Poultry Planner_May_2021 by Poultry Planner

MAY 2021

MONTHLY BILINGUAL

R.N.I. 71668/1999

Title Code HARBIL00563

Vol. 23 | No. 05 | May - 2021

Genetic progress in poultry species for meat production has contributed to

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the consistent growth in world production of poultry meat. The poultry

Vishal Rai Gupta Managing Director vishal@pixie.co.in

species have a number of advantages over the larger species used for meat

Bhavana Gupta Editor-in-Chief editor.pcsl@gmail.com Siddhi Gupta Co-Editor Sajjad Mahdi Business Executive poultry.pcsl@gmail.com M: 999 170 5005

HONORARY EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Mr. G.K. Rathinam Palani Tk, Dindugul Dist, Tamil Nadu Dr. J Tamizhkumaran M.VSc., PGDEP., Ph.D. (Ph. D in Veterinary & Animal Husbandry Extension Education) Mr. S.S Rathore (MVSc Poultry Science IBRI, Izatnagar) Dr. Manisha Singodia (MVSc Poultry Science, Jaipur) Dr. Annada Das (Ph. D Scholar, WBUAFS, Kolkata) Dr. M. Arul Prakash (MVSc Assistant Professor, Tanjore) Dr. B.L. Saini (Ph. D ICAR, Izatnangar) Dr. Bilawal Singh (MVSc, Assistant Professor Ludhiana)

production. It is possible to maintain large pedigreed populations and use their high reproductive rates to transfer genetic progress to the production generations in less than five years. These populations continue to maintain high heritabilities despite, in some cases, prolonged selection. The history of selection progress in broiler chickens, he rates of genetic change for production traits such as growth, feed efficiency and yield have changed the physiology of the birds. Changes in selection criteria have been made to improve the robustness of the production stock. This allows them to perform well in a wider range of environments. These have been combined with improved definitions of the optimum environments for the birds to minimise any impact on welfare and health. This paper describes examples of selection in the broiler chicken aimed at improving skeletal quality and resistance to ascites. A number of the factors influencing future selection criteria are discussed. Breeding programmes have adapted to respond quickly to adverse genetic correlated responses. The need to combine selection for a large number of traits requires that the programmes are very efficient and use the best statistical techniques available for multivariate breeding value estimation.

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Editorial Policy is independent. Views expressed by authors are not necessarily held by the editors. Registered as Newspaper by Registrar of Newspaper for India : RNI No. 71668/1999, Tittle Code HARBIL00563 Editorial & Advertisement may not be reproduced without the written consent of the publishers. Whilst every care is taken to ensure the accuracy of the contents of Poultry Planner the publishers do not accept any responsibility or liability for the material herein. Publication of news, views of information is in the interest of positive poultry industrial development in India. It does not imply publisher’s endorsement. Unpublished material of industrial interest, not submitted elsewhere, is invited. The submitted material will not be returned. Publisher, Printer Mrs. Bhavana Gupta on behalf of Pixie Publication India (P) Ltd. Karnal Printed at Jaiswal Printing Press, Railway Road, Karnal Published at : C/o OmAng Hotel, Namaste Chowk, Near Janta Petrol Pump, KARNAL - 132001 (Haryana) INDIA Editor-in-Chief : Mrs. Bhavana Gupta All Legal matters are subject to karnal jurisdiction

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Nutritional Prospectus of Designing Meat and Egg in Poultry Zulfqarul Haq

Potential Use of Pumpkin (CucurbitaSpp.) Waste as Low Cost Alternative Feed to Enhance ... 16 K. R. Sriranga Importance of Optimising The Dietary Electrolyte Balance Dr. Yogesh Paharia

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Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.05 | May - 2021

Article

Nutritional Prospectus of Designing Meat and Egg in Poultry Zulfqarul Haq1, Azmat Alam Khan1 and Nazir Ahmed2 1 2

Introduction

Division of Livestock Production and Management, F.V. Sc & AH, Shuhama

Directorate of Extension SKUAST-Kashmir. Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, India

Poultry eggs and meat are a good source of essential nutrients. Designer food refers to the food that is designed to have some health benefits other than its traditional nutritional value. In this review an attempt has been made to focus on the different methods of improving the nutritional quality of poultry eggs and meat by enhancing levels of omega-3 fatty acids, anti oxidants, carotenoids, immunomodulators and lowering of cholesterol content. Indian poultry industry is expanding very fast to meet the increasing demand of the domestic consumers. The poultry eggs and meat are nutrient rich food as well as inexpensive, convenient and low calorie source of high quality protein with several other essential nutrients. However, the health conscious consumers demand for the wholesome, healthy and nutritious food products free from harmful residue. They are more interested and ready to pay for the products which are more beneficial, wholesome and health promoting in order to improve their wellbeing. Improving consumer's health and nutritional status by designing nutritional profile of poultry egg and meat through dietary approaches is relatively simple and economic. This leads to development in designer foods. Designer eggs are those in which the content has been modified from the standard egg. The designer foods are also termed as functional, fortified, enriched or nutraceutical value added foods. Nutritional diets of birds influence meat qualities in terms of nutritive value, acceptability, human health and processing. Eggs can be designed through dietary approaches either through supplementation of specific nutrients or certain herbs or specific drugs that have functional and therapeutic properties. Designer eggs are those specially produced eggs which are rich in additional nutrient and health promoting components like carotenoids, chelated minerals, EPA and DHA like omega-3 fatty acids, selenium, vitamin E and other immune modulating factors. In this article, an attempt has been made to bring forth the different nutritional manipulations for production of designer poultry eggs and meat.

Designer meat and its products There is growing public concern towards coronary heart diseases and artherosceloris with the consumption of poultry meat due to having more cholesterol and saturated fatty acids. Chicken meat is relatively low in fat and cholesterol, thus considered healthier than other animal protein sources. Numerous dietary factors have tried to alter the fat deposition and cholesterol content in the meat. Supplementation of copper, garlic and omega-3 fatty acids has been used successfully to reduce the cholesterol content of the poultry meat. Manipulating amino acid concentration and calorie to protein ratio in the diet can enhance the protein and moisture concentration of the breast and thigh. The main sources of PUFA are ﬁsh oil, linseed, millets and sea algae. The best ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 from a human health aspect was detected by the supplementation of linseed oil and Cod liver oil. The enrichment of meat products with

omega-3 fatty acids and its addition to poultry feed to boost levels in animal derived produce could play a major role bridging the gap between recommended and actual intake in human diets. When poultry meat is enriched with omega-3 fatty acids and selenium, 100 gm of enriched tissue meets 70-130% of the recommended daily intake for human respectively. Some studies have shown that conjugated Linoleic acids can reduce the risk of cardiac disorders and cancer causing problems, but Linoleic acids enrichment makes the meat tough affecting the meat quality. With omega-3 enrichment, poultry meat could contribute to dietary intake of about 75 mg Omega-3 per person per day. Lean meat production The present health conscious consumers prefer chicken meat with high protein, low fat and low cholesterol. By dietary manipulations, lean meat with low carcass fat (<5%) and cholesterol (<50mg/100gm) can be

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easily produced. However, the cost of production of such lean meat will be higher due to lower body weight and poor feed efficiency. Addition of chromium (Cr) in feed shows a decrease in the fat content of the poultry meat. Chromium enriched yeast at 1 gm/kg diet showed an improvement in the carcass quality, whereas chromium pieolinate at 0.5ppm had significantly lowered the carcass fat level. Organic chromium had increased the weight of pectoral muscle and meat as well as less fat and cholesterol content. Chromium supplementation (0.2mg/kg) improved protein accretion and lowered fat d e p o s i t i o n i n m e a t . F e e d i n g of probiotics at 100mg/kg diet improved moisture, protein, ash and decreased fat content in leg and breast meat of chicken. Narrowing the colorie: protein ratio, either by decreasing the energy level or increasing the protein level also helps in producing lean meat. Supplement-ation of fish oil to broiler diet at >2% level will lower the

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cholesterol levels and abdominal fat pad thickness, but this feed manipulation is not recommended as it will impart an undesirable “fishy taint” to the meat. An increase in the lysine level in the pre-starter diets and methionine level in the finisher diets will yield lean breast meat in broilers. Fat and fatty acids content Altering the total fat content in the diet of the hen has little effect on the total fat content of the egg yolk. However, the fatty acid profile ( the ratios of different types of fatty acids) of egg yolk lipid can easily be changed, simply by changing the type of fat used in the diet. Consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids has been reported to reduce the risk of atherosclerosis and stroke. Consumption of these fatty acids has also been shown to promote infant growth. Different feed, such as Flax seed (Linseed), Safflower oil, Marine algae, fish and fish oil and vegetables oil have been allotted to chicken feed to increase the omega-3-fatty acids. Omega-3-fatty acids enriched chicken eggs are available in the grocery store. However, they typically have a darker yellow yolk. There are also designer eggs on the market that contain a lowered saturated to unsaturated fatty acids ratio. Canola oil is commonly used to alter the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids. Dietary fatty acids profile are directly reflected in the lipids of egg yolks. Therefore, many attempts have been made to enrich eggs with n-3 fatty acids which have proven positive effects on the cardio-vascular system and reduced inflammation processes as well as cancer in human. Results of research indicated that linseed, linseed oil, rapeseed, fish oil or algae are suitable dietary sources for this purpose. The incorporation of omega-3 PUFA into eggs has been used by scientist to alter omega-6: omega-3 ratio towards the desired dietary ratio. Since the ratio between omega-6 and omega-3 in

eggs can easily be manipulated through diet enrichment, develop-ment of omega-3 enriched eggs can contribute to an improved balance between omega-6 and omega-3 in the human diet. Sources of omega-3 PUFA such as fish oil, fish meal, marine algae or a combination of several of the above can be used as supplements in layer diets. However, supplementation with fish meal or fish oil can exert a negative influence on the sensory properties of the egg. Feeding flaxseed for 24 days before processing gave optimal breast meat omega-3 enrichment carcass weight and meat yield. The duration of feeding flaxseed negatively affected the colour characteristics, functional properties and oxidative stability of broiler meat and suggested a restriction on the duration of feeding to lessen the problem. Addition of fish oil at 1.5% in the diet, acts as a good source of n-3 fatty acids. Algal biomass is as effective as fish oil at enriching broiler diets with significant difference on the oxidative stability of the meat produced. Omega-3 fatty acids Meat as well as eggs represents foodstuff which can be used as functional food. Fatty acid profile of poultry meat can be altered depending on fatty acid profile of food used in poultry nutrition. Flaxseed oil, rape seed oil and fish oil are used as sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The content of PUFA in broiler muscle tissue increased significantly when flaxseed was introduced into broiler nutrition. Inclusion of 7% of flaxseed oil into diets for fattening chickens changed the fatty acid profile of poultry meat lipids in the way that the share of α-linoleic acid in meat increased significantly. The ratio of n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in poultry meat can be reduced by adding flaxseed oil in poultry feed. The meat can be enriched with omega-3 fatty acids by adding of fish oil, but in case the problem of change in the flavor/taste of meat may occurs. Similar to the eggs, meat with high content of unsaturated fatty acids is more

