A STUDY ON QUALITY OF LIFE OF MIGRANT COMMUNITY A Case of Surat Migrant Workers
By
Priya Barot (2017-2022)
Guided By
Prof. Bhavna Vimawala
BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE (B.Arch.V. SEM IX) December 2021
A.A.E.R.T. & The S.S.B. FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE Sarvajanik College of Engineering & Technology Dr. R. K. Desai Marg, Opp. Mission Hospital, Athwalines, Athwa, Surat, Gujarat 395001
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CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Priya Paragkumar Barot has submitted the Report of Research Thesis on the subject “A study on quality of life of migrant community” as a mandatory requirement for the completion of B. Arch. V. Sem IX, at AAET & The SSB, Faculty of Architecture, Sarvajanik College of Engineering and Technology (SCET), Surat, for the academic year 2021-2022. Her/His work is found to be satisfactory for the purpose.
Priya P. Barot Signature
Prof. Rikta Desai
Prof. Alpa Pandya
Research Thesis Coordinator
Research Thesis Coordinator
Prof./Ar. Bhavana Vimawala Research Thesis Guide
Prof. Bhavna Vimawala In-Charge Principal, Faculty of Architecture, SCET, Surat
Year: 2017-2022 Date: 11.10.2021 II AAERT & The SSB LTD., Faculty of Architecture, SCET, SURAT
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Acknowledgments I would like to express my sincere gratitude and respect to my mentor and guide, Prof. Bhavana Vimawala, Faculty of Architecture, SCET, who has made this research complete successfully and provided invaluable guidance throughout this research. Thank you for guiding me in writing this research in a better and fruitful way. I thank, Prof. Bhavna Vimawala, In-Charge Principal, Faculty of Architecture, SCET for encouraging me and the students throughout the academic year. I also like to thank Prof. Mahesh Nagecha, Head of Department, for his contribution to farming this interesting academic semester. A very warm and special thanks to Prof. Rikta Desai and Prof. Alpa Pandya, Faculty of Architecture, SCET for their guidance, encouragement, and vision as a research thesis coordinator. I Would like to thank all the faculty members and administrative staff at the Faculty of Architecture, SCET for all the love and support. I am extremely grateful to my parents for their love, prayers, caring and sacrifices for educating and preparing e for my future. I would like to thank my friends for motivating me and believing in me threw out the research. Thank you for caring and thinking of me.
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ABSTRACT Currently, almost one in every six humans, about one billion people, is living in informal settlements. The developing countries have thousands of hands to lift it and help them to concrete their feet into the competitive world. India is becoming a hub for interstate migrants, as host states are not able to provide the basic needs and it results in informal settlements. The quality of life (QOL) of people living in bustee is understudied, however, pioneering studies have shown that QOL is worse in those areas compared to other urban areas. The integration of QOL perspectives in development policies and programs using long-term perspectives, as well as the adaptation and utilization of the rapid trend in urbanization should be included in further research. This research will also study the migrants and their community – especially workers who occupied in construction work, and identify the typology within them and also it will describe how they are living with the urban context, about their quality of life, types of settlements, which produced to fulfill their basic housing requirement. The research will have two major parts, the first part will carry the theoretical research carried the push and pull factors, the living conditions, quality of life, and also their cultures and way of living with the urban community. The second half contains mostly the primary resources, like surveys and studies on the field and analyzed data of the site visits.
Keywords – Quality of life, Inter-state migrants, Migration, Health, Shelter, Safety, Sense of belonging, Food, Employment, Land owning
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Table of Contents ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................. IV List of Figures ............................................................................................................................... IV List of Tables ............................................................................................................................. VIII Chapter 1.
Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1
1.1
Background ..................................................................................................................... 1
1.2
Research Question........................................................................................................... 2
1.3
Aim of The Study ............................................................................................................ 2
1.4
Objectives........................................................................................................................ 3
1.5
Justification for The Research Proposal .......................................................................... 3
1.6
Scope and Limitations ..................................................................................................... 4
1.7
Research Methodology.................................................................................................... 5
1.8
Study Framework ............................................................................................................ 6
1.9
Theoretical Framework ................................................................................................... 7
1.10
Organization of chapters ................................................................................................. 8
Chapter 2.
Review of Literature ............................................................................................. 10
2.1
Definition on Quality of Life ........................................................................................ 10
2.2
About Quality of Life in General .................................................................................. 11
2.3
Quality of life for migrant workers ............................................................................... 14
2.4
Criteria Measures Quality of life for Migrants.............................................................. 17
Chapter 3.
Study of Parameters .............................................................................................. 18
Conceptual Framework – Migrants and Migration ....................................................... 18
3.1 3.1.1
Concept of Migration ............................................................................................ 18
3.1.2
Concept of Migrants .............................................................................................. 19
3.1.3
Reasons and Types of Migration ........................................................................... 20
3.1.4
Positive and Negative Effects of Migration .......................................................... 23
3.1.5
Factors Causing Migration .................................................................................... 26
3.1.6
Government Acts for Migrant workers ................................................................ 30
3.1.7
Statistical data on migration .................................................................................. 32 I AAERT & The SSB LTD., Faculty of Architecture, SCET, SURAT
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Conceptual Framework – Migrants and Migration ....................................................... 35
3.2 3.2.1
What are Home and House? .................................................................................. 35
3.2.2
Importance of open and multifunctional spaces for migrants ............................... 37
3.2.3
Architectural Features Associated with House ..................................................... 38
3.3
Parameters to Study....................................................................................................... 39
3.3.1
Ranking of study parameters ................................................................................. 44
Chapter 4.
Survey Methods and Site Selection ....................................................................... 45
4.1
Importance of Surat city ................................................................................................ 45
4.1.1
A brief history ....................................................................................................... 45
4.1.2
The economy of Surat – Post-independence ......................................................... 45
4.2
Migrants and Tenure Situation in Surat ........................................................................ 46
4.3
Selected Site .................................................................................................................. 49
4.3.1
Site -1 – Vijay Nagar............................................................................................. 50
4.3.2
Site -2 – Janta Nagar ............................................................................................. 57
4.3.3
Site -3 – Fatakdawadi Nagar ................................................................................. 62
4.4
Ranking from parameter ............................................................................................... 69
4.4.1
Coding for the following chapters ......................................................................... 71
Chapter 5.
Analysis and Inferences ........................................................................................ 72
5.1
Physical Factors ............................................................................................................ 72
5.1.1
Housing behavior .................................................................................................. 72
5.1.2
Open spaces........................................................................................................... 85
5.1.3
Other facilities ....................................................................................................... 90
5.2
Social factors ................................................................................................................. 95
5.2.1
Sense of safety/belonging...................................................................................... 95
5.2.2
Educational facilities ............................................................................................. 98
5.2.3
Healthcare facilities ............................................................................................. 100
5.3
Economic factors ......................................................................................................... 102
5.3.1
Method of wages and saving ............................................................................... 102
5.3.2
Maintenance cost ................................................................................................. 104 II AAERT & The SSB LTD., Faculty of Architecture, SCET, SURAT
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Institutional factors...................................................................................................... 106
5.4.1
Facilities in government housing ........................................................................ 106
Chapter 6.
Conclusion........................................................................................................... 110
6.1
Objectives and achievements ...................................................................................... 110
6.2
Findings ....................................................................................................................... 111
6.2.1
Findings from parameters.................................................................................... 111
6.2.2
Findings from sites .............................................................................................. 112
Chapter 7.
