Poultry Planner_Sept_2021

SEPTEMBER 2021

MONTHLY BILINGUAL

R.N.I. 71668/1999

Title Code HARBIL00563

Vol. 23 | No. 09 | September - 2021

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From the Editor’s Desk Antibiotics a boon or a bane…

Penicillin was discovered in 1928 and in little over a decade the golden era of antibiotics started. They became GO TO treatment for practically everything. An indiscriminate use of antibiotics has led to a massive growth in resistance and the emergence of superbugs.

OUR TEAM Vishal Rai Gupta Managing Director vishal@pixie.co.in Bhavana Gupta Editor-in-Chief editor.pcsl@gmail.com Siddhi Gupta Co-Editor Priyanka Patlan Co-Editor poultry.pcsl@gmail.com M: 999 170 5007 Paras Sabharwal Business Development Manager poultry.pcsl@gmail.com M: 999 170 5005

HONORARY EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Mr. G.K. Rathinam Palani Tk, Dindugul Dist, Tamil Nadu Dr. J Tamizhkumaran M.VSc., PGDEP., Ph.D. (Ph. D in Veterinary & Animal Husbandry Extension Education) Mr. S.S Rathore (MVSc Poultry Science IVRI, Izatnagar) Dr. Manisha Singodia (MVSc Poultry Science, Jaipur) Dr. Annada Das (Ph. D Scholar, WBUAFS, Kolkata) Dr. M. Arul Prakash (MVSc Assistant Professor, Tanjore) Dr. B.L. Saini (Ph. D IVAR, Izatnagar) Dr. Bilawal Singh (MVSc, Assistant Professor Ludhiana)

Designed By PRINCE

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics in poultry is no different. The residual impact of antibiotics in the food chain from farming to animal food and then to humans has seen an increased incidence of anti-microbial resistance to a majority of critically important antibiotics.

Absolute discontinuation of antibiotics could lead to a decreased growth performance and an increased incidence of intestinal diseases consequently compromising animal well-being.

The World health assembly in May 2015 initiated a global action plan on anti microbial resistance and to ensure prevention and treatment of infectious diseases with safe and effective medicine. The goal was to improve and increase awareness of antimicrobial resistance, to strengthen research and surveillance, to reduce the incidence of infection, to optimize the use of antimicrobial medicines and to ensure sustainable investment in countering antimicrobial resistance.

Organic cultivation is now being considered as an alternative and multiple varieties are available. For a majority organic is barn raised poultry that has not been administered any antibiotics.

In reality organic is poultry raised on a vegetarian diet of non-genetically modified food grains, cultivated without the use of synthetic pesticides, raised on free range farm with barns for shelter. The bird gets plenty of sunlight; exercise out in the open, feeding on insects and foliage available.

This cannot be a commercially viable option on the large scale. Cage free poultry raised on deep litter with a judicious use of antibiotics for disease prevention, a hybrid mix of techniques which makes it commercially sustainable and healthy.

Alternative to antibiotics for growth promotion have come in the form of probiotics and prebiotics, organic acids, bacteriophages, phytogenics and enzyme supplementation.

'Excess of everything is bad' once considered a miracle treatment antibiotics are now our nightmare, moderation is the key to achieving long term results.

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Editorial Policy is independent. Views expressed by authors are not necessarily held by the editors.

Registered as Newspaper by Registrar of Newspaper for India : RNI No. 71668/1999, Tittle Code HARBIL00563 Editorial & Advertisement may not be reproduced without the written consent of the publishers.

Whilst every care is taken to ensure the accuracy of the contents of Poultry Planner the publishers do not accept any responsibility or liability for the material herein.

Publication of news, views of information is in the interest of positive poultry industrial development in India. It does not imply publisher’s endorsement.

Unpublished material of industrial interest, not submitted elsewhere, is invited.

The submitted material will not be returned.

Publisher, Printer Mrs. Bhavana Gupta on behalf of Pixie Publication India (P) Ltd. Karnal Printed at Jaiswal Printing Press, Railway Road, Karnal Published at : C/o OmAng Hotel, Namaste Chowk, Near Janta Petrol Pump, KARNAL - 132001 (Haryana) INDIA Editor-in-Chief : Mrs. Bhavana Gupta All Legal matters are subject to karnal jurisdiction

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Index

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Features...

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Alura Animal Health & Nutrition

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Biosint B.V. Bio-Corp Pvt. Ltd.

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Departments...

Alura Animal Health & Nutrition

A S Future Technologies

EDITORIAL ........................................................................................

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News ................................................................................................

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CHR Hansen

Front Page

CPL Vetnova

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Huvepharma

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Natural Herbs

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Natural Remedies

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Pixie Consulting Solutions Ltd.

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Articles...

At Chr. Hansen, Quality is everywhere Chr. Hansen

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Organic Farming VS Factory Farming

Rochak Feeds Pvt. Ltd.

Back Inside

Sai Krishna Poultry Equipments

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Uttara Impex Pvt. Ltd.

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Vaksindo Animal Health Pvt. Ltd.

Front Inside

Venky’s

Center Spread

Ventri Biologicals

Front Opening

Bhavana Gupta

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'To be or not to be' a standardized botanical powder Dr. Raina Raj

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Alternatives of Corn & Soybeans Dr. Yogesh Paharia Epigenetic Effects in Poultry: Concepts and Way Forward Pratik Jadhav

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Temperature and Relative Humidity effects on Egg Production.

Dr. V. Rajendra Prasad

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मु गय म पाई जाने वाली िविभ

डॉ. भानु काश

बीमािरय के समाधान मपोषण की भिमका ू

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Live Vaccines- An Overview Dr.K.Ramya

THERE ARE NO LIMITS TO WHAT YOU CAN ACCOMPLISH, EXCEPT THE LIMITS YOU PLACE ON YOUR OWN THINKING. BRIAN TRACY

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Press Release Webinar on Animal Husbandry Infrastructure Development Fund

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Pro-active role of Government in supporting the livestock...

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Current Breeder Challenges, Need-Gap Analysis,...

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Online Discussion Forum (ODF)–on Trends In Poultry...

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Third Edition of RESCOM SUMMIT 2021 E-Conference

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Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.09 | September - 2021

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Article

At Chr. Hansen, Quality is everywhere

When quality focus is a priority for a company, it sets the tone for the whole business. The drive for quality infuses every part of an organization and everyone has a role to play. With many industries, quality is also an essential part of safety. This certainly holds true for global bioscience company Chr. Hansen.

It was back in the late 1970s that Chr. Hansen first began to investigate whether its bacterial know-how could be used in animal farming. Building on its core bacterial competencies, the company wanted to expand into new industries beyond dairy. To do this, a separate company called “Chr. Hansen Bio-systems” was created to start researching, developing and selling new innovations within Animal Health & Nutrition (AH) as a new niche segment. Products were developed and launched – some successful, others not so much – as the company struggled to find its feet.

Over the years, “Chr. Hansen Biosystems” got a stronger and stronger foothold, understanding the industry and its challenges, developing innovative solutions with proven results. And so it was that in 1999, Biosystems was finally integrated into Chr. Hansen to become a fully-fledged part of the Chr. Hansen portfolio. Today, Chr.

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Hansen is world leading in bacterial solutions for animals.

High quality standards, a competitive advantage The quality management system at Chr. Hansen is based on ISO 22000, an international standard designed to ensure safe food supply chains worldwide; ISO 14001 (environmental management systems);HACCP and GMP standards, and the company produces all its products worldwide in accordance with ISO 9001. In addition, Chr. Hansen's European production plants are FAMI-QS certified.

Quality has two key dimensions for the company: First, that every delivery of its products meets specifications and has a guaranteed shelf life. Second, and equally important, that products consistently improve animal production and fulfil the expectations of our customers.

Quality is not only complying with

regulations. “Our probiotics are heat tolerant and stable. This means that the probiotic strains survive the stressful procedure of pelleting and have extended shelf-life”, explains Marcelo Lang, global marketing director for the Animal Health & Nutrition business. In its flagship products, Chr. Hansen uses a dormant but live form of probiotic strain to achieve the stability customers demand. Inthis form, they survive the pelleting process and become active again in the intestines of the animals where they can exert their beneficial effect.

In addition, most of Chr. Hansen's animal probiotic and silage inoculant products are approved by EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) for sales in all EU countries. It is well known that products approved by EFSA go through a very stringent review process that includes animal safety and efficacy studies, as well as rigorous assessment of the innocuity of the bacteria strains used.

Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.09 | September - 2021

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“Quality also has to something do with how many recalls you have and the experiences of the feed manufacturers that actually have to work with the product. We improve our production processes constantly to get the maximum advantage out of it for our customers, feed mills and animal producers”, adds Lang.

The Chr. Hansen Biosafety Board: Because strain safety matters

light of day by themselves. It requires a strong global set-up and highly competent scientists.

At Chr. Hansen, working with advanced robot technology has been part of the everyday routine for years, and robots are continuously becoming a bigger par t of laboratories' daily work processes. At the very center of the company's automatization strategy to ensure streamlined processes on a global scale, robots provide uniform quality of products to Chr. Hansen's customers. And not only that; they also speed up the analysis process and production time, thus bringing new products to the market faster.

Science based, research proven

With good bacteria at the heart of its business model, Chr. Hansen is a first mover in innovation and technology when it comes to understanding the complexities of the probiotic modes of action and the gut microbiome – in humans as well as in animals.

“In Chr. Hansen Animal Health & Nutrition,

Quality is indeed also about safety. Chr. Hansen's Biosafety Board advises and directs the business in matters related to the safety of strains and cultures for production and commercialization. The board has representatives from several functions including R&D, industry experts from the business and the R e g u l a t o r y, L e g a l a n d Q u a l i t y Assurance departments.

The broad composition facilitates comprehensive evaluations and risk analyses beyond the mere scientific understanding. According to Esben Laulund, Chair of the board and vice president in External Research & Development, “the Biosafety Board ensures that all new commercial c u l t u re s a re s a f e f o r b o t h o u r employees and our customers. It is key for Chr. Hansen that we do not jeopardize the excellent reputation Chr. Hansen has today as a trustworthy supplier of unique ingredients. With this group, we ensure cross-functional inputs, company-wide decisions and end products that are aligned with regulatory guidelines.”

State-of-the-art innovation and production set-up supports quality High quality products do not see the

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Chr. Hansen's Pilot Plants also play a central role in its R&D value chain as they help deliver fast and safe, state-of-theart biotechnological development processes; a prerequisite for robust production of commercial cultures. The Pilot Plant in Nienburg, Germany, has been expanded to increase the capabilities within process development and capacity of sample delivery of Animal Health cultures, which in turn ensures robust production and superb and safe products for customers.

we work continuously to develop the products of tomorrow, enabling farmers to produce the high quality, sustainable and safe food that consumers demand worldwide,” states Mickaël Rouault, senior director, Commercial Development.

This approach has not changed over the past 40 years. Added to feed, the sciencebased products contain highly-selected strains of good bacteria that have been shown to support normal intestinal function. In addition, they improve the availability of absorbable nutrients from feed by producing digestive enzymes.

“We pride ourselves on pioneering science and the quality of our products. That opens doors with distributors and customers alike as we continue to unlock the power of good bacteria and bring new innovations to market,” Rouault concludes.

Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.09 | September - 2021

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Article

Organic Farming VS Factory Farming Bhavana Gupta Editor, Pixie Consulting Solutions Ltd. The Center for Science and Environment (CSE) conducted a study in 2017 in India. It was found that significant amount of antibiotic residues were present in poultry and there was a high degree of resistance to all critically impor tant antibiotics.

Persistence of antibiotic residue and then their transmission into the human chain is a big potential threat to human health.

Industrial farming techniques are a necessity to meet the growing demand of food and protein of animal origin. The use of chemical fertilizers, developed seed varieties, and heavily mechanized methods, use of hormones and antibiotics and increasingly questionable practices for animal farming at scale are a major cause for concern.

Antibiotics kill or inhibit the growth of microbes and speed up growth and contain diseases but, irresponsible use of antibiotics and the sacrificing of animal well-being in order to cut the costs of large scale production is what we often see today.

The organic farming standards are interpreted very broadly as well. Terms like – organic, pasture-raised, grass-fed, cagefree, free-range make the discrepancies between industrial and organic even grayer. The general perception is that cagefree organic eggs come from animals that get to move freely outdoors, in the sunshine, breathe plenty of fresh air, and experience a reasonable quality of life.

They are fed a vegetarian diet of nongenetically modified feed grains, grown without pesticides and it does not include any form of animal protein. No medically important antibiotics for disease prevention or growth promoting antibiotics are used.

The conditions at certified organic farms are not much different from a factory farm. What we read on the package is not always what we get. The terms cage-free and free-range are often misleading. Poultry that lives in a barn and never goes outside is called cagefree. Free-range eggs don't always come from happy, content birds, because freerange regulations only require the birds to have access to outdoors. It makes a negligible difference.

