Poultry Planner_August_2021 by Poultry Planner

AUGUST 2021

MONTHLY BILINGUAL

R.N.I. 71668/1999

Title Code HARBIL00563

Vol. 23 | No. 08 | August - 2021

OUR TEAM Vishal Rai Gupta Managing Director vishal@pixie.co.in Bhavana Gupta Editor-in-Chief editor.pcsl@gmail.com Siddhi Gupta Co-Editor Priyanka Patlan Co-Editor poultry.pcsl@gmail.com M: 999 170 5007 Sajjad Mahdi Business Executive poultry.pcsl@gmail.com M: 999 170 5005

HONORARY EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Mr. G.K. Rathinam Palani Tk, Dindugul Dist, Tamil Nadu Dr. J Tamizhkumaran M.VSc., PGDEP., Ph.D. (Ph. D in Veterinary & Animal Husbandry Extension Education) Mr. S.S Rathore (MVSc Poultry Science IVRI, Izatnagar) Dr. Manisha Singodia (MVSc Poultry Science, Jaipur) Dr. Annada Das (Ph. D Scholar, WBUAFS, Kolkata) Dr. M. Arul Prakash (MVSc Assistant Professor, Tanjore) Dr. B.L. Saini (Ph. D IVAR, Izatnagar) Dr. Bilawal Singh (MVSc, Assistant Professor Ludhiana)

Comman feed additives used in poultry diets include anti-microbials, antioxidants, emulsifiers, binders, PH control agents and enzymes within each one of these classes of additives there can be dozens of specific additives manufactured and distributed by a wide variety of companies. Again all ingredients and additives must be noted on the label and their use and inclusion levels meet the standards as defined by low. Growth promoting hormones are not used in the poultry industry the efficient growth and egg productivity of commercial poultry has been achieved over the last 50 years through traditional animal breeding techniques and improved nutrition and management practices. Anti-microbials have been used extensively in intensive poultry operations to minimize disease and improve growth and feed utilization however the industry is currently evaluating alternatives to chemical therapeutics, it should be pointed out that antimicrobial practices do not extend to production of commercials eggs (should a need for anti-microbials arise all eggs laid during the treatment and withdrawal periods cannot be sold) and the meat industry must adhere to stringent guidelines with regard to drug withdrawal periods before marketing. Commercials enzymes are also produced that significantly reduce the negative effects of phytates, phytates are plant storage source of phosphorus that also bind other minerals, amino acids ( protein) and energy and reduce their availability to the birds. Ongoing research will develop enzymes that are more effective in maintaining function under a wider range of processing and digestive conditions new enzymes may include those capable of reducing toxins produced during feed spoilage (should growth in grains) and facilitating digestion of carbohydrates currently not available to simple-stomached animals (poultry, pigs, humans) such as cellulose, lignin and chitin. Probiotics are defined as live mono or mixed culture of microorganisms which are nonpathogenic, resistan to gastric and bile acide and when ingested can beneficially affect the host animals by improving the characteristics of intestinal microbiota. Prebiotics are defined as indigestible food ingredients which stimulate the growth or activity of a selected number of bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract of host animal. When enter the gut, prebiotics serve as a substrate for the endogenous beneficial bacterial thus can promote competitive excluse of pathogenic microbes and selective colonization by beneficial microbes. Among the known prebiotics, mannan-oligosaccharide (MOS) fructoligosaccharide (FOS) and galacto-oligosaccharide (GOS) have extensively been tested in poultry

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Editorial Policy is independent. Views expressed by authors are not necessarily held by the editors. Registered as Newspaper by Registrar of Newspaper for India : RNI No. 71668/1999, Tittle Code HARBIL00563 Editorial & Advertisement may not be reproduced without the written consent of the publishers. Whilst every care is taken to ensure the accuracy of the contents of Poultry Planner the publishers do not accept any responsibility or liability for the material herein. Publication of news, views of information is in the interest of positive poultry industrial development in India. It does not imply publisher’s endorsement. Unpublished material of industrial interest, not submitted elsewhere, is invited. The submitted material will not be returned. Publisher, Printer Mrs. Bhavana Gupta on behalf of Pixie Publication India (P) Ltd. Karnal Printed at Jaiswal Printing Press, Railway Road, Karnal Published at : C/o OmAng Hotel, Namaste Chowk, Near Janta Petrol Pump, KARNAL - 132001 (Haryana) INDIA Editor-in-Chief : Mrs. Bhavana Gupta All Legal matters are subject to karnal jurisdiction

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Blueline Foods

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Articles...

CHR Hansen

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CPL Vetnova

Gartech Equipments Pvt. Ltd.

Huvepharma

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Natural Herbs

Natural Remedies

Pixie Consulting Solutions Ltd.

Sai Krishna Poultry Equipments

Vaksindo Animal Health Pvt. Ltd. Venky’s

What? Why? And How? of Standardized Botanical Powders

Dr. Raina Raj

Poultry Management in Monsoon Dr. Yogesh Paharia

Toxin Binders BioRem

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Ventri Biologicals

Chr. Hansen Animal Health: Growing a Customer-Centric Culture Chr. Hansen

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THERE ARE NO LIMITS TO WHAT YOU CAN ACCOMPLISH, EXCEPT THE LIMITS YOU PLACE ON YOUR OWN THINKING.

Heat Stress and Its Amelioration Techniques in Poultry Birds Dr. Ajit Kumar

Artiﬁcial Intelligence Technologies in Poultry Production Manoj Kumar Singh

Signiﬁcance of Poultry in India Oshin

Nutritional Importance of Kadaknath Chicken Shivangi Singh

Press Release Managing the Modern Broiler Breeders: Challenges and Opportunities

Webinar on Maize & Soybean Market Driving Factors & Price Outlook 2021

EW Nutrition Holds 1st Essay Writing Competition on Antimicrobial Resistance Risks

BRIAN TRACY

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Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.08 | August - 2021

Article

Chr. Hansen Animal Health: Growing a Customer-Centric Culture Meet the team and discover how good bacteria in livestock farming can improve animal health and feed conversion

Chr. Hansen, a 147-year-old g l o ba l l y l e a d i n g b i o s c i e n c e company, has set out to grow a better world, naturally, through its sustainable solutions. Established in India in 2004, Chr. Hansen has now taken the decision to enter directly into the livestock sector in India with its innovative probiotic product portfolio for the poultry and dairy markets. “Our focus is relentlessly on customer centricity,” says Edward Manchester, Chr. Hansen's Head of Animal Health and Nutrition sales in APAC, in an interview with Poultry Planner Magazine.

Expanding market reach andstrengthening local presence Recruiting great employees is always important, not least in India where Chr. Hansen's footprint is still limited, with a total of 40 staff. In 2021,Mr Rajan Seralathan, based in C o i m ba to re wi t h m o re t h a n 1 5 ye a r s of p o u l t r y i n d u s t r y experience in India (previously from Biomin), joined as sales and business development manager of Chr. Hansen's Animal Health and Nutrition unit. On the team is also Bangalorebased Dr.Raghavendrakumar M, who joined Chr. Hansen in 2019 as National Sales Executive, with focus on silage inoculants and cattle DFM (direct fed microbials).

Raghavendrakumar M, nationalsales executive, Chr. Hansen

With the expanded team, Chr. Hansen is well positioned to workcloser and better with distributors in India, strengtheningits local presence and technical support and enabling stronger local marketing execution, says Edward. As part of the technical service offered, there will be increased focus on local product trials and data generation for customers. New application lab has been established in Singapore which provide different in-house lab serviceson process feed samples has given the advantages edge to Chr. Hansen. Science-based probioticsfor poultry and cattle

Edward Manchester, Head of Sales APAC Animal Health and Nutrition, Chr. Hansen “To that effect, since 2020, we have been working on strengthening the commercial infrastructure and capabilities,” he elaborates. 08

R a j a n S e ra l a t h a n , sa l e s a n d business development manager, Chr. Hansen www.pixie.co.in

Chr. Hansen Animal Health's focus o n t h e p r o b i o t i c c a t e g o r y, combined with a strong collaboration with universities and industry peers all over the world, has helped drive research and Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.08 | August - 2021

innovation. Together with 100 scientiﬁc publications, this has led to a leading position in the industry. When it comes to poultry health and performance, little things make big difference. Microscopic things, to be precise. Good health starts in the gut, and gut health depends on a well-balanced microbiome. Chr. Hansen'sscience-based probiotic GalliPro® range for broilers, layers and breedershas been shown to supporta healthy intestinal function while limiting the growth of potentially harmful bacteria. By increasing digestive enzyme production, they also enhance the availability and absorption of feed nutrients. The strains in the company's products are highly heatstable, easy to use and compatible with a wide range of feed additives.

It's said that we are what we eat. The same is true for cattle, where fresh, nutritious silage is key to ensuring optimum health and performance. Chr. H a n s e n's S i l o S o l v e ® r a n g e contains unique strains of lactic acid bacteria.The science-based silage inoculant has been shown to enhance silage quality by improving fermentation, while inhibiting the growth of yeast and mold, and it is suitable to use in a wide range of crops and various crop conditions. To improve a healthy digestive system and performance in dairy cattle, Bovacillus®has shown to i n c re a s e e n z y m e s s e c re t i o n which helpsto break down ﬁbre and improve digestibility. The product is a versatile probiotic

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that can be used in all type of feed application. Driving positive chance through microbial solutions “At Chr. Hansen we are uniquely positioned to drive positive change through microbial solutions. We are committed to enable sustainable agriculture, and as we continue to unlock the power of good bacteria to respond to worldwide challenges such as the overuse of antibiotics and pesticides, we are matching customer needs and global trends. In this way we put action behind our purpose, to grow a better world. Naturally,” concludes Dr Rajan Seralathan, sales and business development South A s i a , C h r. H a n s e n A n i m a l Health.

Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.08 | August - 2021

Article

What? Why? And How? of Standardized Botanical Powders Dr. Raina Raj Marketing Head, Natural Remedies Pvt Ltd powders to ensure high efﬁciency and consistency in each batch. This article series will take the readers through a journey of rigorous standardization process ofstandardized botanical powders (SBPs) that begins at the grassroot through the procurement of raw material by supervised contract farming or other means;assurance of evidencebacked consistency in quality until its packaging before reaching the end-user. The current article shall provide in-depth knowledge orgofwhat SBPs are; and their beneﬁts in the poultry diet? What are Standardized Botanical Powders (SBPs)?

Dr. Raina Raj The future of the animal food industry is invested in the organic revolution, due to the worldwide awareness of the health benefits associated with holistic living. The natural supplement industry is foreseeing a huge surge for evidence-based scientific herbal products. This growing market demands exceptionally high-quality and consistently efficient natural products. One of the major issues in assuring the consistent quality of herbal products is the natural variation of endogenous phytochemicals that occur in plants. The phytochemical "fingerprint" of a particular species of plants can vary drastically depending on the age of the plant, soil conditions, weather conditions, farming practices, time of harvest, geographical location, post-harvest processing, and many other factors, leading to inconsistent results ofthe final herbal products. Thesolution to this is by standardization of the product during manufacturing. Our intention through a series of articles is to provide evidence on what is? And why is it? There a mandatory need for standardization of herbal

Standardized Botanical Powders (SBPs) are herbal powders whose speciﬁc phytochemical active concentrations are standardized with minimal variation, to ensure efﬁcient phyto-active function in t h e a n i m a l 's b o d y. T h r o u g h standardization of botanical powders, the product can be monitored for consistency and it provides the expected results in the animals. Processing of Standardized Botanical Powders Botanicals are processed in different ways as shown in Figure 1 depending upon the end-use and also, sometimes,

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depending on the inherent nature of the botanical itself. Let us take the example of W i t h a n i a s o m n i f e r a k n o w n a s “Ashwagandha” in Ayurveda; the phytoactives are present in its roots. The dried roots are powdered ﬁnely to produce Ashwagandha straight powder. This powder is then standardized with reference to the phytochemical markers chosen; this would also be the constituent that is responsible for its botanical effect in the body. The standardization process of the phytochemical assures consistency in its biological effects in each batch, and these are referred to as SBPs. Figure1: Schematic representation of processing of botanicals during manufacture Why are SBPs a more holistic way to approach phytochemical supplementation? Phytochemicals like alkaloids, terpenes, phenolic compounds, and ﬂavonoids are produced by the plants for self-defence and are stored in a specialized organelle known as the vacuole, which is encapsulated by a membrane known as tonoplast (Figure 2). Once the SBP is fed to the animal, the tonoplast disintegrates in the gut of the animals, which in turn releases the

Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.08 | August - 2021

phytochemicals present in it. The natural encapsulation that nature provides to plants to protect its phytochemicals is preserved during manufacture. This ensures optimum phytochemical delivery to the animals.

Figure 2: Schematic representation of the Tonoplast How are the Standardized Botanical Powders different from botanical extracts? The SBPs are simple straight powders of the botanical plant part which have scientific evidence of health benefits associated with their use. Unlike extracts, the manufacturing of SBP does not involve any extraction, elimination, or concentration of individual components. They can be used as functional food ingredients just as the herbal extracts are used. Generally, SBPs require larger oral doses to attain the health benefits. Extracts are often preferred only when the volume of the oral dose is an issue. Technically the SBPs are as good as extracts because the extracts are produced from the same herbs. Table 1: Compared to otherphy-togenic, SBPs are more holistic since they contain all the constituents of a plant which assist in bringing about the desired results in animals.