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susceptible to oxidation, therefore antioxidants such as vitamin E and selenium should be added to poultry feed. As in eggs, omega-3 fatty acids may easily be incorporated into tissue of meat type poultry. Exchanging the content of fish oil in the diet by Linseed oil or rapeseed oil in the last week of fattening will not result in these quality aberrations. Another point of interest may be that increasing the n-3 fatty acid content in tissues may result in lower fatness of carcasses. The content of n-3 PUFA in breast and thigh meat can increases by 10-12 times by using diets rich in n-3 fatty acids. Conjugated Linoleic acid Conjugated Linoleic acid (CLA) may reduce the risk of cancer, atherosclerosis and plasma cholesterol level and may strengthen the immune system. CLA can be enriched in eggs by feeding diets containing special oil formulations supplemented with CLA. Despite of all the beneficial effects of CL A enrichment, it affects the texture and juiciness of the meat by making it tough and dark. The content of CLA may be increased by 40 times in breast and thigh meat by feeding CLA enriched diets to broilers. Reduction in cholesterol content A large egg contains about 213mg of cholesterol per yolk and chicken meats contain about 60 mg per 100gm. Designer egg contains 25% less cholesterol than normal eggs. The yolk cholesterol content in omega-3 enriched eggs obtained from laying hens fed with 10% menhaden fish had 13.6% less yolk cholesterol than the control eggs. Birds fed with 1.5% menhaden fish oil or 5% whole or ground flaxseed based diet, resulting in about 9% yolk cholesterol reduction. Egg cholesterol levels are very difficult to influence by dietary manipulation, but some improvement has been reported from supplementing with copper and chromium. Supplementation with dietary micro-minerals

Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.05 | May - 2021

(Copper, Chromium, Zinc, Vanadium and Iodine) and /or dietary vitamins (Vitamin-A, Ascorbic acid and Niacin) may change the yolk cholesterol level. Supplementation of natural products like garlic, probiotic and lactobacillus acidophilus in poultry feed help to reduce egg yolk cholesterol. Egg and plasma cholesterol levels were reduced by 23 and 22%, respectively, through f e e d i n g d i e t a r y g a r l i c p o w d e r. Cholesterol concentration in either plasma or egg yolk can decrease of 1633% by feeding 2% dietary Soysterols. Feeding dehydrated alfa-alfa free of choice produce lean chicken breast meat. A reduction in serum cholesterol has been reported in broilers fed with lactobacillus culture. Dietar y supplementation of amino acids like g l yc i n e , l y s i n e , m e t h i o n i n e a n d tryptophan can decrease body fat deposition. The carcass and yolk cholesterol levels can be significantly reduced by supplementing herbal plants and products like basil (tulsi), bay leaves, citrus pulp (nirangenin), garlic, grape seed pulp guar, roselle seeds, spirulina, tomato pomace (lycopene) and many more herbs in chicken diets will reduce the chicken and yolk fat cholesterol levels by 10-25%. Canolla oil, linseed oil, soyabean oil and sunflower oil reduced fat and cholesterol content in cockerel thigh and breast meat. Moreover, these substances act synergistically in reducing the cholesterol level. Hence, a combination of these supplements will be more beneficial rather than a single substance. Antioxidants The most famous antioxidant used in poultry nutrition is α-tocopherol, which is easily deposited in the egg yolk. But, other existing substances in yolks may also prohibit oxidation as selenium or carotenoids. Antioxidants are deposited in yolks according to dietary levels. Enriching egg yolks with α-tocopherol or carotenoids can be done in a wide range and does not affect egg except that with increasing levels of carotenoids cause increase in intensity

o f y o l k c o l o u r. S u p p l e m e n t i n g carotenoids to diets, it has to be considered that yellow and red pigments should be added in ratios given by the manufacturer to avoid off odor. The artificial carotenoid (apo-8e s t e r, c a n t h a x a n t h i n ) u s u a l l y supplements to the layers diet cover more than 90% of total carotenoids in the eggs. Enriching eggs with selenium is more complicated as high levels of selenium in the food are toxic for humans. Nevertheless, it is easy to enrich eggs with 35µm Selenium which amount to 50% of the recommended daily intake for humans. No negative impacts of antioxidants are known on egg quality criteria. The content of antioxidants in the egg can relatively easily be increased since they can be transferred from the poultry food into the egg. In this purpose, αtocopherol, selenium and carotenoids are most often used. Vitamin E and carotenoids can be added in relatively wide range, since they have no adverse effect on egg quality or consumers. The content of Vitamin E in enriched eggs can be increased upto 4 times. Adding of selenium must be carefully dosed because this element is higher concentration is harmful to human health. Recommendation is that eggs contain no more than half of recommended daily requirement i.e. (35µg Se). The presence of organic selenium forms used as food additives in nutrition of layers makes the incorporation of Se into eggs considerably more efficient. It is proven that by providing of 0.3-0.5ppm of organically bound selenium in diet for laying hens, the level of selenium in eggs can be increased to 30-35µg, which is approximately 50% of human daily requirements. Poultry eggs and meat are rich sources of natural antioxidants like vitamin E, selenium, carotenoid, pigments, flavonoid compounds, lecithin and phosvitin but at the same time, they are highly susceptible to oxidative rancidity during storage. These antioxidants will protect the fat soluble vitamins and

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other yolk lipids from oxidative rancidity. The designer eggs and meat not only contain high levels of the above antioxidant but also contain synthetic anti-oxidant like Ethoxyquin and antioxidants of herbal origin such as Carnosine, Curcumin, Lycopene, Quercetin and Sulforaphene depending upon the herbs used in the poultry diets. Hence, the supplementation of these antioxidants in the diet is essential to maintain the shelf life of the product. Along with antioxidants like Vitamin E a n d s e l e n i u m , t h e e n z y m e l i ke glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase constitute an integral parts of antioxidant cellular enzyme system in omega-3 enriched products to reduce lipid peroxidation. The dietary supplementation of Vitamin E is commonly used in commercial n-3 enriched products to mitigate the oxidation of n-3 fatty acids, thereby prevention the formation of undesirable fishy flavor and warmed over flavor in refrigerated cooked and raw meat. Besides these, other antioxidants as chemicals and herbs may be added to prevent oxidative rancidity. Selenium enrichment in eggs and meat Selenium (Se) is a necessary trace mineral in reducing the oxidative damage of cell membranes of poultry and humans. Selenium is an essential part of a variety of seleno proteins such as glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). Inorganic sources (Selenate and selenite) and organic sources of selenium supplements (selenium yeast) are used in typical corn-soyabean meal based layer diets to develop the selenium enriched egg. Organic selenium supplementation provides longer duration of freshness qualities of eggs and it is used widely because its absorption is higher than that of the inorganic form. Inorganic selenium has a lower transfer efficacy to eggs than the organic selenium. Supplementation of organic selenium to layer diets significantly improved egg production, egg weight, feed conversion ratio, albumen height and specific gravity.

Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.05 | May - 2021

Selenium has a sparing effect on vitamin E, such that selenium supplementation can increase the vitamin E content of egg yolk. Sodium selenite and selenocysteine results in greater concentrations in the yolk. Selenomethionine results in greater deposition in the albumen. A high level of selenium is toxic. The body weight, egg production, egg weight and feed conversion ratio decreased signiﬁcantly at increased selenium concentrations when chickens are fed at 0, 5, and 10 ppm selenium in the basal diet. The maximum allowable level (0.3 ppm) used in commercial poultry diets is well below toxic levels. Vitamin content Designer eggs have been produced that contain higher concentrations of several vitamins. Vitamin A and E are receiving the most interest as components of designer eggs. The vitamin content of the egg is variable and is somewhat dependent as components of designer eggs. In addition, the hen does not transfer different vitamins into the eggs with equal efﬁciency and cost of the vitamins must be taken into consideration when determining the economic feasibility of marketing such eggs. Eggs higher in vitamin E are currently available in stores. As w-3 fatty acid enriched eggs are more susceptible to lipid oxidation, supplementation with vitamin E is generally recommended to stabilize egg lipids against rancidity and extent the shelf life of the products. Supplementation of Vitamin E in layer diets enhance egg production and increase antioxidant properties of egg yolks and plasma of white leghorn hens during heat stress. There is an improved feed intake, egg production, vitelline membrane strength, albumen and yolk height and foam stability in heat stressed hens when fed with vitamin E supplemented diet (60 IU vitamin E/kg feed) Vitamin E was reported to improve phagocytic ability of the immune system in broiler. Supplemental αtocopherol acetate enhances FC-

re c e p t o r - m e d i a t e d m a c ro p h a g e phagocytic activity at early stages (up to 3 weeks) of broiler growth. Heat stress severely reduced growth performance, feed intake, feed conversion and immune response of broilers, while Vitamin E supplementation improved the immune response of broilers under heat stress. Vitamin E was reduce the lipid oxidation in breast and thigh meats during refrigerated storage. For designer egg/meat production, Vitamin E at levels at 200-400mg/kg are supplemented in the diet. Cystatine and Lysozyme Composition and level of proteins in albumen can notchanged easily as proteins are not directly transferred from the food to the egg as formation of proteins is determined by the RNA code and takes place in the magnum. Albumen includes many proteins with antimicrobial or even anti-viral activity as the albumen is the barrier of the developing embryo to microorganisms in the surrounding environment. The most interesting proteins in the albumen are cystatine and lysozyme, but also immunoglobulin yolk (IgY). The contents and activities of these proteins may be increased by stimulating the immune system of the hen. This may be done by vaccination with sheep RBC or other challenging agents. Furthermore, it is well known that differences between genotypes of hens exist for contents and activities of cystatine and lysozyme, allowing for selection programs for increased levels of these proteins. Mineral oils The shell contains the majority of the minerals in an egg. These are approximately 2.2gm Calcium and 0.02gm Phosphorus in the shell. There has been very little success in changing the calcium and phosphorus content of the albumen and yolk. It is possible to increase the content of Selenium, Iodine and Chromium. This has been done through dietary supplementation of the hen. These three minerals are important in human health.