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There are non-organic farms, even industrial large scale producers, who practice a hybrid mix of techniques, using fewer chemical inputs and providing healthy living environments for their animals and smaller farms that follow biodynamic, sustainable, organic practices, but aren't certified because getting a certification is expensive.

to improve growth performance by reducing the pH in the gastrointestinal tract by changing the composition of the micro biome, it also increases the activity of digestive enzymes there is also improvement in ileal digestibility in chickens. Most organic acids consist of carboxylic acids (-COOH).

Free-range, organic eggs are considered to be more nutritious. Studies have found higher amounts of vitamin D (when the birds are exposed to sunlight), omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, and beta-carotene.

There are two major types of organic acids.

The first group (lactic, fumaric, citric) are capable of generally lowering the pH of the stomach, thus reducing the acid sensitive bacteria present indirectly. The second group (butyric, formic, acetic, propionic, and sorbic) lower the pH in the GIT by directly acting upon the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria Organic Acids produced by introduction of Probiotics and Prebiotics to the GIT.

Crack open a commercially farmed egg and an organic, free-range egg from a trusted producer and see the difference in the richer, bright yellow-orange yolk, though color doesn't always mean more health benefits.

Some producers go to the extent of including additives like dried algae, marigold petal meal and alfalfa meal in the feed to achieve that bright orange color.

People even claim that the flavour of organic poultry is better but there is no concrete evidence to back this claim. At the end of the day it all comes down to personal taste and preferences.

Discontinuation of use of antibiotics can cause multiple problems. The growth performance is decreased and there is an increased incidence of intestinal diseases, compromise on health front leads to an increase in mortality and the subsequent increased need for antibiotics. The ultimate goal is of improving the performance of the bird.

Alternatives to Antibiotics: Several alternatives have been proposed to replace AGPs in the poultry industry including exogenous enzymes, competitive exclusion products, prebiotics, probiotics, acidic compounds and bacteriophages.

Organic acids were initially added to feed for sanitization purposes such as to reduce fungal contamination in feed and as a preventative against salmonellosis in poultry Organic acids utilized in feed are not only capable of decontaminating feed but have the potential to reduce enteric bacteria internally in poultry. Organic acids are used

Research has demonstrated that both probiotic and prebiotics stimulate the production of SCFAs in the GIT of poultry either through the direct production of SCFA by lactic acid producing bacteria (LAB), a t y p e of p ro b i o t i c , o r t h ro u g h t h e administration of prebiotic substances which increase the presence of LAB and their production of SCFA. Thus, probiotic and prebiotic supplementation can enhance SCFA production and, in turn, their impact on the avian microbiome.

Bacteriophages are naturally occurring organisms that target ver y specific microbacteria and neutralize them. The tendency to develop resistance is ten times slower compared to antibiotics and they also evolve parallel to bacteria.

In 2017, the National Action Plan (2017–2021) was implemented by Indian health authorities, a plan that highlighted several challenges that had to be overcome to address the problem of AMR(antimicrobial resistance). The amendment laid down the maximum permissible limits of 21 antibiotics and other 77 more drugs used in veterinary for animal food production.

However, it is sad to know that none of the action plans were implemented strictly due to lack of awareness and proper knowledge of this “farm-to-fork” transmission process.

Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.09 | September - 2021

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Article

'To be or not to be' a standardized botanical powder

In the current article, we shall discuss how an SBP comes into being. What are the process and aggressive scrutinization that occurs at each step of its formulation from when it is an idea to its launch into the market?

Shakespeare's hamlet phrase “to be or not be” fits in aptly here. The wellknown stage-gate process for innovative products can be used as a basis with slight modifications 14

(Figure1). At each stage a committee would review the process and approve or disapprove the SBP from entering the next stage.

screened with bioassays in vitroor in vivo.

Traditional and

Figure 1: The steps in the stage-gate modern scientific literature is process curated for botanical constituents that can be used to address and Ideation stage: In the ideation stage, an idea of a product is solve the issue. The phytochemistry proposed to address a pain point or laboratory develops commercially an issue, in the poultry industry. viable processes for the optimum Either to bring in a new supplement extraction of medicinal plants, or to find a natural, and safe w h e r e a c t i v e c o n s t i t u e n t s , alternative to an existing synthetic otherwise known as markers, are already known. The phytochemistry supplement in the market. lab is where the creation of a SBP Concept stage: A clear customer starts, with the preparation of value proposition for the idea is made different formulations. The SBPs through a business case. What would are prepared through scientific the impact of this SBP be in the evaluation of the phytochemicals market? A library of plants is created required for the formulation and based on availability, biodiversity, the right selection of the raw patentability, and cost. If the SBP materials. The phytochemistry lab passes this stage, it goes to the also establishes the essential feasibility stage. reference marker or the phytoFeasibility stage: The potential chemical that would be necessary to plants that would address the issue be standardized in each batch of SBPs are screened. Medicinal plants are (Figure 2).

Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.09 | September - 2021

Dr. RAINA RAJ

The demand for organic and natural foods has grown over the past decade.

The desire for better overall health among consumers and the awareness of the harmful effects of synthetic ingredients has fuelled an organic revolution. This is evident from the global market estimations;“the organic food market generated $162,036.7 million in 2019 and is predicted to make revenue of $416,049.7 million by 2027.”

To be a front player in the future of the organic revolution, consistency in quality and biological results shall be essential. Keeping this in mind, we have designed a series of articles describing the importance of the standardization of botanical powders. Standardization here refers to neutralizing the natural variability to deliver consistency and uniformity in the quality assessment parameters. According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), standardization is a process that manufacturers u s e t o e n s u re ba tc h - t o - ba tc h consistency of their products.

Standardization involves identifying specific phytochemicals (also known as m a r ke r s ) t h a t c a n b e u s e d to manufacture a consistent product. In our earlier article, we discussed what and how standardization is done in standardized botanical powders (SBPs).

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begins, where a larger number of target species is tested. Farm trials in field conditions are conducted in different parts of the country and the world. If the results are encouraging at the scale-up stage, the product is launched to a segment of the market.

Launch stage: In the launch stage the SBP is evaluated for its safety, effectiveness and checked if it meets all the end attributes that were desired in the conceptual stage. Later on, it is taken to full-scale marketing.

Figure 2: Reference phytochemicals conducted to find the best herb(s) for are selected to be standardized in the desired biological activity. The SBPs. SBP formulation is then tested in a small group of the target species in a Developmental stage: Leads generated in the feasibility stage are controlled environment. It is assessed examined and combined to form for safety in the animals. Only if these formulation prototypes. This is studies show promising results they performed with computational models move to the scale-up stage.

Post-marketing surveillance: Test to examine how the SBP fairs. Is the SBP efficient in showing the desired biological effects? Its mechanisms of action at the phenotypic, molecular, and genome level are evaluated.

Only when an SBP can pass through each stage with satisfactory performance, the

such as orthogonal array composite design (OACD) (Figure 3), which helps look for interactions between the different components of the tentative formulations. These results simulate the interaction between the components and give a scientific insight regarding the interaction between the constituents.

They could either be synergistic, additive or antagonistic. Additivity means that the activity of the ingredients is adding up, synergy means the activity of the components when combined is enhanced, and antagonism means that the ingredients would nullify the effects of each other. Only those combinations that show synergistic predictions in a formulation are prioritized and selected to be taken further.

Figure 3: Taguchi Orthogonal Array process is furthered to the next stage, if not the journey of the SBP is halted; to iterate its Method formulations and the journey begins from Scale-up stage: The challenges during manufacturing are addressed the start with new constituents. In our next in this stage, where the product is article, we shall elaborate on when the scaled in quantity from kilograms to standardization process begins tons. Then, the beta-testing phase “Standardization of SBP starts at the grassroots” A series of biological studies are About Natural Remedies is the number 1 veterinary herbal healthcare company in India with presence in more than 30 countries across the globe. Through its world-class Research and Development centre, Natural Remedies offers a category of sciencebased Phytogenic feed additives, called Standardised Botanical Powders (SBPs). In this series of articles, Dr. Raina Raj, Head of Marketing at Natural Remedies, provides in-depth knowledge of what SBPs are, and their benefits in the poultry diet.

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Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.09 | September - 2021

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Article

Alternatives of Corn & Soybeans As most of the protein in poultry feeds comes from soybean meal, the impact of high soy prices is felt by everyone from major poultryproducing corporations to the owner of the backyard flock.

A number of small & medium poultry producers have contacted to me and asking about less expensive alternatives to soybean meal as a source of protein. If the following feed ingredients are available locally, they can be used to partially replace soybean meal in most poultry feeds.

Alternatives to Soya Meal Ÿ

Peas

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Fish Meal

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Linseed Meal

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Sunflower Meal

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MBM Meat Bone Meal

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Cotton seed meal

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DDGS Distiller's Dried Gains with Soluble

Peas is having nutritive value is 22 – 24% CP, 2500 kcal/kg average energy Limitations for the usage: Ÿ

Low Sulphur Amino Acids

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Tannins

Higher tannin varieties will reduce protein digestibility approx. 6% protein digestibility reduction for every 1% of tannins Maximum usage without any 18

adverse effects Limited to 20 – 25% in most poultry diets.

Fish meal is having nutritive values 58 – 72% protein, 2800 – 3000 kcal/kg Limitations to feeding

Dr. Yogesh Paharia B.V.Sc , M.V.Sc (Nutrition)

2400 Kcal/kg and it is aby product of the oil seed industry

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High oil varieties- may cause off flavouring due to the fish oil

Limitations: highly oxidative and very high non-digestible fibre

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High oil meals, should not exceed 5% of the ration

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Low oil varieties- May contain higher levels contaminants, antibiotics or heavy metals

When fresh, can be used in most of poultry feed up to 10 -15% of the diet

Limited to be used in most of the poultry feed is 8-10 % Linseed meals having nutritive value 30-37% protein, 2300- 2700 Kcal/kg Generally only used in ruminant feed. If kept fresh and not oxidized, works well in poultry and swine feeds.

Limitations to be used Ÿ

Off flavouring

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Fish flavour or a paint like smell from the high oil content at levels above 30%

In most of poultry feed Can fed up to 20% of the diet safely without off flavouring Use with caution in combination with fish meals and other high Omega 3 oils.

Sunflower meal is having nutritive value 34-38% CP, 2200-

Meat and Bone Meal The typical meat and bone meal has about the same protein level as soybean meal. However, it has the advantage of also being high in calcium and phosphorus, 10% and 5%, respectively. A 5% level of inclusion of meat and bone meal is popular.

Cottonseed Meal Cottonseed meal has somewhat less protein than soy (approximately 42%) and like peanut meal, is not a good source of lysine. Unless synthetic lysine can be added to the diet, use of cottonseed meal is usually limited to 4-5%.because of Gossypol is a compound found in cottonseed meal, which at high levels can depress growth and discolour the yolk of eggs. However, for the backyard flock, levels of inclusion of 5% should not cause noticeable problems.

Distiller's Dried Gains with Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.09 | September - 2021

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Soluble

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This ingredient, commonly known as DDGS, is a by-product of fermentation. In past years, most DDGS came from the beverage industry. More recently, tremendous amounts are becoming available when corn is fermented to produce ethanol for motor fuels. DDGS has about 27% protein, which is about half way between that of corn and soy. Research at the University of Georgia indicates that DDGS can be used in all types of feeds, with maximum levels being between 10 and 15%.

Sorghum (Milo) is having the nutritive values 7-9% protein and energy 2900 Kcal/kg

All of the ingredients mentioned above are priced lower than soybean meal, and might be considered when attempting to produce a lower cost feed. However, it is necessary to bear in mind that all protein is not of the same quality. The amino acid composition of alternative protein sources must betaken into account when preparing feeds for the backyard flock so that the birds are not subjected to nutrient deficiencies.

The alternatives for the Maize (Corn ) The Value of What's Being Replaced Corn is having nutritive values 7 – 9% Protein &1475 – 1600 kilocalories per pound Xanthophyll's (yellow colour) for yolk and body colour

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Triticale

The most suitable replacement for corn.

Feeding value is essentially 95–96% the same as corn

Limitations for the use in poultry feed : are due to β-Glucan content of barley, 5-8% Ÿ

Should be limited to 15 – 20% of the diet

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The red or rusty colour of the seed = higher tannins

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White or light varieties are have less tannins which allows feeding higher levels

May be fed at higher levels if βGlucanase enzymes are added to the diet

In most of the poultry feed should be limited to 30-40% of the total diet based on tannin content.