Biological advantages of using SBP 1. SBPs have multiple modes of action with a systemic effect on different organ systems in a synergistic manner, due to different composite of phytochemicals inherently present in them. SBPs showsynergistic and/or additive effects due to a composite number of phytochemicals in them.

standardised to give speciﬁc biological effects in the animals. In the next issue,we shall discuss h o w a n S B P c o m e s i n to b e i n g , titled “to be or not to be an SBP”. Figure 3: Beneﬁcial Effects of Using SBPs

2. SBPs contain high fibre content that provides several benefits, in digestion and feed absorption. They are also useful to the gut microflora.

Made in line with the “holistic” principles of Ayurveda

3. The raw materials for SBPs are produced by supervised, responsible, and sustainable farming, to assure good quality. Hence, we possess the capability totrace them back to their origin up to thesupplier level. 4. Secondary metabolites (the potent phytochemicals) are present in their natural packaging, known as the tonoplast. 5. SBPsare assessed fortheir physical properties such as particle size, foruniform mixing; Thermo-stability at 120°C for 5 minutes at 15 psi pressure; chemical consistency from batch to batch; and microbial analysis for safety. 6. SBPsaremanufactured with the holistic principles of Ayurveda and modern scientiﬁc technologies. Currently marketed SBPs contain a combination of botanicals, whose desired phytochemicals are

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About Natural Remedies is the number 1 veterinary herbal healthcare company in India with presence in more than 30 countries across the globe. Through its worldclass Research and Development centre, Natural Remedies offers a category of science-based Phytogenic feed additives, called Standardised Botanical Powders (SBPs). In this series of articles, Dr. Raina Raj, Head of Marketing at Natural Remedies, provides in-depth knowledge of what SBPs are, and their beneﬁts in the poultry diet. Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.08 | August - 2021

Article

Poultry Management in Monsoon The Indian poultry sector is one of the most vibrant, fastest growing, agrobased, techno-commercial Industry (Bhadauria et al., 2014). There are several constraints affecting growth of the poultry industry, among which temperature-associated environmental challenges, especially adverse environmental condition (hot and cold climate) imposes severe stress on birds and leads to reduced performance. Thermal discomfort may result in improper expression of genetic potential in birds (Kataria et al., 2008) and production performances of broiler chicken are greatly affected due to adverse ambient temperature Zahraa et al., 2008). At present, climatic variation is a key threat for poultry industr y, especially for marginal poultr y farmers in open-house systems (Ostiet al., 2017).During this season the highest temperature and humidity inside the broiler shed (i.e. micro-climate) was recorded as 36.39C and 85.37 per cent respectively and the highest outside (macro-climate) temperature recorded was 40.7C. Further, at high temperature birds tend to consume less feed (AbuDieyeh, 2006; Akyuz 2009 and Ali et al., 2015) affecting the body weight gain. Moreover, during monsoon due to heat stress the serum cortisol level increases. Cor tisol, involves in production of additional glucose from non-carbohydrate sources of the body, particularly through catabolism of muscle proteins i.e. gluconeogenesis. The wasting of muscle protein was another reason for lower body weight of broiler chicken during monsoon (Anonymous). The

significantly (P≤0.05) higher body weight during winter as compared to other seasons might be due to inhouse comfortable condition resulting favourable microclimatic condition for broiler chicken and higher feed intake. More feed consumption resulted in higher body weight gain (Al-Fataftah and Abu-Dieyeh, 2007 and Ali et al., 2015). Broiler chickens adapted more easily to lower temperature than to higher temperature (Manning and Wyatt, 1990). The optimal temperature range for efficient production for broiler chickens over 4 weeks of age is 18 – 21C (Aengwanich and Simaraks, 2004) and the thermo-neutral zone of poultry is 12.77 – 23.89C. El Boushy and Van Marle (1978), further defined the comfort zone of broilers with temperature between 15 to 25°C and 60-65% humidity, where the birds are able to regulate their heat balance relatively well and do not spend much energy on activity (Syafwan et al., 2011). During winter season the temperature and humidity inside the broiler shed (i.e. micro-climate) was recorded as 25.10- 19.95C and 57.82–72.71 per-cent, respectively, which falls almost within the thermoneutral i.e. comfort zone. At thermoneutral zone the birds exhibit its m a x i m u m g e n e t i c p o te n t i a l i n obtaining body weight and growth (Anonymous). The poor FCR during monsoon season might be the result of high environmental temperature during Monsoon that brings about a reduction in feed consumption and efficiency in the utilization of feed www.pixie.co.in

Dr. Yogesh Paharia B.V.Sc , M.V.Sc (Nutrition)

energy for production purposes (Howlider and Rose, 1989). higher environmental temperature which increased the incidence of heat stroke (Anonymous). On the other hand signiﬁcantly (P≤0.05) lower livability of broiler chick (0 - 14 days of age) during winter season was due to low temperature which was sometimes worsened by power cut particularly in night time resulting in sudden huddling and consequent death of the chicks. However, the overall liveability was found to be above 95% that is c o n s i d e re d n o r m a l f o r b ro i l e r enterprises. The rainy season is usually synonymous with an increase in relative humidity and a reduction in temperature; rainfall affects both the quality and quantity of feeding, while wind speed has an impact on the outbreak of diseases. The birds are stressed, and their ability to withstand diseases or immune system is seriously affected during monsoon season .Some cer tain poultry diseases are rampant in the wet, rainy or cold seasons i.e. the onset of rain favors the propagation and spread of the causative organisms of these diseases and parasites. Hence, most poultry farmers experience high morbidity and mortality rate during this period. Some of the diseases common during the rainy season will be discussed below. 1. Fowl Pox Fowl pox is a highly contagious disease that affects poultry birds at any age. It is caused by poxvirus transmitted by mostly mosquitoes and Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.08 | August - 2021

other blood-sucking insects. The reason why fowl pox is prevalent d u r i n g t h e we t s e a s o n i s t h a t mosquitoes, being the vector, breed well in this season due to the abundance of stagnant water. Also, the incidence of wet litter becomes apparent when poultry houses are not adequately shielded from rain. This leads to the development of wet liter w h i c h t h e n p re d i s p o s e s t o ﬂ y problems in the pen. How to Recognize Fowl Pox in Chickens : There are some visible things you will notice, which are proofs that your chickens have come down with fowlpox disease. Fowl pox leads to the development of round lesions with scabby centers on the skin of the birds. The majority of the skin lesions are located on the wattle, face, comb, and some are occasionally located on the legs. This disease also affects the mouth and windpipe linings. The lesions that are formed in the throat can develop to the extent of blocking the throat and it could eventually lead to death as a result of suffocation. Lesions on the face can extend to the eyes, causing temporary or permanent blindness of the affected bird. How to Prevent Fowlpox in Chickens: The mechanical carriers of fowl pox are mosquitoes. So it is advisable to reduce the mosquitoes around your farm or environment. Ordinary sanitation and management practices will not avert this disease, so vaccination is often the solution. It is recommended to vaccinate chickens ,such as breeders, egg layers, and those that are highly susceptible to fowl pox. Live fowl pox vaccine is administered in the wing web of birds within age 6 and 10 weeks. If aggressive pecking is controlled among birds, skin damage which fowl pox causes is reduced. How to Treat Fowlpox in Chickens Unfortunately, fowlpox has no treatment once the fowlpox virus has affected a

bird. But as long as a diseased bird is eating and drinking, it will recover from the disease in about two weeks or more with low mortality rate. When a bird recovers successfully from fowlpox, it is immune to the disease permanently. Fowl Cholera Fowl Cholera is a bacterial disease that affects birds of age 6 weeks old and above. The bacterium responsible for this is Pasteurellamultocida. It is highly contagious and mortality in acute cases is high. The causative organism is spread readily during the rainy season because wet liter serves as an abode of numerous microorganisms. How to Recognize Fowl Cholera in Chickens In acute cases, birds that appear healthy die suddenly while in chronic cases the affected birds show the following: Ÿ

Yellow, green or grey diarrhoea

Loss of appetite

Laboured breathing

Drooped wings and tail feathers

Rufﬂed feathers

Swelling of the leg joints, sinuses, wattle and foot pad

Twisting of the neck (torticolis)

Discharge from the nostril or beak

Note: The above signs are also similar to those of fowl typhoid. How to Treat, Prevent, and Control Fowl Cholera in Chickens Fowl cholera can be treated using sulfa drugs, tetracycline, and erythromycin. Poultry birds can be vaccinated against fowl cholera by administering a fowl cholera vaccine. Maintain proper hygiene and sanitation. Practice a high level of biosecurity and prevent rodents, wild birds, and other animals. Salmonellosis, Escherichia coli, Pullorum Disease (Bacillary White Diarrhoea) These bacterial diseases affect birds of

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all ages. They are endemic in farms or pens with poor sanitation, such as is seen when wet liter is allowed to stay for a long time. They affect the digestive system of the infected birds. How to Recognize Salmonellosis, Escherichia coli, Pullorum in Chickens Ÿ

Severe diarrhoea

Loss of appetite

Depression and emaciation

Chicks suffer omphalitis

White pasty diarrhoea in pullorum disease

Huddling together and laboured breathing

How to Treat, Prevent, and Control Salmonellosis, Escherichia coli, Pullorum Salmonellosis, E. coli and Pullorum diseases can be treated by administering a broad spectrum antibiotics to the ﬂock. High-level farm/pen hygiene and sanitation must be maintained. Biosecurity measures should be in place. Avoid feeding birds with contaminated feeds. Aspergillosis Aspergillosis is the disease caused by Aspergillus fumigatus in poultry. Due to the high humidity during the cold season, feeds or litter dampens, thus creating a favourable environment for fungus to grow and thrive. The birds also inhale Aspergillus spores and these spores develop into lesions ﬁlling the lungs causing respiratory problems or discomforts. Birds under intensive management systems would experience high disease spread if the stocking density is high and ventilation is inadequate or poor. How to Recognize Aspergillosis in Chickens There are a wide range of clinical signs presented in birds with aspergillosis. This is because they vary depending on how the chicken became infected,

Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.08 | August - 2021

where lesions develop in their body, organ(s) involved, and their overall health status (immune system). Aspergillosis may be acute or chronic in nature. Ÿ

Acute form: This generally occurs in young chicks and results in high morbidity and mortality. Onset is very quick and usually develops within a week. Most affected birds will die within a few days without emergency veterinary care. The most common signs include; Lethargy, depression, loss of appetite, difﬁculty in breathing, and cyanosis (bluish/purplish comb). Chronic form: This is usually very subtle in onset, and it may take several weeks or months to develop. It is most common in older birds, many with a history of malnutrition, s t re s s , c o n c u r re n t i l l n e s s , o r prolonged antibiotic/corticosteroid use. The entire course of the disease ranges from less than 1 week to over 6 weeks in duration. The most common clinical signs observed include: Weight loss, reduced appetite, exercise intolerance, increased respiratory rate, changes in vocalization (voice), often more apparent in roosters, audible respiratory sounds, tail bobbing, open-mouthed breathing.

A presumptive diagnosis of aspergillosis can usually be made based on the history of the flock, clinical signs, and physical examination. In order for your veterinarian to obtain a definite diagnosis of aspergillosis, they will need to collect some samples and send to a diagnostic laboratory, to confirm the presence of Aspergillus in the bird. How to Prevent Aspergillosis in Chickens Dry, good quality litter andfeed and hygiene will help in the prevention of aspergillosis. Antifungal drugs such as Thiabendazole or Nystatin can be used in feed.

How to Treat Aspergillosis in spp infection. Survivors of severe Chickens infections recover in 10–14 days but m ay never recover lost Usually none. Environmental spraying with effective antifungal antiseptic may performance. h e l p r e d u c e t h e c h a l l e n g e . The lesions are almost entirely in the Amphotericin B and Nystatin have been intestinal tract and often have a distinctive location and appearance used in high-value birds. that is useful in diagnosis. Coccidiosis Coccidiosis is caused by protozoan Eimeriasp in poultry, most species infect various sites in the intestine. The infectious process is rapid (4–7 days) and is characterized by parasite replication in host cells with extensive damage to the intestinal m u c o s a . Po u l t r y c o c c i d i a a re generally host-speciﬁc, and the different species parasitize speciﬁc parts of the intestine. However, in game birds, including quail, the coccidia may parasitize the entire intestinal tract. Coccidia are distributed worldwide in poultry, game birds reared in captivity, and wild birds. The wet litter and the hot pen temperature commonly observed in the rainy season favours the sporulation of the coccidian oocyst and therefore, the outbreak of coccidiosis.

How to Prevent Coccidiosis in Chickens Basic hygiene is your ﬁrst step for prevention. It is good to ensure that the poultry house is generally clean and dry. Ÿ

Ensure water is clean and fresh. Keep feeding areas clean and dry.

Ensure the birds have enough space i . e . o v e rc ro w d i n g s h o u l d b e prevented as it is a predisposing factor for coccidiosis. Chickens need an average of a square meter for 3-5 birds.

If your chicks have not been vaccinated against coccidiosis, provide medicated starter feed for them. Anticoccidial medication should begiven to the chicks at around 12 days of age (this might vary depending on the vaccination s chedule being followed).