Suggestions for Improvement ............................................................................. 114
7.1.1
Recommendation for managing data on inter-migrants ...................................... 114
7.1.2
Recommendation for policy implication ............................................................. 115
7.1.3
Recommendation for female migrant workers .................................................... 116
7.2
Future Study Directions .............................................................................................. 117
References ................................................................................................................................... 118 Appendix ..................................................................................................................................... 120
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List of Figures Figure 1 data from an Indian newspaper. (Source: MINT India) .................................................... 1 Figure 2 Article from a news website. (Source: DNA India) .......................................................... 3 Figure 3 Article from a news website. (Source: News click, India) ............................................... 4 Figure 4 flow of research study (Source: primary data).................................................................. 6 Figure 5 Theoretical framework for research (Source: Primary data) ............................................ 7 Figure 6 Chapter organization (Source: Primary Data) .................................................................. 8 Figure 7 What does the quality of life mean? (Source: primary data) .......................................... 11 Figure 8 Social progress index indicator- level framework (Source: News website) ................... 12 Figure 9 Model of QOL (Source: Research paper) ....................................................................... 13 Figure 10 Weights assigned to pillars of comprehensive development (Source: Report on livability standards) ...................................................................................................................................... 15 Figure 11 Migration situation (Source: blog- forumias) ............................................................... 18 Figure 12 Flow of interstate migration in India (Source: Economic survey report) ..................... 22 Figure 13 Push and Pull Factors as Drivers of Migration (Source: A Documentary on YouTube) ....................................................................................................................................................... 27 Figure 14 Push and pull factors of migration (Source: BBC Bitesize paper) ............................... 29 Figure 15 State-wise migration to Gujarat (Source: Census of India, 2011) ................................ 33 Figure 16 The chart shows the number of people (in lakh) who have migrated from their state of birth (left-hand side) to any other state (right-hand side). (Source: Census 2011 made by Vijdan Mohammad Kawoosa.................................................................................................................... 33 Figure 17 State-wise migrant population in Surat (Source: Census of India, 2011) ..................... 34 Figure 18 Migrant workers in Surat – Zone wise (Source: SMC) ................................................ 34 Figure 19 Migrant population on Surat (Source: Census of India, 2011) ..................................... 34 Figure 20 Composition of the three experiential modes (Source: Sixsmith, 1986) ...................... 35 Figure 21 Study Parameters (Source: Primary Data) .................................................................... 40 Figure 22 Site selection in surat city (Source: base maps-google maps) ...................................... 49 Figure 23 Land use map (Source: Primary data)........................................................................... 50 Figure 24 Satellite image (Source: Google maps) ........................................................................ 51 Figure 25 House study during fieldwork (Source: Primary data) ................................................. 52 Figure 26 Toilet condition (Source: Primary data) ....................................................................... 53 Figure 27 Percentage of staying in the city (source: Primary data) .............................................. 53 Figure 28 Location of healthcare centers in s1 (Source: Primary data) ........................................ 54 Figure 29 S1 with nearest school mapping (Source: Primary data) .............................................. 54 Figure 30 Public transport services in s1 (Source: Primary data) ................................................. 55 IV AAERT & The SSB LTD., Faculty of Architecture, SCET, SURAT
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Figure 31 Land use map of the site (Source: Primary data) .......................................................... 57 Figure 32 Satellite image (Source: Google maps) ........................................................................ 57 Figure 33 Site image (Source: Primary data) ................................................................................ 58 Figure 34 Public transport services in s2 (Source: Primary data) ................................................. 58 Figure 35 Education facility of the site (Source: Primary data) .................................................... 59 Figure 36 House study during fieldwork (Source: Primary data) ................................................. 60 Figure 37 Site patch -1 (Source- Google Maps) ........................................................................... 62 Figure 38 Land use map of the site (Source: Primary data) .......................................................... 63 Figure 39 Site patch -2 (Source- Google Maps) ........................................................................... 63 Figure 40 Site image (Source: Primary data) ................................................................................ 64 Figure 41 Public transport services in s3 (Source: Primary data) ................................................. 64 Figure 42 House images (Source: Primary data) .......................................................................... 65 Figure 43 House study during fieldwork (Source: Primary data) ................................................. 66 Figure 44 House study during fieldwork (Source: Primary data) ................................................. 67 Figure 45 Percentage of migrants in a different occupation (Source: Primary Data) ................... 72 Figure 46 Duration of stay in the city (Source: Primary Data) ..................................................... 73 Figure 47 Lockdown effects on Workers (Source: The Indian Express- news website) .............. 74 Figure 48 Living in rooms by looms (Credit: Reetika Subramanian) ........................................... 75 Figure 49 Living in rooms by looms (Credit: Reetika Subramanian) ........................................... 75 Figure 50 Kitchen services in houses (Source: Primary data)...................................................... 76 Figure 51 Chula outside the house (Source: Primary data) .......................................................... 76 Figure 52 Kitchen inside the house (Source: Primary data) .......................................................... 77 Figure 53 number of material used for Kucha houses (Source: Primary data) ............................. 77 Figure 54 houses with plastic and corrugated sheets (Source: Primary data) ............................... 78 Figure 55 Materials and its usage on sites (Source: Primary data) ............................................... 78 Figure 56 percentage of houses having toilets (Source: Primary data) ......................................... 79 Figure 58 Toilet facilities in the pucca house (Source: Primary data) ......................................... 79 Figure 57 Toilet facilities in the pucca house (Source: Primary data) ......................................... 79 Figure 59 On-site housing facility (Source: Primary Data) .......................................................... 80 Figure 60 Cooking space in on-site housing facility (Source: Primary Data) ............................... 81 Figure 61 Sleeping space in on-site housing facility (Source: Primary Data) .............................. 81 Figure 62 Working space in on-site housing facility (Source: Primary Data) .............................. 82 Figure 63 Cooking space in on-site housing facility (Source: Primary Data) ............................... 83 Figure 64 Cooking space in on-site housing facility (Source: Primary Data) ............................... 83 Figure 65 Living space in on-site housing facility (Source: Primary Data) .................................. 83 Figure 66 Children safety in on-site housing facility (Source: Primary Data) .............................. 84 Figure 67 Living space in on-site housing facility (Source: Primary Data) .................................. 84 V AAERT & The SSB LTD., Faculty of Architecture, SCET, SURAT
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Figure 68 Children playing on roads (Source: Primary data) ....................................................... 85 Figure 69 Space for children to play (Source: Primary data) ........................................................ 85 Figure 70 Playing cards inside the house (Source: Primary data) ................................................. 86 Figure 71 Children demand on the play spaces (Source: Primary data) ....................................... 86 Figure 72 Percentage of gathering space (Source: Primary data) ................................................. 87 Figure 73 Only open ground in the s3 (Source: Primary data) ..................................................... 87 Figure 74 Unhealthy nature of streets (Source: Primary data) ...................................................... 88 Figure 75 Percentage of the street facilities (Source: Primary data) ............................................. 88 Figure 76 Narrow streets for internal movement (Source: Primary data) ..................................... 89 Figure 77 No bifurcation of street types (Source: Primary data) .................................................. 89 Figure 78 Drinking water facilities (Source: Primary data) .......................................................... 90 Figure 79 Lack of wastewater management create unhealthy spaces (Source: Primary data) ...... 91 Figure 80 Space cleaning by various authorities (Source: Primary data) ..................................... 92 Figure 81 Garbage outside of the house (Source: Primary data) .................................................. 92 Figure 82 Ways of transportation (Source: Primary data) ........................................................... 93 Figure 83 Public transport services in s1 (Source: Primary data) ................................................. 94 Figure 84 Public transport services in s2 (Source: Primary data) ................................................. 94 Figure 85 Public transport services in s3 (Source: Primary data) ................................................. 94 Figure 86 Covid-pandemic heats the migrant (Source: The Hindu new article ) .......................... 95 Figure 87 data of crime (Source: Indian Express)......................................................................... 95 Figure 88 crime story of a migrant female (Source: The Indian express new vlog) ..................... 96 Figure 89 news about migrant worker hit the road (Source: the Indian desk news vlog) ............. 96 Figure 90 government act that affects surat workers (Source: The Indian Express).................... 97 Figure 91 Crime ratio of each site (Source: Primary data)............................................................ 97 Figure 92 S1 with nearest school mapping (Source: Primary data) .............................................. 98 Figure 93 S2 with nearest school mapping (Source: Primary data) .............................................. 98 Figure 94 Children prefer to go to schools (Source: Primary data) .............................................. 99 Figure 95 Location of healthcare centers in s1 (Source: Primary data) ...................................... 100 Figure 96 Location of healthcare centers in s2 (Source: Primary data) ...................................... 101 Figure 97 Location of healthcare centers in s3 (Source: Primary data) ...................................... 101 Figure 98 Figure 99 Dhagatodi job by women (Source: Primary data) ...................................... 102 Figure 100 Number of wages of workers (Source: Primary data) .............................................. 103 Figure 101 Figure 102 Dhagatodi job by women (Source: Primary data) .................................. 103 Figure 103 Dhagatodi job by women (Source: Primary data)..................................................... 103 Figure 104 Material require maintenance (Source: Primary data) .............................................. 104 Figure 105 LIG housing in s2 (Source: Primary data) ................................................................ 106 Figure 106 LIG housing in s2 (Source: Primary data) ................................................................ 107 VI AAERT & The SSB LTD., Faculty of Architecture, SCET, SURAT
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Figure 107 Open and paved space between two buildings (Source: Primary data) .................... 107 Figure 108 Government AAWAS yojana, Amroli (Source: Primary data) ................................ 108 Figure 109 Government AAWAS yojana, Amroli (Source: Primary data) ................................ 108 Figure 110 Facilities provided by the government (Source: Primary data) ................................ 109 Figure 111 Newspaper article about survey on migrant workers (Source: The Youth worker) . 114 Figure 112 Newspaper article about survey on migrant workers (Source: The Economic Times) ..................................................................................................................................................... 114 Figure 113 Women empowerment news..................................................................................... 116
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List of Tables Table 1 Methods to collect data for research (Source: Primary data) ............................................. 5 Table 2 Reasons for inter-state migration in India (Source: census 2011).................................... 20 Table 3 Amount of migration in India (Source: Census 2011) ..................................................... 32 Table 4 last residence enumeration (Source: Census 2011) .......................................................... 32 Table 5 Migration rate (Source: Censua 2011) ............................................................................. 32 Table 6 Meaning of home by Sixsmith (1986), Smith (1994), and Despres (1991) ..................... 36 Table 7 Study aspects of parameters in detail (Source: Primary data) .......................................... 41 Table 8 Ranking of parameters to evaluate the quality of life of migrant workers (Source: Primary data)............................................................................................................................................... 44 Table 9 Demography of Surat (Source: Surat Municipal Corporation) ........................................ 47 Table 10 Informal settlements in Surat 2005-2006 (Source: Surat Municipal Corporation) ........ 47 Table 11 Ownership of land on the settlement’s location (Source: Surat Municipal Corporation) ....................................................................................................................................................... 47 Table 12: Zone wise housing condition in Surat (Source: Surat Municipal Corporation) ............ 48 Table 13 Amenities available in the settlements of Surat city (Source: Surat Municipal Corporation) .................................................................................................................................. 48 Table 14 Difference in the current and old house of the migrant worker (Source: Primary data) 51 Table 15 Qualitative survey of parameters (Source: Primary data) .............................................. 55 Table 16 Ranking of the site- parameter wise (Source: Primary data) ......................................... 56 Table 17 Difference in the current and old house of the migrant worker (Source: Primary data) 59 Table 18 Ranking of the site- parameter wise (Source: Primary data) ......................................... 61 Table 19 Ranking of the site- parameter wise (Source: Primary data) ......................................... 62 Table 20 Difference in the current and old house of the migrant worker (Source: Primary data) 65 Table 21 Qualitative survey of parameters (Source: Primary data) .............................................. 68 Table 22 Ranking of the site- parameter wise (Source: Primary data) ......................................... 69 Table 23Ranking from parameter (Source: Primary data) ............................................................ 70 Table 24 Code for the sites............................................................................................................ 71 Table 25 Code as per the occupation ............................................................................................ 71 Table 26 Codes to mention interviewers ....................................................................................... 71 Table 27 Findings as per study parameters (Source: Primary data) ............................................ 111 Table 28 Finding and solution as per the site (Source: Primary data)......................................... 113
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Chapter 1. Introduction 1.1
Background
After independence, urbanization starts spreading into the cities which results in the movement of people towards it which goes up to 11.4 percent in 1901 to 34.93 percent in 2020. With the high demand for urban living, the country witnessed migration from lengths and breadths. The rural people migrated in the hope of better living, shelter, employment, and good quality of life. The city established the industries and businesses which increases the high demand of people for labor work. However, this is the magnate for rural to urban migration. As India, part of the global south is under to the developing countries thus, it is not fully equipped to support the additional population generated by the inter-state or district migration. While moving towards the cities in search of employment and living, they have some inclination towards providing certain socio-culture facilities by the host cities. High infrastructure costs and complex building standers tend to do measured development, in the outcome they have to settle down in nearby areas to fulfill the basic housing needs.