Oat is having nutritive values are 10-12% protein and energy 2400 kcal/kg Limitations are due to β-Glucan content of oats, 5-8%

Wheat is having nutritive value 916% protein, 3100 kcal/kg

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In poultr y feed should be limited to 15 – 20% of the diet

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Hard, red spring wheat varieties tend to have higher protein

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Soft, white winter varieties lower protein

May be fed at higher levels if βGlucanase enzymes are added to the diet

Limitations to be used in poultry feed is Pentosans content and the lack of Xylanase enzymes produced by the poultry digestive tract In poultry Diets should be limited to 30% for young poultry and 50% for mature poultry Triticale is having nutritive value of 11-13% protein & energy 2800 kcal/kg , Hybrid of wheat and rye

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Wheat

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Barley

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Similar to wheat

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Grain Sorghum (Milo)

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Diets should be limited to 30%

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Barley is having nutritive values are 11-12% protein & energy 2600 kcal/kg

Limitation in feeding is tannin content

Limitations: Pentosans content and the lack of Xylanase enzymes produced by the poultry digestive tract

A l t e r n a t i ve G r a i n s E n e r g y alternative sources for Corn

for young poultry and 50% for mature poultry

Profit margins are getting smaller daily because of feed costs. But broiler meat prices have been firmer in most part of India and poultry farmers may not able to fetch a money or to do production in spite of the higher costs. Some have changed their market strategies, such as selling birds at different sizes.

Commodities or by-product feeds providing a source of protein and energy can also be used to decrease the cost of the grain mix. But all livestock industries are dealing with the extreme volatility in feed prices a n d c o m pa n i e s w i l l n o t b e expanding this year at the rates they normally would.

Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.09 | September - 2021

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Article

Epigenetic Effects in Poultry: Concepts and Way Forward Pratik Jadhav, Amitav Bhattacharyya and Pankaj Kumar Shukla Introduction Epigenetics is the branch of biology which studies the causal interactions between genes and their products which bring the phenotype into being (Waddington, 1968).

It can be also defined as the study of mitotically and/or meiotically heritable changes in gene function that cannot be explained by changes in DNA sequence (Riggs and Porter, 1996). The literal meaning of the term epigenetics is “on top of or in addition to genetics” or sometimes this term is used for “non-conventional genetics”.

Evolutionar y biology uses the term epigenetics to study the transfer of nongenetic information across generations as well (Youngson and Whitelaw, 2008). The term was initially used to describe the switching on or off of genes required to produce the permanent changes that are associated with the differentiation of diverse cell types.

The series of chemical tags that modify DNA and its associated structures constitute the epigenome and include any genetic expression modifier independent of the DNA sequence of a gene. It includes any process that alters gene activity without changing the underlying DNA sequence and leads to modifications that can be transmitted to daughter cells. Epigenome refers to the entire pattern of epigenetic modi-fications across all genes, including methyl DNA tags, methyl-histone tags, acetyl histone tags and others. These tags alter mainly the DNA accessibility and chromatin structure at the molecular levels, thus deciding which genes will be expressed and which not (Loscalzo and Handy, 2014). It is the epigenome of a cell that instructs a specific expression of genes during different physiological, developmental and disease states (Kanherkar, Bhatia-Dey and Csoka, 2014).

Over the past decades, epigenetic studies primarily have focused on embryonic development, aging and cancer. Presently,

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epigenetics studies have importance in many other fields viz. inflammation, obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases and immune diseases. Because epigenetic modifications can be altered by external or internal environmental factors and have the ability to change gene expression, epigenetics is now considered an important mechanism in the unknown etiology of many diseases. As far as poultry is concerned, epigenetics possesses a great potential for optimizing production and health.

Factors inducing epigenetic changes Nutrients: There are now mounting evidences supporting that nutrients may modify the pattern of DNA methylation.

Nutrients can reverse epigenetic phenomena such as histone modifications and DNA methylation either by directly inhibiting or stimulating the enzymes that catalyze DNA methylation or histone modification. Li et al. (2016) reported that in ovo feeding of folic acid improves h a t c h a b i l i t y, F C R , I g G a n d I g M concentrations. It improves folate metabolism and eventually enhances the immune function of the bird. The molecular mechanism involved in this is splenic expression up-regulation due to histone methylation of IL2 and IL4 promoters and inhibition on the IL6 promoter. Obeid (2013) reported for the first time about the direct delivery of methyl group donors through diet. The methyl donors in feed include methionine, folate, choline, vitamin B6, vitamin B12 etc. This family of methyl groups and their metabolism is such interrelated that deficiency of any one gets compensated by other members of the family. It is noteworthy here that the deficiency of dietary methyl donors tend to cause various metabolic and functional disturbances in birds. The process of DNA methylation improves lean muscle growth in poultry along with improving egg production by increasing the dry matter

intake and also positively influences the expression of a protein that increases the growth of pectoralis muscles of broilers.

Ratriyanto et al. (2009) reported the beneficial effects on intestinal cells and gut microflora following the methyl donor supplementation in poultry feed. Hence, the nutri-epigenetic approach provides a molecular foundation for understanding the role of feed throughout the life course and its prospective role in augmenting the production potential in poultry (Brien et al., 2014).

Environment: Environment also induces epigenetic modifications by affecting the DNA indirectly or by modifying epigenetic factors. Chemical toxin or radiation may enter the cells of a tissue and interface directly with the genetic material (Franks et al., 2015). Environmental stress factors are also thought to produce epigenetic factors.

The immune system is also amenable to epigenetic modification by environmental factors.

Hormones: Hormones also influence the epigenetic makeup of a cell. Melatonin and/or its metabolites, due to their structural identity with known methyl transferase inhibitors, were found to function as inhibitors of DNA methyl transferases enzymes. These are thus involved in the process of epigenetic regulation of different biological phenomenon (Zhang et al., 2011).

Applications of epigenetics in poultry Embryogenesis period, which is vulnerable to the environment, nutrition etc. is the main focus of epigenetic studies. The initiating factors for fetal programming may be nutrients interacting directly with genes and their regulatory elements at the cellular level, altering patterns of growth and gene expression (Ashwell, 2011). In ovo feeding has been used to evaluate the effect of specific nutrients on epigenome reprogramming, providing an effective approach to the study of nutri-epigenetics.

In ovo feeding of folic acid @ 0, 50, 100 and Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.09 | September - 2021

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150 μg on the 11th day of incubation improves hatchability, growth, hepatic folate concentration, plasma lysozyme activity, IgG and IgM concentration of broilers. The authors suggested that increased growth and immune-competence is due to epigenetic regulation of immune genes, which has an involvement with the alterations in chromatin conformation and histone methylation in their promoters (Li et al., 2016). In the recent years, in ovo supplementation of critical nutrients on 14th day of incubation has improved the growth of late term embryos/chicks as well as the post-hatch immunity and expression of both growth and immunity related genes in chickens (Bhanja et al., 2004; Bhanja et al., 2014; Bhanja et al., 2015a; Nayak et al., 2015; 2016; Goel et al., 2015).

Immunocompetence: There is a possibility of epigenetic modifications through supplementation of in ovo nutrients and can be a promising tool for future epigenetic studies. Having studied the effect of in ovo administration of nano particles especially of nano silver in combination with amino acids (Bhanja et al., 2015b), they reported enhancement of humoral and cell mediated gene expressions in late term embryo when challenged with lipopolysaccharide at day 19 of incubation. In another study by Natt et al. (2009), the offspring of birds that underwent the unpredictable light regimen was found more competitive and grew faster than the control group. Immunoglobulin gene expression was found to be down regulated in birds with the unpredictable Thermo-tolerance: In chickens, there are reports where conditioning in early-life imparts long-term effects. High temperatures during the first week of life were reported to modulate the response to thermal stress later in life (Yahav and McMurtry, 2001). By simply increasing the brooding temperature from 30ºC to 37.5ºC for 24 hr within the first 5 days post-hatch, broiler chickens were able to tolerate an acute exposure to a temperature of 35ºC for 6 hr at 42 days of age, while “unconditioned” birds were unable to acclimate. The mechanism for this conditioned response was not elucidated then. More recently studies have shown the gene expression changes occur as a result of a heat stimulus in the neonatal period (Yossifoff et al., 2008; Kisliouk et al., 2011).

These researchers reported that the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic

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factor, a key regulator of thermo tolerance acquisition in the hypothalamus of the chick, was different between birds grown under normal temperature and those subjected to high temperatures within the first 3 days of life. These changes were associated with increased methylation of CpG sites in the promoter of the brain-derived neurotropic factor gene.

Epigenetic changes occurred due to heat conditioning of genes during chick's embryogenesis and there was a two-fold increase in DNA methylation (BDNF gene) over control group chicks. Increased mRNA expression of HSP 70 in liver explained acquired thermotolerance in chicks (Amrutkar, 2012). Thermal exposure during early incubation altered expression pattern of thermoregulatory genes (cFOS, nNOS) and nutrient exporter genes (Cdx) thus improving physiological adaptability (Soren, 2014). Soren (2014) related the increased thermo-tolerance to epigenetic adaptation either increasing/decreasing metabolic process to establish thermos-tolerance. Loh et al. (2004) concluded that cold adopted embryos on last day of hatching show a higher thermoregulatory heat production in comparison to control, which is a sign of epigenetic adaptation. Gan et al. (2013) concluded that the DNA methylation may play a role in the heat inducible nature of HSP70 because of its negative association with mRNA expression of HSP70.

Health: Epigenetic regulation of gene expression is recognized to be one of the key m e c h a n i s m s g o ve r n i n g e m b r yo n i c development and cellular differentiation and, when misdirected, can lead to diseased states (Stuppia et al., 2015). In normal development, the process of differentiation from embryonic to differentiated cells involves alterations in the epigenetic conformation of the genome, such as DNA methylation or chromatin modifications. In diseased states, abnormal modifications to chromatin can contribute to the malignant transformation of cells. For example, epigenetic changes can promote cell proliferation and inhibit apoptosis during tumors by activating oncogenes and silencing tumour sup p re s s o r g e n e (Aagaard-Tillery et al., 2010). Thus, it is important to understand the mechanism of epigenesis that differentiates the genome of embryonic cells from that of different somatic cells and transformed cells.

Photoperiodism: Photoperiodism refers to the ability of birds to measure environmental day length to ascertain the time of year and adapt their physiological functioning accordingly. As in mammals, melatonin provides the hormonal signal transducing day length in avian species.

Thus, melatonin is the fulcrum mediating redistribution of energetic investment among physiological processes to maximize fitness and survival. Melatonin plays an important role in cell differentiation during development via interaction with nuclear melatonin receptors, which has been hypothesized to potentially contribute to epigenetic modifications of oocytes to explain adaptive geographic variations. However, regulation of epigenetic modifications of different genes by melatonin and their role needs to be explored.

Future Implications Identification of unique epigenetic factors i.e., epigenetic code may be potentially used as epigenetic biomarkers in future to increase stress tolerance, improve disease resistance, augment breeder fertility level, increase production efficiency and modify behavioral patterns of poultry in changing scenario. Efficient application of markerassisted selection or genomic selection helps in establishing long-term programs for improving the health and production aspects of poultry. There is a possibility for prevention and therapeutic action in metabolic diseases through epigenetic modifications.

Conclusion This field of epigenetics, though at infancy, has the potential to create wonders for p o u l t r y i m p r o v e m e n t . C u r r e n t l y, epigenetics offers perhaps the greatest potential for the development, poultry health and welfare as well as production.

Epigenetic changes are modulated by environmental factors such as nutrients.

Various important phenomena in poultry are controlled at epigenetic levels and if exploited may work for eliciting the production and immunity. Epigenetic modifications by nutrients may be applied for improvement of growth, immunocompetence, thermo regulation and health in poultry. Thus, application of epigenetics will have a huge impact on health and production of poultry in future.

Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.09 | September - 2021

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Article

Temperature and Relative Humidity effects on Egg Production.

Dr. V. Rajendra Prasad 1. Impor tance of Temperature and Humidity on the Per formance productivity and Physiology of poultry c) cannot be ignored. a) Temperature and humidity in rainy season is usually very high.

3. b) The main purpose of climate control in a) modern day poultry production is to produce a healthier bird, which enables it b) to grow more efficiently and live in the most desirable and least stressful 4. environment available. c)

season on the physiology of poultry cannot be considered in isolation. when high temperature is accompanied by high humidity (over 75 per cent) the birds will rapidly succumb.

Temperature: measured in Degrees F ) should be 95°F (35°C ) + 50% RH = 145 (150 or less is OK ), 95F (35°C ) + 70% RH = 165 (150+ causes problems),

dependent on the % RH / temperature inside the house.

Relative Humidity:

These figures in turn allow us to achieve the correct fan speed required.

a) Getting it right involves deeper knowledge a) < 45% creates irritation to the respiratory system and discomfort to the birds which c) of the interaction between temperature equals stress. and relative humidity.

Standard production results are depends on temp.and RH .