How to Recognize Coccidiosis in Ÿ An all-in all-out method should be Chickens employed on the farm in order to Clinically, bloody faeces, rufﬂed prevent a horizontal transfer of feathers, anaemia, and somnolence infection. If this method is not are obser ved. Other signs of feasible, keep the new batch coccidiosis range from decreased quarantined for a minimum of two growth rate to a high percentage of weeks, for the protection of the visibly sick birds, severe diarrhea, current stock. and high mortality. Feed and water How to Treat Coccidiosis in Chickens consumption are depressed. Weight l o s s , d e v e l o p m e n t o f c u l l s , Once coccidiosis is diagnosed in a decreased egg production, and ﬂock , all the birds need to be increased mortality may accompany treated. Also, the litter needs to be o u t b r e a k s . M i l d i n f e c t i o n s o f changed so that birds do not pick up intestinal species, which would t h e s p o r u l a te d o o c y s t f ro m t h e otherwise be classed as subclinical, d r o p p i n g s o f a f f e c t e d b i r d s may cause depigmentation and c o m m o n a n t i c o c c i d i a l d r u g s potentially lead to secondar y include;Amprolium, toltrazuril, infection, particularly Clostridium sulfaquinoxaline etc.

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Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.08 | August - 2021

Article

TOXIN BINDERS

www.bio-rem.com info@bio-rem.com +39 3929750012

ITALIAN VETERINARY PRODUCTS

What are Mycotoxins?

Maturity of the grain when harvested

Key facts

Temperature and moisture

Mycotoxins are naturally occurring toxins produced by certain moulds (fungi) and can be found in feed.

Damage to the crop: mechanical or that by insect and/or birds

The moulds grow on a variety of different crops and foodstuffs. In the animal industry they are mostly found in feed products containing the following ingredients:

Type of storage.

Corn

Wheat

Sorghum

Barley

Oat

Rye

Mycotoxins can cause a variety of adverse health effects and pose a serious health threat to both livestock and humans. The adverse health effects of mycotoxins range from acute poisoning to long-term effects such as immune deﬁciency and cancer.

Mycotoxins are toxic compounds that are naturally produced by certain types of moulds (fungi). Moulds that can produce mycotoxins grow on numerous foodstuffs such as cereals, dried fruits, nuts and spices. Mould growth can occur either before harvest or after harvest, during storage, on/in the food itself often under warm, damp and humid conditions. Most mycotoxins are chemically stable and survive food processing. Several hundred different mycotoxins have been identiﬁed, but the most commonly observed mycotoxins that present a concern to human health and livestock include aﬂatoxins, ochratoxin A, patulin, fumonisins, zearalenone and nivalenol/ deoxynivalenol. Mycotoxins appear in the food chain as a result of mould infection of crops both before and after harvest. Exposure to mycotoxins can happen either directly by eating infected food or indirectly from animals that are fed contaminated feed, in particular from milk.

Approximately 25% of world agricultural harvests have considerable mycotoxin contamination although this percentage rises in hot and tropical countries. When fungi produce mycotoxins they can remain in the environment even after the microorganism that produced them has disappeared or been eliminated. This is due to the fact that most mycotoxins show a very high resistance to heat or chemical and biological degradation, also they are highly soluble if in aqueous or highly absorbent mediums. Types of Mycotoxins Ÿ

Aﬂatoxins

Trichothecenes

Fumosins

Zearalenone

Ochratoxins

Effect on poultry Mycotoxins affect all poultry species by causing severe immunosuppression. This in turn results in increased susceptability to infectious diseases, reactivation of chronic infections, potential secondar y reactions, increased need of use of drugs, and ineffectiveness of vaccination programs. Type A Trichotecenes are particularly toxics for poultry and the toxins that usually produce the worst economic losses in the poultry industry due to their fast effect on meat and egg production. Clinical symptoms and pathologies caused by intoxication:

There are many factors that intervene in fungal proliferation and the contamination of crops with mycotoxins; the main factors are: Ÿ

Soil type

Susceptibility of the crop

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Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.08 | August - 2021

TOPIC Challenges that cold weather bring for the livestock

January

Winter Management for Poultry

Ways to avoid any trouble Temperature Fluctuation Respiratory Disease

February

Disease Management

Different type of Infections Strategies to avoid them Adaptability

March

Innovations

Effect to production New culture it brings Feeding and Watering Equipments

April

Housing

Automatic Sheds Labour Management Consequences of heat

May

Heat Stress

Ways to spot heat stress Strategies to compact the impact Price Fluctuation

June

Eggs

Cold Chain Management Productivity Fluctuation Processing Equipments

July

Processing

Management of growing chicken Cold Chain Management Price Fluctuation

August

Feed

Energy requirements and feed intake Equipments Live Vaccines Overview

September

Medications

Antibiotics vs Organic Are growth promoters beneficial?

October

Breeding

Layer Breeding Management Broiler Breeding Management Antimicrobial Carcass Treatments

November

Bio-Secutrity

Gas emission Ecological Balance Year gone by..

December Industry Outlook

What to expect from next year? New Rules, Policies- The conclusion.

NOTE: 1. There will be regular columns such as Industry News, Product News, Press Releases, CSR, Company Spotlight and Interviews, Event Calenders, Egg Rate, Food for thought, Awards, Appointments and Trivia. 2. We request you to send articles in word format. 3. Deadline: 25th of every month for the editorial content. 25th of every month for the advertisement material. 4. Please send your valuable contributions to poultry.pcsl@gmail.com

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Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.08 | August - 2021

Editorial Calender

MONTH

www.bio-rem.com info@bio-rem.com +39 3929750012 Toxin binders, also referred to as captants, are usually in powder form for easy mix with feed. They are mainly based on various types of minerals that are able to attach to or destroy the particles of the toxins thanks to their chemical effect and structure. However, a popular base ingredient for toxin binders are the cell walls of the yeast Saccharomyces Cervisiae. Once ingested, toxin binders might also have additional detoxing and health effects for the animals. Finally, the more sophisticated toxin binders products will also include some beneﬁcial ingredients to boost the animal health whilst removing toxins. Types of toxin binders The main and most effective types of toxin binders are: 1. Saccharomyces cervisiae cell wall 2. Bentonite / Montmorillonite Best way to ﬁght mycotoxins

3. Clinoptilolite 4. Sepiolite

There are two main ways to control mycotoxins: prevention and use of toxin binders.

5. Kieselghur / diatomaceous earth

Prevention

6. Kaolin

Prevention can occur both at the stages of feed production and feed storage and handling. Mycotoxins can accumulate right from the outset if the raw materials are not properly protected against pests and insects and are not collected, cleaned and dried with the highet hygenic standards. Therefore, the ﬁrst step is to choose the right feed supplier to avoid receiving contaminated material.

7. Attapulgite

Once feed is in your possession, it important to maintain adequate facilities and handling measures. This means maintaining strict hygiene protocols around the farm and storage facilities, fumigating the feed against potential threats (such as rodents, insects and bacteria), conserving feed at moderate temperatures and without high humidity and moisture, allow ventilation of storage facilities and use mould inhibitors.

8. Natrolite-phonolite In addition to the yeast and minerals above, enzimes such as oxidases, catalases, lactonases and sterases can all potentially reduce mycotoxins to inactive forms. However, at present there is only a small amount of scientific literature to prove their efficiency. In the table below we summarise the additional beneficial effects that each toxin binder may have on specific types of animal, both as a result of their detoxifying effect and as a result of their additional nutritional characteristics.

Treatment Despite all best precautions, and given their invisibility to the human eye unless in very high concetrations, animal producers also adopt additional preventative treatment to avoid the much higher cost of curing or replacing their livestock. The most common and efﬁcient method is to use toxin binders to absorb mycotoxins both inside the animal and in their litter.

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Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.08 | August - 2021

www.bio-rem.com info@bio-rem.com +39 3929750012 balanced adoption of natural and harmless products. BioRem is specialized mostly in poultry and cattle with liquid and powder formulations. We are able to produce products on the specific request of clients and has an innovative line of phytogenic products based on herbs and essential oils. Bio-rem has developed its lines of products with different veterinary scientific studies and its method is a non-invasive and non residual treatment approach. Our mission is to be trusted reference with deep knowledge of healthy and effective veterinary formulations. In doing so we aim to contribute to the progressive decrease in the use of antibiotics in animal farming. Our values are: knowledge, competence, professionalism are the values that accompany us every day. OUR STORY Elisabetta Mason founded Bio-rem after 30 years of working in the veterinary field, in order to provide a high quality Made in Italy for the overseas animal farming market and a trusted partner to formulate the best types of products to meet their needs. Through the years, the company has achieved great success in Italy and in international markets, particularly in Middle Easten and African countries. That’s why, Bio-Rem also holds the exclusive distribution of some of the most important producers in the feed supplement industry. Through the years, the company has achieved great success in Italy and in international markets, particularly in Middle Easten and African countries. That’s why, Bio-Rem also holds the exclusive distribution of some of the most important producer s in the feed supplement industry.

Our solutions for you

The nutrition of farm animals aimed at improving their performance and "animal welfare", has become over the years the fundamental aspect for which customers have recognized the best quality in Bio-rem products. Our company continues on the path to innovation, by constantly consulting and researching new solutions and products for our clients, with whom with face the challenges of the future together.

Biorem can offer an exhensive range of products that comprise together different type of toxin binders and concentrations to help you achieve the best solution for The results is: innovative products for animal welfare. your livestock operations. About BIO-REM Bio-rem is a leading company in the ﬁeld of phytogenics feed supplements. We provide products of the highest quality to optimise animal health and performance. Our work provides an important contribution in replacing the excessive use of antibiotics and medicines, which poses a serious health risk for animals and humans alike, with the

Bio-rem takes care of animals with natural products as the best medicines that can be used. Natural products, while acting in depth, do not cause the accumulation of toxic substances in the animals and, consequently, have no contraindications. It is the innate desire to develop effective and innovative products, the incessant research and daily dialogue with the client, that makes Bio-Rem careful, modern, concrete, that makes quality its strength to ensure the well-being of the animal and, consequently, the proﬁtability of the farm. Bio-Rem: Passion for our work… this is our formula for success!

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Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.08 | August - 2021

Article

Heat Stress and Its Amelioration Techniques in Poultry Birds Dr. Ajit Kumar1, Tania Roy2, Atri Ghosh2

Ajit Kumar

Tania Roy

PhD Scholar, Department of Livestock Production Management, WBUAFS, Kolkata 2 B.Sc. (Ag.), School of Agricultural Sciences, JIS University, Kolkata

Introduction A hot environment is one of the important stressors in poultry production. The resultant heat stress comes from the interactions among air temperature, humidity, radiant heat and air speed, where the air temperature plays the major role. The adverse effects of heat stress include high mortality, decreased feed consumption, and poor body weight gain and meat quality in broiler chickens, and poor laying rate and egg weight and shell quality in laying hens. Due to the common occurrence of environmental stressors worldwide, this shows many detrimental effects of heat stress on poultry production. It has been shown that heat stress negatively affects the welfare and productivity of broilers and laying hens. Moreover, the negative impact of heat stress on poultry welfare has recently attracted increasing public awareness and concern. Therefore, stress represents the reaction of the animal organism (i.e., a biological response) to stimuli that disturb its normal physiological equilibrium or homeostasis. Heat stress results from a negative balance between the net amount of energy ﬂowing from the animal's body to its surrounding environment and the amount of heat energy produced by the animal. This imbalance may be caused by variations of a combination of environmental factors (e.g., sunlight, thermal irradiation, and air temperature, humidity and movement), and characteristics of the animal (e.g., species, metabolism rate, and thermoregulator y mechanisms). The impor tance of animal responses to environmental challenges applies to all species. However, poultry seems to be particularly sensitive to temperature-associated environmental challenges, especially heat stress.

birds is the most effective way to reduce heat stress as the natural rise of warm air from around the bird's hot body will cause heat loss. Providing moving air can assist convection, but only if the airs moves fast enough to break down the boundary layer of still air that surrounds the body. Proper ventilation is the key to keeping birds cool in hot weather. Heat loss through e va p o r a t i o n i s ve r y i m p o r t a n t a t h i g h temperatures as poultry do not sweat but 1.2. Behavioral and Physiological Effects of depend on panting for losing heat. Heat Stress Heat stress in poultry Stress is defined as the “nonspecific response of the body to any demand”, whereas stressor can be defined as “an agent that produces stress at any time”. Hence, stress represents a biological response of the animal/organism to stimuli that disturb its normal physiological equilibrium or homeostasis. The optimum temperature for performance/ thermo-neutral zone is between 19-22ºC for laying hens and 18-22ºC for growing broilers. Poultry birds when are in 'thermo-neutral zone', do not suffer from heat stress as body temperature is held constant and the birds lose heat at a controlled rate u s i n g n o r m a l b e h a v i o r. H o w e v e r, a n y deviation from the thermo-neutral zone results in heat stress, causing a negative balance between net amount of energy flowing from the bird's body to its surrounding environment and the amount of heat energy produced by the bird (Figure 1).