Figure 1 data from an Indian newspaper. (Source: MINT India)
India has been marked to have the highest rate of interstate migration rather than inter-district migration. In this Uttarpradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Bihar, and Madhya Pradesh are the top five out-migration states, and Maharashtra, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, and Gujarat are receiving the highest number of migrants. Most people do inter-state migrations in developing countries, in which Gujrat started shown in top five states, it accounts for 54% of the total migration to comparing Maharastra has 42% of it (Hirway, 2018). These ranks are held because they offered broad-based opportunities. Migrants’ workers are the backbone of the rapid economic growth of the states, there are different push and pull factors that cause the migration which will describe
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in the further chapter with the necessary details on top of this there are different types of migration and the migrants, which helps to segregate the data and identify the native place of the migrants. In Gujarat, much inter-district migration is also taking place but for the inter-state migrants, Ahemdabad, Rajkot, Vadodara, Surat, Jamnagar, Bhavnagar, and Junagadh are the magnates. Surat as a major city attracts more people into various industries, which is like the construction, textile, diamond, brick kiln industry. Just as India, Surat also has marked rapid progress in the construction industry since it is the fastest-growing city in the world it demands infrastructure facilities. According to an ASSOCHAM study, the real estate sector in the state has attracted 41% of new investments across India during the last few years, and Surat has grabbed an important share in it.
1.2
Research Question
Can migrants have a good quality of life by just providing housing under the policies or there are some other factors to be considered to enhance their livelihood and socio-economic activity? Secondary Questions 1. what are the factors that lead to the migrants in the informal settlements? 2. What should be an ideal environment for the people living in any housing unit, according to policies of national and international authorities? 3. What kind of guidelines should be there to incorporate the quality of life? 4. What kind of role does the government – in the state of the origin and the state of destination need to play to strengthen linkages between migration and development? 5. Which is the noticeable problem in the provided housing and the informal settlements occupied by seasonal and permanent migrants? 6. What are the roles of different stakeholders and contractors involved in the decision-making as per policy?
1.3
Aim of The Study
This study examines the working and living conditions of migrant workers to understand their problems and constraints and to improvise the relationship between migration and developing countries and recognize what can be done to improve their conditions and capabilities.
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Objectives 1. To study the reasons for rising migration and to comprehensively understand the working and living conditions of migrant workers – both skilled and unskilled workers. 2. To study the impact of various labor laws and schemes on these workers and examine how far they reach the workers. 3. To study their basic needs and facilities, as they migrate from a different region – to study their cultural activities and importance. 4. To examine the relationship between migration and developing countries. 5. To study the aspirations of migrant workers, both skilled and unskilled workers, and their plans for the future.
1.5
Justification for The Research Proposal
Industrialization plays a major role in the rural to urban migration, people started to move in search of food and better life, but the developing host cities were not able to provide the basic facilities to survive. Gujarat started attracting people for a better life, hence the lower standard of facilities was provided.
Figure 2 Article from a news website. (Source: DNA India)
Surat city is always famous for its textile and diamond industry as it’s leading a large amount of employment of the city, but construction sector also playing a notable role, nowadays, and it also a huge amount of the migrant population over the years. According to the Surat city Development Plan 2006-2012, the share of the constructions sector in total employment was 7.10% and amongst them, 55.85% of the population of Surat city is a migrant community. The construction industry started growing daily, but on the other hand, there is no rise in the per day wages and that leads to poverty in the migrant community. Serval NGOs and companies started noticing the problems of the migrant workers, but very few of them targeted the construction workers. The workers themselves live on pavements and under flyovers, rent squalid rooms, often with their families. Others cram into slums or erect flimsy shelters from tarpaulin and plywood on work sites.
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Figure 3 Article from a news website. (Source: News click, India)
1.6
Scope and Limitations 1. This study will focus on migrant communities and divide them according to their occupation and place of origin. 2. This study will formulate a set of frameworks of parameters to assess housing and living quality from a user perspective and implement it in a field study. 3. This research will include migrant workers who majorly participated in the textile and construction fields. 4. This study will identify the problems faced by the users on housing as well as other sociocultural aspects. 5. The findings will be based on the primary and secondary studies to provide efficient longterm durable and flexible solutions to the problems.
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Research Methodology
The research methodology is mainly having two parts – primary data (site studies, questioners, and interviews) and secondary data (articles, definitions, research paper, and findings, etc.) This will depend based on the study area. Table 1 Methods to collect data for research (Source: Primary data)
Sr.no
Study Aspect
Type of
Methodology
Source of Information
Data 1.
2.
Government housing projects
Primary –
Documentation Analyze housing
under different schemes
Secondary
and literature
infrastructure under
study
government authority
Existing settlement condition
Primary
Documentation Document current housing
of Beneficiary
infrastructure owned by Beneficiary
3.
To understand Beneficiary’s
Primary
viewpoint
Questionnaire
Interview Beneficiaries to
Survey
understand their aspirations of house
4.
5.
To understand Authorities
Primary –
Policy-based
Schemes and policies
and Stakeholders viewpoint
Secondary
Literature
initiated by central and state
Study
government
Literature
Migration report 2018-19
History, concept, and type of
Secondary
migration 6.
Government policies and
study Secondary
guidelines for migrants 7.
Case study of done work by some organizations on
Literature
Indian government reference
study Secondary
Literature
Finalized later as per further
study
research study
migrants
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Study Framework
Figure 4 flow of research study (Source: primary data)
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Theoretical Framework
This framework is defining the flow of the overall research and how the analysis will be carried out after doing primary as well as secondary data collection.
Figure 5 Theoretical framework for research (Source: Primary data)
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1.10 Organization of chapters Research is broadly divided into three main components which first part is planning and definition, data collection and study, and the last is analysis and recommendations. Furthermore, this has subcategories of chapters with defined topics and targets to achieve.
Figure 6 Chapter organization (Source: Primary Data)
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The first chapter will describe the introduction and the relatable background of the respective topic and generate questions to be answered in the paper. Mentioned aim and objective will help to set the goal for the research and define the study area. Justification of topic to prove the points with relatable scope and limitation for the study. In the second chapter, a review of literature as a secondary source will be mentioned with an existing study done with the topic and set the parameters and variables for the primary data collection. Supportive theories to give the justification and to support the decision taken by the researcher. The research framework and survey method give an overview of the data mentioned in the research paper and also a statement of implication and contribution to the knowledge in the field will set the temporary outcome of the research. The conceptual framework will be framed in the third chapter with respective data and it also contains the primary stage data collection aspects with diagrams, charts, and photographs. The history, concept, and types of migration and guidelines are given by the Indian government will discuss in this chapter with mentioned parameters. Study parameters with respective sub-parts will define in the chapter with proper clarification. The outcome of the field study is reflected in the fourth chapter with the given data and information, in this chapter the household, water, health, education, employment, and sanitation problems will describe with photographs and observations. Study of government housing and field study comparison with given guidelines. This will also describe the Naka system for the daily labor workers and the impact of a covid pandemic on these workers. Analysis of all the parameters and aspects will cover the fifth chapter of the research. Contractor and migrant relations regarding the work will be the prime factor for the migration. Narration from the primary data collection will help to reach the aim or goal of the study. The answer to all the secondary questions will describe in this chapter. The conclusion and given suggestions for the guideline changes have mentioned in the sixth chapter of the paper. The prior steps should be taken, the urban planner and host cities responsibilities towards the migrants will mention in the chapter
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Chapter 2. Review of Literature 2.1
Definition on Quality of Life
‘Quality of life’ as any other concept in social science has been defined in several ways. To know the level of living people in a given geographical area is constituted by overall consumption of housing, health, education, social status, employment, affluence, leisure hour, social security, and social stability. The rapid rate of urbanization during the 20th and 21st centuries has created not only socio-economic problems but also unexpected concerns of physical environment degradation. Abyssal poverty, social desirability, and lack of proper opportunity in rural areas force men to migrate to urban areas. All these have made the quality of life very miserable. Quality of life helps in knowing the living standards of people and how the situations could be improved for the better especially in the informal settled areas. The concept “quality of life” was first used by A. C. Pigou in his book about economic well-being in 1920. There was no reaction to this and it was ignored until the end of World War II. At that time The World Health Organization (WHO) expanded the definition of health and included the concepts of physical, psychological, and social well-being (Ruževičius, 2014). The term quality of life is used to evaluate the general well-being of individuals and societies. As this is the key issue of sustainable development it is very important to develop a system of measurement of quality of life. Quality of life, the degree to which an individual is healthy, comfortable, and able to participate in or enjoy life events. The term quality of life is inherently ambiguous, as it can refer both to the experience an individual has of his or her own life and to the living conditions in which individuals find themselves (Jenkinson, 2020) Definition of QOL by WHO (world health organization) “An individual’s perception of their position in life in the context of the cultural and value systems in which they live and about their goals, expectations, standards, and concerns”. The degree of well-being, satisfaction, and standardized living. A feeling, function, and future of happiness, health, and hope. With increasing life expectancy all over the world, health services aim to make these added life years of good quality (El-Shafei, 2019). Definition of QOL by UN (united nations) The notion of human welfare (well-being) is measured by social indicators rather than by "quantitative" measures of income and production. To measure the quality-of-life UN produces Human Development Index (HDI) which measures the standards of living of people based on the economic growth of the country and its GDP. 10 AAERT & The SSB LTD., Faculty of Architecture, SCET, SURAT
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Priya Barot
Figure 7 What does the quality of life mean? (Source: primary data)
2.2
About Quality of Life in General
Good quality of life can be defined and measured with the serval approaches and factors offered by scientists and researchers. These definitions differ mainly on two factors that are time and other is a typology of people. Quality of life is mostly dependent upon the standard of living in the country people. Questions regarding the essential qualities of a good society and the good life have captured the minds of the greatest thinkers across time and cultures (SUH, 1997). Some theories are produced on the quality of life but as time passes the desires and wishes of people changes and that directly affects their quality of life. For the urban population quality of life has a different meaning in comparison to rural people. There are objectives and subjective to measure the good life and well-being of people and this study helps to solve the issues and provide basic things which require. A challenging agenda laid down by recent trends in the social and behavioral sciences is to design scientific ways of measuring human well-being. (SUH, 1997) To measure the quality-of-life philosophers' Brock attempts three different approaches. The first major direction is towards the philosophical approach which describes characteristics of the good life that are dictated by normative ideals based on religious, philosophical, or other systems. Preferences of satisfaction are the second approach to describe the good life. Inside the limitations of the assets they have, the supposition that will be that individuals will choose those things that will most upgrade their satisfaction. Along these lines, in this custom, the meaning of the personal satisfaction of a general public depends on whether the residents can acquire the things they want. Study social and economic thinking of individuals are the final approach that describes feelings of joy, pleasure, contentment, and life satisfaction are paramount. This way to deal with characterizing personal and neighborhood satisfaction is most connected with the abstract prosperity custom in the social sciences. 11 AAERT & The SSB LTD., Faculty of Architecture, SCET, SURAT
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Priya Barot
As per the Quality-of-Life index of the 2021 year, the best country to live in is Denmark and then Switzerland. To study the good quality of life the best example is to study some countries who already achieve it and for this, the country had made one framework as given below. The Social Progress Index evaluates the capacity of a society to meet the basic human needs of its Citizens. It is based on an index of social and environmental indicators that combined determine the quality of life for that country. In short, the index concludes the overall human wellbeing. The Social Progress Index has set out to establish the building blocks that allow citizens and communities to enhance and sustain the quality of their lives, and create the conditions for all individuals to reach their full potential and has such give a more truthful picture of what a healthy society looks like (Anon., 2017).