2. The condition of layers , broilers and b) > 65% + creates difficulty in respiration 6. M o s t i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r w h i c h i s (breathing) and impairs the cardio vascular breeders become very alarming in India neglected in most of the commercial farms system's ability to deliver adequate due to the ill effect of the relative humidity and hatchery. amounts of oxygen to the body, resulting leading to drop in production and a) Different types of stress factors in birds in over loading of the respiratory system. mortality in the flock. effects productivity: a) These effects could cause reduction in egg c) If either of the two above occurs, the birds b) Among all types of stressors, environmental will not reach their potential weights, size, reduction in growth rate, reduction in stress adversely affects the production production is decreased and FCR will egg production, reduction feed intake. performance of commercial poultry. increase and mortality can occur. b) T h e e f f e c t o f r i s i n g a m b i e n t a i r 7. To successfully raise commercial temperature and humidity during rainy 5. H o u s e c l i m a t i c c o n d i t i o n s a r e poultry in today's setting, one must consider animal health and welfare and implement a multifaceted approach that keeps the bird free from stress .

8. The role of immunomodulation by using Immuno modulators is just one aspect of an integrated coordinated approach to produce a healthy bird that is also a safe and wholesome product for consumers.

9. Immuno modulators a) Immunotech of ABTL should be administered at 250ml for 1000 birds twice a day in water for two to three days twice a day followed by 100 ml for another few weeks twice a day will considerably reduce the intensity.

10. In Layers, broilers and breeders: please use 500 gms for ton of feed for one week followed by 250 gms for ton of feed in birds continuously.

11. Please administer Immunotech of ABTL either in water or feed to reduces stess which stimulates immuno modulation process enhancing productivity and will reduce mortality in stress conditions affecting poultry at all times.

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Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.09 | September - 2021

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Article

मु गय म पाई जाने वाली िविभ बीमािरय के समाधान मपोषण की भिमका ू डॉ. भानु काश1, डॉ. बी.सी. मं डल2, डॉ. मं जू लता3, डॉ. अिभलाषा4 एवं डॉ. सृ ि ि या साद5 1

एम.वी.एस.सी. छा , 2 ा यापक, 3सहायक – ा यापक, 4,5एम.वी.एस.सी. छा ा,

पशु पोषण िवभाग, पशु िचिक सा एवं पशुपालन िव ान महािव ालय, गो वद ब भ

पत ं कृिष एवं ौ ोिगक िव िव ालय, पत ं नगर-263145, उ राखड ं डॉ. भानु काश

डॉ. बी.सी. मंडल

डॉ. अिभलाषा

डॉ. सृि ि या साद

भारत एक कृिष धान देश है। यहां की 70 ितशत मीटर जगह पड़ े पौध की छाया का होना आव यक मु गय का भोजन

आबादी कृिष एवं कृिष सब ं िंधत े

से ही अपनी ह। अ य जानवर से बचाव के िलए बाड़े के चार

मु गय के िलए भोजन चयन करते समय उसम

आमदनी ा करती है। मग ु पालन इन म से एक है। ओर तार के जाली का घेरा भी रखा जाता है जो ायः काब हाइ ट े , ोटीन, वसा, िवटािम स, खिनज लवण,

मु गय के पालने के यवसाय को मग ु पालन या एक से डेढ़ मीटर तक ऊँचा होता है ।

जल आिद की मा ा का िवशष े यान रखना चािहए।

ज रत नह होती, मग ु पालन कम समय म ही कहते ह। बहु त आमदनी दे ता है , यह आय और रोजगार के बाड़े का आकार

खिनज लवण आिद िनि त मा ा म िदए जाने चािहए।

कु ु ट पालन कहते ह। मग ु पालन के कई फायदे ह। दड़बे को बद ं करने के िलए दरवाजा और उनके नीचे मु गय के िलए भोजन मु यतः पीली म ा, जौ, मग ु पालन यवसाय बहु त ही कम लागत म शु तार की जाली लगाते है । कुछ आवास थान से दस ू रे मग ूं फली की खल, गहेूं की चापड़, चावल की कुंदा, िकया जा सकता है , इसके िलए बड़ी जगह की थान पर ले जाए जा सकते है , िज ह चल आवास वार, शीरा, मछली का चरुा, सग ं मरमर के कंकड़,

अवसर ा कराता है तथा इसके िलए बक से

मीट के उ पादन के िलए पाली जाने वाली मु गय को

ायः बाड़े की ल बाई 12 मीटर और चौड़ाई 6 मीटर अलग-अलग समयाविध म अलग-अलग तरह के आसानी से ऋण िमल जाता है । मग ु पालन अ य रखी जाती ह। यह मु गय के घम ू ने िफरने और उनके राशन िदए जाते ह।1 िदन से 7 िदन तक ी टाटर पशुपालन से सरल भी है ।यह यवसाय पहले दड़बे के िलए पय होता ह। यह मग ु खाना ईट ं , राशन, 7 से 21 िदन तक टाटर राशन तथा 21 िदन अनुभव के िलए छोटे प म ारंभ करना चािहए, लकड़ी या धातु का भी बनाया जा सकता ह। से 6-8 ह ते तक िफिनशर राशन िदया जाता है ।

िफर धीरे-धीरे बढ़ाना चािहए। मु गय से अड ं े, चज ू े व बहु त ठं डी, जगह के िलए ईट ं का मग ु खाना ही ठीक अड ं के िलए पाली जाने वाली मु गय को ज म से 9 मास ं ा होता है । । इस लेख म हम मु यतः मास ं के होता ह। जहाँ मौसम खराब रहता है और पानी खब ू ह ते तक लय े र मु गय को टाटर राशन िदया जाता िलए पाली जाने वाली मु गय के बारे म बताएग ं े। बरसता है , वहां धातु के हवादार मग ु खाने बनाते ह। है। 9 ह ते से 15 ह ते तक मु गय को ोवर राशन

मुग पालन के िलए आवास

मग ु घर िनम ण के िलए पजरा णाली अथवा िदया जाता है । 16 से 20 ह ते तक मु गय को ी-ले मग ु पालन को यावसाियक तर पर करने के िलए डीपिलटर णाली यु की जाती ह। कम सं या म राशन िदया जाता है । लेयर राशन करीब 20 ह ते आरामदायक एवं सरुि त आवास की मग ं के िलए ु पालन के िलए पजरा णाली एवं यावसाियक की आयु से दे ना शु िकया जाता है ।अड आव यकता होती ह। मग ु के घर को आबादी से दरू पाली जाने वाली मु गय के राशन म लगभग 16% तर पर पालन के िलए डीप िलटर णाली उपयु

तथा खल ु े थान पर बनाया जाना चािहए।

ोटीन और अितिर कै शयम िमलाया जाता है रहती है । यह थान ढलान वाला होना चािहए. िजससे मग ु घर मुग घर की सफाई व दे खभाल िजससे मु गय के अड ं का खोल मजबूत रहता है । के आस पास पानी जमा नह हो सके। हवा एवं धप ू मग ु घर हमश े ा साफ़ सथ ु रा रखना चािहए। इनके भोजन दे ने का समय भी िनि त रखना चािहए, वश े के िलए मग ु घर का दि ण अथवा पव ू भाग पा म दाना, पानी एवं अ य आव यक साम ी ातःकाल भोजन म दाने का आधा भाग दे ना खल ु ा रखा जाना चािहए। ु ड़े दे ते उपल ध रहनी चािहए, सभी बतन की िनयिमत चािहए. 11-12 बजे हरी घास, स जयाँ के टक

मग ु मु गय के रहने के थान ऐसे होने चािहए जहाँ सफाई की जानी चािहए। ह. दाने का शष े आधा भाग तीन चार बजे िदया जाना हवा का वश े हो सके, पर तु वष , ठं डी एवं गम हवा फश पर िबछावन को ित स ाह उलटते रहना चािहए। के झ को से बचाव हो सके, एक मग ु / मग ु के िलए चािहए। दो तीन माह बाद िबछा वन म चन ू े का मु गय म डीविमग व टीकाकरण कम से कम पौने दो वग मीटर जगह दड़बे के अंदर िछड़काव कर दे ना चािहए। जहाँ बीट िगरने का पटरा कई बार मु गय के आत ं िरक और बाहरी अग ं म

िमलनी चािहए।

रखते ह, उसकी सफाई स ाह म दो बार या हर दस ू रे पिरजीवीओ के कारण उनकी शारीिरक वृि दर, इसके साथ बाहर खल ु े बाड़े म ढाई से पौने तीन वग रोज की जाती ह। भूख, अड ं ा उ पादन दर एवं शरीर के वजन म कमी 28

Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.09 | September - 2021

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या आख ं म सज ू न आ रही है तो उ ह 1 0 लगता है और पख ं झड़ने लगते ह, आख ं से पानी

िमलीलीटर, 16 ितशत स फािदमीदीन 1 लीटर आने लगता है और यह कमी जारी रहती है तो मग ु

पानी म घोलकर द या िफर 1 ाम एमओ ॉकस अध ं ी भी हो सकती है ।

फोट पाउडर, 2 लीटर पानी म घोलकर 3 िदन तक िवटािमन डी की कमी होने से चज ूं ो म िरके स और मु गय को द। बीमारी सही ना होने पर मु गय को वय क मु गय म ऑ टयोपोरोिसस नामक बीमारी

अपने िनकटतम पशु िचिक सक को िदखाएं। ब बलफट ू आ जाती है , िजसकी रोकथाम के िलए मु गय को

िपपराजीन, मेबडाजोल या ए बडाजोल दे जो िक

बाजार म नॉक-4 5 ,

वरिमन पाउडर और

हो जाती है िजससे हि यां कमजोर हो जाती है , चज ूं ो

की वृि

क जाती है और टाग ं े कमजोर हो जातीह

ं े सही से चल भी नह पाते। कई बार पज ं े की ग ी या उग ं िलय के बीच म फोड़े िजस से चूज

होने के कारण मु गयां लंगड़ाने लगती ह, इसी को िवटािमन ई की कमी से चज ूं ो म म त क सब ं ध ं ी बब ं लफूट कहते ह। ऐसी पिर थित म मु गय की िवकार हो जाते ह।

ग ी एवं उंगिलय को बोिरक एिसड या नमक को िवटािमन के की कमी से र जमावट म कमी हो गम पानी म डालकर िसकाई कर। अगर उंगिलय जाती है और इससे आत ं िरक र ाव हो सकता है । िमलीलीटर अ बोमार को पानी म िमलाकर 100 के बीच म मवाद बन जाता है तो चीरा लगाकर, बढ़ती मु गय म, िवटािमन बी 12 की कमी से वजन मु गय को द। मवाद िनकाल तथा बीटाडीन से े सग कर। घाव कम होता है और भोजन का सव े न कम होता है , साथ बाहरी अग ं म जू,ँ घन ु , िप सू के कारण मु गय के को ज दी भरने के िलए जीवाणु नाशक मलहम ही खराब पख ं और तिं का सब ं ध ं ी िवकार होते ह। शरीर म खज ु ली होने लगती है िजसकी रोकथाम के जस ै े बीटाडीन, लोरे कसेन या सो ामायिसन का यव ु ा बढ़ते पि य के आहार म कै शयम या िलए गम े ग ै जीन, डीडीटी या मल े ाथायोन की े कर इ तेमाल कर। फॉ फोरस की कमी से हि य का असामा य मु गय म िवषाणुओं एवं जीवाणुओं से होने वाली गुदा का घाव िवकास होता है । िविभ बीमािरय से बचाने के िलए समय-समय अगर मग ु की गद ु ा से गाढा पीला मवाद िनकलता पर टीके लगवाना ज री है । यह टीके मु गय के िनयािसन की कमी से वचा और पाचन अग ं म रहता है िजसके कारण गद ु ा के चार तरफ सज ू नआ पानी म िमलाकर इनको िपलाए जा सकते ह या गभ ं ीर िवकार हो सकते ह।शु आती ल ण जाती है तो घाव को अ छी तरह साफ करके जीवाणु िफर उनकी चमड़ी के नीचे लगाए जा सकते ह। आमतौर पर भूख म कमी, मद ं िवकास, सामा य नाशक मलहम जस ै े हाईमै स, टॉिप योर या कमजोरी और द त होते ह। सो ामायिसन लगाएं।बीमारी सही ना होने पर जब खराब सस ं ािधत मछली के भोजन का उपयोग मु गय को अपने िनकटतम पशु िचिक सक को िकया जाता है तो थायिमन की कमी हो सकती है , िदखाएं। य िक उनम िथयािमनज े एज ं ाइम होता है ।पि य म एग ॉप स ोम थायिमन की कमी वाला आहार खाने से भूख म इस रोग का पहला ल ण पीली-खोल वाले अड ं का उ ेखनीय कमी दे खी जाती है । कु ु ट उ पादन होता है , इसके तरुंत बाद नरम-खोल वाले यूरोम कुलर सम याओं के िलए भी और िबना खोल वाले अड ं का उ पादन होता है । अितसंवेदनशील होते ह, िजसके पिरणाम व प मु गय म होने वाले िविभ रोग खोल म बदलाव दे खने से पहले के िदन म िणक िबगड़ा हु आ पाचन, सामा य कमजोरी, टारअितसार या द त सु ती दे खी जा सकती है । भािवतमु गयां के झुंड गे जग और बार-बार आ ेप होता है । यह बीमारी अिधकतर दाना चारा खराब दे ने के अंडे के चरम उ पादन तक पहु ं चने म िवफलता कारण या िफर िवषाणु, जीवाणु या परजीवी के ऐसे ल ण म मग ु के आहार म िवटािमन एवं िदखाते ह। अंडा उ पादन म 40 फीसदी तक की सं मण के कारण होते ह। ऐसी पिर थितय म खिनज स ीमट िमलाए।ं अगर बीमारी िफर भी सही िगरावट आ सकती है । भािवत मु गयां िणक स फागअ ु नीदीन/ स फमथ े ेजीन या िथयज़ोल की ना हो तो मु गय को अपने िनकटतम पशु द त, एनीिमया और भूख न लगना िदखा सकती आधी िटिकया पीने वाले पानी म घोलकर िदन म दो िचिक सकको िदखाए।ं ह।इस बीमारी के िनवारण के िलए मु गय म बार द। खूनी द त की पिर थितय म 0.5 ाम टीकाकरण एवं व छता ज री है । नेबलोन पाउडर पानी म घोल कर द। अगर द त पोषण संबंधी रोग हरे रं ग की होती है तो मु गय को बाईफूरान या मु गय के आहार म पोषक त व एवं िवटािमन की फुरसोल का 1 ाम पाउडर 1 लीटर पानी म कमी होने से मु गय म िविभ ल ण दे खे जा सकते िमलाकर एक ह ते तक द। ह। सद और जु खाम िवटािमन ए की कमी होने से मु गय का वजन िगरने अगर मु गय की आख ं और कान से पानी बह रहा है अ बोमार नाम से उपल ध है । 2 0 से 3 0