1.3. Impact of Heat Stress on Poultr y Production

Mechanisms of body heat regulation in poultry The metabolic activities involved in maintenance, growth and egg production in birds leads to heat production and is inﬂuenced by species, breed, body weight, level of production, level of feed intake, feed quality and, to a lesser extent, by the amount of activity and exercise. The regulation of body heat in birds mainly occurs through ﬁve mechanisms namely, radiation, conduction, convection, evaporation and excretion. Heat lost through radiation is by electromagnetic means wherein, if the surrounding temperature is below bird surface temperature heat will radiate from the bird's warmer body to a cooler surface, such as air, without the use of a medium. Body heat loss through convection i.e., by moving air over

Under high temperature conditions, birds alter their behavior and physiological homeostasis seeking thermoregulation, thereby decreasing body temperature. In general, different types of birds react similarly to heat stress, expressing some individual variation in intensity and duration of their responses. Birds subjected to heat stress conditions spend less time feeding, more time drinking and panting, as well as more time with their wings elevated, less time moving or walking, and more time resting. Heat stress can affect the reproductive function of poultry in different ways. In females, heat stress can disrupt the normal status of reproductive hormones at the hypothalamus, and at the ovary, leading to reduced systemic levels and functions. Also, negative effects caused by heat stress in males have been shown. Semen volume, sperm concentration, number of live sperm cells and motility decreased when males were subjected to heat stress.

Figure 1: Different ambient temperature zones for poultry 1.

Impact of heat stress on poultry

1.1. Biological Changes in Poultry Due to Heat Stress Heat stress in poultr y results in several behavioral, physiological, a n d n e u ro e n d o c r i n e c h a n g e s t h a t inﬂuence health and per formances (Figure 2). Figure 2: Effects of heat stress on behavioral, physiological, neuroendocrine, and production traits.

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Broilers may be exposed to a variety of stressors during transport from the production farms to the processing facilities, including thermal challenges of the transpor t micro environment, acceleration, vibration, motion, impacts, fasting, and withdrawal of water, social disruption, and noise. As part of this complex combination of factors, thermal stress, in particular heat stress, plays a major role. The conﬁned conditions within the transpor t containers reduce the effectiveness of the bird's behavioral and physiological thermoregulator y mechanisms. Consequently, the adverse e f f e c t s of t h e s e f a c t o r s a n d t h e i r combinations range from mild discomfort to death. In fact, heat stress during transport has been associated with higher Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.08 | August - 2021

mortality rate, decreased meat quality, and reduced welfare status. Decreased feed intake is very likely the starting point of most detrimental effects of heat stress on production, leading to decreased body weight, feed efﬁciency, egg production and quality. However, in addition to decreased feed intake, it has been shown that heat stress leads to reduced dietary digestibility, and decreased plasma protein and calcium levels. In layers, the detrimental effects of heat stress are initiated with decreased feed intake followed by reduced dietar y digestibility, and decreased plasma protein and calcium levels, causing signiﬁcant damage to egg production and quality. Heat stress has been demonstrated to decrease production performance in layers causing reduced eggshell thickness, egg shell thickness, increased egg breakage and egg weight and percentage. 1.4. Effect of Heat Stress on Immune Response

heat within the house, minimizing inside to outside temperature differentials. In hot and humid environments, open-style houses with proper shading, adequate air movement and water consumption are essential. Ventilation should be maximized as the air movement facilitates removal of build-up ammonia, carbon dioxide and moisture from the poultry sheds. A grass cover on the grounds surrounding the poultry house will reduce the reﬂection of sunlight into the house. Vegetation should be kept trimmed to avoid blocking air movement and to help reduce rodent problems. Shade trees should be located where they do not restrict air movement. Another factor that affects heat gain of a house is the condition of the roof. Roofs should be kept free of dust and rust. The use of circulation fans is recommended for proper ventilation. The primary purpose of circulation fans in a naturally ventilated house is not to bring air into the house but rather to produce air movement over the birds to increase convective cooling. Generally, it is best if circulation fans are orientated to blow with the long axis of a house and positioned towards the center of the house, where air movement tends to be most needed. Circulation fans should generally be installed in rows. To maximize air movement over the birds, circulation fans should generally be installed 1–1.5 m above the ﬂoor and tilted downward at approximately a 5° angle.

When bird's body temperatures are in thermo-neutralzone, the energy from the feed can be directed to immune system development apart from the growth and reproduction. During the heat stress, bird's body makes several physiological changes to maintain body temperature causing reduced immune response. However, there is still inadequate understanding of immune response to heat stress in poultry with reference to genetic and cellular In poultry, not only the heat production but also mechanisms. heat loss is related to heat stress. Adequate 1.5. Effect of Heat Stress on Food Safety ve n t i l a t i o n i s v i t a l f o r h e a t s t re s s management in poultry birds. Heat loss by Food safety has become an important part evaporative heat dissipation is linked to in the modern day concept of food quality relative humidity of the surrounding and more recently, the poultry industry environment. Therefore, high temperature worldwide is facing the major issue of food accompanied by high humidity is more safety due to heat stress. The deleterious detrimental to broiler performance than effect of heat stress in broilers by virtue of high temperature with low humidity. The the associated undesirable meat evaporative heat loss increases along with characteristics and quality loss has been temperature and decreases with increasing noticed frequently. The meat quality losses humidity. Early heat conditioning (EHC) were also noticed during the transportation seems to be one of the promising methods of broilers under high environmental in enhancing heat resistance of broiler temperature from farms to processing chickens. Early heat conditioning refers to facilities. Environmental stress has been the practice exposing broiler chicks to high shown to be a factor that can lead to temperature(36°C) for 24 h at 3 to 5 d of colonization of farm animals by pathogens, age. Where possible, and in particular in increased fecal shedding and horizontal older broiler houses with less efficient transmission, and consequently, increased ventilation, it is sound practice to reduce contamination risk of animal products. stock ingdensities in the summer. 2. Mitigation Strategies to Ameliorate Heat 2.2. Nutritional Supplementation Stress in Poultry 2.1. Microclimate Modification: One of the keys to minimizing heat stress in poultry houses during hot weather is making sure that outside air can easily flow into and out of the house. The easier it is for outside air to flow through a house, the less likely there will be a detrimental build-up of

Feed conversion in broilers is subject to signiﬁcant ﬂuctuations because of seasonal as well as ambient temperature changes. Heat stress increases the mineral excretion from body and decreases the serum and liver concentrations of vitamins(e.g., vitamin C, E and A) and minerals (e.g., Fe, Zn,

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Se and Cr). Moreover, mobilization of minerals and vitamins from tissues and their excretion are increased under heat stress causing marginal mineral and vitamin d e fi c i e n c y. V i t a m i n s a n d m i n e r a l supplementation has been demonstrated to decrease mortality and improve growth of poultry birds during heat stress. The dietary electrolyte balance is more critical at high temperature than at normal temperature. The addition of extra vitamins, electrolytes and antioxidants to the drinking water is also helpful during heat stress. Since heat stress always depresses appetite and therefore reduces nutrient intake, the use of a vitamin and electrolyte pack in the drinking water for 3-5 days during a heat wave has been shown to be helpful in most cases. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) supplementation is probably the most beneficial among vitamins, and use of Vitamin C in the feed or in the drinking water has become a common practice in hot regions. The detrimental effect of heat stress on egg production can also be alleviated by dietary supplementation of Vitamin A (8000 IU/kg diet). Vitamin E supplementation is beneficial to the egg production of hens at high temperatures and is associated with an increase in feed intake and yolk and albumen solids. Feeding birds at cool times enables birds to make up for what they have not eaten during the day. Laying hens increase their calcium intake during the evening as eggshells are normally formed during this time. Remove feed 4 to 6 hours prior to an anticipated heat stress period. Birds should not be fed or disturbed during the hottest part of the day. Diming of lights while feeding or using low light intensity during periodical feeding reduces activity that reduces heat load. Conclusions Heat stress is one of the most important environmental stressors challenging poultry production worldwide. The negative effects of heat stress on broilers and laying hens range from reduced growth and egg production to decreased poultry and egg quality and safety. However, a major concern should be the negative impact of heat stress on poultry welfare. Although, the per capita consumption per annum of poultry, meat and eggs in India has shown a steady progress over the years and is presently estimated around 3.50 kg meat and 79 eggs, respectively, is much lower than the minimum recommendations of 11 kg meat and180 eggs/year person by Indian Council of the Medical Research (USDA, 2011). Attaining this mark needs raising poultry productivity by at least three times which still remains a major challenge in tropical country like ours where summer is severe. Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.08 | August - 2021

Article

Artificial Intelligence Technologies in Poultry Production Manoj Kumar Singh1, Jinu Manoj2 and Mohit Bharadwaj3 1

Assistant Professor, COVAS, SVPUAT, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh ADIO, Central Laboratory., LUVAS, Hisar, Haryana 3 Ph.D Scholar, Depatrment of Animal Nutrition, GBPUAT, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand Email: drmanoj611@gmail.com 2

1. Introduction Artificial intelligence (AI) is defined as the simulation of human intelligence in machines that are programmed to think like humans and mimic their actions. It may also be applied to any machine that exhibit traits associated with human mind such as learning and problem solving. Human like machine capabilities, including perception, reasoning and learning, communication, task planning and execution and systems integration have been the essential enablers for poultry intelligent automation systems. The richness and value of intelligence are often thought to increase through the forms of data, information, knowledge and wisdom (DIKW) generated by the processes of reasoning and learning. Various combination and integration of human-like machine capabilities generate a “system of systems”. Intelligence, in the form of human-like 'wisdom', is usually deployed to guide machine 'actions'. Health, welfare, production/reproduction, product yields/quality, environmental impacts etc. are critical performance indicators of poultry productivity. Taking into account labor costs, food safety and animal welfare, poultry production has evolved from initial small scale distributed operations through large scale concentrated facilities in various forms to smart systems run mainly by intelligent machines. 2. Common and specific automation technologies for poultry egg and meat production systems The major poultry production systems are commonly classified into egg and meat production systems. The application of advanced technology is commonly seen in poultry houses such as automatic feed and water supply using automation technologies. For cage production systems, with the structured system configurations various automation equipments have become functional parts within the systems such as highly automated machines for collecting and sorting eggs for layers.

Introduction of intensive sensing and data/information analysis tools, development of Precision Livestock Farming (PLF) technologies has brought about new ideas in modernizing the poultry production systems.

Manoj Kumar Singh

without any additional stress on the animals. The emergence of PLF stimulated the overall expansion of poultr y production, within which chickens were tracked per ﬂock.

3. Precision livestock farming (PLF) 3.1. Applications of PLF in poultry production systems technologies The development and practice of precision livestock farming draw upon interdisciplinary engineering and science that include animal science, physiology, veterinary science, ethology, information and computing science, mechanical engineering, electronic engineering and others. The technologies of PLF aim to manage the growth of individual animals to create added value by real-time supervision of environmental factors, animal health and yield, production, reproduction and welfare in an automatic, continuous and noninvasive form throughout the production process,

Various growth parameters of chickens have been mostly measured separately using various sensors, including the image acquisition system, sound acquisition system, automatic detection of bird conditions during production and some others. However, holistic inspection of poultry health conditions using robots has been rare. Information on chicken health, environmental conditions (temperature, humidity, litter, air quality, light intensity, and photoperiod), behavior, diet, stress, and affective states were also acquiring popularity for better understanding the physiological condition of chicken. These technologies have great potential to be integrated and transferred into the commercial poultry production systems to address the intelligent and unmanned poultry houses. 3.2. Capture image information Animal welfare is commonly assessed based on mortality, physiology, behavior, and health. Animal behavioral parameters can

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Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.08 | August - 2021

be monitored with video cameras to estimate welfare status in commercial broiler houses used machine vision to identify biomechanical variables of broiler chickens during feeding, evaluate lameness of broilers. Use of real time digital image system which could inspect the movement of broilers to monitor the poultry health status and to distinguish the sick ones from the flock can be automatically regulated. Diseases like Deep Pectoral Myopathy (DPM) could be detected online using dielectric spectroscopy. A 3D camera-based system which could determine the weight of several broilers at once or predict the weight of an individual broiler is possible. Thermographic images based on Infra red (IR) technology was introduced in a commercial poultry farm to identify the presence of laying hens. 3.3. Capture sound information Vocalizations of hens have been proven to be a performance indicator of welfare status affected by the corresponding environment. Bio responses were used in the field of precision livestock farming to quantify the dynamic feed intake in different ages with the pecking sounds. Also real-time pecking sound analysis tool is used to identify shortterm group feeding behaviors. A support vector machine (SVM) model was used to separate diseased chickens from healthy chickens. The features and algorithms could be adjusted to apply to different commercial settings. Similarly, online-monitoring prototypes were used to detect the stress and classify it into types like physical and mental stress using vocalization of laying hens. Microphone arrays of Kinects were used to automatically detect the anomalous status of laying hens through the number of vocalizations and area distributions during nights. 4. Machine capabilities – subsystems Machine capabilities, including perception, reasoning/learning, communication, and task planning/execution, applied to a wide range of agricultural production systems. The technologies that were originally developed for other agricultural uses may have the potentials to be applied to poultry production systems. 4.1. Perception The capability of perception provides information to aid in the understanding of the objects themselves and the surrounding environments. Sensors are generally defined as devices which are frequently

used to collect and process the information. Some sensing methods are intrusive or destructive and others are non-interfering. Non-intrusive techniques, such as optical and acoustic technologies have been well utilized in recent years. In addition to commonly seen sensors for light, humidity, temperature, CO2, smell, taste, pH, the soil properties, nutrients and pest conditions are also having significant role. Image information, as the primary data type, is relatively easy to acquire and is widely used. There are many different classification criteria for imaging technologies. According to the signal source of imaging, it could be divided into optical, acoustic, and thermal imaging. Optical imaging can be divided into machine vision and spectral imaging. The spectral imaging which integrates both spectroscopy and imaging technologies can be classified into Vis/NIR imaging, infrared (IR) imaging, UV imaging, terahertz (THz) imaging, and others according to the various wavelength ranges. There is another way to group the spectral imaging into hyperspectral imaging (HSI), multispectral imaging (MSI), and ultraspectral imaging (USI) based on different spectral resolutions. Depending on the spatial dimensions of the acquired image, the optical sensors are classified into the monocular and binocular stereo cameras. Some light detectors, like laser sensors, can also obtain image information. The laser range data has shown great potential on high-precision 3D detection can be used in animal phenotyping. The technologies mentioned above have great potential in poultry production.