Figure 8 Social progress index indicator- level framework (Source: News website)
This framework is broadly divided into three major factors like basic human needs, the foundation of wellbeing, and opportunity. This has some other major factors with relatable subcategories which include all major to micro factors for the wellbeing of the country population. 12 AAERT & The SSB LTD., Faculty of Architecture, SCET, SURAT
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Priya Barot
QOL model by quality-of-life research unit, university of Toronto, The Quality-of-Life Profile was developed to provide a measure that
considers
both
the
components and determinants of health and well-being. It draws upon a conceptual model that is consistent
with
recent
definitions of health and health promotion as provided by the World Health Organization. The profile emphasizes individuals' physical,
psychological, and
spiritual
functioning;
connections
with
their their
environments; and opportunities for maintaining and enhancing skills
(unit,
n.d.).
conceptualization
the defines
Quality of Life as: The degree to which a person enjoys
the
important
possibilities of his or her life. Possibilities result from the opportunities and limitations each person has in his/her life and reflect the interaction of personal
and
environmental
factors.
Figure 9 Model of QOL (Source: Research paper)
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Research Thesis 2021-22
2.3
Priya Barot
Quality of life for migrant workers
The parameters change as the typology of people changes to measure the quality of life. For the migrant workers fulfilling the basic needs and achieve basic livability standards, they have to face a lot of primary level issues that can be easily solved. In terms of wage policy in India, it has been observed that male and female migrant workers get lower wages than minimum wages. They do not get minimum, wages stipulated under the minimum wages Act, 1948. Long and flexible working hours, combined with low wages are reported in the case of most seasonally migrant workers in India. (Singh and Iyer 1995, Krishnaiah, 1977, Salve, 1990 cited in (SALVE, 2017). Therefore, it should be noted that ‘the principle of equal pay for equal work’ is not also strictly adhered to the fixation of wage rates for contract basis male and female seasonal migrant workers Migrant laborers are one-third of India’s population that work long hours and are still paid low wages, and work in unsafe environments, besides the other ills of social isolation and poor access to basic services, such as education, water, sanitation, and health. Therefore, it should be noted that ‘the principle of equal pay for equal work’ is not also strictly adhered to the fixation of wage rates for contract basis male and female seasonal migrant workers. It has been observed that migrant workers are not aware of their rights or labor rights, like the right to equality, right to work, right to secure work, a living wage and a decent standard of life, security scheme, health, right to form an association, right to freedom, cultural and educational rights, etc. (SALVE, 2017). Types of major and minor factors are described for further study. The factors considered while measuring the quality of life by Owcrarek is, •
Material living conditions (income, consumption, and material conditions)
•
The productive or main activity
•
Health
•
Education
•
Leisure and social interactions
•
Economic security and physical safety
•
Governance and basic rights
•
Natural and living environment
•
The overall experience of life
14 AAERT & The SSB LTD., Faculty of Architecture, SCET, SURAT
Research Thesis 2021-22
Priya Barot
Figure 10 Weights assigned to pillars of comprehensive development (Source: Report on livability standards)
1. Institutional pillar Governance index It has been observed that migrant workers are not aware of their general rights or labor rights. This index is a uniform tool across states to assess the status of governance and the impact of the various invention taken by the state government. To measure this agriculture, health, environment, social welfare and development, industries, and commerce are the major factors. 2. Social pillar Identity and culture By measuring this factor, they shared the characteristics of a group of people and it contains their place of birth, religion, language, social behavior, literature, music, and all these things connect them and give a sense of belonging. The behavior of people may be changed as per these basic needs. Education This has been measured by combining average adult years of schooling with expected years of schooling for students under the age of 25. It will help the government to count the per capita ratio of the literate population. Health
15 AAERT & The SSB LTD., Faculty of Architecture, SCET, SURAT
Research Thesis 2021-22
Priya Barot
It is also known as a pillar of wellness as it relates to how comfortably we can adapt to social situations and includes our support structure to get through life’s challenges. Availability of basic facilities and medicines is the major to consider. Safety and security It challenges rank among the most pressing issues of modern times. Challenges such as cyber-crime, terrorism, and environmental disasters impact the lives of millions across the globe. These issues also rank high on the agenda of politicians, international organizations, and businesses. 3. Economic pillar Economy and Employment Increases in capital goods, labor force, technology, and human capital can all contribute to economic growth. Economic growth is commonly measured in terms of the increase in the aggregated market value of additional goods and services produced, using estimates such as GDP. 4. Physical pillar Housing and Surroundings Poor quality of housing is associated with various negative health outcomes and also it generates poor mental health. both home design and structure significantly influence housing quality and may affect mental and physical health. Public open space It includes parks and green spaces that provide many opportunities for physical and social activities and interaction amongst the people which results in the enhancement of health and social cohesion and improves the quality of life. Power and water supply It is required to sustain and improve quality of life and the ration of increasing population rise demand for more supplies including renewable fossil fuels and intensify the associated environmental implications. Land use and Compactness It is eventually showing the land use by humans and represents economic and cultural activities. It includes agricultural, residential, industrial, mining, and recreational uses. The ownership and household ratio will give a sense of ownership for migrants. Transportation and Mobility These both are the major supporting factors for the other primary parameters. It is an essential need that provides access services and activities such as education, health, employment, shopping, and other social events. The extra cost of this can be a significant financial burden, particularly for low-income groups. Waste Water Management 16 AAERT & The SSB LTD., Faculty of Architecture, SCET, SURAT
Research Thesis 2021-22
Priya Barot
This is a fundamental will directly affect the health and other physical parameters. This can be done by the resident and basic facilities have to provide by the host city government. It can influence a bad life for humans, animals, and also plants.
2.4
Criteria Measures Quality of life for Migrants
After referring to some research papers and other definitions, the researcher concludes that there are different types of aspects to measure the quality of life for different groups of people. For further chapters researcher listed some parameters that will help to measure the quality of life especially for migrant workers. The factors are an outcome of the literature review of papers. The factors are mainly divided into four major pillars and then add subcategories to cover all the study aspects. 1. Physical criteria This major factor will consider the things related to housing with their material, space, and structure related study, land ownership, water, and the nature of spaces living which helps to measure the number of comforts and basic facilities provided for living. 2. Social criteria It is mostly related to the behavior of a particular community, health and educational facilities, and safety factors that are considered for the migrant workers and their family members to survive in the respective host urban city. 3. Economic criteria It contains the number of the employed and unemployed migrant population, the amount and types of wages they get, and also how much money they spent in the making of a home. 4. Institutional criteria This factor touches on the facts established by the government especially for the migrant workers and their rights. The policies and site study for the government housing schemes.