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Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.09 | September - 2021

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Article

Live Vaccines- An Overview Dr.K.Ramya Assistant Professor, Faculty of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai

Microorganisms are ubiquitously present in the environment. Most of them are harmless and often beneficial for the host however, few of them are potent infectious agents accountable for variety of diseases in different species. These infectious agents apart from causing the disease are indirectly responsible for the economic loss due to retarded growth, loss of production etc., to a lesser extent and major impact will be loss of the animal in few infections. Hence, these infectious agents are of economic significance to the farmers. The livestock and poultry are at safe disposal with the existence of abundant scientific knowledge and incessant inventions. The key advantages of these infectious diseases arethat many of them are vaccine preventable.

What is a Vaccine?

A vaccine is biological entity involved in triggering or boosting the bird's immune system to produce antibodies and activate the immune cells against invading microbes. Vaccine may be a whole organism (live attenuated/ killed), or a part of the organism or the products of infectious agent or the genome of the organism either mimics natural infection without any harmful outcome or interact with the immune cells for activation.

Why vaccination?

The objective of vaccination are to reduce the morbidity and mortality 30

associated with disease incidence, to contain the spread of infection by the herd immunity prevailing in the vaccinated population and resulting in gradual eradication of disease from the population The outcome of the vaccination is to reduce or prevent economic loss caused by the infectious diseases..

Properties of an Ideal Live Vaccine Ÿ

Safety and Efficacy

The vaccine preparation should be f re e f ro m te r a to g e n i c i t y, carcinogenicity, toxicity, cost effective, stable without requirement of cold storage. It should confer efficient protection irrespective of the age of the bird and other factors. Ÿ

Specific

The attenuated vaccine should be able to induce immunity only against the disease of interest without producing any cross reactivity with either the host or the related pathogens. Ÿ

Memory

The live attenuated vaccines are expected to induce a good immunological memory in the host upon vaccination. The vaccinated birds should effectively respond to the etiological agent upon reinfection against which vaccinated. Ÿ

Duration

An efficient live vaccine should be capable of inducing a lasting immunity without the need of frequent immunization which reduces the cost of immunization.

Live attenuated vaccine Modified live vaccines are preparations containing viable organisms with reduced virulence (ability to produce disease) mimicking natural infection by replicating in the host without producing clinical disease. During t h e c o u r s e of i n f e c t i o n , t h e organism interacts with the host and induces long lasting and superior immunity. The vaccine preparation should contain the appropriate strain or the isolate prevalent in a particular zone to confer complete protection from the disease.

Attenuated vaccines or modified live vaccines can be prepared by adapting the virus to an unnatural host (tissue culture or embryonated eggs or laboratory animals) or unnatural conditions (host/ temperature) for several generations (passages). During the process, the organisms lose its virulence gradually without affecting its immunogenicity.

Features of Live vaccine The salient features of live attenuated vaccines are listed below: Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.09 | September - 2021

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Live Vaccines formulations Ÿ

Liquid vaccine

Live vaccines for Poultry diseases

Intermediate invasive Strain – Standard Type 1- Primary & Booster vaccination

Ÿ

New Castle disease:

These types of preparations are Ÿ B1 &LaSotastrain- Lentogenic Marek'sDisease meant for immediate use since they NDV strain- Primary vaccination have a limited shelflife. Ÿ R2B – Mukteswar Strain- Mesogenic Ÿ Serotype 3 HVT- FC 126 StrainCell free vaccineŸ Lyophilized vaccine NDV strain- Booster vaccination Ÿ Serotype 3 and 2 HVT–FC 126 The attenuated organisms are freeze Infectious Bronchitis: and SB1 Strain (chicken dried to improve its shelf life and Ÿ Mild Massachusetts Type StrainHerpes virus)- Cell associated storage conditions which needs to be Primary & Booster vaccination vaccine reconstituted with appropriate Ÿ Massachusetts Type H120 Strain Ÿ Serotype 1, Rispens CVI 988 Strain diluent just before its use.

Primary & Booster vaccination of chicken herpes virus These live vaccines can be Fowl Pox: administered through any of the Fowl typhoid Ÿ Attenuated strain of Fowl pox virus following routes such as In Ovo, Ÿ Salmonella gallinarum9R Strain- Primary & Booster vaccination subcutaneous, ocular, nasal, oral, Primary & Booster vaccination drinking water, cloacal, spray or wing Infectious Bursal Disease: To summarize, the live attenuated web depending on the type of Ÿ Intermediate Strain - Standard vaccines are a reliable option for vaccine and recommended route of Type 1- Primar y & Booster inducing efficient and durable administration to achieve maximum vaccination immunity in poultry birds. protection.

(Life Time Period 10 Years)

Payment Details:

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Send DD or Cheque in favour of Pixie Consulting solutions Ltd. payable at Karnal Address: C/o OmAng Hotel, Namaste Chowk, Near Janta Petrol Pump, KARNAL - 132001 (Haryana) INDIA or Transfer money to HDFC Bank Bank address: Opp. Mahavir Dal Hospital Account Type: Current Account Name: Pixie Consulting Solutions Limited Account Number: 01958730000179 IFSC Code: HDFC0000195 | Swift Code: HDFCINBB | PAN No. AAECP6186B

Pixie Consulting Solutions Ltd. C/o OmAng Hotel, Namaste Chowk, Near Janta Petrol Pump, KARNAL - 132001 (Haryana) INDIA Email : poultry.pcsl@gmail.com | info@pixie.co.in Website : www.pixie.co.in M: +91 999 170 5005

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Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.09 | September - 2021

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Press Release

Webinar on Animal Husbandry Infrastructure Development Fund

CLFMA organized a webinar on "Animal Husbandry Infrastructure Development Fund (AHIDF)" in association with the Department of Animal Husbandry & Dairying on 28th July 2021 from 15:00 hrs/3:00 pm onwards. Dr. O.P. Chaudhary, Joint Secretary (NLM/PC) Department of Animal Husbandry & Dairying, Govt. of India, Dr. S.K. Dutta, Joint Commissioner, Department of Animal Husbandry & Dairying, Govt. of India, Dr. Lipi Sairiwal Assistant Commissioner, Department of Animal Husbandry & Dairying, Govt. of India, Shri. Sadique Akhtar, Team Leader, PMA (Manager, Grant Thornton Bharat LLP), Shri. Udit Paliwal, Program Management Expert, PMA (Consultant, Grant Thornton Bharat LLP) from GOI showed their valuable presence for the Webinar. Dr. O.P. Chaudhary, Joint Secretary (NLM/PC), Department of Animal Husbandry & Dairying, Govt. of India was unable to connect the Webinar.

Commissioner, Department of Animal Husbandry & Dairying, Govt. of India.

He briefed on the AHIDF (Animal Husbandry Infrastructure Development Scheme) of Rs.15000 Crores, under which, animal feed component was also included. He said that, the scheme enables the beneficiary to take the benefit of 90% the loan from the Bank, on which, 3% interest subvention is provided by the GOI., apart from this there is also a provision for availing 25% of the total borrowings as credit CLFMA's Second Online Webinar on the guarantee.

AHIDF with Government of India A short movie on AHIDF scheme was started with Opening Remarks & played during the Webinar to give a Introduction by Dr. S.K. Dutta, Joint glimpse of the entire Scheme. Shri.

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Sadique Akhtar, Team Leader extended his thanks to the participants. He welcomed Shri. Neeraj Kumar Srivastava, Hon'ble Chairman of CLFMA. Shri. Suresh Deora, Hon'ble Secretary of CLFMA. He has also thanked Mr. Divya Kumar Gulati, Dy. Chairman of CLFMA and all the participants & Dr. Lipi Sairiwal, Assistant Commissioner,

Department of Animal Husbandry & Dairying, Govt. of India to participate in this program. He welcomed all the participants and the member of CLFMA for giving their valuable time to participate in the webinar.

Chairman, Mr. Neeraj Kumar Srivastava Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.09 | September - 2021

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introducing CLFMA OF INDIA to the panellists and participants and gave a presentation on "Emerging Trend and Prospects of Feed Manufacturing". He said that, CLFMA was very enthusiastic about this Webinar as the AHIDF scheme of Rs.15,000 Crores floated by GOI., and the same is very beneficial for the upliftment of the Livestock Industry.

He also briefed on CLFMA policy, which included three core values viz.

He said the, AHIDF fund was a very good project for people in Industry whether they are Farmers, Section 8 companies, Proprietor, Partnership Firm, etc., as they can avail interest subvention of 3% on 90% of the Loan.

He appreciated Dr. Lipi Sairiwal for presenting the detailed guidelines of the scheme. He suggested the Government of India to consider the following requests to be included under D r. L i p i S a i r i w a l . A s s i s t a n t the scheme: 1. Membership Value Commissioner, Department of Animal 2. Visibility and Credibility of the Husbandry & Dairying, Govt. of India 1. Please expand the scope of the Scheme; explained AHIDF Guidelines and the Organization entire process of application process in 2. To add some more products like 3. The recognition and influence. detail, which are available on the GOI. feed supplements and additives, by She has also guided on how to apply for pass fat, breeder broiler and the loan to all the participants. hatchery farms; Website: dahd.nic.in & ahidf.udyamimitra.in Shri. Udit Paliwal, Program Management Expert, Dr. Lipi Sairiwal, Assistant Commissioner, Dr. S.K. Dutta, Joint Commissioner, Shri. Sadique Akhtar, Team Leader interacted very well in Q&A Session with the participants and tried to resolve every question and for any further queries, they requested to contact either CLFMA OF INDIA or directly on the website, where contact details are available, so that they can try to handhold and help the related stakeholders.

3. To link up this scheme with CGTME scheme. Where, there is a noncollateral loan up to Rs.2 Crores & he said that, if this scheme is combined with CGTME Scheme CLFMA will be very grateful to the whole Ministry.

Mr. Suresh Deora, Hon. Secretary CLFMA extended thanks to everyone on behalf of himself and CLFMA for organizing this webinar & requested Dr. S K Dutta, Joint Commissioner that Government of India shall consider CLFMA's requests.

Chairman, Mr. Neeraj Kumar Srivastava also briefed on the Poultry Feed Scenario & Industrial Scenario, current soaring price of the grains, especially the soybean meal & other protein Vote of thanks was proposed by Shri. sources which has created a huge havoc Sadique Akhtar, Team Leader, PMA in the livestock industry. He gave an Closing Remark was made by Shri.

(Manager, Grant Thornton Bharat LLP) outlook of the challenges / difficulties Total participation for the Webinar was faced by Livestock Sector during Covid 150 & 63 participants registered for the 19, rising feed cost Post Covid-19 and same. gave the opinion of implementing better value chains, trainings, equipment, equipment's, and employee's safety.