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Pigment content The colour of yolk is a reflection of its pigment content. In addition, it is the type of pigment in the egg and its concentrations of any par ticular pigment. Consumer preferences vary greatly on yolk colour even in the same country. Colour is described on the basis of the Roche Colour Fan (RCF). Yolk colour from 6-15 can be achieved by using only natural pigments obtained from natural raw materials. Natural sources are natural plants such as Marigold, Chili or Corn. The high protein blue green algae known as Spirulina have also been shown to be a very efficient pigments source for poultry skin and egg yolk. Most of the carotenoids in egg yolk are hydroxyl compounds called Xanthophylls. Lutein and Zeaxanthin are two of the most common Xanthophylls found in egg yolk . Lutein and Zeaxanthin are high in pigmented feed ingredients such as Yellow corn, Alfa-alfa meal, Corn gluten meal, Dried algae meal and Marigold-petal-meal. Lutein and Zeaxanthin are efficiently transferred to the yolk when these various feed ingredients are fed to laying hens. Conclusion Poultry eggs and meat are a good source of essential nutrients. The development of nutrient enriched value added poultry eggs and meat greatly increased the context of functional foods for human health. Hence, by manipulating the diet of chicken with the different available feed supplements in requisite amounts, value added and health promoting chicken egg, meat and their products, free from drugs, pesticide residues and other harmful toxic additives can be made available to the health conscious consumers. The designing must take into consideration the production facilities, available materials, technical knowhow, economic resources of the producers and environmental impacts with welfare issues. r

Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.05 | May - 2021

Article

Potential Use of Pumpkin (CucurbitaSpp.) Waste as Low Cost Alternative Feed to Enhance Productivity and Meat Quality in Broilers

K. R. Sriranga*1, K. R. Harini2, Prachurya Biswaland2 and Tejeshwari Satpute1

Abstract There is an immediate necessity for the utilization of the unconventional feed resources in the livestock feed to reduce the competition between humans and animals for the feed resources. The agricultural and horticultural residues can be effectively used as low cost feed alternatives for poultry among which pumpkin has shown many proven benefits. Inclusion of pumpkin waste in the poultry diet has beneficial effects on appetite, growth and the immune status of the birds along with few therapeutic benefits. The natural antioxidants and bioactive compounds present in the pumpkin residue may enhance the meat quality, and also improves the general health and well-being of chickens. Keywords: Broiler feeding, Low cost feeding, Meat quality, Pumpkin waste Introduction Pumpkin is a popular vegetable grown in India during Kharif and summer season. India is the second largest producer of Pumpkin contributing to 18.8% of the global production (FAOSTAT, 2017). Pumpkin/ Squash/ Gourd (Cucurbita spp.) belongs to Cucurbitaceae family which includes 118 genera and 825 species (Lira and Caballero, 2002). Many varieties of pumpkins are cultivated across India among which Cucurbita maxima species is widely cultivated. Pumpkin

Livestock Production ManagementDivision, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana-132001, India

Livestock Production ManagementDivision, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh-243122, India *Corresponding author: srirangabvsc@gmail.com

fruit is a good source of carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, pigments, phenolic acids, and flavonols (Kulczyński and Gramza-Michałowska, 2019); and seeds are rich in protein and fatty acids (Kimet al., 2012).Pumpkins have been described to have medicinal and pharmacological properties also. In traditional medicine pumpkin is used for relieving diverse disturbances such as hypertension, arthritis, hyperglycemia, inflammation, dyslipidemia, fungal or bacterial infections, tumors, and intestinal parasites. The cull pumpkins (waste pumpkins in field), fruit pulp, seeds, seed meal and oil extracted from seeds can be used as animal feed (depicted in Fig-1).Pumpkin feeding in animals is beneficial due to their high antioxidant content and polyunsaturated fatty acids (Bardaaet al., 2016). The broiler diet enriched with pumpkin waste strongly affects the levels of triglycerides, cholesterol, low density lipoproteins, and high density lipoproteins in blood (Martinez et al., 2012). Humans can obtain αtocopherol and ß-carotene through the consumption of meat of birds fed with pumpkin seed meal (Daleyet al., 2010). In humans, a diet rich in carotenes improves the immune response and reduces the risk of degenerative diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, atherosclerosis, cataracts, and age-related muscular degeneration ( J a c o b o - Va l e n z u e l a e t a l . ,

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2011).Inclusion of pumpkin waste as a partial replacement for soya bean meal (SBM) in broilers diet can be advantageous with enhanced productivity and better meat quality.

Fig-1. Cull pumpkin, pulp and seeds for feeding various livestock species Inclusion of pumpkin waste in broiler diet to enhance productive performance Pumpkin wastes are being used for feeding several livestock species viz., ruminants, equines, poultr y etc. traditionally on a small scale. Enhancement of productivity by feeding pumpkin wastes are attributed to high protein and fat content of seeds, and high carbohydrate, vitamins, and minerals content of fruit. Feeding of pumpkin waste is thought to improve the feed intake by stimulating olfactory receptors and taste buds (Panda et al., 2009). In addition, high sugar content of pumpkin also enhances feed intake by improving the palatability of feed (Haliket al., 2014). Higher feed intake was observed in broiler diets included with pumpkin seed meal due to enhanced ﬂavors by presence of unsaturated fats (Aguilaret al., 2011). Enhanced feed intake and higher levels of unsaturated fats in the diet of broilers

Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.05 | May - 2021

may lead to improved final weight also. Supplementation of pumpkin seed in broiler diet has significant effect on the total feed consumption and body weight gain (Meineriet al., 2018). Similarly, Aguilaret al. (2011) reported higher final body weight, carcass weight, breast weight and yield, leg weight, and total viscera yield in broiler birds supplemented with pumpkin seed meal. The beneficial effect of inclusion of pumpkin waste in broiler diet is diagrammatically represented in Fig-2.

Fig-2. Beneﬁcial effects of feeding pumpkin waste to broilers Inclusion of pumpkin waste in broiler diet to enhance meat quality Inclusion of pumpkin wastes as feed stuff hashypocholesterolemic effects in broilers. Reduction in abdominal fat and serum level of harmful lipids was observed in birds feed with pumpkin seed meal (Aguilaret al., 2011). Plasma levels of cholesterol and triglycerides were signiﬁcantly lower in chickens fed with diet containing 1% seed oil (Hajatiet al., 2011). Higher content of phytosterols present in pumpkin promotes lipid digestion thereby reducing the serum levels of cholesterol in birds (Martínezet al., 2010). Supplementation of pumpkin waste enhanced the antioxidant status in chickens due to the presence of phytosterols, tocopherols, and phenolic compounds.The seeds of pumpkin contain higher amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), particularly

linoleic acid which increases the oxidative stability of meat (Meineriet al., 2018). The pulp and peel of pumpkin are rich in α- tocopherol and β-carotene which acts as natural antioxidants in meat (Stevensonet al., 2007). The higher antioxidant activity in meat breaks the lipid peroxidation chain thereby preventing the loss of meat colour and prolonging the shelf life of meat. In addition, pumpkin supplementation reduces the pH of meat during storage which adds up to the enhanced keeping quality of meat (Meineriet al., 2018). Inclusion of pumpkin in the broiler diet did not have negative impact on the sensory quality of t h e m e a t (Martinezet al., 2010; Meineriet al., 2018). Inclusion of pumpkin waste in broiler diet to improve health and welfare Synthetic antibiotics are used as feed additives to promote growth in chickens. In poultry feed, pumpkin can be used as an alternative to synthetic antibiotic growth promoter. The lectins extracted from pumpkin seeds have been shown to have antimicrobial effect on Salmonella spp. and E. coli organisms (Popet al., 2006). Moderate antibacterial activity of the extracts from pulp and flesh of pumpkin, and strong antifungal activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae of the seed oil extract was observed (Badret al., 2011). The oil from pumpkin seeds is efficient against gram +ve bacteria as compared to gram –ve bacteria.In vitro assays of the extracts of pumpkin rind, flesh and defatted seed meal confirmed inhibitory effects of these extracts on Newcastle disease virusand Infectious bursitis virus(Badret al., 2011). Besides, the extracts from rind and flesh have

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shown potent antitumor activity in in vitro studies. Proper utilization of pumpkin seeds have been shown to act against intestinal helminthes (Li et al., 2009); and this anthelminthic property of pumpkin seeds is attributed to the profuse amount of phenolic glycosides in seeds (Lyttleet al., 2008). The high content of bioactive compounds such as PUFAs (linoleic acid), phytosterols, and tocopherols in seed oil provide an effective wound healing ensuring better health and welfare of animals. The complexity and bioactivity of pumpkin offer an alternative way for control of pathogenic/ parasitic organisms, improved resistance to infectious diseases with simultaneous improvement in general health and well-being of the chickens. Conclusion Feeding of pumpkin wastes has beneﬁcial effects on productive performance and meat quality of the chickens. Inclusion of Pumpkin waste inbroilers diets in partial replacement of soybean meal may improve the live performance and increase edible carcass par ts, while reducing abdominal fat in the carcass. A d d i t i o n a l l y, p l a s m a l e v e l s o f detrimental lipids may reduce and also the sensory quality of meat is not altered. Due to the high content of antioxidants and fatty acids present in the fruit and seeds, some of the characteristics of meat are improved, contributing to the better human health.Antimicrobial resistance may be re d u c e d b y re p l a c i n g s y n t h e t i c antibiotic growth promoters with pumpkin waste in broiler diet. The waste generated during harvesting and post-processing can be efﬁciently utilized as animal feed thereby reducing adverse effect on environment, and improving animal r and human health.

Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.05 | May - 2021

Article

Importance of Optimising The Dietary Electrolyte Balance

Dr. Yogesh Paharia B.V.Sc , M.V.Sc (Nutrition)

As the global demand for protein increases, so too do the demands placed on our meat-producing animals. Like top athletes that are constantly performing at the edge of their ability these animals are asked to perform at the apex of their genetic and physiological capabilities. It is our job as nutritionists to do what we can to keep them in balance throughout their lives. In the same way that a serious athlete recognises the importance of managing dietary electrolyte balance (dEB) so too should we see the benefits of managing the dEB of our animals. And yet, while diets are often balanced down to the energy and individual amino acid percentages, dietary electrolyte balance is seldom, if ever, automatically calculated as part of a formulation optimisation result or even par t of commonly used nutrient recommendations. Electrolytes (sodium, potassium and chloride) are compounds that dissolve into positive and negative particles in solution. The relationship between these compounds, known as the 'dietar y electrolyte balance' (DEB), is affected by either electrolyte or its supplemental salt source. The National Research Council recommended 0.20% sodium, chloride, and 0.30% potassium for starter phase and lower doses of sodium and chloride for the finisher phase of broilers. However, these requirements are increased under heat stress conditions, and birds perform better when increasing levels of these electrolytes are offered, maintaining a DEB of preferably 250 mEq/kg. Increased levels of these electrolytes, especially sodium, were found effective for growth but caused increased water consumption and ultimately higher litter moisture in summer. In conclusion, a combination of the electrolytes with higher levels of cations and lower level of anions is recommended. DEB is an indication of the metabolizable ions that can generate or consume acid during metabolism. As such, the very significant balance between acids

and bases in the organism is closely related to the cation-anion balance. Diets with a low dEB are likely to cause metabolic acidosis, whereas alkalosis is expected with diets high in dEB. Metabolic acidosis has been implicated with reduced feed intake — the most obvious symptom that affects productivity. Dietary electrolyte balance may also affect energy, amino acid, vitamin and mineral metabolism. For example, excess dietary alkalinity (high dEB) may increase lysine oxidation and, thus, increase the requirement for lysine. Heat stress causes excess panting leading to respiratory alkalosis. As the birds pant, they respire excessive amounts of carbon dioxide, which leads to reduced concentrations of carbonic acid and hydrogen. In response, the kidneys respond by regulating excretion and secretion of these compounds in an attempt to maintain the acid-base balance. As a consequence, the balance of monovalent ions — closely related to acidbase balance — also change: Potassium and sodium concentrations decrease, whereas that of chlorine increase. In reverse, it is hypothesized that by altering the dietary electrolyte balance during heat stress, it might be possible to minimize the negative effects of heat stress. The processes involving carbon dioxide partial pressure (PCO2), HCO-3, and pH is peculiarly effective in transporting and regulating the CO2 resulting from the metabolic processes (Filley, 1972). Because of their physiological characteristics, birds are subject to alkalosis during high temperature exposure as a result of PC02 loss during panting (Calder and SchmidtNielson, 1968; Frankel and Frascella, 1968). Because of the economic effects of reduced growth rates resulting from chronic heat exposure and death losses resulting from acute heat exposure, there is interest in alleviating the effects of high temperature through chemical manipulation of the blood acid-base balance. Teeter et al. (1985) reported the

