply because ever ything has become expensive, be it feed or transportation. Also, there is some shortage in the market because the placement rate has dropped after many poultries reduced output in lockdown.”

Industry participants said demand for poultry products has also jumped post lockdown due to increased inclination towards a protein rich diet to boost immunity. The increase in demand for poultry products followed by high cost of rearing and transportation, together contributed in lifting prices for chicken and eggs, said industry players.

The cost of production in the poultry sector has gone up by almost 30% due to a jump in prices of soya and maize, said poultry farm owners.

Poultry prices burn a Vietnam reports first hole in pocket, eggs at H 5 N 8 a v i a n fl u record high outbreak in poultry A steep rise in the cost of production owing to high feed cost and spurt in transportation charges have led to a spike in poultry prices amid high retail demand burning a hole in the common man’s pocket.

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HANOI: Vietnam on Friday confirmed it's first outbreak of H5N8 avian influenza at a chicken farm in the northern province of Quang Ninh.

S a m p l e s f ro m t h e f a r m i n t h e www.pixie.co.in

"H5N8 not only kills poultry but also infects humans without leaving symptoms," the head of the province's animal health department, Tran Xuan Dong, said.

The authorities had taken measures to prevent the disease from spreading further, it said, without elaborating.

The World Health Organization (WHO) said last week the risk of human-tohuman spread of the H5N8 strain of bird flu appears low, after seven people in Rasia contacted the virus but were asymptomatic.

H5N8 outbreaks were reported last year in poultry or wild birds in Britain, Bulgaria, The Czech Republic, Egypt, Germany, Hungar y, Iraq, Japan, Kazakhstan, The Neterlands, Poland, Romania and russia, according to the WHO.

Executive Order Creates Opportunities for Farmers and Ranchers American Farm Bureau Federation President Zippy Duvall commented on President Joe Biden’s executive order addressing livestock markets and “right to repair.”

“AFBF notes President Biden’s effort to address several pressing issues facing America’s farmers and ranchers comes at a time when many in the farm supply chain are frustrated. Growing concern about livestock market fairness is accelerated by the continued rise in grocer y store meat prices while ranchers struggle to break even on the cattle they raise and poultry farmers being locked into agreements with Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.07 | July - 2021

News

province's Ha Long City tested positive for the virus a day earlier, the agriculture ministry said in a news release.

Little Boy Breaks Down After Chickens He Raised Taken Away in Sikkim

very little recourse if they’re underpaid.

It’s time to get to the bottom of what’s driving these imbalances. More opportunities for farmers and ranchers to sell their products will ensure they are paid fairly while providing more options for America’s families.

“Farmers increasingly rely on the latest technology as they grow healthy, affordable food. Business purchases—from robotic milkers to high-tech combines—require a substantial investment, and when those tools break down farmers need to get back up and running quickly.

Limiting who can work on a piece of machiner y drives up costs and i n c re a s e s d o w n - t i m e . E n s u r i n g farmers have the ability to perform cost-effective repairs on their own equipment will keep America’s farms running and financially sustainable.”

“We will closely examine the details of this executive order as we continue to work with the administration to ensure changes are consistent with our grassroots policy, and farmers and ranchers are provided greater flexibility to remain competitive in our growing economy.”

CAHE show 2021: innovative livestock technology attracts widespread attention

Bigger than ever before, the 19th China Animal Husbandry Expo (CAHE) was held from 18 to 20 May 2021 in Nanchang, Jiangxi province, China. Big Dutchman, recognised as a global leading supplier of egg, poultry and pig equipment, again attended this show with a large booth as the virtual tour linked here shows. The company’s 42

innovative technology attracted an impressive number of industr y officials, experts and entrepreneurs to the booth of Big Dutchman China.

Some of the latest developments from the German headquar ters were introduced to the public for the first time.

After the opening ceremony on 19 May, Ma Youxiang, Vice Minister of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, and Hu Qiang, Vice Governor of the Jiangxi province, accompanied by Li Xirong, President of China Animal Agriculture Association (CAAA), and other organisers, came to the booth of Big Dutchman.

The guests were welcomed by Walter Benz, President of Big Dutchman China, and Edison Liu, Marketing Director of BD China.

Ma Youxiang said he knew of Big Dutchman and highly praised the international enterprise for its contribution to the transformation and u p g r a d i n g o f C h i n a ’s a n i m a l husbandry industry. He also expressed his hope that Big Dutchman would play an important role in the digital, intelligent and sustainable development of the animal husbandry industry with continuous innovation.

The theme of the 19th CAHE show was “Transformation and innovation for development, quality and efficiency for security”. Tightly connected to this theme, a great variety of advanced equipment and management concepts from around the world was displayed at the show, including turnkey solutions for egg, poultry and pig production. Big Dutchman’s innovative and technical achievements in intelligent animal husbandry, animal welfare, environmental protection and residue treatment were highlighted.