17 AAERT & The SSB LTD., Faculty of Architecture, SCET, SURAT
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Priya Barot
Chapter 3. Study of Parameters 3.1
Conceptual Framework – Migrants and Migration
3.1.1 Concept of Migration The term human migration generally means the movement of people from one place to another for some reason. Migration is the third factor for changes in the population, the other being birth rate and death rate. As compared to the birth rate and death rate, migration affects the size of the population differently. Migration is not a biological event like birth rate and death rate but is influenced by social, cultural, economic, and political factors. Migration is carried by the decision of a person or group of persons. The changes occurring in the birth rate and death rate do not affect the size and structure of the population on a large scale, while migration, at any time, may cause large-scale changes in the size and structure of the population
Figure 11 Migration situation (Source: blog- forumias)
Migrants in between origin and destination are known as en route. The problems of migrant workers have become very important in many developing countries of the world. It has been discussed by many researchers, who have emphasized social and cultural, distant, and economic factors as causes of migration. The migration of labor started in India during the period of British colonial rule. It was aimed at meeting the requirements of capitalist development both in India and abroad. The labor was moved from the hinterland to the sites of mining, plantation, and manufactories. It was recruited from the rural areas and regulated in such a manner that women and children remained in the villages while males migrated to the modern sector (Gill, 1998). Generally, there are two basic factors of migration: i) Distance ii) Duration. Migration is defined as a move from one migration defining an area to another, usually crossing administrative boundaries made during a given migration interval and involving a change of residence. Internal migration involves a change of residence within national borders (UNESCO 18 AAERT & The SSB LTD., Faculty of Architecture, SCET, SURAT
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Priya Barot
2012). Migration is the process of leaving one’s home or usual place of residence to move to a new area or location in search of work, livelihood, or a better quality of life, as a result of marriage, to escape persecution, or because of displacement3 (UNESCO 2015).
3.1.2 Concept of Migrants Migrants are the people who participate in the event of human migration. The majority of migration that happens in India is from village to city but so many immigrants- people who migrate in international countries, also fall into the category of migrants. But this study only covers the interstate migrants and so many researchers and organizations have already established some definitions to define and categorize the migrants. The Cambridge university define migrants as – A person that travels to a different country or place, often in order to find work, moves from one place to another at different times of the year (university, n.d.). Definition of migrants by UNHCRTraditionally, the word ‘migrant' has been used to designate people who move by choice rather than to escape conflict or persecution, usually across an international border (‘international migrants'), for instance, to join family members already abroad, to search for a livelihood, or a range of other purposes (UNHCR, 2016). The Indian government has expanded the definition of inter-state migrants – An inter-state migrant worker’ is any person who is recruited by an employer or a contractor in one state for employment in an establishment situated in another state (Das, 2020). Definition of interstate migrants given by World Migration Report, 2015 The movement of people within a state involves the establishment of a new temporary or permanent residence. This study will consider the migrants who fall under the inter-state migrant typology which define as the people who moves within the boundary of the respective country. The amount of this type of migrants is increasing in India with the period. Migrants can settle with some relatives or they built a house and make an informal settlement to fulfill their basic requirements.
19 AAERT & The SSB LTD., Faculty of Architecture, SCET, SURAT
Research Thesis 2021-22
Priya Barot
3.1.3 Reasons and Types of Migration 3.1.3.1 Reasons for Inter-State Migration There are several reasons for these actions but the main reason for interstate migration is the lack of employment opportunities in the native place and because of this they are not able to update their status of the family in society. As a result, they were forced to migrate to the urban cities for stable and regular employment, high wage rates. Decent living and saving. The gender of a person is playing the main role for the reason. The majority of male migrants are in search of work but the female migrants have the highest percentage because of the marriage reason. From the comparison in table 1, it is evident that marriage continues to remain the most important reason for migration among females as per the census 2011. The proportion of female migrants who had migrated due to marriage is noticeable to 64.9% whereas the male ratio was just 2.1%. Among males, however, ‘Work/Employment’ and ‘Family moved’ continue to be important reasons. The reason ‘Family moved’ is dependent upon persons migrating due to work/employment, as, in due course of time, the entire dependents had to move to the new place. In terms of the proportion of different reasons for migration by the last residence during the last ten years, drastic change is observed among female migrants. No noticeable change is visible among males, as the male migrants any way did not cite marriage as an important reason. The most important reason for migration among males was due to work/employment (37.6%), followed by those who cited ‘Moved with households’ as the reason for migration (25.1%), who had to move when the households moved for any reason. Among female migrants, 18.9% reported migration due to ‘Moved with household’ as the reason. Education was also the reason for the migration especially for males which scores 6.2% while the female ratio was just 1.3%, which directly showed the gender discrimination in serval factors. The other major factor is ‘moves after birth’ which states the 10.4% of the males' migration while 4.8% rate for the female migrants. Table 2 Reasons for inter-state migration in India (Source: census 2011)
Reason for migrations
Number of Migrants Persons Males Females
Total migrants Reason for migration: Work / Employment
98,301,342 32,896,986 65,404,356 14,446,224 12,373,333 2,072,891
Business Education
1,136,372 2,915,189
Marriage Moved after birth Moved with households Other
43,100,911 6,577,380 20,608,105 9,517,161
Percentage to Migrants Persons Males Females 100.0 14.7
100.0 37.6
100.0 3.2
186,127 876,514
1.2 3.0
2.9 6.2
0.3 1.3
679,852 42,421,059 3,428,673 3,148,707 8,262,143 12,345,962 5,164,065 4,353,096
43.8 6.7 21.0 9.7
2.1 10.4 25.1 15.7
64.9 4.8 18.9 6.7
950,245 2,038,675
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Research Thesis 2021-22
Priya Barot
3.1.3.2 Types of Migration Migration processes are not homogeneous, and different kinds of migration must be considered in the study of this phenomenon, especially when linking migration to land-use change. As noted above in the explanation of the model, people migrate for a range of different reasons, but over the latter half of the 20th century, it became possible to identify three main types of international migration: labor and temporary migrations, including illegal migration, forced migration (refugee movements) and international retirement migration (IRM). There is also internal migration, most commonly from rural areas to urban centers but also a trend in some places for counterurbanization. These will be examined in turn. From the distance point of view, migration can be classified under four categories: i) Rural to Rural migration ii) Rural to Urban migration iii) Urban to Rural migration iv) Urban migration Besides, migration can be divided by space into the following categories: i) Intra-district migration ii) Inter-district migration iii) Intra-state migration iv) Inter-state migration v) National and International migration From the duration point of view, migration can be studied under three categories: i) Casual-temporary migration ii) Periodic- the seasonal migration iii) Permanent migration
21 AAERT & The SSB LTD., Faculty of Architecture, SCET, SURAT
Research Thesis 2021-22
Priya Barot
Figure 12 Flow of interstate migration in India (Source: Economic survey report)
Figure 12 represents the flow of migrants within the Indian states. The map shows that surat is the highest in-migration district in Gujarat state. It has migrants from Maharashtra, Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, etc. 22 AAERT & The SSB LTD., Faculty of Architecture, SCET, SURAT
Research Thesis 2021-22
Priya Barot
3.1.4 Positive and Negative Effects of Migration1 Migration can bring some good and worse effects on both the side- origin as well as a host city. Most of the effects are related to economic factors and others are secondary ones.
3.1.4.1 Positive Effects on Origin 1. Migrants can send money back Most of the young generation of house migrate to urban cities in search of work, so there is no source of income back at home. More job opportunities and a high range of wages may allow people to earn more and send few amounts at home and contribute financially. This may help a family to live happily and fulfill basic requirements. 2. Migrants may benefit the place by returning Migrants come to host cities and enroll themselves in different types of works and learn new skills. If they return to their native places, by using new skills they can start their work and earn more money. And also, this may be helpful to other unemployed people to work and earn money. 3. Less competition on jobs and resources Many people migrate from origin to destination and that helps people who stay there and do work because they face less competition and basic resources may not divide between a large chunk of people. Already the place has fewer resources and the increasing population may disturb the ratio.
3.1.4.2 Negative Effects on Origin 1. Economy falls by using young workers Participation in the migration process is mostly by the young generation of rural areas. The remaining population falls under the old age group, so they can not able to work and contribute to the rising economic level of the place. They survive on the money sent by the family member. This may affect the economic level of the village and it stops the growth. 2. Brain drain movement starts Most commonly when individuals leave less developed places with less knowledge and migrate to more developed places to gain more opportunities this process is called brain drain theory. This may cause unemployment in local businesses and the economic level to fall. 3. Imbalance of gender with some side effects
1
These effects are taken from the article publishes on website is written by an architectural researcher who was pursued masters. This extensively discusses the positive and negative effects of migration with different categories.
23 AAERT & The SSB LTD., Faculty of Architecture, SCET, SURAT
Research Thesis 2021-22
Priya Barot
The amount of male migration is much higher in comparison to female migration. A large gender gap tends to harm the workforce profile in places as they create an imbalance in the labor market. Male-dominated rural to urban migration only generate employment in the urban cities and affect drastically on the local businesses.
3.1.4.3 Positive Effects on Destination 1. Economic growth can be sustained Available extra manpower in the labor market transfers to the industry area and increases production which raises the economy of the city. Increasing population generates more demand for food and goods and rise the avenue because of this amount of daily wage may increase, too. Large industries may have skilled and unskilled laborers which allow them to work efficiently. 2. labor vacancies and skills gaps can be filled Migration filled the vacant jobs and skilled laborers may recruit in new industries and pay high wages. This inspires others to learn new skills and that helps to get a high number of skilled laborers. By this, they contribute to the growth and development of the cities. 3. Host city may be enriched by cultural diversity Cultural diversity takes into account language, religion, race, gender, and age. We find that migration leads to an increase in cultural similarity between host and home cities and provide evidence that this cultural convergence is caused by a diffusion of values and norms from the host to the home city, i.e., cultural remittances. Host cities may be occupied by different cultures and festivals which is like unity in diversity.