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use of dietary ammonium chloride (as a potential blood acidifier and the use of sodium bicarbonate (NaHC03) as a source of HCO-3 in alleviating the effects of chronic heat exposure in broiler chickens. both NaHC03 and NH4Cl has dramatically changed blood pH.. The requirements of different electrolytes (sodium, potassium and chloride), dietary electrolyte balance (DEB) and salt source in broilers have considerably changed in recent times. The increasing level of sodium (Na), potassium (K) and DEB are associated with higher pH (i.e. alkalosis) while lower levels of chloride (Cl) and DEB are linked with a lower pH (i.e. acidosis). A narrow range of DEB (150–250 mEq/kg) is recommended to overcome the variations in acid base homeostasis and normal blood chemistry especially in summer conditions. The supplementation of suitable salts like NaHCO3 and KCl are proven to be beneficial to sustain viability of various biochemical processes. The cations usually alleviate whereas anions exacerbate the lysine:arginine antagonism. In most cases, the electrolytes and their balance (DEB) are considered ineffective in order to influence carcass a n d r e l a t e d t r a i t s ; h o w e v e r, t h e supplementation of their respective salts under heat stress, showed contrary but potentially useful results. The role of electrolytes in combination with coccidiostats is still ambiguous; however, the level of both entities (electrolytes and coccidiostats) should be kept low and studied in detail for mutual compatibility. The inclusion level of electrolytes from various salt sources changes whenever there is change in coccidiostat and environmental condition. Keeping in mind environmental constraints, it is recommended to use the lower dosage alongside ionophores. Consequently, it is recommended to supplement electrolytes and maintaining dietar y electrolyte balance (150–250 mEq/kg) is mandatory to exploit improved physiological Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.05 | May - 2021

responses of broilers for maximum growth response. Considering the loss of electrolytes during the periods of heat stress when panting birds are experiencing respiratory alkalosis. During heat stress, the loss of carbon dioxide (CO2) through respiration and bicarbonate ions coupled with monovalent cations (particularly sodium and potassium) through urine, disturbed the acid-base balance (respirator y alkalosis). The corrections in blood acid-base balance have been achieved by electrolyte supplementation, either through drinking water or feed. These electrolytes, in different amounts and propor tions, proved beneﬁcial for broilers under different heat stress regimens. The discrepancies exist among different research workers about an appropriate DEB for heat-stressed broilers. Different environmental conditions in which broilers are reared; heat stress regimens (cyclic, acute, chronic), feeding regimens, source of electrolyte salts, combination of different electrolyte sources and the bird's genotype itself are factors that inﬂuence the requirements of a particular electrolyte as well as their balance in the diet.

information is particularly disconcerting considering that these electrolytes are integrally linked with ﬂuid and acid-base balance in the organism. As such, they are part of the most tightly controlled physiological mechanisms in the body. Mechanisms that affect everything from bone density, heart and breathing rate, thirst, to nutrient absorption in the intestine to mention a few. What to choose to increase dEB? The challenge for a nutritionist is to increase the dEB in the most cost efﬁcient way possible. Many try to achieve this by

relief is usually signalled with a satisfying eructation of CO2 – we burp. However, for our animals this mechanism has a number of negative nutritional implications. Firstly, an increase in pH negatively affects the key proteolytic enzymes. Pepsinogen requires a low gastric pH to convert to pepsin and pepsin in turn has its activity optimum at a pH 2 and ceases to function above pH 6.5. Secondly, any commercial acidiﬁers added to the diet will effectively be neutralised by up to 30% by sodium bicarbonate (Figure 3). So, while sodium bicarbonate provides sodium, this is either at the cost of added acidiﬁers, digestive performance or both.

The importance of dEB for performance Nutritionists had observed for a long time – that there is an optimum dEB. For poultry, this is at around 240 mEq.They also showed that on either side of the curve apex one could expect poorer performance as measured by weight gain, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio (FCR). The fact that as animal nutritionists we ﬁnally had a tool with which to calculate dietary electrolyte balance. In its simplest form, the dEB is the balance between Na+, K+ and Cl- in the feed and is calculated as follows: dEB (mEq) = Na/0,023 + K/0,039 – Cl/0,035, where Na, K and Cl is in g/kg dry matter. What is interesting is that commonly used nutrient recommendations such as breed manuals or NRC recommendations do not take dEB into account. As such, for broilers between 106 mEq and 310 mEq5-7 depending on which values you choose amongst the range of acceptable Na+, K+ anCl- values given by various nutrient guidelines8. Most notably, layer breed nutrient guides lack recommendations given for some of the macro minerals making it impossible to calculate dEB. This

increasing the salt (NaCl) content of the diet, but rapidly reach the limit of what is feasible since Na+ is tied to Cl- in the dEB calculation. It is possible to increase the dEB using potassium sources such as potassium bicarbonate. This solution is not favourable when compared to using sodium to improve dEB. Mainly due to the relatively smaller impact on dEB which means that the costs involved in achieving a similar result are inhibitive. This leaves a combination of the electrolytes with higher levels of cations and lower level of anions is recommended.as a ﬁrst choice for increasing the dEB. As is commonly known this buffering effect is caused by the addition of sodium bicarbonate to an acidic environment such as the stomach, which neutralises the acid. This in turn increases the gastric pH and releases CO2 and water. It is precisely this effect that is capitalised upon when we use sodium bicarbonate based antacids to get relief from our own hear tburn or indigestion symptoms, whose instant

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Average daily weight gain of broilers at day 35 with sodium bicarbonate or Sodium formate Zeactive (cplVetnova ). Conclusion There is no doubt that optimising dEB in broilers can have significantly positive effects and give performance improvements of 4-7%. However, when balancing dEB, the choice of sodium source may affect other performance enhancers as well as total feed cost. While sodium bicarbonate has the potential to increase gastric pH and neutralise a substantial part of the gastric acid or any added feed acidifier, so combination of the electrolytes with higher levels of cations and lower level of anions is recommended.As a first choice for increasing the dEB.Optimising the dietary electrolyte balance and choosing the correct tool to achieve balance is key to achieving significant broilers performance, improvements and profitability. r Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.05 | May - 2021

Article

Nutritional management of heat stress in broilers Sandeep Uniyal, Amit Sharma and Udeybir Singh Chahal Department of Animal Nutrition Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana-141001

Introduction Indian poultry sector have grown enormously in past few decade from traditional backward to modern highly intensiﬁed poultry production system. The Indian poultry sector now has grown to 120,000 Cr industry which in itself largest among the agriculture sector and contributing nearly 5 % in the GDP from agriculture sector. India is second and third largest producer of egg and poultry meat respectively, which is a good sign to Indian poultry industry but there are certain factors which are obstacle in expression of full potential of Indian poultry industry one of them is environmental stress particularly heat stress. The environmental temperature start increasing from March till the start of monsoon in most of the part of India and may reaches above 500C in certain parts. So, it becomes very difﬁcult for the poultry birds to cope up with these hot weather conditions which adversely affects the feed intake and performance of birds in terms of weight gain and feed conversion ratio. It also leads to reduced nutrient utilization and immune suppression in the broilers birds so, it is at most important to take necessary measures to prevent heat stress in broiler birds.

Nutritional management of heat stress involves various approaches like form of feed and feeding method, time of feeding, energy and protein level of the feed, electrolyte balance, vitamins and minerals level in feed and water and dietary feed additives 1. Forms of feed and feeding method: Feed forms (crumb, pellets, or mash) plays important role in minimizing heat stress in the birds. It has been observed that feeding broiler pelleted feed with minimum amount of ﬁnes reduces heat stress in birds by minimizing the proportion of energy wasted in acquiring the feed and also save the time (1/3rd) in feeding as compared to mesh. Pelleted feed also improve fed intake (upto 14 %) and digestibility in heated stressed birds. Reduced ﬁne by 10 % of feed in summer gives better performance by improving FCR by 0.01, since energy spent for feeding is less. 2. Time of feeding: Timing of the feeding plays important role in alleviating heat stress in broiler. Production of heat by the broiler can be reduced by feeding them during cooler hours of the day i.e early in the morning and late in the evening this will reduce heat

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stress induced mortality by minimizing heat increment due to feeding during hotter part of the day. 3. Energy density of the diet: The energy level of the diet should be increased to cope up the reduced body weight as a consequence of lower feed intake in the birds under heat stressed condition this can be done by adding fat in the diet which increases energy density of diet and also reduces heat production in the birds as fat has lower heat increment then protein and carbohydrates. It has been reported that feeding high fat diets (5%) helped in reducing the detrimental effect of heat stress in broilers raised at 2936°C. 4. Level of protein and amino acids in diet: level of protein in the diet of broiler during heat stress should be monitored to combat adverse effect so, a nutritional balanced diet with low level of protein with additional supplementation of limiting amino acids minimizes the energy loss from excreting surplus nitrogen and might therefore help the chicken to cope with heat stress. High protein diet during heat stress decrease growth rate and meat

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yield because of protein has high heat increment. 5. Dietary electrolyte balance: Dietary electrolyte balance is essential to prevent heat stress in the birds and for better feed intake, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR). Electrolytes like sodium (Na), Potassium (K) and chloride (Cl) is essential for synthesis of tissue proteins, maintenance of intracellular and extracellular homeostasis, electrical potential cell membranes, enzymes reactions, osmotic pressure and acid-base balance. Drinking water supplemented with sodium or potassium salts causes increased water consumption in broilers by 85% and resulting in greater weight gains. At high temperature of 35˚C, addition of 0.5% KCl and 0.39% NaCl in drinking water reduced the severity of heat stress in broiler. Also addition of ammonium chloride, potassium chloride and sodium bicarbonate have improved per formance of chicken by improving water and feed intake. Generally dietary electrolyte balance should be increased by 10 to 15% in summer than winter.

E, zinc, selenium, chromium etc availability also reduced and these micronutrient are well known for their anti stress effects So, supplementation of these vitamins is helpful for maintenance of performance and immune function. It has been reported that supplementation of Vitamin A, Vitamin E and Vitamin C @ 8000 IU/kg, 250 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg diet respectively, alleviates the heat stress condition in broiler and improves performance. Supplementation of chromium picolinate along with vitamin C has shown synergistic effect in combating heat stress. Also it is recommended in summer to increase the trace minerals level by 10-15 % in the diet of broiler in summer. 7. Dietary Feed Additives: Heat stress can induce unfavourable changes in indigenous bacterial microbiota which lead to impairment in digestibility lower productivity of the birds. Supplementation of multi strain probiotics may enrich diversity of micro ﬂora in chicken. Restore microbial balance in jejunum and

caeca of chicken may help in reduce harmful effects of heat stress. Phytochemicals like polyphenols, essential oils, and flavonoids helps in restoring feed intake, body weight and FCR in heat stressed birds. Similarly addition of betaine that acts as a methyl donor and maintain osmotic balance of body will be useful as an on-top application during intense summer stress. It has been reported that during heat stress heights of the villi in the instenstine of birds decrease which leads to less absorptive surface area and thus reduced nutrient absorption. So, supplementation of Butyric acid or Na butyrate helps in stimulating villi growth and serves as primary energy source for intestinal epithelium. Conclusion Nutritional management through above dietary approach certainly help in reducing heat stress in broilers and improving productivity performance by increasing feed intake, body weight gain and better feed conversion efficiency there by improves farm profitability in r summer season.