4.3. Multi-sensor systems in general agricultural production The acquisition of multi-information acquired from these portable sensors shown excellent potential in the poultry production systems due to the complex physiological structure of birds. The systems showed a significant improvement on the ambient awareness for agricultural robots, including the trafficability assessment and obstacle detection. A typical positioning and navigation system consists of sensors, including camera vision systems, Light Detection and Ranging (Lidar) systems, Radio Detection and Ranging (Radar) systems, global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) inertial measurement unit (IMU), etc. Various combinations of these sensors could achieve different results in each application scenario. The current and emerging wireless sensor networks (WSN) are other successful multi-sensor application cases in general agricultural production. 4.4 Reasoning capabilities in poultry production systems Commercial applications of egg sorting according to different principles can be done based on AI. Use of computer vision to estimate egg mass indirectly commercialized a dynamic weighing system with low error and high speed based on the Digital Signal Processor (DSP). Two egg volume prediction models to determine egg size based on the mathematics model and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model is used to achieve online detection of realtime separation of blood spot eggs from normal ones with accuracy of 95%.

4 . 2 Po r t a b l e s e n s o r s i n g e n e r a l 4.5 Quantification of chicken health, agricultural production especially welfare status, through Real-time monitoring systems for various various indicators poultry production environments would be valuable. The development of low-cost, The activity and distribution of the flock, light-weight, modular, and por table monitored under continuous illumination, sensors were becoming popular in both were related to the welfare status scored by academia and industry. Use of portable human experts. The behaviors could spectral-based sensor hyperspectral provide early warnings about which birds fluorescence imaging, hyperspectral line- were possibly infected by pathogen. The scan camera and an RGB camera were automated assessment of lameness was mounted on a UGV to provide real-time achieved by the gait score obtained from information for the optimization of various image analysis techniques in commercial production systems. Applications of broiler flocks. Individual quantification of wireless wearable sensors for data thermal interaction between eggshell and collection from individual laying hens were microambient air for correctly determining used to detect jumping and landing force. the hatching time and early mortality can be These can be used effectively as on-line done. Dead bird detection systems based on a p p l i c a t i o n s i n p o u l t r y p ro d u c t i o n machine vision and SVM. The SVM system took the outline image of a bird twice in 5 systems.

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Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.08 | August - 2021

min lso presented a method to detect dead laying hens in farms through locating motionless animals by comparing two successive images or more in the same position.

be used to assist farmers in critical daily tasks, such as detecting environmental conditions and collecting floor eggs. Platform prototype with a percussion mechanism could be used to inspect the dead chicken and monitor the environmental 4.6. Communication conditions (temperature and humidity). The Communication, which is an essential number of chicken legs appearing in the aspect of robotic systems for human-toimage was used to determine whether there machine and machine-to-machine was at least one dead chicken interfaces and interactions, aims to appropriately inform and obtain responses 5. System integration – system of systems among the components for proper Use of integrated robotic systems or monitoring and control of the system. por table multi-functional machines Human, robot, environment, and animal are improves the entire production process in interconnected subsystems to be efficiently poultry production. Multiple machine integrated into a “system of systems” capabilities have been integrated to take through communication. Thus, high advantage of machine intelligence in performance, real-time, extensible, and guiding robot actions where several poultry distributed communication methods will be robots or intelligent systems are used to essential for enhancing the level of achieve specific functions in specific areas. intelligence in poultry production systems. 5.1. Commercial robotics in poultry With the requirements of minimization and production systems integration, the current and emerging largePoultry robotics and AI applications are scale Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) developed by several companies in recent includes simplicity, mobility, flexibility, years. Autonomous navigation technology scalability, and adaptation of remote has shown great potential in cage-free operations. This network communication poultry production. Octopus Robots, a could improve the perception capability of company in Cholet (France), developed an robots and enhance the adaptabilities of autonomous modular robot to sanitize robots facing the real-time changes of tasks poultry houses with no human intervention. and corresponding environment. The robot enhances the effect of 4.7. Task planning and execution disinfectant, through turning and Task planning and execution, linking the ventilating litters, to reduce the mortality decisions and actions, are two human-like and improve the welfare, without the use of functions that can be performed by antibiotics. intelligent machines in the controlled Spoutnic, an autonomous poultry-farming poultry production system. In poultry robot launched by TIBOT Technologies production using of robotics to replace the (Cesson-Sevigne, France), was designed to repetitive and frequent manual operation, solve a recurring problem of the floor eggs such as assessing animal status, removing through circulating and training hens to lay d e a d c h i c ke n s , m a i n t a i n i n g i n d o o r eggs in nest boxes. It significantly reduces environmental conditions (dry cleaning, wet the number of floor eggs and improving the cleaning, removal of actual manure, health and productivity of hens via ventilation, and sanitization), vaccinating, movement. weighing, picking floor eggs, sorting and Chicken Boy, a roof-suspended robot packaging eggs, etc. Picking floor eggs, manufactured by FAROMATICS (Barcelona, which leads to high labor cost, is critical for Spain), is capable of continuously inspecting farmers. Georgia Tech Research Institute broilers' health and welfare, air quality, and researchers developed a mobile robot equipment operation through its multiple system capable of autonomously navigating sensors. The alarms for on-coming diseases among a flock of live chickens to carry out and the identification of dead chickens inspection and other utility functions. The could be provided by the mobile robot could pick floor eggs and place them observation platform. in a crate, as well as interact with chickens by nudging them. Another autonomous Robot chicken nannies, developed by the mobile poultry robot, PoultryBot, was Charoen Pokphand Group (Beijing, China), is developed by researchers at Wageningen a humanoid wheeled robot for monitoring University and Research Centre which could and recording bird temperature and

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movements along the set tracks in a conventional cage house. Chickens having abnormal temperatures or no movement could be detected by the thermal imaging camera. Metabolic Robots, (Kfar Tavor, Israel) developed an intelligent feeding optimization strategy through real-time monitoring actual flock demand. The system provides early warning about the broiler disease through the mobile device while significantly improving the uniformity of the flock weight. The efficiency and profits could be improved by the higher Feed Conversion Rate (FCR). Little Bird Systems in Fayetteville, U.S.A., provides the Feed Cast, a wireless feed inventory control system, for measurements of feed levels in feed bins. Optimization services, provide by the Applied Group in Chesterfield, UK, to improve broiler farmers' management knowledge. Farm Bookpro, an app first introduced by Big Dutchman (Vechta, Germany), provides a mobile digital notebook to document and analyze the daily broilers' production data in the form of graphs. 6. Conclusion L i m i te d k n o w l e d g e i s a va i l a b l e o n integrated robotic systems or portable multifunctional machines that enhance the entire production process for the production of poultry. Introduction of robotics into poultry production and evaluation of its various aspects of humanlike machine capabilities is a need of the hour. New concepts for agricultural p ro d u c t i o n a n d e x te n d e d m a c h i n e capabilities would open up new possibilities for robotics applications, including precision farming of livestock. In offering comprehensive solutions to agricultural production processes, such as an entire poultry house management approach, an in-depth understanding of 'system analysis and integration' will also be critical. The b e n e fi t s of ro b o t i c s a n d c o m p u te r capabilities, as with many technological advances, allow us to replace human labor and animal power in undesirable working conditions, as well as ensure uniformity and increase the safety and efficiency of the work performed. The existing systems of poultry production are very likely to benefit from advances in robotics research and applications. Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.08 | August - 2021

Article

Significance of

Poultry in India Oshin1, Sagar Kadyan2 and K L Togla3 1

Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, ICAR-NDRI, Karnal, Haryana Department of Livestock production management, LUVAS, Hisar, Haryana 3 Department of Nematology, COA, HAU, Hisar, Haryana 2

Agriculture contributes 17 percent of countr y's GDP,where 27 percent of agriculture sector is contributed by animal husbandry dairy, piggery, fisheries and p o u l t r y s e c t o r s . Po u l t r y, w h i c h encompasses chickens, ducks, turkey, geese etc is practised for eggs, meat and food purposes, accounts for 125 lac crore business contributing >1 percent of national GDP. India is 3rd largest country in terms of egg production and 4th largest in terms of chicken/meat production. Poultry activity is not seasonal but a continuous s o u rc e of i n c o m e t h ro u g h o u t t h e yearproviding employment to around 6 million in the country. There is production of 93 billion eggs and 4 billion broilers annually. Our annual growth rate in terms of eggs, meat and broiler production is 7.52 %,10% and 8.51 % respectively. Population wise, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana are the leading states and Production wise, Assam and West Bengal stand 1st and 2nd. As poultry units can be initiated within a small investment, it has produced profitable results with incessant flow of money throughout the year. Hence this potent sector can be tapped easily to become a prominent financially and technically viable activity attracting the attention of the growers and farmers. However, there are certain challenges in the way of this activity which are being mentioned and discussed hereunder: a) Per capita availability of eggs and meat in the country is 73 and 3-4 kg respectively whereas the recommended doses for a good human health are 180 eggs and 11 kgs. b) C h a n g i n g l i f e s t y l e s , i n c re a s e d population growth, shifting of food habits and awareness about the healthcare are other challenges which determine the quantum of absorption of poultry products. c) Extension of poultry and poultry

products is often affected by sporadic III. Production of maize, soya, bajra and diseases like bird ﬂu outbreaks and other ingredients of the poultry feed thus decreases the demand. should be motivated. Govt. should permit the import of low-cost feed d) There is heavy dearth of storage and ingredients and medicines from the processing facility of egg, meat and country of their choices. other poultry processed food. e) Rising prices of feed and ingredients IV. Environment controlled farm houses on the lines of poly green houses e.g., soyabean, maize and meal which should be started. diminishes the proﬁt margin are another challenge in promulgation of V. Poultry development board on the lines of NDDB should be started. the industry. Banks and other lending instructions VI. Govt should provide subsidy/ margin money on infra structural creation. reluctance towards supporting projects r e l a t e d t o p o u l t r y p r o d u c t i o n , VII. Cold storage facilities for eggs/ meat infrastructure development and and others should be encouraged on storage of poultry products. the lines of cold storage for vegetable crops. g) Most of the poultry farms are being run in open thus being exposed to lethal While starting a new poultry business disease-causing organisms which may one must bear the following points in turn whole of the farm/ unit to risks. mind so as to run the activity f)

Govt initiative to improve the condition successfully on a profitable basis: of poultry industry a. Poultry is wide sector comprising of broiler, layer, hatchery, feed mill etc. If 1. NABARD has started to refinance the demand for eggs is more depending facility financed by the banks in form of upon the feed habits of the region of subsidy, thus, has sustained the growth operation, then layer activity should be of the poultry industry. opted for. If there is a good concentration 2. National Livelihood Mission has been of broiler units in the area requiring a started which has also supported the good number of day-old chicks after growth and development of this every 40-45 days, then, we should opt for industry. to start a hatchery unit. These are the birds 3. Farmer call centres, Doordarshan of either sex fettered at the age of 5-7 farmer channels, mobile apps like Pusa weeks. Likewise, we can start poultry feed Agriculture have been initiated to mill or egg and meat processing industry ameliorate the condition of poultry depending upon the consumption of farmers. your output in the area. Following are some measures to be b. We should judiciously choose the type adopted to improve the poultry sector of the bird to rear depending upon its activity: demand. Whether it is domestic fowl, I. Infrastructure facilities for production quail, duck, turkey, pigeon or geese etc. as well as storage should be improved. c. Designing the proper logo of farm: Just II. G o o d m a r k e t i n g c h a n n e l s f o r after selection of activity we should get remunerative prices to the poultry it designed from a good logo designer. growers is the need of the hour. Logo should be the essence of every product packed or being marketed.

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Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.08 | August - 2021

d. In addition to the website, marketing partners. In case of any loss because of materials like visiting cards, ﬂax natural disaster, earthquake etc. Bank' s banners displayed at conspicuous support is essential to pay for farm points on the way to and from the farm employees on monthly basis. should prominently display the logo. A g. Pass on a good message to the people lucrative logo leaves a professional in vicinity of farm to acclimatise with image on clients for farm binding more products. Identify and visit the persons and more customary with us. who can be potent consumers of our e. Site of the farm should be set up at a place products. Whenever we meet them to which meets with all basic necessities. augment our business, we should Preferably, it should be near the city/big present ourselves professionally, population hubs. More distance adds to present our visiting cards embodied more transport expenses. Cheaply with contact numbers and a glimpse of available lands at a little distance of 10-15 o u r f a r m p ro d u c t s . We s h o u l d kms from the big cities. It should be extend/market our produce via connected via pucca /metalled road with organising campaigns/ gosthies the adjoined /nearby town or city without emphasizing the quality attributes of any hampering even during the rainy our products so as to pierce and reach season. Electric lines/poles should have to even under lying/beneath bottomed been there to secure an uninterrupted consumer of our produce with the help supply of electric energy for 24 hours. of pamphlets and banners. f.