He briefed on the pivotal role played by CLFMA for the upliftment and sustainability of compound feed industry and animal farmers, present ongoing trends and how the Livestock Industry could be helpful in reviving the Animal Husbandr y Sector in the Suresh Deora, Hon. Secretary of CLFMA. Country.

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Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.09 | September - 2021

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Press Release

Pro-active role of Government in supporting the livestock industry out of crisis by allowing imports of soybean meal.

Ricky ThaperTreasurer, Poultry Federation of India When the animal feed prices rose sharply because of huge spike in soybean meal prices, all the trade bodies associated with poultry, fisheries and dairying industries met up with the key officials and Ministers of Animal Husbandry and Dairying, Fisheries, Finance, Commerce & Industry, Agriculture, Consumer Affairs and Environment, Forest & Climate change, for ensuring imports of soybean meal so that domestic prices are curbed. The officials with the key ministries and ministers responded swiftly to the request to save livestock farmers and the industry.

Recent few weeks have witnessed hectic activities especially amongst the poultry, fisheries and dairies industries which has been hit hard by sharp spike in feed prices especially due to increase in soybean meal rates, a key source of protein used in the livestock feed.

The prices rise in the recent months have been so sharp that it has pushed up the cost of production and thus causing losses to poultry, aqua and dairy farmers. The officials from the Ministry of Animal Husbandry, Dairying & Fisheries, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Commerce and Industry and Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate change have conducted a series of meetings with delegations from All India Poultry Breeders Association, CLFMA, PFI, Fish Feed Manufacturers Association and livestock sector representatives to find a solution for addressing the sharpest spike in prices of feed in the recent years.

Poultry, Aqua & Shrimp Industry Delegation with AH Minister soybean meal was Rs 85,000 per tonne against Rs 32,300 per tonne prevailed a year back and even in 2019, the prices were at a similar level. (refer table below). For other months, the prices in 2020 and 2019 have been in the range of Rs 33,500 - Rs 35,500 per ton.

and soybean meal are around 2 time costlier than the global prices.

“Due to the increase in soybean, feed prices have increased. Resultantly, the poultry farmers, and fish & shrimp farmers finding it very difficult to do placement of chicks as well as fish & shrimp. The The spike in Soybean meal prices have been officials from Department of Animal Husbandry mainly because of rise in soybean seed prices as and Dairying (DAHD) on request of Industry had

The rise in prices of soybean meal and maize have pushed up the cost of production. In the poultry sector both in the case of broiler (meat) and layer (for egg production), cost of feed constitutes around 65% to70% of cost of production, continuing to rise relentlessly for the last few months.

According to Mr. Bahadur Ali. Chairman, All India Poultry Breeder Association, the prices of soybean meal, has seen the sharpest increase in mentioned in the table below. recent years. In July, 2021, the average price of Corresponding feed prices in case of poultry has risen from Rs 32,000 per ton prevailed in July, 2020 to Rs 48,000 per ton in July, 2021 thus pushing the cost of production of and poultry meat.

Delegation with MOS Shri Som Parkash

written letter to the Director General of Foreign Trade, Department of Commerce, requesting for import of 12Lakh tons of soybean meal till October, 2021 when new kharif crops arrive in the According to the Industry estimate, by the end of domestic market.

August, 2021, the feed price could rise to Rs According to the Mr. Gulrez Alam, Secretary, All50,000 - 54,000 per ton if the steps to import India Poultry Breeder Association (AIPBA), this around 12Lakh tonne of soybean meal till India's wide discrepancies in the production estimate of new crop arrives by middle of October are not soybean by the Government as well as SOPA has taken. Both the domestic prices of soybean seed led to the current crisis of supply of soybean meal.

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Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.09 | September - 2021

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Delegation with MOS Dr. Sanjeev Balyan This has pushed up the cost of production for poultry, fish, shrimp, cattle and dairy farmers hugely leading to rise in prices.

According to Industr y data, the annual

Poultry Delegation with MOS Dr. Bhagwat Karad

industries met several key ministers Shri Om Birla, Speaker, Lok Sabha, Shri Piyush Goyal, Union Minister of Commerce and Industry, Shri Bhupinder Yadav, Minister of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Dr. Sanjeev Balyan, Minister of State of Animal Husbandry and Dairying, Shri Som Prakash, Minister of State of Commerce and Industry, Dr Bhagwat Karad, Minister of State of Finance and Dr L. Morgan, Minister of State for Fisheries for drawing attention towards sharp spike in feed prices and requesting them for allowing imports of soybean meal on an urgent basis.

Captions of photos:

Delegation with Union Minister Shri Piyush Goyal requirement of soybean by the poultry sector (60Lakh tons), shrimp feed (4.5Lakh tons), fish feed (3Lakh tons) and dairy and direct animal feeding (5Lakh tons). The total soybean meal demand for animal feeding is 72.5Lakh ton.

Prompt actions by the government for initiating imports of soybean meal: In anticipation of an emerging crisis caused by high soybean meal prices, officials of the various trade organizations and other stakeholders along with Mr. Bahadur Ali, Chairman AIPBA, met Shri Parshottam Rupala, Honourable Union Minister of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries requesting him facilitate import of atleast 12Lakh tons of soybean meal on an urgent basis.

Delegation of All India Poultry Breeders Association, Compound Livestock Feed Manufacturers Association and Poultry Federation of India and other Industry representatives from livestock

1. Trade organizations and other stakeholders along with Mr. Bahadur Ali, Chairman AIPBA, met Shri Parshottam Rupala, Honourable Union Minister of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries requesting him facilitate import of atleast 12Lakh tons of soybean meal on an urgent basis.

2. Poultry Industry Delegation met Dr. Sanjeev Balyan, Honourable Union Minister of State of Animal Husbandry and Dairying 3. Poultry, Aqua and Shrimp Industry Delegation had a series of meetings with Shri Som Prakash, Honourable Union Minister of State of Commerce and Industry

6. Poultry, Aqua and Shrimp Industry Delegation with Dr L. Morgan, Honourable Union Minister of State for Fisheries Meanwhile, in a communication, Mr. K Gulte, Economic Adviser, asked Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution, to Department of Commerce, Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying, Department of Revenue and Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare, to facilitate immediate import of 12Lakh tons of soybean meal.

All the trade representatives as well as stakeholders worked in close coordination to ensure that the government agencies apprised about soybean meal supply crisis and the government officials and ministers heading key ministries responded in a positive manner to ensure that the necessary instructions were issued for import of soybean meal. This close coordination between various departments and trade representatives would continue to be maintained for ensuring health growth of livestock sector.

4. Mr. Bahadur Ali, Chairman AIPBA along with Poultry and Aqua Delegation, called on Shri Piyush Goyal, Union Minister of Commerce and Industryin the Parliament House with the request to facilitate import of atleast 12Lakh tons of soybean meal on an urgent basis.

5. Poultry Associations and Industry Delegation called on Dr Bhagwat Karad, Honourable Union Minister of State of Finance.

Delegation with MOS Fisheries Dr. L. Murugan

I would like to state that one of our very dear friend and North India poultry feed industry's dynamic personality, Shri Ashish Gupta, Managing Director, Sampoorna Feeds Pvt. Ltd, who had actively participated in most of the meetings with the key ministries in Delhi, for getting the import of soybean meal, passed away recently. Shri Ashish Gupta was actively associated with the welfare of North India poultry farmers and he always stood for the betterment of livestock industry.

May Almighty Rest his soul in peace and give strength to the family members, friends, near and dears ones, to bear this irreparable and untimely loss.

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Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.09 | September - 2021

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Press Release

Current Breeder Challenges, Need-Gap Analysis, and Solutions Dr Raina Raj, Head of Marketing, Natural Remedies Pvt. Ltd. Natural is future 2.0 is a webinar series powered by Natural Remedies Pvt. Ltd., where we invite eminent speakers from across the globe to share their thoughts on the most relevant topics in the animal health industry. In July, we had the privilege of hosting Dr. Jayaraman, a renownedpoultry breeder specialist in the Indian sub-continent. His discussion was aimed at providing practical solutions to the challenges of breeder's health at different stages, to improve performance and productivity.

Dr. Jayaraman started his talk with the quote.

“HEALTHY BUSINESS STARTS WITH HEALTHY ANIMALS.”

to justify these symptoms with calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D3 deficiencies, or faulty brooding. With evidence from a peer-reviewed journal, he mentioned that “Staphylococcus is a potential pathogen in broiler breeders” that causes lameness.

Staphylococci are opportunistic bacteria that invade through breaks in the skin surface (beak, and comb trimming). As a management practice, the first beak trimming happens at 1-2 weeks, making the birds susceptible to infection. Hence, he suggested that it is essential to start antibiotic treatment post beak trimming.

He suggested the use of penicillin or penicillin derivatives such as streptopenicillin, benzathine penicillin (longacting), and amoxicillin as the drugs of choice since they can reach the synovial joints.

“If we understand the underlying problem, then we understand how to overcome it.”

His talk was divided into three major sections based on the different stages, of the breeder's life such as the brooder, grower, and layer phases, for easy comprehension.

Why is the incidence of lameness higher in male birds? In his opinion, one of the probable reasons could be that male birds have longer shanks as compared to female birds, and the other reason is that male birds also undergo comb trimming, which facilitates the entry of staphylococcus.

Brooding Phase Challenges

Dr. Jayaraman suggested the use of a probiotic in the first week of life for the birds and dosing them with antibiotics post beak trimming along with antimycoplasmic therapy in the second week.

Since these practices are known to give good results.

He brought the focus to the incidence of lameness being higher in male birds in the brooding phase. At an early age, the birds start to limp or drag their body on the floor, one of the reasons attributed to this could be transportation stress. But if the symptoms progress as the birds grow and the number of birds showing these symptoms increases, the issue needs to be addressed. The birds may show postural defects, such as bowed legs or bent hocks.

The lesions are evident in the hock region; the joint appears swollen and red. On closer examination, swelling in the plantar regions of the bird's feet can also be noticed. In an autopsy, the hock joints would show inflammatory changes. What causes these symptoms? Popular belief is

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Growing Phase Challenges In the next phase, he selected to discuss intussusception. Intussusception is the telescoping of one part of the intestine into another. Its physical manifestation is called prolapse. The incidence is usually high when the feed is changed from chick mash to grower mash. This happens in growers, but by 10-12 weeks its incidence gradually decreases. The commonly known causes are pecking, low fibre, excess pressure or irritation in the

intestine, necrotic enteritis, or subclinical coccidiosis. But Dr. Jayaraman brought other causes into attention, such as bacterial (Escherichia coli, Clostridium, and Campylobacter) and parasitic causes (internal worm infestation, Coccidia, Eimeria necatrix). Hence, he recommended the use of anti-coccidial drugs around 28 days of age.

The other cause is feed restrictions. The cases of intussusception are mostly seen after 7-10 days after a period of feed restriction. The incidence is higher in heavier bodyweight birds (above average body weight) because they tend to compete to consume as much feed as possible, leading to reverse peristalsis of the distal intestine leading to intussusception. He also suggested that if the cumulative feed consumption for the specific duration is optimal as per the feed company's recommendations, generally this problem doesn't happen. The way to solve this issue is to measure and titrate the feed such that there is less competition. The solutions that Dr.Jayaraman suggested were dark out of grower sheds; monitoring cumulative feed consumption for a specific duration; usage of anti-coccidials is essential (even in caged birds there are incidences of coccidiosis); he strictly suggested avoiding the use of antibiotics, and recommended the use of natural plant extracts and probiotics.

Laying Phase Challenges Male depletion is high in the layer phase. In general, the male to female ratio is 1:10 or 1:9 in laying houses. Dr. Jayaraman pointed out that,the sheer number of male birds doesn't guarantee good fertility. Both the number and the quality of the males are equally important. In the cage system for artificial insemination (AI), the male birds are milked for the collection of semen.

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is reduced. So, by rearing a sufficient number of male birds and giving them adequate rest between milking, the male birds can maintain a good quality of semen. Practically preserving the males on the farm is just as important. He proposed that good management is when female mortality is 8% and male mortality is 10%. But in later stages, the male mortality is twice that of females, hence the remaining males are used more frequently for semen collection, leading to poor quality of semen. Also based on a scientific report, Dr. Jayaraman suggested that the major cause of male depletion, 33.8% is because of staphylococcal infection.

To combat male mortality, Dr. Jayaraman recommended a rotation of antibiotics like OTC-LA with penicillin, amoxicillin, and Tylosin. As age advances, the semen quality, and quantity deteriorates, so he suggested supplementing the birds with male fertility enhancers.

Female non-layers Addressing challenges in female birds Dr. Jayaraman suggested identifying the nonlayers. It can be done at the time of insemination. The non-layer birds will show difficulty in eversion; pin bones will be placed closer; the vent will be dry; the beak and shank will be yellow. He listed several reasons for birds to become nonlayers. The causes may range from poor management, bacterial, viral, parasitic, and nutritional causes.