6. Vitamins and minerals level: Vitamins and minerals supplementation plays important role in prevention of heat stress in the birds and helps i n m a i n t a i n i n g p ro d u c t i o n per formance. As results of decrease in feed intake during summer intake essential micronutrients like Vitamin A, C,

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Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.05 | May - 2021

Article

How to Do Poultry Farming in Summer ? Mr. Rakesh Kumar Growel Agrovet Private Limited www.growelagrovet.com | rakesh@growelagrovet.com

Poultry Farming in Summer is an important topic to understand because heat stress causes adverse effects on the performance of poultry production. The summer season causes several harmful effects on broilers and layers, which ultimately reduces profitability. Summer stress is a severe concern for poultry producers as it directly leads to financial losses by impaired poultry performance.

Due to the common occurrence of environmental stressors worldwide, many studies have investigated the detrimental effects of heat stress on poultry production. It has been seen that heat stress negatively affects the welfare and productivity of broilers and laying hens. Understanding and controlling heat stress in poultry is crucial to successful poultry production and profitability. Heat stress is one of the most c r i t i c a l e n v i ro n m e n t a l s t re s s o r s c h a l l e n g i n g p o u l t r y p ro d u c t i o n worldwide. The detrimental effects of heat stress on broilers and laying hens range from reduced growth, decreased egg production, egg quality, and safety. Moreover, the negative impact of heat stress on poultry welfare has recently attracted increasing public awareness and concern.

The environment in which poultry is maintained is the most critical factor for a f f e c t i n g p r o d u c t i v i t y. T h e thermoregulatory mechanism in birds is effective only upon the ambient temperature within certain limits (180280 c); beyond this, a bird cannot adjust well. The lethal upper temperature in birds is about 470c . Birds do not change their behavior or signs of discomfort and use the minimum amount of metabolic energy to maintain a homoeothermic range of body temperature. Within the thermoneutral zone, body temperature is supported by the thermal equation (heat production=heat loss). What Happens in Heat Stress in Birds? Birds become heat stressed when they have difficulty achieving a balance

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between body heat loss and body heat production, the average body temperature of poultry is 410 c. When the environmental temperature exceeds 350c , a bird is likely to experience heat stress. In effect, to maintain body temperature, birds first rely on losing heat from blood vessels near the surface of the skin by a process called nonevaporative cooling. However, this mechanism is only effective when the ambient temperature is lower than the bird's body temperature. As ambient temperature increases beyond the bird's thermoneutral zone, non-evaporative cooling becomes ineffective. At these higher temperatures, the bird relies on panting/evaporative cooling to control body temperature. Panting is an effective but energy-expensive way for the bird to regulate body temperature. It typically results in lower feed intake and growth and reduced feed efficiency. It will also increase water intake to offset water loss. Still, the situation is complicated because the body's ability to retain water is reduced as the evaporative cooling process escalates. During high ambient temperatures, the birds increase panting up to 10 times from an average rate of 25 breathes/min to 250 breathes/min, which leads to an excessive loss of carbon dioxide resulting in raised blood plasma bicarbonate levels and increased blood ph. The bird attempts to correct blood ph. by excreting bicarbonates via urine. Bicarbonates are negatively charged ions coupled with Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.05 | May - 2021

achieve targeted figures, i.e., the egg from layers and better body weight at particular age with specific FCR in broilers. The following steps will help to combat heat stress in poultry farming in summer : Ÿ

Housing Management

Water Management

Feed Management

General Management

Housing Management in Poultry Farming in Summer :

positively charged ions such as potassium to be passed in the urine. However, as potassium is essential in maintaining intracellular water balance, a loss of potassium ions via urine reduces the ability to maintain this water balance. Consequently, while birds compensate for water losses associated with panting by consuming more water, their retention in the body cells is limited by simultaneous loss of electrolytes such as potassium in the urine. Effect of Heat Stress in Poultry Health : The most important effect of heat stress is to decrease body resistance and more susceptibility to E.Coli and CRD. In the condition of CRD & E-Coli, Ciprocolen should be given; it is a very effective herbal medicine for CRD & E-Coli. Also, outbreaks of gout may be seen in broilers and layers. In heat-stressed birds, blood flow increases to the upper respiratory tract, skin, and abdominal muscles for relieving heat. However, blood flow to the intestinal tract is decreased; thus, there is a reduction in appetite leading to lower feed intake. Concurrently water intake is increased, resulting in fluid contents in the intestinal tract. This further causes d i a r r h e a t h a t re s u l t s i n l o s s of electrolytes needed to maintain acidbase balance. In this condition, Electral Energy is very much effective.

Orient the long axis of poultry houses in an east-west direction to minimize solar heating and direct sunlight access.

Poultry houses in the tropics should have good roof insulation (if possible with false roofs to reduce the conduction of heat) with the support of fogger and cooler systems.

In open-sided houses, the width of a house will be a limiting factor, so keep the optimum width (24-32 ft) based on temperature, humidity and wind velocity, type of house, and birds nature for adequate cross ventilation.

Increased air movement over the birds by coolers/fans/exhaust to produce a wind chill effect. It will also keep the birds cool, even without a drop in the house temperature.

Shed design and construction should not allow direct sunlight on birds.

Thatching of the roof with paddy straw or sugar cane leaves will reduce the temperature inside the shed.

The roof should be painted with a whitewash to reflect light.

Shades from tall trees and plantations around the sheds can reduce the radiant heat. The plantation of trees should be such that trees will be leafy during summer and bald during winter.

Clinical Sign and Symptom of Heat Stress in Birds : The following clinical signs will be observed in heat-stressed birds : Ÿ

Panting/rapid respiration

More intake of water

Reduced appetite.

Reduction of egg production

Poor eggshell quality

Less body weight gain in broilers

Reduced feed efficiency

Increase in body temperature

Death

Post Mortem Lesions in Heat Stressed Bird : Ÿ

Dehydrated carcass

Mucoid exudates in the mouth and nostrils

Pale/cyanotic combs

Pale breast muscles

Congestion of liver, spleen, kidney, and lungs.

Fluid contents in intestines.

Rapid decomposition of the carcass

Now let us discuss the actions which the poultry farmers should take to combat heat stress in poultry : The aim of adopting measures to combat heat stress is to keep birds alive and get production out of them to

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Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.05 | May - 2021

Roof overhangs should be sufficient (3-5 ft) to protect the birds from strong sunrays.

Water Management in Poultr y Farming in Summer : Practically water is the essential criterion of these four managemental factors during summer. In summer, water consumption is 3-4 times more. Even a slight shortfall of water can lead to heatstroke and mortality. Usually feed, and water consumption ratio is 1:2, but when the temperature shoots beyond 950F, this ratio may increase to 1:4 or more. Following points to be taken into consideration for the poultry water in summer : Ÿ

Supply of plenty of clean and cool water (60-700F) must be ensured during the summer months.

Always use Aquacure in water to control infections through the water.

For day-old chicks, provide cool water and electrolytes on their arrival to the farm before offering feed to avoid dehydration after transportation.

Cover water tanks with wet gunny bags to avoid direct exposure to the sun.

Increase the number of drinkers by 25%.

Increase frequency of watering.

In the case of nipple drinkers, insulate nipple pipe with wet gunny cloth.

Provide Electral Energy(1-2 gm/liter) in water during hot hours.

Adjust the amounts of medications and volumes of water used for water vaccination to reflect the flock's increased water consumption during hot weather.

leading to reduced body weight, egg production, and shell quality, so a proper feeding strategy is required. Ÿ

Do not offer feed during the daytime in broilers; you should feed either morning or evening. Specific changes in feed formulations are necessary. Increase the nutrient density of feed to compensate for depressed feed intake.

Birds severely heat stressed may be dipped in cold water for 2-3 minutes keeping their neck and head above water level.

Provide proper cross ventilation. Fans (pedestal, ceiling, or exhaust) may be fitted in sheds. Use foggers in the shed, which could reduce the shed temperature up to 5-100c depending upon quality.

Similarly, 20-30% extra vitamins and trace minerals should be added to feed.

The use of paint, white lime, etc. practically reduces the shed temperature up to 20c

The available phosphorus content of the feed should be increased.

Use a side curtain in the shed, which should be sprinkled with water.

Vitamin C is necessary to maintain the integrity of blood vessels; supplementation of vitamin C @ 200-500 gm /ton feed will be beneficial.

Provide three exhaust fans on one side and pad cooling on another side, which will completely seal the shed sides and brings down the temperature below 80 c

Grow E-Sel@ 200 gm /ton feed will also be beneficial.

Use sprinklers on the top or inside the shed.

Pelleted feeding is beneficial where low-energy fiber diets are used.

Surround the house with tall trees & thatched roof is suitable for hot areas.

The house should be situated away from other buildings to facilitate free movement of air.

The high altitude of the roof is ordinarily 2.6 to 3.3 m from the foundation to the roofline to provide maximum ventilation.

Provide a 1-meter overhang to cut the direct sun and rain into the house

Since a hot, humid climate favors the growth of molds/fungi in feed, so constant use of anti-fungal is recommended. The diet should be balanced with limiting amino acids, methionine, and lysine, which will give better results. Increase the calcium level from 33.5% in layer diet.

General Management in Poultry Farming in Summer :

F e e d M a n a g e m e n t i n Po u l t r y Farming in Summer :

10% extra floor space should be provided in summer.

During summer, the consumption of feed by birds is reduced considerably,

Overcrowding of birds should be avoided.

Preferably fresh litter of 2 inches thickness with racking or stirring of litter 2-3 times a day during cool hours is recommended.

Farmers should do the shifting, transportation, de-beaking, and vaccination during the night or cool hours of the day.

The energy of feed should be reduced. Crude protein content should not be increased because the heat generated by one gram of fat is 16.5% or one gram of fat is 22.5%.

Do not withhold drinking water from the flock when the vaccine is provided through drinking water.

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W i t h s o m e a t te n t i o n to p ro p e r management to combat heat stress, the poultry flock will remain healthy and productive throughout the summer. These simple methods will help you to maintain the bird's health & productivity in hot weather. These guidelines will directly or indirectly make unexpected results in total poultry production. r

I wish you all the best while doing poultry farming in the summer! Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.05 | May - 2021

TOPIC Challenges that cold weather bring for the livestock

January

Winter Management for Poultry

Ways to avoid any trouble Temprature Fluctuation Respiratory Disease

February

Disease Management

Different type of Infections Strategies to avoid them Adaptability

March

Innovations

Effect to production New culture it brings Feeding and Watering Equipments

April

Housing

Automatic Sheds Labour Management Consequences of heat

May

Heat Stress

Ways to spot heat stress Strategies to compact the impact Price Fluctuation

June

Eggs

Cold Chain Management Productivity Fluctuation Processing Equipments

July

Processing

Management of growng chicken Cold Chain Management Price Fluctuation

August

Feed

Energy requirements and feed intake Equipments Live Vaccines Overview

September

Medications

Antibiotics vs Organic Are growth promoters beneficial?