3.1.4.4
Negative Effects on Destination
1. Low wages may cause some side effects Low wages are related to expanded pressure, low confidence, and a more prominent propensity to participate in unfortunate practices like smoking and also encourage illegal work. The wellbeing impacts of low wages become an endless loop, wherein chronic frailty ruins work and pay development. 2. More people lead to more security monitoring Migration results can lead to human insecurity. Disruptions in the economic lives of individuals and their families, dislocation due to environmental disasters, and political and religious persecution constitute a few of the threats to human security that drive migration on a mass scale. Threat perceptions related to migration have heightened in recent years, because for some reasons. There has been a rapid rise in the numbers of migrants crossing borders and especially irregular migrants. 3. More crime rate and traffic 24 AAERT & The SSB LTD., Faculty of Architecture, SCET, SURAT
Research Thesis 2021-22
Priya Barot
Controlling for origin and destination characteristics, crime rates at the origin appear to be associated more with migration flows than violence at the destination. Increasing population leads to more vehicle and that generate more traffic on roads. A different community can generate conflict and the mindset of urban and rural people may cause some serious issues and it rise the crime rate. 4. Social and civil pressure To maintain the number of migrants civil departments had to watch and control the flow to protect the host city. Migrants may become the prime reason to have an imbalance in social culture and generate conflict which impacts the community and distribute them socially. The Department of civil services has to maintain the increasing population and their side effects which bring out tremendous pressure. 5. More diseases Migration can open host cities to an extra number of irresistible infections since they cover a bigger region and visit a greater number of natural surroundings than occupants. However, as significant distance development is vivaciously burdening, relocation can have a winnowing impact on tainted hosts, hence diminishing disease hazards. Migrants are considered at higher risk for a range of health problems including infectious diseases as HIV, hepatitis B, tuberculosis, schistosomiasis, and malaria.
3.1.4.5 Effects on Migrants 3.1.4.5.1 Positive effects on the migrant population 1. Get a better job and living standard Pull factors incorporate higher wages, better work openings, a better quality of living, and instructive freedoms. On the off chance that monetary conditions are not good and seem, by all accounts, to be in danger of declining further, a more noteworthy number of people will most likely move to nations with a superior standpoint. 2. Higher education Most of the villages and rural areas have government schools till higher secondary standers. To get additional education no colleges or university in a nearby location and that become the prime reason for the student migration. Education in urban cities may allow them to have more exposure and have a good work experience also. 3. Learn new skills and match level with others More industrial areas and companies with high technology equipment may allow them to learn skills so they can match a high level of wage as others by migrating to the host city.
3.1.4.5.2 Negative effects on the migrant population 1. Communication issues because of a language barrier 25 AAERT & The SSB LTD., Faculty of Architecture, SCET, SURAT
Research Thesis 2021-22
Priya Barot
Most of the migrants speak their native language and it takes time to learn a new language. This may generate a gap between communities and it affects the social interaction and also the neighborhood. Communicating easily is a must to get a job and do work contract. 2. Securing accommodation on arrival In the starting period of migration, migrant’s majority stay with their relatives because it gives a sense of belonging to them. Afterward, they move and live in a rent room but still, there are a large number of people who have no homes and stay on sites or industries. So many migrants were not able to have their own house till they spent so many years in the urban city which generate a fear of losing their home. 3. Experience racism In host cities, few people believe that some races of people are better than others and they do treat them differently by giving a low age in comparison to working or maybe give a low category of job. These are the unfair ways of treating people of different races. Experience of racism is a common concept followed by some people. 4. No familiar context Migrating from village to city is a different challenge and in the starting period of migration, people don’t have any idea about the spaces, common facilities like healthcare, public transportation, and operating system of some technical gadgets. That results in informal settlements and face difficulties to fulfill basic needs.
3.1.5 Factors Causing Migration There are several factors by which migration takes place but for a better understanding researchers divide those simply into three categories. The push factors contain the drawbacks of the birth or native places which force people to move into the urban areas, whereas the urban cities also have some noticeable points which attract people to migrate which goes under the pull factors. The origin has more push factors rather than pull factors and that leads to the rise in migration numbers, whereas, the opposite scenario is the opposite side in the destination cities. Host cities have more pull factors in all the categories which allow a high number of inter-state migration throughout India.
3.1.5.1 Push Factors 1. High level of poverty People facing a financial crisis and because of that, they cannot able to match the basic standards of living. The main reasons for it are low productivity, unemployment and underdevelopment, poor economic conditions, lack of opportunities for advancement. Their employment has very low income and the earning done by only two members of the
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Priya Barot
whole family. The introduction of new agricultural methods and gadgets cannot available and affordable so that so many people migrate to find other job options.
Figure 13 Push and Pull Factors as Drivers of Migration (Source: A Documentary on YouTube)
2. Shortage in basic facilities Rural areas do not approach more by the government which results in the lack of basic needs of humans like toilets, sewage, electricity, tap drinking water, and gutter lines. 82% of the rural Indian households do not have these facilities. These can lead to dirty surroundings and other problems. 3. Less health-care facilities People of the village areas are more attracted to tobacco, smoking, and alcohol use and it ends with a serious health problem. It does not have enough medicals and hospitals to deal with even basic decease like pregnancy. So many women suffer from pain and lose their lives. Hospitals may be at a far distance so, for treatment, they have to come along a longdistance that increases the death rate. 4. High level of discrimination In villages, some high community people used to discriminate based on race, gender, age, religion, or sexual orientation. The act of making unjustified distinctions between human beings based on the groups, classes, or other categories to which they belong or are perceived to belong. In rural areas, these all used to things are on pick while urban areas have in limitation. 5. No job opportunity The majority of people are occupied in agriculture and farming practices and the remaining are employed in small industries or production of traditional handicrafts or other products. 27 AAERT & The SSB LTD., Faculty of Architecture, SCET, SURAT
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No work experience, less growth of industrial areas, no training program to learn new things, and no use of technology in the agricultural sector are the main reasons for getting fewer jobs. 6. Poor infrastructure For the transportation purpose, there is no sufficient amount of road is located nor does it have a greater intensity of water irrigation and these things are the primary need to develop any infrastructure. And also, difficulties in coordination, finances, week planning, and typical mindset of people are the prime most reasons for this situation.
3.1.5.2 Pull Factors 1. Good quality of life Urban cities allow growing on an individual level which is beneficial for personal growth as well as for societies. It may provide the needed things very easily and space for settling down. It may help to grow a person in all the seven dimensions of good quality of life. 2. High-income level Most of the industries and companies work on contracts or a daily wage basis which allows people to have money on their hands as they complete the work. The level of job opportunities in every company position is very high so that one can find the best fit and earn a good amount of money. City areas have all-day jobs so one can do many shifts to fulfill the basic requirements of the family. 3. Availability of basic facilities All public facilities are available in very near areas for the public in urban. Health facility as hospitals, health centers, sports centers, education facilities consists of from kinder garden, elementary, high school till higher education is provided and maintained. Another is the public transportation facility which may cut down the cost of travel from one place to another. 4. More freedom and safety The city may allow people to stand up and give their opinion on any topic without any discrimination of caste, color, and age group. A built environment that ensures the safe life of the population is based on a combination of factors like social, physical, architectural, and others. Urban areas have more crime but it is safer than the rural areas proved by research. 5. Good quality housing Urban areas have more availability as well as affordability of different materials which are more durable than others. And also, the government has made several accommodations for the migrants with the minimum rent. On top of this, a rising level of income may allow them to become an owner and that brings a sense of belonging with the urban context. 28 AAERT & The SSB LTD., Faculty of Architecture, SCET, SURAT
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Priya Barot
6. Better public transport and amenities Public amenities like gardens, reading rooms, city libraries, and others are constructed near the housing areas so all can approach it easily. Cities have more traffic so the government has established a separate way to run public transport which in turn reduces air pollution from idling vehicles, and helps riders avoid the stress that comes from daily driving in highly congested areas.
Figure 14 Push and pull factors of migration (Source: BBC Bitesize paper)
3.1.5.3 Other factors Migration has some other factors which indirectly affect migration. The majority of environmental factors come under this. Most of the rural population are committed to agriculture occupation and for that, it has fertile land but also there are many other difficulties which affect the overall areas and also individuals by many factors. It can indirectly affect some physical factors and as result, some houses may fall. 1. Natural calamities Effects of nature and its adverse effect on climate may cause many difficulties for the residents. More internal displacement is done because of extreme climatic conditions like a flood, storms, and burning of jungles are the major reasons. Because of this, they may
29 AAERT & The SSB LTD., Faculty of Architecture, SCET, SURAT
Research Thesis 2021-22
Priya Barot
lose their house and also the fertility of the land which is the prime ingredient for their agriculture occupation. 2. Climate change Environment stressors were an essential impact of past movement for 8% of travelers. Environmental change will bring about expanded movement as islanders are influenced via ocean level ascent, beach front disintegration, salt-water interruption, and more regular and serious dry spells.
3.1.6 Government Acts for Migrant workers 2 Inter-State Migrant Workmen (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1979 The primary purpose of the act is to benefit migrant workmen. The framework of the legislation is spread over 7 chapters. The legislation encompasses registration of establishments employing inter-state migrant workmen, licensing of contractors, duties, and obligations of contractors, welfare facilities, etc. that needs to be provided to the workers. Payment of Wages Act, 1936 The act ensures the regular and prompt payment of wages. Untimely payment of remuneration is a type of exploitation and to prevent this, legislation came into force. The imposition of Arbitrary fines on migrant workers is also prevented. Employees’ Compensation Act, 1923 The act is another important piece of legislation that protects all kinds of workers (including migrant workers). With the increasing use of machinery, the need for manpower is going down. This leads to comparative poverty of the workmen. Thus, workmen are prone to accidents even at the risk of losing their lives. Therefore, to protect migrant workers from such hardships, this legislation was enacted. Equal Remuneration Act, 1976 This legislation is proposed to achieve the ‘Equal pay for equal work’ motto amongst migrant workers. The act has an overriding effect on any other law or legislation or any court award, agreement, contract of service which otherwise suggests or orders anything that violates this motto.