Proper source of finance-The project h. For every successful business there are should bear the support of some the pear persons to hold the weight commercial bank/lending institution and this team of persons is called which may guarantee for the successful professionals. running of the farm. Also, a good i. Qualitatively experienced professionals banker enhances the good fiscal status should be hired in the field who may go /image amongst the competing for SWOT analysis of the firm and

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suggest the ways and means to keep it in the profits. Avoid the induction of a greater number of cheap, salar y sticking, inexperienced persons and should quest for a few good quality officials with innate potential to turn the hazards into opportunities and turn the firm to profits. If all these cautions are taken care of before the advent to the new poultry activity there is no chance that the activity envisaged goes failure. Pathetic situation under COVID-19 phase During COVID-19 phase sales of poultry and poultry products were drastically crashed to the tune of 80% on a false notion that chickens are the carriers of Corona Virus which caused a daily loss of around 1.5M USD. Now, Indian poultry is gradually reverting to normal and witnessing a faith in its consumers. India is sixth in world poultry market and its transactions including eggs and broiler in 2020 has been 1988 billion Rupees. Anticipating an annual growth rate of 15.2% for 2021-26, we believe that rebounce with the profits will be posting in the days to come.

Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.08 | August - 2021

Article Shivangi Singh

Nutritional Importance of KADAKNATH CHICKEN

Mohit Bharadwaj

Shivangi Singh1, Mohit Bharadwaj2, Sankhanath Koley3 and B.C Mondal4 1

M.Vsc Scholar Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary science and Animal Husbandry Rewa, NDVSU, Jabalpur M.P, India Ph.D Scholar, Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary science and Animal Sciences, GBPUAT, pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India 3 Associate professor Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary science and Animal Husbandry Rewa, NDVSU, Jabalpur M.P, India 4 Professor, Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary science and Animal Sciences, GBPUAT, pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India Corresponding Author mail id- bharadwajmohit1@gmail.com 2

Introduction Kadaknath is one of the rarest poultry breeds of India which is native to Jhabua district of Madhya Pradesh (MP), India. Basically, Kadaknath breed is popular for its black meat and known as BMC (black meat chicken). Kadaknath chicken breed is famous for its meat quality, texture and taste. The demand for Kadaknath chicken is growing day by day and spread across most of the Indian states due to their excellent medicinal values. Especially these birds bear great medicinal value in homeopathy and useful in treating a particular nervous disorder. Basically, Kadaknath chickens are mainly reared by tribal communities in Bhil and Bhilala in the districts Jhabua and Dhar in the state of Madhya Pradesh(MP). The commercial scale of Kadaknath chicken raising especially in the states Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Tamil Nadu. Kadaknath chicken meat is in black colour and eggs are in brown colour.The new Kadaknath production technology has reduced the mortality rate from greater than 50% . Now you can expect to 10 to 12% of mortality, this enhanced the survival percentage and overall proﬁts in Kadaknath chicken farming. Because of high feed conversion ratio , these birds can gain body weight of 1.10 to 1.25 kg in 100 to 125 days.

amino acids out of which 8 are essential for Ÿ the human and rich in hormone.Vitamins B1,B2,B6, B12, C and E, niacin, protein, fat, calcium, phosphorus, iron, nicotinic acids, etc. Medicinal Properties

Kadaknath has special medicinal value in homeopathy and a particular nervous disorder. The tribal uses kadaknath blood in the treatment of chronic disease in human beings and its meat as aphrodisiac (Believed to infuse vigor in Make).Experts says that Viagra or Sildenafil Citrate is basically a vasodilator designed for increasing blood flow to the heart and the melanin pigmant in kadaknath does the same.kadaknath chicken has a peculiar effectiveness in t re a t i n g wo m e n's d i s c u s s , s te r i l i t y, Menoxenic(abnormal menstruation), Research has shown that the Kadaknath species habitual abortion. has lower cholesterol than normally available Eggs: white chicken and also contain high levels of The eggs are also an ideal nutrilive, essential amino acids as well as hormones that especially for old people and high blood are required by the human body. Kadaknath pressure victims, since the cholesterol chicken has many kinds of amino acids ( 18 kinds content is lower Rich in amino acids and of amino acids including the 8 essential amino higher than that of other kinds of birds.The acids for human body) , Vitamins B1, B2, B6, B12, eggs of kadaknath chickens can be used C and E, niacin, protein, fat, calcium, phosphorus, effectively to treat severe headaches, iron, nicotinic acid, etc. headaches after giving birth, faintness, asthma and nephritis (acute or chronic inflammation of the kidney). Merits of Kadaknath Chicken Meat:

Nutritional composition of meat Protein content in kadaknath is higher than 25% in an ordinary bird it varies between 1820%.Research has shown that this species has lower cholesterol(0.73-1.05%) than white chicken(13-25%) High levels of 18

The Central Food and Research Institute, Mysore , studied its medicinal qualities and found it suitable for cardiac patients as it increases blood supply to the heart. The bird is very popular among the adiwasis mainly due to its adaptability to the local environment, disease resistance, tasty meat quality, texture and ﬂavour. though the ﬂesh of this breed is black, it is considered not only a delicacy of distinctive taste, but also of medicinal value.

Conclusion

High nutrition, the protein content higher Kadaknath is a rare breed of chicken originally from Madhya Pradesh, India with than other native chicken. lot of health beneﬁts be it low fat, low Ÿ High Protein more than 25% (highest of cholesterol, high protein, high Iron content all chicken breeds). and other medicinal properties good for Ÿ Low fat 0.73-1.05% only (lowest of all heart and good for diabetic people. This chicken breeds). breed provides good resistance to many Ÿ Vitamins B1,B2,B6,B12, C and E, niacin, diseases and is already used in Homeopathy protein , fat, calcium, phosphorus, iron, for treating particular diseases. Because of nicotinic acid etc. increasing awareness of health and diet this Ÿ High levels of 18 essential amino acids as chicken has become a much sought after well as hormones that are required by rather than chicken with high fat and cholesterol content. the human body.

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Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.08 | August - 2021

Announcement

Vetline, A division of SIMFA Labs Pvt. Ltd. has promoted its Zonal Manager Mr. Prafulla Shukla as the new National Sales Manager who will be responsible for the entire domestic business and look forward to growing at an accelerated pace in the upcoming years. Mr Shukla will be based out of Indore, Madhya Pradesh.

that he will give his best towards achieving the vision of the organization.

Mr. Shukla will be leading the entire domestic business of the organization by building a strong team that nourishes the organizations core values. Mr. Shukla will be leading the organization by building a strong culture that embodies Mr. Shukla has been associated the vision and values that with Vetline from last two Vetline stand for. decades and has worked under Vetline's Executive Director Mr. various capacities. He has S.S. Bhatia has congratulated thanked the management for Mr. Shukla and wished him all showing their trust and has said the best. Director Mr. Dilraj 35

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Bhatia has also congratulated him said that the company will reach newer heights in the years to come and gave best wishes to Mr. Shukla and his energetic team. VETLINE is a young and i n n o va t i v e A n i m a l H e a l t h Company from India, with a vision to become a strong player i n t h e G l o b a l Ve t e r i n a r y Industry. VETLINE, a Division of Simfa Labs Pvt. Ltd. is an accredited provider of innovative and high-quality animal health care products and feed supplements. Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.08 | August - 2021

Press Release

Managing the Modern Broiler Breeders: Challenges and Opportunities Dr. Raina Raj Marketing Head, Natural Remedies Pvt Ltd Natural is future 2.0 is a webinar series powered by Natural Remedies Pvt. Ltd., Where we invite eminent speakers across the globe to share their thoughts on the most relevant topics of the animal health industry. In June, we invited Mr. Peter Chrystal, a world-renowned expert in poultry nutrition. He has about forty years of experience in the field of both broiler and broiler breeder nutrition. His discussion was aimed at providing hands-on practical perspectives in the management of modern broiler breeders, how to overcome challenges, and to take up opportunities to help the poultry farming community. Mr. Peter Chrystal started his talk by pointing to the fact, how the physiology of the broiler birds has changed over the past 60 years. The modern broilers are a product of genetic selection for the desired traits of rapid growth with a low-fat deposition. Unfortunately, this is the opposite of what is desired in a broiler breeder and hence the challenges going forward. To tackle the faster growth rate broiler breeders need to be on increased feed restriction, and second, body fat deposition, which is essential for breeder birds, has gone down drastically over the years; this creates problems when birds are at peak production. He emphasized the two critical stages during the rearing of broiler breeders. First, at nine weeks, which is impor tant for skeletal development, and the second at post-light-up, where it is important to ensure that the females have enough fat pad. Since approximately 20% of the peak, egg laid number is mobilized from the body fat whereas 80% comes from the lipids in the feed. If the bird goes to full peak and doesn't have enough reserves, it will be unable to perform well at peak.BIRDS DO NOT SEE LIGHT IN LUX , BUT CLUX OR GALLILUX .Bringing the focus to lighting he mentioned that breeders are photorefractory, that is to say, they don't respond to light until such time that they are mature enough to respond. Hence, during rearing, one either should decline the light or keep the day length

constant before light stimulation. This presents challenges, particularly if birds are reared in open-sided houses. BIRDS DO NOT SEE LIGHT IN LUX, BUT CLUX OR GALLI-LUX. The Mechanism of light stimulation- in the birds there is mostly hypothalamic stimulation rather than retinal stimulation. The birds do not see light in Lux but Clux or Galli-Lux. The hypothalamus is stimulated, which secretes the luteinizing hormone-releasing (LHR) hormone that stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to release luteinizing hormone (LH), which helps the growth of the follicles. The feedback mechanism of progesterone goes back to the hypothalamus. These rapid changes in the hormone levels are a stressful event, we should keep in mind that the birds are already on feed restriction too. He suggests that farm management must consider boosting vitamins such as α-tocopherol, herbal extract with antioxidant properties, carotenoids; phytogenic compounds that are anti-bacterial and improve gut health, so that they may stimulate feed intake, and also promote follicular development. Managing ovarian function Talking aboutmanaging ovarian functionhe mentioned the importance of critical balance between too many follicles or not enough follicles. Ideally, in a breeder bird autopsy, 5–7 large follicles must be seen while the small follicles should be numerous. With too many large follicles, birds will be at excellent peak production but with poor persistence, the causes could be that layers are over-feeding at the onset of lay or possibly improper light stimulation. With insufficient follicles, birds would get to normal peak production but with poor persistence. This is caused due to inadequate light stimulation, a higher incidence of atresia, or a normal decline in follicle number with age. Photo-stimulation He emphasized the importance of light-proof housing in other words light controlled housing in broiler breeders and the importance of sudden transition in light duration at 21st week. He explained in detail the effect of light stimulation and the drawbacks of some housing

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systems. Practical feeding of breeders According to him, birds with very little energy will go into negative energy balance; they will lose weight, production, and fertility. Whereas too much energy would lead to a high-fat deposition, causing oviduct problems, and can impact fertility (poor mating success). He explained the relative energy demand of the birds with reference to age and development of the oviduct and growth of the birds. He showed the importance of maintaining a proper protein-to-energy ratio at different stages of growth and production by comparing results from different scientific publications. He addressed several participant queries as below. How does debeaking affect production in breeders? He spoke from his experience and mentioned that if debeaking is performed properly without damaging the tongue, it does not affect the production at all. They routinely use infra-red treatment and they don't see any impact on the production, but if the birds are stressed during the debeaking process or the debeaking itself is not performed well, it may have an impact on feeding and in turn the performance. He also pointed out that the age when debeaking is performed is important if debeaking is performed on day-old birds with the infrared method, rarely much impact is seen, while a hot blade cut might create problems when not performed well. What is the role of body weight and feed intake after photo stimulation on ovarian function, at the first egg in broiler breeder females? According to him, every flock is different. If the flock is underweight and not ready for sexual maturity and photo-stimulation, there would be a problem if we tried to peak feed it. If the flock is mature and ready to be photo-stimulated, one can go to peak feed and wouldn't face any problems since she'll respond amicably. Overfeeding when the flock is not ready for it then one would see prolapse, double yolks even in pullets. It all depends on whether the bird is ready for stimulation of feed and it is a hard question to answer since each flock is very different. Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.08 | August - 2021

Do you recommend the usage of non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) enzymes or protease enzymes in the broiler breeder diet? If so, is it a growing trend? He mentioned that he would use an NSP enzyme, the reason being if one is using rice bran or wheat bran in their diet, it evens out the energy of the grain. But it probably has less effect on maize and wheat-based diets. He also suggested the use of a phytase as a single dose, but not a protease. What is the solution to control multiple ovulations in broiler breeders, apart from feed restriction? He opined that there isn't another solution, apart from feed restriction. But he says that there are 2 problems with open-sided houses, during long day length birds would have been over-stimulated, so the only choice one has got is to hold back on the feed. The only other answer would be to go for light-tight housing. If one can't control the light the only other thing that can be controlled is feed. How can we prevent oviduct prolapse and egg yolk per itonitis? Are there any predisposing factors to be kept in mind? He had a clear answer that forced light stimulation before sexual maturity is the reason for prolapse. Rectal prolapse is seen as early as 4 weeks of age; the role of light might not have a reason in this situation. He suggested that the dietary fibre is probably high in these cases, hence restricting a maximum of 2.5%-3% crude fibre, especially in the first 5 weeks, would help avoid rectal prolapse. How do we manage low bodyweight birds to increase their weight to become good layers? He suggested that a three-way grading must be performed. In the first grading at 4th week the chicks with low body weight should be separated and fed extra, to bring the body weight in line. By the 9th week when the second grading happens, the small birds must be able to get back to the average weight. He opines that in practice reducing weight in heavier birds poses a bigger problem rather than weight gain for lighter birds. How much should be the maximum bodyweight that we can be permitted above the standard in laying birds that don't affect production? Is there an upper cap? According to his experience and a recent scientific article about 150-200 g above the standard has not shown any problems with egg production, except one could expect largersized eggs early on.