Where are the E50 containers?

This week we have two good reasons to show you the Global Opportunities www.pixie.co.in

Map (available with Glowlit Pro) for Vitamin E50. The first and most obvious reason is of course the American flag color scheme. But perhaps the more important reason is that a quick glance at the map reveals what happens when global trade routes are stuck. The demand for feed in North America, with no containers to supply foreign produced feed additives, has led to massive arbitrage in price from one end of the world to the other.

The global price of Vitamin E50 decreased 3.43% over the last week.

Interestingly, this comes as the number of E50 entries into the Glowlit platform increased. It could be the market reaction to several announced maintenance schedules of Chinese producers. Jilin Beisha Pharmaceutical, a producer of Vitamin E50 and Folic Acid in China, is planning to reopen their production line following a planned shut down from June 10th to July 20th. From July 10th, NHU’s Shandong facility will begin a onemonth maintenance shutdown due to steam pipe issues.

DDGS begins to climb following crash in price The price of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) has started a small climb following a crash two weeks ago.

The global price of DDGS increased 2.2% in the last week. Higher soymeal prices are at least partially responsible.

This follows bullish USDA acreage and stocks reports at the end of June. We’ll be watching to see whether this upward trend continues. You can track Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.07 | July - 2021

it too by benchmarking your own DDGS price over the coming weeks.

is due to a rise in production cost and transportation.

Kolkata: Feed cost rise, transport trouble take chicken, egg prices to ‘lockdown’ high

Retail price of dressed chicken has gone up from Rs 200 to Rs 250 per kg while that of boneless chicken has increased from Rs 300 to Rs 330 per kg. Price of drumsticks has increased from Rs 230 per kg to Rs 260 per kg. “Given the current trend, the price may go up further,” said New Market Chicken Traders’ Association secretary Saukat Ali. Wholesale chicken price has gone up by at least 30% to cross Rs 230 for the first time in over a year following a sharp rise in cost of corn and soya used as feed in poultry farms.

KOLKATA: Retail prices of chicken and egg have hit the high that was witnessed a year ago following the lockdown. While the price escalation then was due to supply shor tage because of transportation problems, the current rise

The price of egg has also climbed from Rs. 5.50 per piece to between Rs 6 and Rs.6.50. “Eggs are now being sold at Rs 75-Rs 80 per dozen in the retail market.

The wholesale price is somewhere around Rs 5.75 per piece,” said an official of National Egg Coordination Committee.

According to sellers in city markets, the chicken price had been hovering around Rs 200 even a fortnight ago. “I was selling chicken at Rs 200 per kg till a few days ago. Now it has gone up to Rs 260 per kg,” said Satyajit Sinha Roy, a chicken seller at Lake Market.

A Behala market vendor said he is selling dressed chicken at Rs 250 and boneless chicken at Rs 360 per kg. At Janbazar, the rate of dressed chicken is hovering between Rs 250 and Rs 270.

“Managing family budget has become tough. How will middle-class households survive?” said Golpark resident Shyamali Bose.

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Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.07 | July - 2021

Editorial Calender

MONTH

TOPIC Challenges that cold weather bring for the livestock

January

Winter Management for Poultry

Ways to avoid any trouble Temprature Fluctuation Respiratory Disease

February

Disease Management

Different type of Infections Strategies to avoid them Adaptability

March

Innovations

Effect to production New culture it brings Feeding and Watering Equipments

April

Housing

Automatic Sheds Labour Management Consequences of heat

May

Heat Stress

Ways to spot heat stress Strategies to compact the impact Price Fluctuation

June

Eggs

Cold Chain Management Productivity Fluctuation Processing Equipments

July

Processing

Management of growng chicken Cold Chain Management Price Fluctuation

August

Feed

Energy requirements and feed intake Equipments Live Vaccines Overview

September

Medications

Antibiotics vs Organic Are growth promoters beneficial?

October

Breeding

Layer Breeding Management Boiler Breeding Management Antimicrobial Carcass Treatments

November

Bio-Secutrity

Gass emission Ecological Balance Year gone by..

December Industry Outlook

What to expect from next year?

NewRules, Policies- The conclusion.

NOTE: 1. There will be regular columns such as Industry News, Product News, Press Releases, CSR, Company Spotlight and Interviews, Event Calenders, Egg Rate, Food for thought, Awards, Appointments and Trivia.

2. We request you to send articles in word format.

3. Deadline: 8th of every month for the editorial content.

12th of every month for the advertisement material.

4. Please send your valuable contributions to poultry.pcsl@gmail.com

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Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.07 | July - 2021

EGG Daily and Monthly Prices of June 2021

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Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.07 | July - 2021

Egg Prices

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