October

Breeding

Layer Breeding Management Boiler Breeding Management Antimicrobial Carcass Treatments

November

Bio-Secutrity

Gass emission Ecological Balance Year gone by..

December Industry Outlook

What to expect from next year? NewRules, Policies- The conclusion.

NOTE: 1. There will be regular columns such as Industry News, Product News, Press Releases, CSR, Company Spotlight and Interviews, Event Calenders, Egg Rate, Food for thought, Awards, Appointments and Trivia. 2. We request you to send articles in word format. 3. Deadline: 8th of every month for the editorial content. 12th of every month for the advertisement material. 4. Please send your valuable contributions to poultry.pcsl@gmail.com

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Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.05 | May - 2021

Editorial Calender

MONTH

Press Release

Online Panel Discussion on

"Soybean and other oilmeals Demand and Supply Outlook - Present & Future” CLFMA OF INDIA. the apex organization and the voice of the counry's dynamic livestock sector conducted an "Online Panel Discussion with the objectice to discuss the Present Raw Material Situation (Demand & Supply) of Soybean and other Oil meals in India and to enable all industry players to come together and show solidarity for representing the government in all matters, as an expert opinion about this burning topic was the need of the hour. The online panel discussion started with a welcome address by Mr. Neeraj Kumar Srivastava, Chairman, CLFMA OF INDIA, who moderated the session, he started by introducing CLFMA OF INDIA to the panellists and participants, The panellists were Dr. Davish Jain, Chairman, Soybean Processors' Association of India (SOPA), Dr. B. V. Mehta, Executive Director, Solvent Extractors' Association of India, Mr. Bahadur Ali — IB Group and President of All India Poultr y Breeders Association (AIPBA), Mr. B. Soundararajan - MD, Suguna Holdings and Former Chairman of CLFMA OF INDIA, Dr. B. M. Masthan Rao, Chairman, BMR Group, Dr. P. Krishnaiah, IAS (Retd.), Advisor, S h r i m p F e e d M a n u f a c t u re r s Association and Dr. Dinesh Bhosale — Regional Sales Director, AB Vista South Asia and Former Chairman of CLFMA OF INDIA. Dr. Davish Jain, Chairman, Soybean Processors' Association of India

(SOPA), thanked CLFMA OF INDIA for inviting him as the panellist and appreciated CLFMA OF INDIA to organize the panel discussion at the relevant time and gave an update of the demand and supply outlook of Soybean and meal keeping in mind the backdrop of covid crisis. He said that, the poultr y and aquaculture put together requires 5 million tons of soya meal annually and to produce this a processor requires 6.5 MT/65 lakh tonnes of soya seeds, he said that, though the soya bean crop has been good the prices of the meal have gone up by 50% from Rs. 35/- to Rs. 58/- per kg. the demand from the poultry industry for soymeal has declined, He also said that, the soymeal consumption for feed industry has declined to 27 lakh tonnes as against 29 lakh tons during the same period last year in the period October 2020 to March 2021. He said that, during the covid crisis year, most of the people invested in the commodity markets and real estates. With the huge stimulus packages introduced by all the countries all over the world lot of funds are seen pouring around in the commodity markets and in physical markets and in stock and real estate markets. There was a loss in the soyabean market of Argentina also, which is the largest exporters of soya bean oil in the world. This year 104 MT of soyabean has

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been produced as per SOPA estimates. There will be 93.5 lakh tons available for crushing and sowing needs and other direct consumption ,hence the residual meal after taking care of 18 lakh ton of exports should suffice i.e. 16 lakh tons has already been exported in first six months and for the remaining period exports should not be more than 2-3 lakh tons and the reasoon is that, the Indian exports contract has already been completed and as mentioned earlier the consumption of 27 lakh tons was estimated for the first 6 months and next 6 months the estimates of the consumption from feed industry is 23 lakh tons and the residual soya been crop as per the SOP'A estimates at the end of March 2021 is 36.64 lakh tons of soya, which accounts roughly about 3 MT of soymeal or 30 lakh tons of soymeal for exports. Mr. B. Soundaraarajan gave the consumer perspective of the reason for spurt in the prices of soymeal even though there is availability. As per this overall estimation in India the broiler feed production is 14.5 MT, Breeder Feed accounts for about 3.3 MT and Layer Feed is 10.22 MT. Poultry alone will require the total consumption of estimated soymeal of 56 lakh tones excluding aqua and dairy feed and is estimated based on the prices which may go up or down by another 10% if prices are lower than the

Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.05 | May - 2021

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Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.05 | May - 2021

consumption will be 60 lakh tons and if high it will be around 50 lakh tons. Currently 4.5 MT of meal is required in the country and overall, we are paying around Rs 20,000 to Rs 25,000/- more than the normal market prices. This is the excess price premium presently paid by the poultry industry. Mr. Bahadur Ali said, that the poultry industry has reacted late and the poultry industry has asked for import of 12 MT and the govt has to consider this or not was questionable. He added that the price hike is due to the NCDEX commodity trading and the govt. should control this forward trading and we have to approach the govt. and ask them to support the soyabean farmers and the poultry industry as well. Also, the poultry industry has started utilizing other alternate feed like DDGS, sunﬂower, maize protein and are not dependent on soya meal alone, but the price hike is artiﬁcially created on the social media, He also said that, the Feed Consumption in the poultry has reduced by 20% to 25% due to summer (April, May, June) and due to corona, the poultry production is reduced by 20%.

Dr. P. Krishnaiah, said that, the S h r i m p F e e d M a n u f a c t u re r s Association has estimated the requirement of soymeal including aquaculture to be 9 lakh tons. Sudden surge of prices of soya meal directly impacts the cost of aqua feed and the major reason is soymeal constitutes 60% of the feed volume of aqua feed and in shrimp culture, feed cost alone is 60-75% and in this, 60% is by way of soymeal, hence there is a direct i m pa c t o n t h e a q u a c u l t u re industry. Main reason for price hike is due to hording by certain states. He suggested to request import of soymeal of up to 9 lakh tons. He added that Fish and Shrimp has provided an employment opportunity for about 20 lakh individuals in the rural areas. Dr. B.V. Mehta apprasided that there is a surplus availability of other oil meals in the country. This year, we had a bumper soyabean. ground nut and cotton crop. Rice bran production is 8.5 to 9 MT out of this 5.5 MT is processed for rice bran oil. 3 MT of rice bran is used bu cattle and poultry feed. out of 5.5 MT, we produce about 1 MT of the rice bran oil, 4.5 MT of rice bran extraction, out of 4.5 MT, we

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export about 2-3 MT mainly to Vietnam. This year there is a failure of crop in Bangladesh and export demand came from Bangladesh and hence export demand from India increased but now Bangladesh will be harvesting a new crop and hence the demand will reduce from Bangladesh. Overall Rice Bran is at comfortable level. Out of 8.5 MT of rice bran, if riec bran, if we take out 1 MT of rice bran oil, the acailability will be 7 MT of rice bran extract and is consumed by cattle feed industry. Due to soyabean price increase the mustard oil has become cheaper than the soyabean oil. In the next 46 month there will be lot of availability of rape and mustard oil. He said that, to curb the false price rise, NCDEX trading should be regulated. Also, to address the sentiments of the poultry industry govt. should allow import of at least 0.5 MT of soymeal and this will caution the hoarders. The govt number of availabilities of soymeal is 13.5 MT as against 9 MT estimated by the industr y association and it really a challenging situation to establish imports because of this gap. Also, world production is not less. He added that, this shortage is a temporary, he advised to slow down distress buying and try to use alternated meals which ever is available in the lean period (March to August). Dr. B.M. Masthan Rao, commented that, the Aqua culture particularly shrimp economy is very sensitive to price variation, since 70-75% of the cost of cultivation of shrimps is feed Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.05 | May - 2021

and any price fluctuation in the feed cost make the cultivation unviable. The BMR group being an organized sector survived with bare minimum margins. Also, Aqua culture employs about 20 lakh farmers and farm workers and another 25 lakhs from non-farm sector are also supported by the aquaculture industry. Most of the shrimp and fish farmer s are dependent on the aquaculture. Shrimp sowing of seeds in the pond will start from the month of Feb. This year the price of feed jas gone up and hence shrimp industry is affected. He gave the suggestion to import certain quantity of DOC as it is the main ingredient i.e., 50% for shrimp and 20% of fish feed production and the shrimp & Aqua feed industr y requirement is around 0.9 MT out of this 46% is soya meal. So far, our consumption of soya meal in Feb and March was hardly 1 lakh MT and another 8 lakh MT we need before Sep. Last year during the same time the prices of soya meal was 37,000/- per MT exfactor y and now the price is 69,000/- per MT soymeal. Since in the inclusion of preparation of compound feed 50% is protein, it is not viable, apart from this the ocean freight charges and transportation charges has also gone up. He suggested to present the case to the PMO. He said that the, hoarding is to be prevented first in the states of Maharashtra and MP. Dr. Dinesh Bhosale gave the insights about of soymeal being used as animal feed and compared the use of other meals with soymeal as alternatives and their limitations. He thanked CLFMA OF 35

INDIA for organizing this online discussion. he said that, if farmers are protected then only poultry industry can also be protected. He added that 70% is the feed cost for cattle, ﬁsh, shrimp and poultry. If we consider broiler then, we have 35% inclusion of soymeal considered as starter, ﬁnisher feed30% is used as soymeal inclusion. One broiler gets ready after eating 3500 gms feed and out of this 1 kg is soymeal. Apart from soymeal the regularly used feed is meat and bone meal and synthetic amino acids like lysine, methionine and tr yptophan is added while preparing compound feed. Soymeal digestibility is very good, as methionine is less in this. He said that though, all the panellists are of the opinion that, we have to manage the industry with other alternates feeds, but govt should allow import especially in south India, as it makes the cost cheaper compared to other areas. Hence in south India govt. should allow at least 1 MT of soymeal imports, we can discourage GM seeds. but GM soybean DOC can be imported. Layer feed has a very complicated ingredients and in this the soymeal inclusion is 5-10% and in the complete life cycle layer bird consumes 48 kg feed and out of this 5 kg it consumers soybean DOC and since the prices of soya has increased and there is a shortage in availability of soya it is only used in chick mash and in the grower mash and layer mash the soybean doc has been completely suspended. If we talk about cattle feed soybean DOC, 100 MMT is required and 12 www.pixie.co.in

MMT of cattle feed is manufactured by our industry and remaining 88 MMT raw material is fed to animal directly. The 12 MMT of soybean doc for cattle feed is very less, as calf starter, milk replacer, transition feed, all these high-cost feed uses soymeal DOC. In shrimp and ﬁsh feed de-hulled soybean is required. He advised all SOPA members to manufacture de-hulled soybean meal and sell it to poultry and shrimp feed industry. He also said that NCDEX should encourage only actual buyers and speculators have no role to play. Vote of thanks was proposed by Mr. Suresh Deora, Secreatry, CLFMA OF INDIA The main points summarized by him are as follows Ÿ

Govt statistics shows that, there is 30 lakh ton of soya availability for the feed industry and the largest consumer for both this industry is poultry and aqua.