In the breeders on the onset of lay, we notice calcium tetany cases, what is your opinion? He points out that he doesn't believe in feeding a pre-layer diet. But sometimes the farms start feeding a layer diet weeks before the birds are due to lay their first egg. If high levels of calcium are being fed even 1.5% in a typical pre-layer is far too much. He recommends keeping the calcium low, and when the birds go on to lay (about a week before) only then should the birds be shifted on to a layer ration. It is unlikely to notice calcium tetany if this is followed. How to reduce leg weakness and cage layer fatigue in broiler breeder females? Can we limit the lighting duration to 14 h a day in open-sided sheds as a remedy for this? According to Mr. Peter Chrystal, leg weakness is not directly related to the length of light. Two-phase layer diet; bring the available phosphorus down as bird's age and calcium levels must go up. Excess calcium may create more problems than it solves. One shouldn't see any issues even with a 16 h day length provided that the dietar y calcium and available phosphorus are provided correctly. Calcium levels must be going from 3.8-3.9% up to 4.3% at finishing whereas the available phosphorus should be going down from 0.45% to as low as 0.35% at the tail-end and these issues may not occur from a calciumphosphorus point of view. Mycoplasma infection is there any chemical or salt that can be used in breeders to control this.

the birds get used to. But what is more important is for the manager to be present when the birds are feeding. But he recommends that feeders be charged before lights, in the dark so that the noise doesn't get the birds excited. In a particular case, about 80% of birds showed typical T-2 Mycotoxin lesions such as oral ulcers, tongue necrosis, but feed samples tested negative for T-2 toxin. Is there any other reason that this may be happening? He suggests that the T-2 toxins are powerful; they may occur in pockets in the feed. Sometimes sampling out of a big batch may not be easy and T-2 mycotoxins might not show up in the test analysis. However, the birds are the best indicators of the existence of these mycotoxins. Mycotoxins also conjugate, and hence may show negative results when feed is analysed. But if the birds are showing lesions on the tongue and mouth it is possible that the T-2 toxin is present, and one must treat it with a targeted toxin binder in such cases. Is excess fat in the grower and pre-layer diet good for peak production? Birds deposit one-third of the fat that it ingests as body lipid. This is a rule of metabolism. It helps have some fat in the diet, but not so much that we are overfeeding energy. He suggests around 7.5-10L per ton, about 1% added fat, not any more than that. For supplementing dietary electrolyte balance is it better to use sodium formate instead of Sodium bicarbonate?

He suggests that Macrolide drugs at low doses could be used. But there is resistance to using these drugs in Australia and hence they have been using phytogenic compounds, to boost the bird's immunity to fight the disease.

He recommends sodium bicarbonate is better, bicarbonate ions are needed in the diet. Sodium formate is a salt of an organic acid so it dissociates easily.

Could you shed some light on the usage of potassium carbonate in the breeder layer diet?

Breeders are fed phase-wise; will delay in the transition from one phase to another affect the production?

Mr. Peter Chrystal suggested that he has used potassium carbonate on and off when they have encountered sudden death syndrome associated with low potassium levels. He recommends that in a hot humid climate there is a need to ensure enough potassium, especially if the diet has low Soya, which is rich in potassium. About 0.6-0.8% potassium should be maintained, no harm supplementing it.

Mr. Peter Chrystal answers from his experience that breeder birds don't like to change, any big changes can lead to performance losses. He prefers to keep an early lay to a late lay diet excluding a mid-lay diet. Keeping the diets similar is important. What he recommends is to keep the energy identical, minor acid profile identical, reducing crude protein in the second phase, changing the calcium and available phosphorus. The diets must fit very closely together, birds don't realize that they have been moved from one diet to another, and there will be no upsets. It is generally a good practice to bring in the new diet while you still have old feed below, and if the phasing happens over ten days it is ideal since it is the amount of time it takes for the follicles to develop fully, by which time she is used to the phase over.

Is there a particular recommended feeding time for broiler breeders? Ideally, farms could feed the birds twice a day, one in the early morning and another in the afternoon with high calcium. He says he h a s n' t s e e n a n y d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e performance of the birds if they were fed before or after lights-on, it is a pattern that

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Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.08 | August - 2021

Press Release

Webinar on Maize & Soybean Market Driving Factors & Price Outlook 2021 CLFMA OF INDIA, the apex organization and the voice of the Country's dynamic livestock industry in association with AGCON (a subsidiary of NCML) organized Webinar on Maize & Soybean Market Driving Factors & Price Outlook 2021 on July 9,2021

India initiatives which helped to mitigate the risk and solve the challenges. Mr. Nalin Rawal, CEO, NCML AGCON discussed about Maize Production Estimate Rabi'2021, Soybean & Maize Outlook Kharif'21. The highlights of the session are: Maize: Ÿ

Maize acreages are lower by current Rabi season by 4.2%. & Production of Maize during the current Rabi season is lower by 9.5% in comparison to Rabi 19-20.

Rainfall activity is subdued during second fortnight of June resulting in lower sown acreages

Soybean acreages are 42% lower in comparison to last year during same time period, however under normal rains, total acreages are expected to be higher by 1015% in comparison to last year

Maize sowing ahead by 16% vis-à-vis last year as on date however planting to be expected lower by 5-10% during Kharif.

Using remote Sensing technology and satellite, based indices acreage and crop production forecast can be done more accurately

Soyabean:

The main objective of the webinar is to discuss the Maize Production Estimate Rabi'2021 & Soybean & Maize Outlook Kharif'21, Market Driving factors and Price outlook for Maize and Soybean was discussed in detail. The webinar was started by the moderator Dr. Vijay Makhijha, Managing Committee Member, CLFMA OF INDIA. Mr. Neeraj Kumar Srivastava, Chairman, CLFMA OF INDIA delivered the welcome address and initiated the proceedings of the webinar. He Introduced the agenda by giving the preface of the webinar, Spotlighted the topics along with statistics which bound the participants to the webinar. Highlighted the existent Government policies, Challenges, limitations, export potentials, Facts, and Overview of the industry, he also accentuated the CLFMA of 38

Poultry industry is adversely affected by the rates of soybean, higher the soybean rates higher will be the cost of production

Crop may be improved if Monsoon conditions goes in favourable.

Movement of people to alternate proteins are due to high soyabean prices and is generally towards cotton DOC, Groundnut DOC etc

Demand will remain subdued for next 3 months for soy DOC.

Mr. Suresh Akkineni, Assistant AVP, Commodity Research, NCML AGCON presented the Soybean- Market driving factors and Price outlook. The major highlights of the session are Ÿ

Global soybean end stock2021-22 season 4.45 MMT (as per USA front, Brazilian front, Argentina front and Chinese front).

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Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.08 | August - 2021

Global Soymeal end stock 2021-22 shall increase marginally by 0.11 MMT.

M r. G a u r a v M i t t a l , H e a d , C e n t r a l B u y i n g Organization, GAVL

Soybean prices are likely to be subdued around INR 8000 levels and ease lower towards INR 6500-6000 levels.

Feed sector- input prices went up by approx. 30% in maize and 70% in soybean.

Weather can affect most on prices, supply side is most critical element in balance sheet

Chinese demand is key driver in prices in global markets.

Brace for volatility, buyers have to be cautiously bold for prices, and focused on supply side.

Mr. Sreedhar Nandam, Head Research & Consulting, NCML AGCON discussed about Global maize market driving factors, and said the following Ÿ

63 MMT downward revision in production estimates in last one year.

Ending stocks for global corn 281 MMT, high probability of LA-NINA to resurface.

40% of the US corn crop exposed to drought.

Game changers in corn trade may include push of green fuel mandates, Export tax increase, COVID impact, Asian Swine Flu.

Global demand to grow by 4%, Opening stocks to decline by 17%.

Maize acreages lower by 4.2 %, Production in current Rabi lower by 9.5 %.

Taking look at ethanol policy in 2020-21, it is estimated that India would blend 332 Cr litre of Ethanol which is 8.5 % of blending %.

ENA production from molasses will be lower

M r. Sa n d i p G u h a , Chief Procurem ent Officer, Noveltech Group Ÿ

Impact due to covid- distraction in supply and demand situations.

Weather related events- rains are erratic in various areas, farmer may shift to soybean from Maize

Demand drivers- Poultry, egg, Starch is in spotlight.

Export programme for maize and soybean are optimistic and attractive

We should be able to mitigate risk, especially from market view, develop solid market linkages and be ready with multiple formulation for challenging times, proper capital allocation, need for scientific forecasting for better procurement.

Mr. Amit Sachdev, Regional Consultant – South Asia (Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka), U S Grains Council

Highlights of PanellistsMr. A. Jankiramana, GM, Soya Business, Suguna Foods Pvt. Ltd. Ÿ

Due to Export- supply tightness observed

Poultry industry adversely affected by the rates of soybean, higher the soybean rates higher will be the cost of production

Crop may be improved if Monsoon conditions goes in favourable phase.

Movement of people to alternate proteins, due to prices generally to cotton DOC, Groundnut DOC etc

Demand will remain subdued for next 3 months for soy DOC.

India may not be able to export much due to Dollar value.

Indian Maize prices may move up, it may depend on the alternate grain option available, and how much industry can replace.

Pressure on Indian corn may be high.

Mr. Jason John, Team Lead -India at U.S. Soybean Export Council (USSEC) Ÿ

Last year we were not able to fetch grain from any South Africa, Myanmar due to political situations

Spotlighted GM/Non-GM crops, Digestible proteins.

There will be some supply pressure from South Africa in coming years.

Mr. Suresh Deora, Hon. Secretary, CLFMA OF INDIA extended his warm regards and vote of thanks to all panellists, Speakers and participants and concluded the webinar.

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Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.08 | August - 2021

Press Release

EW Nutrition Holds 1st Essay Writing Competition on Antimicrobial Resistance Risks In the past few decades, Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has developed into a major global challenge for human and animal health, accounting for over 700,000 deaths annually. With the current trend, over 10 million lives would be threatened by AMR by 2050, with a majority of the cases confined to the Asian & African continents. The increased & indiscriminate usage of antimicrobials as growth promoters in the livestock sector can have serious implications on human health. In line with its mission of “mitigate the impact of antimicrobial resistance by providing comprehensive animal nutrition solutions”, came up with a unique idea of holding an Essay Writing Competition on one of the biggest challenges to mankind. The competition was open to students of Veterinary Colleges from all over the nation, with the topic: “AMR – A rising global concern and ways of mitigating its risks”

alities of the livestock industry. Jury Panellists: Ÿ

Dr Nitin Kurkure (Director Research; Professor & Head of Depar tment, Pathology) Veterinary College, Nagpur

D r N a t a r a j a n – Ve te r i n a r y College, Nammakal

Dr Shirish Nigam – Managing Director, EW Nutrition, South Asia

Since the entries were of such high standards, it was a herculean task for the Jury to decide on the best three.

The response was overwhelming, as 219 students enrolled and participated in the contest. Out of these, 39 entries were shortlisted for the next round. These participants were re-evaluated for ruling out plagiarism & complying with other criteria.