2
These acts are taken from the article is written by Ms. Sankalpita Pal, who was pursued BBA.LL. B (Hons) from Symbiosis Law School, Pune. This extensively discusses the position of migrant workers under the Indian legal framework and according to international standards.
30 AAERT & The SSB LTD., Faculty of Architecture, SCET, SURAT
Research Thesis 2021-22
Priya Barot
Minimum Wages Act, 1948 The primary purpose of the act is to fix, review and revise the minimum rates of wages. This Act safeguards the interests of the migrant workers or workers engaged in unorganized sectors. This sect of workers is especially vulnerable to exploitation owing to their illiteracy and inability to bargain. The Maternity Benefit Act, 1961 This Act is intended to achieve social justice for women workers (including migrant workers). The act has provisions under it that are for the well-being of the women migrant workers pre and post their pregnancy. The Unorganized Workers’ Social Security Act, 2008 This legislation aims to provide social security to the workers of the unorganized sector. The collective term, ‘unorganized sector’ is exhaustively defined under the act, and the scope of this Act includes migrant workers.
31 AAERT & The SSB LTD., Faculty of Architecture, SCET, SURAT
Research Thesis 2021-22
Priya Barot
3.1.7 Statistical data on migration Migration in India The race towards adopting the policies of urbanization and liberalization seemed less beneficial for the majority of the population. Due to this, India witnessed a huge migration from rural to urban areas in search of work and better standards of living. The major migration is inter-state migration. Table 3 Amount of migration in India (Source: Census 2011)
Category A. B. B.1 B.11 B.12 B.2 B.3
Migrations by Place of birth
Percentage
1,028,610,328 314,541,350 268,219,260 193,592,938 74,626,322 41,166,265 5,155,423
30.6 85.3 72.2 17.8 13.1 1.6
Total Population Total Migrations Migrants within the state of enumeration Migrants from within the districts Migrants from other districts of the state Migrants from other states in India Migrants from other countries
Table 4 last residence enumeration (Source: Census 2011)
Rural-Urban status of place of the last residence Total Rural Urban Unclassified
Rural-urban status of place of enumeration Total Rural Urban 97,560,320 73,949,607 20,655,277 2,955,436
61,428,374 53,354,376 6,266,503 1,807,495
36,131,946 20,595,231 14,388,774 1,147,941
Table 5 Migration rate (Source: Censua 2011)
Migration Rate (%) Urban Agglomeration
Migration from urban
Migration from other
areas (%)
states (%)
Delhi
43
37
88
Mumbai
55
48
46
Kolkata
41
65
18
Chennai
51
76
12
Bengaluru
52
64
35
Hyderabad
65
73
7
Ahmedabad
49
47
24
Pune
65
54
22
Surat
65
24
50
32 AAERT & The SSB LTD., Faculty of Architecture, SCET, SURAT
Research Thesis 2021-22
Priya Barot
Migration in Gujarat
Figure 15 State-wise migration to Gujarat (Source: Census of India, 2011)
Gujarat has a majority of migration within the state with an alarming 85% migrant population according to enumeration. The population flow from Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh is the highest among all the states of India. The major reason is the development of the industrial and construction sectors in the state of Gujarat. Thus, the economic opportunities, better living conditions, and favorable climatic conditions attracted most of the rural population of other states.
Figure 16 The chart shows the number of people (in lakh) who have migrated from their state of birth (left-hand side) to any other state (right-hand side). (Source: Census 2011 made by Vijdan Mohammad Kawoosa
33 AAERT & The SSB LTD., Faculty of Architecture, SCET, SURAT
Research Thesis 2021-22
Priya Barot
Migration in Surat
The increasing infrastructural, industrial, and economic development of Gujarat leads to great employment opportunities in Surat. This escalates people from all over India with a maximum number of migrants
from
Uttar
Pradesh
and
Maharashtra. With an alarming total of 381 dyeing and printing mills and 41,100 power looms Figure 17 State-wise migrant population in Surat (Source: Census of India, 2011)
units. Migrant population flow from states of Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Bihar is the maximum. The migrants arrive in their youth, to earn living and fulfill their aspiration in the city. The reason that there are less people in the age group of 36-40 and above is that they migrant back to their home town village after working and earning for many years in the city.
Figure 18 Migrant workers in Surat – Zone wise (Source: SMC) 4500000 4000000 3500000 3000000 2500000 2000000 1500000 1000000 500000 0 Total population Last residance With the state of Elesewhere in In other district States in india within India enumeration the district of of the state of byond the state enumeration enumeration of enumeration Total
Rural
Urban
Figure 19 Migrant population on Surat (Source: Census of India, 2011)
34 AAERT & The SSB LTD., Faculty of Architecture, SCET, SURAT
Research Thesis 2021-22
3.2
Priya Barot
Conceptual Framework – Migrants and Migration
3.2.1 What are Home and House? The term home can be very broad, as it includes meanings ranging from one’s hometown and neighborhood to one’s personal space. The home in this case can be a flat, apartment, house, or any other type of accommodation in which a household life (Smith, 2015). Indications of the meanings of home can be derived from some commercial, social, academic, and literary sources. Unfortunately, they tend to present a set of rather disparate ideas and observations (SIXSMITH, 1986). Some of the indicators and sub-parameters by which one can understand requirements for a home.
Figure 20 Composition of the three experiential modes (Source: Sixsmith, 1986)
Meaning of home – The home is that spatially localized, temporally defined, significant, and autonomous physical frame and conceptual system for the ordering, transformation, and interpretation of the physical and abstract aspects of domestic daily life at several simultaneous Patio-temporal scales, normally activated by the connection to a person or community such as a nuclear family (Smith, 2015). The importance of home lies not only in its meaning and emotional effect but also in being the place where most of the people’s life production occurs and most of the people’s goals are achieved, even human reproduction itself happens there, as well as the development of all the values and social skills which directly affect the way people act in the outside world, social life and working places, it all begins from home (Duncan, 1976). Meaning of dwelling – Men dwell when he can orientate themselves within and identify themselves with an environment, or, in short, when he experiences the environment as meaningful (Smith, 2015). This was in contrast to the historical human nature of the movement (the hunter/gatherer) required for the survival of primitive man. The ability to remain in one place, develop a permanent residence and “dwell” within one’s space became significantly popular through the 17th and 18th centuries as a direct result of domestication (Smith, 2015). 35 AAERT & The SSB LTD., Faculty of Architecture, SCET, SURAT
Research Thesis 2021-22
Priya Barot
Meaning of house – A house draws association to the physical nature of the built space, the materials from which it is constructed, and to a lesser extent the layout from which the inside spaces take form. This is not to say that a house may not be a home or even psychologically become one through personalization, time, and experience but on a simplistic terminological basis, the house lacks emotional response (Smith, 2015). The house draws association to the physical nature of the built space, the materials from which it is constructed, and to a lesser extent the layout from which the inside spaces take form. This is not to say that a house may not be a home or even psychologically become one through personalization, time, and experience (Duncan, 1976). Table 6 Meaning of home by Sixsmith (1986), Smith (1994), and Despres (1991)
36 AAERT & The SSB LTD., Faculty of Architecture, SCET, SURAT
Research Thesis 2021-22
Priya Barot
The three key aspects of home lead to an understanding of home as the unity of social, personal, and physical aspects. For this study, these three aspects are investigated through the interdisciplinary lens of both architecture and psychology as these disciplines can cover the transformation of a mere residence (house) into a meaningful home. The previous section introduced the different theories on the meaning of home, and the key concepts associated with the home. It becomes clear that the well-being of a home’s occupants might be affected by the home itself. The following section explores how the psychological well-being of the occupants’ can be improved, and how these ways can be implemented in the architectural design of the home (AlTarazi, 2021).
3.2.2 Importance of open and multifunctional spaces for migrants Open spaces can divide into some types through their functions like domestic, neighborhood, and city-level open spaces. For this research, the study area is limited to domestic and neighborhood open spaces and finds out multiple activities done by the migrant workers. Domestic spaces are also called the local open spaces which are near to the house or a part of the housing. A large gathering of people in a bigger scale-space falls under the neighborhood open spaces. For example, parks, playgrounds, streets, and natural open spaces. The private space, as the space of freedom of choice for individuals, is related to human rights, while public space is equated with security and control. Private spaces are controlled by an individual and they can change a function according to the need which can be more useful for the migrant workers. Open spaces play a major role in migrants' daily life which perform as a multi-functional space for them. According to the Oxford dictionary, the word 'multifunctional’ is an adjective and its lexical meaning is: having or fulfilling several functions. A multifunctional space can be described as a true integration of different functions in time and space. By implementing multi-functionality within communities, we create spaces that have multiple purposes. Based on this definition, courtyards and kitchens are multifunctional spaces. Also, multifunctional spaces can be transition spaces (Abyzhar Shobirin, 2018). Open spaces are the key areas for social interaction and community development. It is environmentally significant and plays an important informative role. Open spaces play a major role in facilitating social interaction within people and help know each other better. It is through these spaces by which social gatherings and meetings are systematized and cultural differences minimized; help create a dialogue between the users (Roychowdhury, 2013). Furthermore, open spaces play the role of 'breathing areas' in the concrete jungle and are also the ways by which the cities remain sustainable fully integrated with the design of housing. Open spaces add to the quality of life of people providing them with substantial social, environmental, 37 AAERT & The SSB LTD., Faculty of Architecture, SCET, SURAT
Research Thesis 2021-22
Priya Barot
and economic benefits. They have also been categorized as recreational and leisure areas to relax and to carry out different activities (Roychowdhury, 2013). Open spaces can be categorized like (Roychowdhury, 2013) – By functions – 1. Domestic level 2. Neighborhood level 3. City level By construction type – 1. Hardscape type of open space 2. Softscape type of open space On basis of restriction – 1. Private spaces 2. Semi-public spaces 3. Public spaces
3.2.3 Architectural Features Associated with House In a residential dwelling, the perception of home is interpreted by both the fields of architecture and psychology. In architecture, the term home is used to describe a variety of buildings in which users live; such as a house, a home for the elderly, and care homes. In psychology, on the other hand, understandings of home are associated with more emotional concepts (As, 2016). Questions concerning the practical characteristics of the home have a place in the field of architecture. The elements of the residence are numerous and there is a little arrangement among designers as to what establishes the great as well as the liked arrangement for a staying. Some will attempt to accomplish a fit between the residence and the exercises of the family, yet others will hold the appropriate for themselves to figure out what individuals ought to have. Architecture means to visualize the genius loci (spirit of place), and the task of the architect is to create meaningful places, whereby he helps man to dwell. (Norberg-schulz, 1979 cited in (Smith, 2015). As shown throughout both Sixmith’s and Smiths' analysis of what home is to the occupant, the physical nature of the concept is seen to be of great significance. It is therefore the role of an architect to understand what elements can be implemented to ensure that a sense of home is developed within their residential designs.