1. Management issues, if the flock doesn't have uniformity such that it has higher body weight birds and low body weight birds in large proportion. During feed withdrawal, the higher body weight birds get lessfeed allocation. At this time, the body of the bird goes into conser ving energy mode for maintenance and the bird becomes a non-layer.

2. During bacterial or viral infections, the birds show symptoms of low feed consumption. But on treatment, they get better. But some infections seep into the oviduct and cause trouble, leading to non-layers.

3. The nutritional issue is a large umbrella, and it is hard to pinpoint one nutritional cause for non-layers. In

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general, nutrients must be optimally provided, keeping trace minerals in mind.

4. External parasites like lice and mites. Dr. Jayaraman opined that lice infestation is well known, but inthe recent past, red mite infestation has been increasing.

Red mites affect the birds during the night hours, and causeanaemia but also lead to non-layers. He suggested some key issues be taken care of while doing the anti-parasitic treatment.

Firstly, is maintaining proper pressure (psi) while spraying the antiparasiticidal. Secondly, the time of application should be a few hours before lights out, so that the medication is effective and it acts on the mites which infest the birds during the night. He also advised the use of herbal products to treat parasitic infestations. And for internal parasites, de-worming in caged birds is also necessary.

Dr. Jayaraman suggested general t re a t m e n t f o r n o n - l a y e r s , w i t h ovulotonics, which are herbal preparations when given at the right time, helps the birds to rebound. He also mentioned that we tend to pay attention to only visible non-layers, but what about the birds which are going to be non-layers in the future? In his experience, when ovulotonics are given at 40-45 weeks of age, good results are noticed.

Disease challenge during peak production Dr. Jayaraman mentioned thatnowadays broiler breeders lay eggs just like layers, and have a good peak. To support their per formance, the birds should be protected from basic challenges through immunization. He further explained that the words immunization and vaccination are not synonyms. Birds may have been vaccinated, but not necessarily immunized. The immunity of a bird is compromised even after vaccination. If the vaccine is not spaced out properly or if birds are immunocompromised, the expected titre will not be achieved. Hence, instead of repeating vaccination, immuneboosters and immunomodulators can be used to achieve higher titres.

Supplementing the birds with vitamin E,

selenium, glucomannan, herbal, and algal immune boosters were suggested along with the proper spacing of the vaccines.

Fatty liver syndrome (FLS) He gave examples from his experience and mentioned that breeder producers notice the FLS in their birds post-peak. It is caused due to a mismatch between the energy supplied (excess) and that of the bird's actual requirement, toxins, or damaged liver. Hence, it is important to understand the bird's requirements and be cautious during feed allocations and feed withdrawal. To treat FLS, he suggested choline supplements, either herbal or synthetic and /or liver tonics.

Egg production failed to recover after a challenge Dr. Jayaraman mentioned that in recent days, the major problem is posed when the birds do not come back to normal egglaying after recovery from toxin, viral or bacterial challenges. He suggested that when recovering from challenges; please do not wait for a long duration to bring the production to a normal level.

Respiratory disease complex (RDC) He mentioned that RDC was ver y common. It may be caused due to coryza, mycoplasma, ornithobacterium (ORT), or avian metapneumovirus. A thorough investigation needs to be done to narrow down the cause of respiratory distress. He recommended treating the flock with drugs like tiamulin, tilmicosin, and tylan. To avoid resistance to the drugs, shuffling and rotation of antibiotics can be followed. He recommended herbal products and essential oils to protect the birds from respiratory distress.

Enteritis He spoke about enteritis and emphasized that it can be caused by several reasons; toxins, worms, bacterial infection, hormonal, etc. but common practice is to treat the flock with antibiotics, which isn't right. Removing the root cause of enteritis is a good approach. But when one is unsure, herbal anti-diarrheal preparations can be used.

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challenges. The way to get through them is by understanding the root cause, with diagnostics, and scientifically tackling the problem for better performance and profitability.Dr. Jayaraman answered the questions posed by the participants as below: At what age should the feed restriction be practiced?

Dr. Jayaraman mentioned that the restriction of feed between male and female birds is different. There is a difference of one week. The breeding company's recommendations should be followed. For instance, 3-4 weeks of age is the right time to start the restriction, but the duration must be followed as per the producer's recommendation. But the impor tant thing is to study the cumulative gain for 5 weeks and correlate it with the average feed given in grams.

Based on this, nutritional modifications should be made.

How do we treat tapeworms in birds?

He opined that tapeworms have been noticed in recent days, especially if there is a presence of ants in the sheds. Broadspectrum anthelmintics like albendazole or levamisole have been known to work well. But the dosages of the anthelmintics should not be confused with those of immunomodulatory doses. He would personally prefer albendazole to treat tapeworms.

How to control egg breakage in older birds?

Dr. Jayaraman mentioned that egg breakage in older birds is physiological to some extent; it cannot be completely avoided. But through nutritional manipulations, one could reduce the incidence. The nutrient specifications for calcium and available phosphorus are slightly different for older birds as compared to those for other birds, which should be followed as per recommendations.

The calcium source in the feed should be split into slowly available (70%) such as grit and readily available (30%) like calcite powder.

The egg size in older birds is larger, and the bird's body frame tends to be larger. This can be addressed through bodyweight

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management, along with linoleic acid and methionine level management, which will p r o v i d e b e t t e r e g g s h e l l q u a l i t y.

Additionally, supplementing with slightly higher doses of trace minerals can help this condition.

What could be the reason for feather loss in birds?

Dr. Jayaraman suggested that improper nutrition, or imbalanced sulphurcontaining amino acids in feed, and stress may lead to feather loss post-peak. If specific birds show feather loss, this could be considered the first indication of nonlayers. But if there is feather loss in all the birds, the protein requirement is not being met as per the recommendation, which needs to be checked.

What may be the reasons for the prolapse in the layers, in mid-lay?

He suggested that the prolapse has to be differentiated if it is an intestinal prolapse or an oviduct prolapse. In intestinal prolapse, enteric substances are secreted into the oviduct, leading to inflammation, cloacitis, and ascending infection occurs.

In intestinal prolapse, we need to treat the enteric causes.

If it is an oviduct prolapse, it is an ascending infection where parts of the oviduct is exposed and infected. If the cage mat isn't well maintained, birds pick up the infection from the floor mat, leading to ascending infection. It can be treated topically with oxytetracycline long-acting (OTC-LA) ointment and neem oil. And infusing OTC-LA into the oviduct should help the recovery of the birds.

What is the minimum gap that should be given between two killed vaccines?

Dr. Jayaraman opined that ideally, 4-5 weeks is the minimum. But the decision needs to be taken depending upon the titre. Some vaccines like IBH are given in the first week, and the next dose is only after 20-22 weeks, but the gap for coryza vaccine is only 8-10 weeks. Hence, it depends if the vaccine is bacterial or viral; if it is for a parent or commercial, the decisions are made on this basis.

Can toxins in feed change the internal and external quality of eggs?

Dr. Jayaraman explained that the effects of mycotoxin on egg quality are well

documented. There are effects both internally and externally. There is a change in the thickness of the shell. While internally, blood spots can be noticed.

Vitamin A deficiency is usually attributed to blood spots in eggs, but mycotoxins can also cause blood spots.

Is there any way to control double-yolk egg condition in early production?

He answered that double yolk eggs are a problem of mismanagement of the actual feed requirements of the birds and what is supplied to them. When challenging birds with more feed with an interest in gaining faster peak, it leads to jumbo eggs, which will lead to a higher incidence of peritonitis and egg retention along with increased mortality.

The other reason is light stimulation. When birds have reached the desired body weight but haven't matured yet, they are challenged with overstimulation of light.

This can lead to jumbo eggs. Hence, p ro p e r m a n a g e m e n t of b i rd f e e d increments and light stimulation are important to control double yolk eggs.

What is the reason for the white legs in poultry birds?

He mentioned that in his experience, he had seen white legs in some broiler breeds, and hasfound a correlation between white legs when birds are given feed devoid of maize.

In broilers, would you suggest the same treatment for tapeworms?

He suggested that treating broilers for tapeworms may not be judicial. On the other hand, he also mentioned that the farmers use Areca catechu or betel nuts soaked water. 1kg of betel nuts soaked in water for 1000 birds, which has been effective. Secondly, control of ants is very important, which would give the best result for the next flock.

At what age, during brooding, should the light be stopped? After brooding, at what age should one introduce antibiotics ?

Dr. Jayaraman recommended that in the first two weeks, 22-23 hours of light is important, and then gradually taper down to natural light. Antibiotics can be introduced on the day or the next day of beak trimming.

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Press Release

Online Discussion Forum (ODF)–on Trends In Poultry

Health, Season-1 Organised By CPDO & TI In Association with INFAH, On 12th August, 2021 Central Poultry Development Organization & Training Institute under Government of India, Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry & Dairying, a premier Institute located at Hessarghatta, Bengaluru organized a one day online Discussion forum – on TRENDS IN POULTRY HEALTH, SEASON-1 ORGANISED BY CPDO&TI in association with Indian Federation of Animal Health Companies, on 12TH August, 2021

Poultry sector in India is a technocommercial sector with contribution of nearly 1.5 lakh crores to the GNP with about 6 million people being employed directly or indirectly. Poultry Farming Practices in India are one of the best in the world. The Science adopted in Genetics, Nutrition, Management and Disease prevention are one among the best in class matching Global Standards. Presently it is estimated that 4.5 billion broiler population, 250 - 300 million layers and about 3.5 to 4.0 crore broiler breeders are being reared in India. The health specialists have achieved huge task in disease prevention and health management in the country. However, poultry health is a dynamic, ever evolving entity among poultr y 39

farming. It is always required to get abreast with the latest knowledge and tips for poultry health management.

Hence, this discussion forum is envisaged to outline the present trends in poultry health. Since poultry health is a vast subject, it has been envisaged to conduct in series wise as Season-1, followed by many.

This event was organized in association with Indian Federation of Animal Health C o m p a n i e s ( I N FA H ) u n d e r t h e leadership of Mr. Vijay Teng, President and Dr. Vijay Makhija, General Secretary along with poultry expert members of INFAH. The Online Discussion Forum started sharp at 10.30 am on 12th August, 2021 by opening remarks from Dr. Mahesh P.S.,

Joint Commissioner & Director, CPDO&TI. He briefed about the legacy of CPDO&TI being an organization built over six decades (1960). Dr. Mahesh quoted Hon'ble Prime Ministe'rs speech on 11th of August, 2021at Confederation of Indian Industries (CII) annual meet in which it was emphasized that Modern India is lead by Unicorns in all the sectors including food sector in India. About 60 unicorns are being established so far since 2011 the first unicorn (valuation of 1 billion dollar) was born in Bangalore.

The motivation for poultry sector is, 22 unicorns are established since Jan. 2021 uptil August. Dr. Mahesh mentioned that startups like Licious, Fresh to Home may soon join the bandwagon before Dec. 2021 itself.

Further he elaborated that digitalization, consumerism, focus on safe food and health would create more demand for protein foods like eggs and chicken in India with a priority preference for safe and certified traceable products. Hence he advised to adopt latest technologies like Block Chain, Artificial Intelligence and Data Mining to capture a pie in the digital India.

Dr. Vijay Makhija, General Secretary, INFAH, made a presentation from Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.09 | September - 2021

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Mumbai, Maharashtra digitally about activities of the Organisation which is formed in 2012. At present, it has 52 members representing more than 85 percent of Animal Health Market in India. He mentioned about INFAH's moto being “Healthy Animals, Healthier India”. INFAH has focused approach via sub committees on various aspects of health issues related to scientific research in veterinary field.

This organization has set out guidelines and working in liaison with government in various committees.

This event is organized by members of Biologicals & Biosecurity subcommittee.

Mr. Vijay Teng, President, INFAH in his inaugural address through online from Ahmedabad, Gujarat, appreciated the efforts of CPDO&TI organization under Government of India for conducting such innovative programmes through digital gateway.

He elaborated on changing preferences in food habits with more focus on protein foods like egg and chicken recipes. He acknowledged government addressing the industry needs for import of GM soya to mitigate the deadlock in shortfall and sky racketing prices of soya. He mentioned that INFAH has career link for the young veterinarians through which they can seek their career 40

prospects and employment opportunities. He assured to extend full cooperation and support to CPDO&TI for conducting many more seasons under Poultry Health series.

Dr. Mahindra Chaudhari, Poultry Expert joined from Pathankot, Punjab spoke on the topic “21 days of critical care”. In his presentation he elaborated in detail about role of hatchery management with a primary focus on efficient incubation and setter management as a key factor for the foundation of healthy chick which becomes a broiler/layer/breeder. He scientifically narrated various parameters of evaluation of quality of chicks by both quantitative (physical features) and qualitative (body wt., yolk wt., chick length, moisture loss, chick yield, data recorded) in addition to bacterial, fungal and viral analysis.