The prices of soya have gone up by 50% and the biggest culprit for this price increase is speculation by the NCDEX and is fuelled by social media, to ease this we should ask the govt. to allow a lesser quantity of import of soymeal to bring the sentiment down and cool the market

The panic buying should be discouraged

We have to approach the govt collectively on all these issues

We have to approach jointly to SEBI for the purpose of regulating the NCDEX from doing speculations but move to real market and examine the controls we have to bring in

Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.05 | May - 2021

Press Release

CPDO&TI App - Your Information Portal on The Go.. CPDO & TI under Government of India, Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry & Dairying, Department of Animal Husbandry & Dairying, located at hessarghatta, Bangalore was established during 1972 to cater to the training needs of the country and of other developing countries in poultry Production and allied activities. This institute imparts advanced and specialized training to the t e c h n i c a l of f i c e r s of t h e C e n t r a l / St a t e g o v t . Organizations, agricultural universities, bank and insurance corporations, Cooperative sector, poultry and meat corporations and private sector poultr y Organizations of the country. Under various sponsored schemes like ITEC, COLOMBO PLAN, SCAAP, FAO, Foreign officials from 55 countries have represented in the training at this Premier institute. CPDO&TI started online trainings for Vets/Graduates/prospective entrepreneurs on Poultry from September 2020 which includes EPAW – Entrepreneurship in Poultry Awareness Week, Entrepreneurs Day (ED) and ODF – Online Discussion Forum. EPAW is a programme designed for providing basic knowledge takeaways on poultr y sector, management, nutrition, diseases, Government of India schemes, rural poultry including business models for adoption. This programme is designed for four days including Entrepreneurs Day wherein successful entrepreneurs are invited to share their inspirational stories by their dedication and hard work. ODF – is mainly designed to discuss in depth about a specific issue in poultry sector. So far, three ODF are organized focusing on 1. Alternate Species (Duck/Turkey/Quail/Guinea Fowl). 2. Pan India poultry training facilities both in public and private sector. 3. Poultry Feeding Trends in India.

viewer will have a display of Entrepreneurs day and Online Discussion Forum list based on the dates of the event. Further entering the selection of Entrepreneurs Day of a particular date, he/she will see a display of speakers with their image and the talk delivered on that day. The viewer can select topic and the speaker of his/her choice and get the information in an edited video format of less than 30 min. Similar is the arrangement if it is clicked on Online Discussion Forum. On the top of the app page, both facebook and website links of the organization is made available to navigate to both facebook and website of CPDO&TI for further detailed information. At the bottom, setting button can be used at any time to navigate back to the language of selection. A small attempt is made to dub few of the events of Entrepreneurs day and ODF in Kannada, the regional language for the selected viewers. Presently this app is only in Android format, however, ios – appstore format will be released soon. CPDO&TI app can be downloaded by typing CPDO&TI in Google play store or scanning the QR code attached in the information sheet.

CPDO&TI organized all these events online through zoom network and live telecasted in CPDO&TI youtube channel: CPDO&TI TRAINING, Hybiz TV youtube channel and posted in CPDO&TI facebook : cpdoti.bangalore. CPDO&TI App: This Institute conceptualized an app presently in Android platform – Google playstore in order to create a diary of past and present events retrievable in a user friendly format. This app was released on 27th March, 2021 during the third ODF at the Institute. CPDO&TI App is designed with a choice of language in the first page with both English and Kannada, the regional language. Once the language is selected, the 36

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Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.05 | May - 2021

Aviagen® Asia Pacific hosted a Korean-language webinar on April 22 to give customers exclusive access to key management literature in their native language. The goal of these documents is to help Koreanspeaking Arbor Acres®, Indian River® and Ross® customers throughout the Asia-Pacific region optimize the performance and efficiency of their Parent Stock and broilers, while achieving the very best in bird health and welfare. While most sessions were presented in Korean, simultaneous translation into Korean was provided during those led by English speakers.

Global reach, local touch This Korean-language webinar was the ﬁrst of a series of online meetings with customers to introduce Aviagen literature translated to local languages. A section of the Aviagen website where literature can be accessed in Korean, is currently in the works. “Aviagen combines our global reach to nearly every region of the world with a local touch. Along with a local team of dedicated experts close by to work alongside our customers, our producers also have the c o n v e n i e n c e of a c c e s s i n g important news and information i n t h e i r l o c a l l a n g u a g e s ,” explained Greg Hitt, Regional Technical Manager for Aviagen Asia Paciﬁc. “We care about our customers, and are committed to giving them all the tools they need to be successful in an increasingly competitive market.” Parent Stock and Broiler Performance Objectives and 37

Nutrition Speciﬁcations now available in Korean At the webinar, both Hitt and guest speaker Sang-Geun Kim, Chief of the Korean Broiler Council, welcomed participants. Afterward, Aviagen’s Global Head of Technical Transfer Alan Thomson presented an overview of the new management literature available in Korean, and customers were invited to download the documents. The Korean-language translation of the Parent Stock (PS) and Broiler Performance Objectives and Nutrition Speciﬁcations are now available at these links: Ÿ Arbor Acres

https://bit.ly/2QWPHRt Ÿ Indian River

https://bit.ly/3dWVsI9 Ÿ Ross https://bit.ly/32Medrh

Beneﬁcial webinar for Korean customers D u r i n g t h e s e s s i o n , D r. Changhee Lee, Regional Te c h n i c a l Ve te r i n a r i a n f o r Aviagen Asia Paciﬁc, shared with www.pixie.co.in

customers the latest in chicken cocciodiosis control and prevention. Hitt reported that the webinar was a big success, with a high level of customer engagement, as reﬂected in these customer comments: “Employees from Samhwa, including our GP manager, were able to attend, and we enjoyed the webinar. The simultaneous translation into Korean was perfect. The Korean-language literature will be very helpful to the chicken industry in Korea, enabling us to more easily understand the information,” remarked Jongsu Ha, DVM, Ph.D., Quality Control Manager and Technical Support Manager, Samhwa GPS Greeding Agri, Inc. & Samhwa BNE Co., Ltd. Dr. Lim Tae Hyun, Director of Animal Health and GP Manager at Cherrybro, added that the translations will be useful to all Korean-speaking people working in the poultry industry. Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.05 | May - 2021

Press Release

Aviagen Asia Pacific Hosts Webinar to Launch Key Korean-language Management Literature

Press Release

Tyson Launches Plant-based Burgers and Sausages To Compete With Beyond Meat Tyson Foods Inc is launching plant-based hamburgers and sausages ahead of the US summer grilling season, increasing competition for Beyond Meat as it releases an updated version of its own faux burger.

Reuters reports that purveyors of plant-based meat are seeking to boost sales as COVID-19 vaccinations encourage more people to eat at restaurants and gather for backyard cookouts and other events. Companies like Beyond Meat and Impossible Foods aim to meet consumer demands for more climate-friendly diets, but sales of some of their products have slowed more recently as the plant-based trend cools. Tyson Foods, the biggest US producer of animal meat by sales, introduced its ﬁrst plantbased products in 2019. It is adding burger patties, bratwurst, Italian sausage and ground "meat" made from pea 38

protein to its offerings, according to a statement. The burgers, marketed under Tyson's Raised & Rooted brand, will be sold in packages of two quarter-pound patties at a suggested retail price of $4.99. Ty s o n i s m a k i n g a n o t h e r attempt at an alternative burger after phasing out a patty last year that was a blend of beef and plants. Beyond Meat, meanwhile, is launching a new version of its plant-based Beyond Burger at grocery stores nationwide this week, it said in a 27 April statement. Packages of two quarter-pound patties have a suggested retail

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price of $5.99, while new packs of four patties have a suggested price of $9.99, according to the company. A one-pound Beyond Beef pack will also be sold. Beyond Meat already sells plant-based bratwurst and Italian sausage. Its updated burger is juicier and "BBQ-ier" than a previous version and resembles the ﬂavor of ground beef, according to the company. Each Beyond Burger patty has 20 grams of protein, compared to 21 grams per serving for Tyson's burger. "Our products are plants made meatier," said David Ervin, vice president of marketing for Tyson's Raised & Rooted brand.

Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.05 | May - 2021

Press Release

Dr. Chang-Hee Lee joins Aviagen Global Veterinary Team, signals strengthening of customer service for Asia Pacific Aviagen® Asia Pacific is pleased to announce that Dr. Chang-Hee Lee has become the newest member of its Global Veterinary Team. Based in Seoul, Korea, Dr. Lee will work with customers throughout the region to continually improve the health and performance of their Arbor Acres®, Indian River® and Ross® birds. Asia-Pacific poultr y producers will benefit from her in-depth knowledge of poultr y health, disease prevention, as well as her customer service experience.

Bachelor of Science in Veterinary Medicine (2004) and a Master of Science in Avian Disease (2009) from Chungbuk National University in South Korea. In 2013, she was appointed Te c h n i c a l M a n a g e r f o r Aviagen Asia Paciﬁc, before deciding to continue her studies and pursue a Master of Avian Medicine (MAM) from the Univer sity of Georgia (U.S.) in 2019; she completed the program in December 2020. Warm welcome back to Aviagen

“We are happy to welcome About Dr. Lee Chang-Hee back to the Dr. Lee earned both a A s i a - P a c i ﬁ c f a m i l y ,” 39

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commented Global Head of Veterinary Technical Service Dr. Nick Dorko. “Having served the region for six years, she is a familiar and trusted face among our customer base. She truly cares about our customers, and has a deep passion and respect for our birds.” Greg Hitt, Regional Technical Manager, added, “Chang-Hee embodies the Aviagen values of integrity, a singular focus on our customers, and a collaborative spirit. I am conﬁdent she will be a great asset for our customers, Aviagen and the Global Veterinary Team.” Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.05 | May - 2021

News

forward your innovative idea into a Poultry Tech Summit new South Africa records a technological advancement for extends presentation the poultry supply chain. second bird ﬂu submission deadline Brazil’s BRF invests outbreak The deadline to submit applications South African Poultry Association $ 5 4 m i l l i o n t o (The for The Poultr y Tech Summit's S A PA ) h a s re p o r te d a s e c o n d i n n o v a t i o n a n d t e c h n o l o g y modernize poultr y outbreak of highly pathogenic bird ﬂu presentations has been extended to 12 at a broiler breeder farm outside operations in Parana May. Johannesburg. Poultr y Tech Summit 2021 has extended the deadline until May 12, for completed applications for both innovation and technology p r e s e n t a t i o n s . S u b m i s s i o n s of innovations and technology presentations applicable to any point in the poultr y live production, processing or distribution supply chain are encouraged.

SAPA says that the farm is under quarantine and the exposed birds are being culled with help from the Depar tment of Agriculture. The outbreak, at a farm on the East Rand of Johannesburg, is in the same location as the ﬁrst outbreak. Testing suggests that that outbreak, which affected laying hens, was highly pathogenic H5N1 bird ﬂu. Brazil's largest chicken processor, BRF SA, says it will invest 292 million reais ($54 million) to modernize certain facilities in Paraná state through 2022.