1st position: Shalvi Srivastav (2nd Year BVSc Student from DUVASU, Mathura)

Eight entries were selected for the final assessment and referred to a panel consisting of the most eminent and renowned person-

2nd position: Dr Darshitha Latur (MVSc student from Sri Ve n k a t e s h w a r a U n i v e r s i t y, Hyderabad)

The prize winners declared were ranked as follows:

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3rd position: Aditya Maheshwari (2nd Year BVSc Student from DUVASU, Mathura) In appreciation of their communication skills, creativity, critical thinking and articulate presentations, these young & budding veterinarians were rewarded by EW Nutrition with Amazon Gift Vouchers of ₹ 21000, ₹ 11000 and ₹ 5000 denominations as f i r s t , s e c o n d a n d t h i rd p r i z e respectively. Each of them was also awarded a Certificate of Excellence. In recognition of their endeavour and hard work, the remaining 36 participants were also awarded Certificates of Participation. By conducting this first essay writing competition, EW Nutrition has been able to achieve its objective of identifying the best talent amongst the budding veterinarians who are to take over the reins of the Animal Health Sector in the near future. Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.08 | August - 2021

Gurugram: Sushil Kumar, the 11-yearold boy from Gurugram who had contracted the H5N1 avian influenza and died at Delhi’s AIIMS on July 11, was also suffering from leukaemia and pneumonia and had been undergoing treatment at the hospital for more than a month. According to the health department, the boy used to live with his grandmother in Chakkarpur. His parents, who are originally from Bihar, have been staying in Gurugram for the pa s t t w o m o n t h s . S u s h i l ’s grandmother’s partner works at a meat shop, which is right next to a poultry shop. The livestock for this shop came from Rajasthan. The health department suspects the boy might have caught the infection from the shop. A report from Pune’s National Institute of Virology (NIV) has already confirmed H5N1 influenza virus. The institute is now conducting whole genome sequencing of samples collected from the child. The Union health ministr y on Wednesday said that the National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) is conducting epidemiological investigation involving the animal husbandr y depar tment and the Haryana government’s surveillance unit. Gurugram health officials said contract tracing within a 10km radius has been initiated. Five rapid response teams have so far screened more than 41

7,500 people in the area. The animal husbandr y depar tment’s deputy director, Dr Punita Gahlawat, said it has not detected any suspected cases of bird flu till now. “We conduct regular and random inspections at poultry farms and send samples for testing every month,” she added. Meanwhile, the boy’s family members said they are still waiting for a death certificate from AIIMS. Sushil’s father Jitender Saha told TOI that his son had been running a temperature on and off in May, became ver y pale and developed rashes that were ‘bluish’ in colour on his legs. On June 10, he took the boy to Uma Sanjeevani Hospital in Sector 55. Sushil was referred to AIIMS, where he had already been undergoing chemotherapy. He was taken to its OPD on June 12. Doctors obser ved an enlarged liver and suspected fungal pneumonia. Saha said Sushil came back home but his condition did not improve. He was readmitted to AIIMS on July 8. “My boy passed away on July 11 at 11am. We are still waiting for the death certificate and the cause of death. We visited AIIMS on Tuesday too but did not get any details,” said Saha, who works as a daily wage labourer in Bihar’s Samastipur. He added that he and others in the family had received medicines from the health department, though they don’t have any symptoms or health issues. Gurugram chief medical official Virender Yadav said the health of 15 high-risk people, including the boy’s family members and neighbours, was being monitored. “Although the incubation period of 10 days has passed, we have given them Oseltamivir, an antiviral medication, as a precautionary measure. We have not yet received the cause of death from AIIMS and cannot confirm that the boy died because of bird flu,” Dr Yadav said, adding that the department plans to create a bird flu centre at Civil Hospital in case there’s a suspected case. www.pixie.co.in

An additional 10 rapid response teams will be deployed on Thursday to carry out surveillance and screening, the CMO said. The plan is to screen 15,500 people in Chakkarpur ’s Saraswati Vihar, where the family is staying.

Fish back in demand as poultry, meat prices soar in Andhra Pradesh Vijayawada: A sudden rise in the demand for fish and other aquaculture products following the rise in price of poultry and meat is helping farmers in Krishna district earn profits. The export of shrimp has also seen a rise with the relaxation of curfew. Aquaculture occupies a major part of farming in Gudivada, Kaikaluru, Mudinepalli and other parts of the district near Kolleru lake. Fish and shrimp ponds are spread over an extent of 30,000 acres and two lakh families depend on aquaculture. The district’s aquaculture industry recorded large losses on account of the sudden fall of exports with Covid19. Farmers, who export to Kolkata, Delhi and northeastern states, dealt with the blow of a 60% reduction in exports. Many discontinued cultivation of shrimp anticipating further losses. “We have a fish pond on seven acres at Kalidhindi. Our expor t business collapsed after the lockdown and we are getting poor prices in local markets. We have discontinued farming fish for a while,” M Raghava Raju, a farmer, told TOI. But as the price of chicken touched Rs 280 per kilogram in local markets and mutton soared to Rs 750 per kilogram, there was a sudden demand for fish and prawns. “Consumers who earlier purchased chicken and mutton are now asking for fish. This sudden demand again b o o s t e d a q u a c u l t u r e ,” s a i d N Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.08 | August - 2021

News

Was Gurugram boy infected at poultr y shop? Contact tracing ﬁnds no other case

News

Chiranjeevi, a meat trader from Mahanti market.

Indore: Poultry prices burn a hole in pocket, eggs at record high

Indore: A steep rise in the cost of production owing to high feed cost and spurt in transportation charges have led to a spike in prices amid high retail demand burning a hole in the common man’s pocket. According to the Indore Poultry Farmers’ Association, retail price of dressed chicken has soared to Rs240250 per kilogram and egg is sold at Rs 7 per piece at retail markets in Indore.

explore more about the embryonic development of chickens by using the Beginning of Life 4-H embryology curriculum. During their exploration of chicken embryology, youth learn that for a chicken to develop from an egg it must be fertilized. Most eggs sold commercially in the grocery store are from poultry farms and have not been fertilized. In fact, laying hens at most commercial farms have never even seen a rooster. Given the right nutrients, hens will lay eggs with or without having been in the presence of a rooster. For an egg to become fertilized, a hen and rooster must mate prior to the formation and laying of the egg. While the MSU Extension science team encourages youth to ask questions and discover answers, this is one experiment we suggest you only read about instead. Because, unfortunately, the only thing that would emerge from an egg under your pillow would be an unpleasant smell.

Do chickens boost soil Can you hatch an egg h e a l t h , i n c r e a s e b o u g h t f r o m t h e proﬁts on organic vegetable farms? store? If your answer is yes, the youth preparing for the Michigan State University Extension embryology class might agree. However, it is generally not possible to hatch a chick from an egg purchased from a grocery store. Each year, youth from across Michigan explore the embryonic development of chickens. Youth use modiﬁed versions of the embryology lessons from the Beginning of Life, Virginia 4-H School Enrichment Curriculum. They explore the parts of an egg and learn how to utilize an incubator, the stages of an egg’s development, how to candle an egg and use an otoscope to assess growth, and they observe newly hatched chicks. You can help youth 42

Historically, chickens were not a rare sight on farms, where they contributed to soil fertility as they freely pecked and scratched around vegetable gardens and crop land. N o w, U n i v e r s i t y o f C a l i f o r n i a Cooperative Extension specialists have launched a research project to quantify the potential for chickens to be part of safe and sustainable commercial organic vegetable production. “It’s not a new idea. A lot of farmers are tr ying this kind of thing,” said UC Davis International Agriculture and Development graduate student Faye Duan, the www.pixie.co.in

Chickens perch and graze inside the tractor on a UC Davis research plot.

project coordinator. “But there is currently little scientific information for using chickens on a bigger scale, especially in terms of food safety concerns.” The California trial is part of a national effort to diversify organic vegetable farms with chickens. Last year, the USDA-funded study was launched by Iowa State University horticulture professor Ajay Nair. The project also includes UC Cooperative Extension specialists Maurice Pitesky and Jeff Mitchell, based at UC Davis, and University of Kentucky entomology professor David Gonthier. In the trials, chickens are introduced as part of a rotation that includes cover crops and a va r i e t y of ve g e t a b l e c ro p s . I n California, chickens were placed on research plots in April following a winter cover crop of vetch, peas, fava beans and oat grass. “We don’t let the chickens run around the field,” Duan said. “We keep them inside of chicken tractor s to protect them from predators.” Twenty-nine birds live in each 50square-foot tractor, essentially a floorless chicken coop on wheels. The tractors, built by UC Davis students Mallory Phillips and Trevor Krivens, are wood frames covered with mesh and plywood. Each day, the Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.08 | August - 2021

tractors are moved to a different part of the plot, where the birds can graze on cover crop residue and deposit manure. Adjusting to the daily move took time, Duan said. “The ﬁrst day, the chickens were confused. We had to go slowly. It’s a learning process for the chickens and us,” she said. “But now, the chickens are excited to move to a new spot where they have fresh food to graze on.” Af ter 24 days on pasture, the chickens will be removed, and become part of the project’s meat study. “We have broiler chickens that are raised for meat,” Duan said. “Some people believe chickens that graze and eat grass taste better and are more nutritious. It will be part of the study to look at the chicken’s meat quality.” Once the chickens have done their

part on the research plots, vegetables are planted amid the leftover cover crop residue and chicken manure. This summer, the experiment in California will grow processing tomatoes. Subsequently, melons, eggplant, spinach and broccoli will be part of the vegetable rotation in California or the other states involved in the project. Other replications of the trial will have the chickens immediately follow the vegetable harvest so they can graze on the crop leftovers before the cover crop is planted. Comparing the soil health, fertilizer needs, chicken quality and other factors will help the scientists optimize the rotation. “ Ve g e t a b l e y i e l d w i l l b e a n important indicator of success,” Duan said. Soil samples will be tested to determine the presence or absence of the bacteria Salmonella after the chickens have

been removed, said Pitesky, a poultry specialist and a project lead. Salmonella is a bacteria that can be part of poultry’s microbiome. If the bacteria contaminates human food, it can cause illness. “Since Salmonella lives in the chicken gastrointestinal system, when it gets into the soil, it will eventually be out-competed by bacteria more adapted to soil than the gut of a chicken,” Pitesky said. “There are many different types of Salmonella, and only a select few found in birds are the ones that are harmful to humans. Nevertheless, it is very important to test and use various practices to mitigate the presence of Salmonella on land that will be used for crop production following poultry.” Early results of soil tests in Iowa and Kentucky detected Salmonella in the soil where chickens grazed, however, the bacteria disappeared very quickly.

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Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.08 | August - 2021

Leading Food and Retail Brands Announce Formation of US Working Group for Broiler Welfare

In recognition of the collaboration needed to improve broiler chicken welfare, seven leading food and restaurant companies—Aramark , Compass Group, Nestlé USA, Panera Bread, Shake Shack, Sodexo and Target—have come together to form the US Working Group for Broiler Welfare. The US Working Group for Broiler Welfare, facilitated by Compassion in World Farming and Blue House Sustainability Consulting, aims to suppor t member s in exploring workable strategies and creative solutions for transitioning supply chains through the lens of the welfare standards outlined in the Better Chicken Commitment.

position, we embrace the opportunity to work collectively to improve broiler chicken welfare and foster better engagement with the industry as a whole,” said Judy Panayos, Sr. Director Sustainability for Sodexo. “Bringing restaurant leaders together in the Working Group will help us collaborate and innovate across all parts of this important transition—from impacts on farmers to measurement of animal care,” said Sara Burnett, VP of Food Values, Sustainability and Public Affairs at Panera Bread. “These discussions will help us as we continually strive to provide responsibly raised proteins.” Over 200 brands in the United States have committed to improve welfare standards in alignment with the Better Chicken Commitment, which sets a baseline welfare standard for breed selection, space allocation, environmental enrichments, slaughter method, and third-party auditing.

Transforming livestock farming for safety and efﬁciency with technology

“I am thrilled to join the Working Group as we push to improve broiler chicken welfare across the industry. Shake Shack’s focus on premium ingredients, thoughtful sourcing and animal welfare has always been core to who we are,” said Jeffrey Amoscato, SVP Supply Chain & Menu Innovation at Shake Shack . “We’re looking for ward to learning from and collaborating with our peers to better understand barriers and potential solutions for accelerating improvements more broadly.”

Livestock farming and production in Asia ignited a spark of transformation towards automated systems in recent years as economies in the region ﬂourished alongside demand for animal protein, writes Conny Pereira. This was accelerated as waves of consolidation emerged and disease issues stamped the call for modernization and better farm management

“As this working group aligns with Sodexo’s global animal welfare

Asian Agribiz addressed technology adoption in the Asia Paciﬁc region with

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Jan Hofstede, President, Asia Management of Big Dutchman, a key accelerator of farm modernization in the region. While Mr Hofstede acknowledges that there are more medium to large scale farms today, he says it is biosecurity concerns that are driving modernization and automation. “A farm that is too big poses too much risk as well, should a disease outbreak occur. Our customers are becoming more and more vertically integrated, while also moving extensively into retail to both stabilize earnings and achieve higher premiums,” said Mr Hofstede. “With growing consumer awareness of food safety and sources, producers today have a commitment to traceability, and this can only be accomplished with the right technology and tools.” When avian influenza hit Asia in 2003, Thailand, the most prominent market in Asia which was then the fourth largest exporter of raw broiler meat in the world, took a big hit. But this dark cloud was dispersed as soon as producers resolved to reshape the industry, adopt technology, and move into cooked products that brought better premiums and bottom-line stability. We now see the same thing happening with the onset of ASF in the region in 2018. Mr Hofstede sees producers leaning-in on technology to keep livestock safe. “Our recent history with on-farm disease outbreaks like the Nipah virus, avian influenza, and ASF have taught us that proper biosecurity procedures are a must. This starts with the farm location, farm design and a properly enforced biosecurity protocol. “Now with Covid-19 and traces of the virus appearing even on food packaging, the need for safety and containment measures across the entire value chain is even more pressing. Our industry is agile and embracing change is not difficult for producers, because the interest of the consumer is at the core of their operations.” Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.08 | August - 2021

EGG Daily and Monthly Prices of July 2021

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Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.08 | August - 2021

Egg Prices

Poultry Planner_August_2021

Articles inside

Dr. Raina Raj

Chr. Hansen Animal Health: Growing a Customer-Centric Culture

Shivangi Singh

BioRem

Dr. Yogesh Paharia