Chick quality plays a critical role in determining the health, growth, nutritional efficiency and financial returns of the farm. His detailed presentation can be viewed through CPDO&TI youtube channel: “CPDO&TI TRAINING).

Dr. Jayanth Deshpande, Poultry Expert presented online from Bangalore, Karnataka about the topic “Biosecuring the Farm”. In his address he narrated simple practical elements of biosecurity to create a barrier for disease entry to the

farm. He categorized these features into three elements namely, Physical Barriers, Biological (vaccine) barriers and Pharmacological barriers. He pictorically explained simple foot dip, shower system, management of rodents etc for effective implementation of biosecurity.

He advised farmers with a novel idea of covering the whole poultry house with a simple chicken mesh to prevent rodent, flying birds etc to reduce re-infection of mycoplasma in the units. Clean farms are highly essential for disease control for broilers, breeders, layers. In his final remark, he advised to segregate the farm into four sections namely, dirty, semiclean, clean and ultra-clean. Further

suggested to follow a adequate SOPs to maintain the same. Proper diagnosis, effective vaccination and disinfection coupled with effective physical biosecurtiy is the need of the hour for disease prevention.

Dr. M.R. Reddy, Principal Scientist, Directorate of Poultry Research joined

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“Reading Serology”, Dr. Reddy with his experience of more than 30 year of research elaborated about role of Diagnostics in general and monitoring antibodies through Serology in particular. In his presentation he showed detailed analysis of lab reports with pictorial histograms (Bar charts of antibody titer). The method of understanding of lab reports was convincingly explained in terms of reading, tier groups, geometric mean, arithmetic mean, standard deviation and variance for concluding the reports. The importance of distribution of titers either standard bell curve, left skewed, right skewed and multiple peaks was explained in detail for predicting disease challenge, protection status of birds for various diseases including forecasting of vaccination schedule.

This session was followed by Question and Answers for the speakers conducted

by Dr. Vijay Makhija. The details can be accessed through Youtube / Facebook link of CPDO&TI and LinkedIn of INFAH. The final session of the day was Panel Discussion with three eminent

experts namely, Dr. Sanjay Gavkare, Mr. Milind Limaye and Dr. D.K. Dey. The first panelist, Dr. Sanjay Gavkare answered queries by Dr. Mahesh P.S. about present status of Research & Development in poultry sector. In his re m a r k s h e i l l u s t r a t e d va r i o u s achievements of Indian Poultr y Research in Biologicals, Vaccines and Diagnostics to meet the international standards. He emphasized strengthening collaboration between the government and many such programmes in the coming months. The programme was conducted live on zoom, youtube channel of CPDO&TI along with recordings posted on facebook : c p d o t i . ba n g a l o re , o n y o u t u b e : CPDO&TI TRAINING and LinkedIn of INFAH. All are requested to download “Latest App of CPDO&TI” from Google Playstore by typing “CPDO&TI” for Android Version.

poultry sector.

The second panelist Mr. Milind Limaye appreciated the help of the government in strengthening the system for disease control and management. However, he requested more joint tie-ups with Institutes like HSADL, RDDLs, CARI etc to take up joint research for solving field oriented problems.

Concludingly the third panelist, Dr. D.K. Dey, narrated about biological subcommittee of INFAH and its contributions in formulating guidelines for better poultry health management. In his remarks, he advised more interaction of youth, general public about “Real Science” behind innovations in Research in solving problems associated withpoultryhealth.

Sri. S.M. Anwar Basha, Senior faculty of CPDO&TI executed the job of Admin of conducting Discussion Forum very effectively and proposed vote of thanks for the delegates. The other team members of CPDO&TI worked hard in making this programme successful. Team CPDO&TI thank all the viewers participated through Z o o m a n d Yo u t u b e . I t i s a l s o acknowledged that Print Media extends great suppor t by wide coverage of all online events of CPDO&TI across the country.

Dr. Mahesh P.S., Joint Commissioner & D i r e c t o r, C P D O & T I mentioned that Team CPDO&TI would conduct 41

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Appointments

Dr. Shaveta Sood joins as National Sales Manager at Novus Animal Nutrition India

Novus Animal Nutrition (India) Pvt. Ltd. hired Dr. Shaveta Sood as National Sales Manager – North, West & Central India. Dr. Shaveta will be responsible for sales function for North, West & Central India region reporting to Neeraj Kumar Srivastava, Managing Director – South Central Asia.

Dr. Shaveta brings with her 13 years of experience working across the sales, marketing, and product management functions with companies like Vetina Healthcare, Pranav Agro, Polchem hygiene and Animal Husbandr y department, Himachal Pradesh.

In her last assignment she was titled Business Unit Head – Poultry Business with Vetina Healthcare. She holds a master’s degree in animal nutrition from college of Veterinar y and Animal Sciences, Palampur and completed Senior Management Programme with IIM, Kolkata.

Dr. Shaveta, said I am delighted to be part of a wonderful Novus family and would like to express my deep gratitude. A great place with good work culture and wonderful team. I look forward to bringing my experience, skills, and network of contacts to help build on its sterling reputation.

Neeraj Kumar Srivastava, MD of Novus Animal Nutrition (India) Pvt. Ltd., said we are very excited to have Dr. Shaveta on board, with her experience, technical knowledge, and management capabilities will complement our growing team.

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Big Dutchman AG a p p o i n t e d D r. - I n g .

Thomas Dalstein as new Chief Operating Officer

Dr.-Ing. Thomas Dalstein (on the right) has been appointed as new Chief Operation Officer of Big Dutchman. He succeeds Sven Guericke (on the left), who retires after 15 successful years as a board…

retirement age, is looking forward to more time for leisure. As newly elected chairman of the Agrar- und Ernährungsforum Oldenburger Münsterland (AEF) (forum for agriculture a n d n u t r i t i o n of t h e O l d e n b u rg Münsterland region), he will continue to share his experience and knowledge with the industry.

Aviagen North America names Dr. Sara Reichelt as its new Director of Welfare and Sustainability

The Supervisory Board of Big Dutchman AG has appointed Dr.-Ing. Thomas Dalstein as new Chief Operating Officer.

As one of three members of the Board of Management, Dalstein assumed responsibility for the topics logistics and purchasing as well as for the global After Sales & Field Service in April 2021. The position was previously and successfully held by Sven Guericke for more than 15 years.

“With Dr.-Ing. Thomas Dalstein, someone with a broad knowledge will support Big Dutchman,” says Jürgen Steinemann, Chairman of the Supervisory Board. “I am sure that with his know-how, he will help us face the complex challenges in markets all over the world. His predecessor Sven Guericke established regional logistics centres in Vechta, Russia, North America, South America and Asia, putting Big Dutchman in a very good position.”

During its most recent meeting, the Supervisory Board thanked Sven Guericke “for his great personal commitment and his exceptional reliability.”

HUNTSVILLE, Ala. – Aviagen® North America is pleased to introduce Dr. Sara Reichelt as its new Director of Welfare and Sustainability, effective immediately.

Reporting directly to Dr. Kate Hayes, Aviagen’s Vice President of Veterinary Services, Dr. Reichelt will be the face of welfare and sustainability for Aviagen’s N o r t h A m e r i c a n c u s to m e r ba s e , collaborating closely with Aviagen Group’s Global Vice President of Sustainability and Welfare Anne-Marie Neeteson and her team to share the company’s “Breeding Sustainability” and welfare messages on a global level.

Dr.-Ing. Thomas Dalstein was previously responsible for Beumer Corporation in North America as CEO. Beumer is one of the world’s leading providers of intralogistics solutions. Prior to Beumer, Dalstein held different management positions at Siemens for nearly 15 years.

Sven Guericke, who has reached

Dr. Reichelt will leverage her extensive knowledge to support and advise Aviagen’s internal teams and valued customers in the interest of strengthening the health and welfare of their flocks and the success of their businesses, as well as the sustainability of the planet and our industry.

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News

Poultr y industr y in Indore forced to cut production as rearing cost hits the roof

secretary of the association said, "Feed cost is up by over 30% because soyabean meal is historically a its highest. The poultr y industr y is witnessing one of the toughest phases, though we anticipate prices to come down once imported soyabean meal comes to India by this month."

Poultry owners said soyabean meal is trading at Rs95-100 per kilogram as against Rs40-45 a kg in the same period a year ago. Maize is costing around Rs19 per kilogram in comparison to Rs14 a kg a year ago.

The unprecedented hike in prices of soyabean meal & maize pushed chicken-feed cost by 30%, say poultry business owners

Indore: The poultry industry has slashed production by about 20-25% in the region as skyrocketing prices of soyabean meal, the main component of poultry feed, has made it extremely expensive and rearing unremunerative.

Amid rising prices of soybean meal, the local poultry industry had urged the state government to allow imports in order to save the local poultry industry.

Turkey’s chicken meat sector faces uphill battle

Soybean meal and maize are the main components of poultry feed. The unprecedented hike in prices of soyabean meal has pushed feed cost by over 30%, said industry players.

drought and the depreciation of the Turkish lira against the US dollar are an additional weight on the poultry industry. Food service closures due to the COVID-19 pandemic has also c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e i n d u s t r y ’s stagnation.

This stagnation has occurred despite growing demand for poultry meat in Turkey. The FAS estimates that broiler production volumes for 2021 are expected to grow 1.5% to 2.17 million metric tonnes (MMT). The USDA also estimates that chicken meat output will grow 3% in 2022 to reach 2.23 MMT. Consumption of chicken meat could be constrained, however. The FAS expects consumption in 2022 to reach 1.691 MMT due to increasing exports, high market prices and insufficient production volumes.

Bird flu detected in Luxembourg poultry breeding operation

Indore is a major market from where eggs and chickens are routed to various nearby locations across Madhya Pradesh.

Dinesh Makhija, a poultry farm owner who deals with eggs said, "Demand is not that bad, but still I was forced to curtail output by as much as 25% because the input costs are out of my range. Feed cost is so high that it is no longer a profitable business. Small poultry farmers are the worst hit. This is a panic situation and surely requires immediate attention of the state government."

Daily production and consumption of eggs in Indore, including Mhow and Pithampur, in normal days is around 10-12 lakh per day and bird placement per month is around 4.5 lakh, according to the Indore Poultr y Association. Sumit Sahasrabudhe, 47

The impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, inefficient industr y practices and high feed prices are taking their toll on Turkey’s broiler sector, says new USDA FAS publication.

According to the Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS) report, Turkey’s broiler meat production has remained stagnant for the past two years, while feed prices have been ratcheting up.

The report notes that, “In 2020, broiler feed prices were 60% greater than the previous year’s prices.”

Analysis from the FAS finds that Turkey’s dependence on imported raw feed material and high feed prices are limiting the growth of the sector. Lack of slaughterhouse capacity, a recent

An amateur poultr y breeder in Olingen, Luxembourg, has reported a case of avian influenza in imported birds.

According to a report in RTL Today, the birds were imported from Belgium.

Animal health officials have issued a reminder to poultry keepers that importing and transporting birds for unlicensed businesses is prohibited.

The ban also extends to poultry exhibitions.

Officials from the Veterinary Services Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.09 | September - 2021

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Administration (VSA) say that newly acquired birds must undergo a quarantine period before they can join larger flocks. The VSA is also advising poultry breeders to keep their birds indoors as a precaution.

Global soybean shortage could mean a surge in non-GM food prices

who is also director general for French animal feed maker Sanders, part of oilseed group Avril.

Protein-rich soybean is used in most animal feed products. France has launched a country-wide plan to boost local production of protein crops to cut its dependence on imports.

Non-GM animal feed amounts to about 40% to 45% of the total produced in France.

Imports represent about 20% of feedstock used in animal feed made in France, with soybeans coming mostly from Latin America but also from as far as India in the case of the non-GM industry.

French feed makers are warning that shortages of suitable soybeans could raise prices for meat, eggs and milk labelled GM-free by up to 10%.

Reuters reports that GM crops are widely grown across the world, but they remain controversial in Europe, where very few varieties are authorised for growing and some countries like France have completely outlawed their cultivation, citing environmental risks.

A rise in demand due to lower availability in weather-hit countries sent the premium on non-GM soybean rocketing to €280 a tonne in August from about €130 euros a tonne in March and €90 per tonne in November, French animal feed makers group SNIA said.

The higher premium has an immediate impact on animal feed’s costs and, in a knock-on effect, on prices of byproducts.

“On average the impact for consumers will be a price rise of about 5% to 10% depending on the sector,” said SNIA Deputy-Chairman Philippe Manry, 48

Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.09 | September - 2021

EGG Daily and Monthly Prices of August 2021

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Poultry Planner | Vol. 23 | No.09 | September - 2021

Egg Prices

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