Poultry Tech Summit is scheduled as an in-person event on 31 October to 2 November 2021, at the Georgia Tech Hotel & Conference Center in Atlanta, G e o r g i a , U S A . B e c a u s e of t h e pandemic’s impact on international travel, Poultr y Tech Summit will consider submissions for virtual presentations, but preference will be given to presenters who can attend the in-person event. Potential presenters are invited to submit abstracts on, but not limited, to Ÿ

Artiﬁcial Intelligence

Robotics

Blockchain

Sensors

Virtual Reality

Vaccines

Lighting

Don’t miss the opportunity to fast40

Reuters reports that the company also said it will resume turkey production at its Francisco Beltrão unit, which received authorization in March to export products to Mexico. Francisco Beltrão, where BRF also produces chicken, will be expanded as part of the plan. The aim is to process an estimated 7,500 birds per day at the plant as of the second quarter of 2022. The expansion of that unit will also create more than 400 direct jobs, BRF said. The announcement was made earlier by BRF Chief Executive Lorival Luz, who addressed Paraná Governor Ratinho Júnior by video conference, the statement said. "BRF has the state's calling, which is to produce food to the world," the governor was quoted as saying in the statement. Luz said BRF has a big presence in Paraná, where it directly employs 18,500 people. ($1 = 5.4370 reais) www.pixie.co.in

Poultry producers in South Africa remain on high alert in case the virus spreads. Existing biosecurity measures and import bans on South African poultry products are expected to remain in place. “The effects on the ongoing supply of b ro i l e r m e a t a re m i n i m a l , a n d consumers are assured that broiler meat and eggs remain safe to eat provided proper cooking protocols are obser ved, with temperatures exceeding 60ºC achieved,” a SAPA spokesperson said.

Crispy chicken sandwiches boost sales results in Re s t a u r a n t B r a n d s quarterly results Restaurant Brands International Inc's quarterly results topped estimates on 30 April, as a reopening US economy and government stimulus checks boosted spending at the company's Burger King chain. Reuters reports that after a year of ordering in, more Americans have started to go back to restaurants as a Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.05 | May - 2021

$1,400 stimulus payment from the g o ve r n m e n t i n M a rc h b o o s te d spending, while the rollout of COVID19 vaccines lifted consumer confidence. Easing of dining room capacity restrictions and a warmer weather also led to a recovery in demand at Restaurant Brands' outlets and those of rival companies, many of which are struggling to hire new workers to keep up with the jump in sales. Burger King comparable sales rose 6.6% in the United States. However, the rise was smaller than the 13.6% jump posted by larger rival McDonald's Corp on 29 April. McDonald's sales surge was partly due to its new crispy chicken sandwiches that were rolled out earlier this year in the United States and compete directly with a similar offering from Restaurant Brands' Popeyes fast-food chain. US same-store sales at the Cajuninspired Popeyes rose just 1.5% in the first quarter as it struggled to repeat last year's explosive growth amid rising competition. Total revenue at Restaurant Brands, which also owns Canada's Tim Hortons, rose 2.9% to $1.26 billion in the first quarter ended March 31, beating analysts' average estimate of $1.25 billion, according to IBES data from Refinitiv. Adjusted net income rose 13.2% to $257 million, or 55 cents per share, beating estimates of 50 cents per share.

Hens Stop Laying Eggs Af ter Eating Feed, Pune Poultry Farmer Goes to Police No FIR is registered as the manufacturer concerned has agreed to pay the compensation to owners of three to four poultry farms who also faced this issue. 41

A poultry farmer from Maharashtra's Pune district has approached the police claiming that hens at his farm have stopped laying eggs after consuming the feed manufactured by a particular firm, an official said on Wednesday. No FIR is registered as the manufacturer concerned has agreed to pay the compensation to owners of three to four poultry farms who also faced this issue. "The complainant is a poultry farm owner. He and at least four other poultry farm owners in his area also faced the same issue, following which he submitted a complaint to us," said Rajendra Mokashi, senior police inspector, Loni Kalbhor police station. The complainant stated he had purchased the poultry feed from a company based in the neighbouring Ahmednagar district of the state. "He mentioned in the application that after consuming that feed, hens at his farm have stopped laying eggs," Mr Mokashi said. He said the police consulted the block level animal husbandry officer in Ahmednagar over this issue. "The official told us that it is a common phenomenon that sometimes a particular feed does not suit hens and they stop laying eggs after consuming it," said Mr Mokashi.

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Citing the ofﬁcial, Mr Mokashi said such instances of hens not laying eggs after they were given a new feed had occurred in the past. Once hens are fed the old feed, they started laying eggs again, he said. "We also spoke to the poultry farm manufacturer concerned who told us to have received similar complaints about the feed from some other customers as well. The manufacturer assured us they would take back the feed and offer the compensation to the affected farmers for their losses," Mr Mokashi said. The police ofﬁcer said the complainants used to buy poultry feed from a reputed manufacturer based in Pune but chose the Ahmednagarba s e d c o m pa n y a s t h e f o r m e r increased rates.

Poultry hub Ajmer hit hard as eateries, shops remain shut JAIPUR: With Covid curfew shuttering restaurants, the demand for broiler chicken has crashed up to 70%. The forced closure of retail shops selling raw chicken by police despite the h o m e d e pa r t m e n t ’s g u i d e l i n e s remaining silent on it is also not helping the poultry farmers. In Ajmer that has over 10,000 poultry

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farms and supplies about 40% of the 50 lakh broiler chickens per day to the state and neighboring states, the impact has been unsettling. The district also accounts for 75% layer poultry farming for egg production in the state.

would be at stake if the industry continues to suffer like this. Farmers have invested lakhs of rupees in these farms. Adding to the woes is the increase in bird feed prices as soya cake and maize prices have increased by 25%, he said

Rajasthan Poultry Farmers Society president Rajkumar Jaipal said, “Besides meeting the needs of the state, we used to cater to markets like Delhi, eastern Uttar Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh. Because of corona restrictions, we have lost businesses everywhere resulting in 70% decline in offtake.”

Antibiotic free: what does it mean and what to deal with coccidiosis in Poultry?

Jaipal said that during summers the egg consumption in Rajasthan falls sharply requiring the farmers to tap other markets outside the state. “About 75% of the 40 lakh eggs produced in the state are from Ajmer. Because of the hot weather, the consumption in Rajasthan declines substantially. During this time, we start s u p p l y i n g to o t h e r m a r ke t s i n neighboring states. Given the current restrictions much of the production is getting wasted because egg is a perishable product,” added Jaipal. He said the ex-farm egg prices have come down to Rs 3.50 per piece. It used to be Rs 5.50. The government’s current guidelines are not clear about retail shops selling raw meat or chicken. While shops selling essential productions are allowed to open for ve hours, the meat and chicken retailers are forced to close the shops by the police. “The police don’t allow us to open the shop. We don’t know about the home department guidelines,” said Rajesh, a shop owner in Malviya Nagar. Rajesh said that the government needs to look at the guidelines and correct the anomaly because non-veg is also an essential product for many. He said the industry in Ajmer engages about 50,000 people and over a lakh in the state. Their source of livelihood

The meaning of antibiotic free products can cause some confusion, mainly because there is no ofﬁcial or international accepted description of what it is and how to classify different types of “antibiotic-free” products or production. Further complications come with anticoccidials for prevention of coccidiosis in poultry. In fact, in some countries they are classiﬁed as antimicrobials and as such they have to be withdrawn from “antibiotic-free” productions. To support producers, Hipra have built an Eimeria Prevention resource library featuring videos, blogs, vaccines and dose calculator.

Animal health authorities believe that the outbreaks are due to the high concentration of poultry farms in certain locations. Poland’s chief veterinarian is calling on the government to update regulations to ensure greater biosecurity measures and that there is sufﬁcient space between poultry farms. “This is the ﬁrst time we are facing such a great crisis,” Andrzej Danielak, from the Polish Association of Poultry Breeders and Producers said. “Until now, 65 outbreaks was the largest [annual] number, and here we have already exceeded 200.” Prices for eggs and poultry meat in Poland have already increased 65% since November, and many economists expect the price hikes to continue. However, there could be some relief as the weather becomes warmer.

P o l a n d r e c o r d s More retailers and largest-ever bird flu producers are embracing cage-free eggs outbreak Over six million birds have been culled in the EU’s largest poultry producer as bird flu cases top 260. Poland is currently contending with 262 outbreaks of bird flu, the country’s highest recorded number of infections. Reporting from Notes from Poland explains that over six million birds have been culled to stem the spread of the disease. Though poultry farmers can claim compensation for their losses, the hit to the countr y’s poultr y industry, which produces 20% of the EU’s poultry meat, has been immense.

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Egg producers and grocery retailers are keen to supply cage-free eggs to consumers in Asian markets, with analysts predicting that cage-free eggs could become an industr y standard in the region by 2025. Res earch from Singapore food consultancy Global Food Partners suggests that cage-free eggs could become the standard egg variety in Asia by 2025 as animal welfare and sustainability begin to factor into consumer choices. Global Food Partners CEO, Elissa Lane

Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.05 | May - 2021

says that cage-free eggs are becoming more popular across Asia. Her analysis shows that more hospitality and food service businesses are planning to adopt cage-free eggs in the near future. “The link between the coronavirus, wet markets and animal health has made consumers ask more questions about traceability,” she said. “We see existing producers extending their operations to include cage-free systems, rather than going all-in, whereas some new producers have been entering the market with full cage-free systems, as they are aware there is a big demand,” Lane said.

Major Asian food companies like Thailand’s CP Foods and Indonesia’s Inti Prima Satwa Sejahtera have already started converting layer barns to cage-free systems and unveiling new lines of eggs to customers. Larger companies like Burger King, Marriott and Tesco have also made cage-free pledges.

Hong Kong bans poultry imports from regions of Poland and South Korea on bird flu fears Hong Kong's Centre for Food Safety has announced bans in poultr y imports from various regions of Poland and South Korea this week due to bird flu outbreaks. Due to outbreaks of highly pathogenic H5N8 bird flu at various towns in the Pomorskie Region, Mazowieckie Region, Warmińsko-

mazurskie Region Lubelskie Region, Kujawsko-pomorskie Region, Świętokrzyskie Region and Lubuskie R e g i o n i n Po l a n d , a s w e l l a s outbreaks of H5N8 bird ﬂu in the Wonju-si of Gangwon-do Province of South Korea, The Centre for Food S a f e t y ( C FS ) of t h e F o o d a n d Environmental Hygiene Department has announced that impor ts of poultr y meat and products (including poultry eggs) from these areas will be suspended to protect public health in Hong Kong. A CFS spokesman said that according to the Census and Statistics Department, Hong Kong imported about 13,500 tonnes of frozen poultry meat and about 39.08 million poultry eggs from Poland last year. Data also shows that Hong Kong imported about 1,190 tonnes of chilled and frozen poultry meat and about 11.15 million poultry eggs from Korea last year.

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Egg Prices 44

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EGG Daily and Monthly Prices of April 2021

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Incredibly Nutritious Eggs are among the most nutritious on the planet. A whole egg contains all the nutrients required to turn a single cell into a baby chicken

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