38 AAERT & The SSB LTD., Faculty of Architecture, SCET, SURAT
Research Thesis 2021-22
Priya Barot
There is a clear association between the layout of a dwelling and the ethnic culture or social class is part of. It is possible to "read" the layout of the dwellings and draw conclusions about social and cultural traits. The way a dwelling is organized in terms of rooms and connections between rooms are however not quite stable. It changes as society changes. Again, the kitchen is an interesting example. Some studies show how it in certain cultures has increased in size and moved from the back of the house to the front and mirroring the change in the role of women (As, 2016). The architectural design of homes depends upon three factors which are physical, social, and psychological aspects of a home (Al-Tarazi, 2021). 1. The physical aspect of a house – The physical aspect of the house is the building itself. The physical space in which the social and psychological aspects take place. This aspect is the focus of this research as there is potential to promote and influence the other two aspects. 2. The social aspects of a house – The social aspect of the house can be identified as the household’s activity within the physical structure as well as the household interaction with others that happens inside or with the home. 3. The psychological aspect of a house The psychological aspect is the result of the social activity of the household occurring within the physical structure of the house. In terms of this research, the psychological aspect is the outcome that we are trying to influence and promote by improving the quality of the physical aspect.
3.3
Parameters to Study
This framework is consisting of major four factors on which the whole research will move further for the field study and help to form a questioner. These parameters are based on the literature review about the quality of life and study of the migrants and their issues facing in the urban cities. The framework is divided into four major factors respectively physical, social, economic, and institutional factors in which it contains some subcategories for observational and interview studies. This framework will help to measure the quality of life amongst the migrant people and help to identify the core problem faced in living a basic life. 1. Physical factors The physical factor will cover the facility of space used by migrants and the houses they lived in. To analyze this, it is divided into three major categories like housing behaviors, open spaces, and other facilities. Housing behaviors cover the survey of the household spaces of different functions, and about the family and their living style and condition. The 39 AAERT & The SSB LTD., Faculty of Architecture, SCET, SURAT
Research Thesis 2021-22
Priya Barot
Figure 21 Study Parameters (Source: Primary Data)
40 AAERT & The SSB LTD., Faculty of Architecture, SCET, SURAT
Research Thesis 2021-22
Priya Barot
other categories of open spaces will cover the spaces related to community as well as the spaces they use to live a daily life. And the other facility will have the study of water facilities and how they reach out to other spaces with the help of some other amenities. 2. Social factor The social factor will contain the study about the community and their behaviors with other people and neighborhoods. The educational facilities like schools, Anganwadi have in nearby areas and how they can approach it. the other study aspect is health centers and hospitals in surrounding areas with a bifurcation of private and government ownership. Also, the provision and typology of open spaces and their use for cultural activities and gathering reflect the bonding within the community along with the sense of security migrants feel in the residential areas through crime and social imbalance. 3. Economic factor In this study factor, the questions are based on the daily income of the migrants and the mode of the wages in all different occupations as mentioned. How much they are spending on the daily activities and how much they are saving and the mode of saving will cover under this factor. The house is in demand of maintenance in a required period so that this factor will cover the money allocated as the maintenance cost. 4. Institutional factor This parameter will cover the government policies made for the migrant worker and its implication amount on the migrants by the allocated departments. And also comparing the government housing and the informal settlement through the facilities provided by the legal authorities. Table 7 Study aspects of parameters in detail (Source: Primary data)
Parameter
Sub-Parameter
Study Aspects This factor will cover the anthropology of the housing and match it with the standards to
Size of the house
understand the space size as per the function and suggest the ideal size for future policies
Physical /
and construction.
Infrastructure Hygiene is the priority which covers under this Sanitation facility
factor and major the percentage of houses having attached toilets and the public using public toilets in their daily life.
41 AAERT & The SSB LTD., Faculty of Architecture, SCET, SURAT
Research Thesis 2021-22
Priya Barot Migrants are used to shifting, so in this element, a researcher will study the period of
Duration of stay
staying in one place and changing house and the reasons for these actions because consistency is a major to measure the quality of life. This works in a way that relates to space and the
Spatiality
position, area, and size of things within the houses and surroundings. This factor will consider the material and
Architecture of house
durability of the house and narrate the temporary and permanent material list. This part will work in a favor of community-
Condition of streets and roads
based facilities. Studying the condition of streets and roads have a major impact on the health of the residents. To achieve a quality life, living within the community is a must and the space for
Physical /
Community gathering
Open space
space
gathering is necessary to have a bigger discussion. This [art will map the spaces where all people can meet and exchange ideas and celebrate festivals. This component will decode the spaces
Space for children
allocated for the children to play because it covers a major percentage of the open space study criteria. Clean drinking water is the top priority for
Drinking water resources
Physical /
living and by measuring this factor, the findings will help to provide resources for needful migrant workers.
Other facilities Wastewater management
This sub-parameter will cover the drainage and rainwater outlet system provided and study the 42
AAERT & The SSB LTD., Faculty of Architecture, SCET, SURAT
Research Thesis 2021-22
Priya Barot material durability and the requirement as per the population. This part will cover the behavior of the people
Sense of space cleaning
towards the cleaning their house and surrounding and check the outlet for the hard waste as well as provisions of dustbins. This factor will study the distance between the
Access to public transportation
housing and city bus station, rikshaw stops, and other facilities which narrate the maximum medium used by the migrants. This part of the parameter will calculate the number of private and government schools, and
Education facility
Anganwadi provisions in the nearby area of the settlement. This will give the platform to measure the quality of life of the migrant workers and elevate it. This factor will consider the private and
Healthcare facility
government hospitals and clinics numbers and compare it with the population to understand the accuracy of the facility.
Social
This point will detail out the crime and threats Sense of
rates of the area and also within the different
safety/security/belonging communities to narrate the safety rate of the space and for the community. This will detail out the things done by migrants Cultural identity
to keep their culture alive in the host city through festivals, architecture, painting, or any other medium.
Level of open space and its use
This point will detail out the space occupied by the society, community, and households for different purposes.
43 AAERT & The SSB LTD., Faculty of Architecture, SCET, SURAT
Research Thesis 2021-22
Priya Barot This will study the method of wages for different occupations and the working pattern
Mode of wages
of it to understand the method of living and evaluate the quality of life of the migrants. It is the major factor for the migrants as their
Economic
main aim to migrate is earning. This will detail
Modes of savings
out the different methods of saving their money and also, their living expenses. The house will require maintenance in material replacement which also has a vast impact on
Maintenance coast
their saving and wage amount. It evaluates the final amount of their expenses. The government also provides several facilities
Facilities in Government housing
in the housing which is far better than the informal settlements. This factor will compare both the situation.
Institutional Labor policies application
Study the application of migrant policies for better living standards and basic facilities which help them to live a quality life.
3.3.1 Ranking of study parameters Table 8 Ranking of parameters to evaluate the quality of life of migrant workers (Source: Primary data)
No.
Study parameter
1. Physical
Sub- Parameter
Score
Infrastructure
5
Open space
3
Other facilities
4
2.
Social
-
5
3.
Economic
-
3
4.
Institutional
-
2
Total
22
44 AAERT & The SSB LTD., Faculty of Architecture, SCET, SURAT
Research Thesis 2021-22
Priya Barot
Chapter 4. Survey Methods and Site Selection 4.1
Importance of Surat city
4.1.1 A brief history The city plays an important role particularly in the economic sector of the state. If we talk about the history and evolution of the city, it being a port city some families were occupied with transport fixing and carpentry. They began making horse trucks, little ships, boats, and embellishments identified with boats. In this calling, the Parsi people group took a great deal of interest. Around 400 families engaged in wooden artworks like furniture forming, wooden armbands, bangles, and other adornments, woodcutting, glass painting, and so on. After the decrease of business at Surat port, as examined over, the business visionaries of Surat began searching for different choices for monetary rejuvenation through innovative modernization. And that give a born to the first textile mill in 1861. After this, the home looms started converting into mills and establishing more jobs for people and that attract people from rural areas. So, the migrants were there since it begins. The other famous thing is the Zari business of the city because it goes hand in hand with the textile but as time flies the manufacture of the Zari just lost its demand and importance. One more significant expansion to the modern movement of the city since the 1950s is the diamonds, what's more, the cleaning industry. Surat is one of the world's biggest places for jewel preparation. The establishment of a business in the area which experienced issues in natural substance markets what's more, work, is a critical accomplishment. However, most of the business people in this field are from the outside, the business has thrived. At first, the business began to a great extent as a drive of few people having a place with a specific local area which has now extended to a huge segment of society.
4.1.2 The economy of Surat – Post-independence By the late 1950s, about 100 diamond cutting and polishing units had been set up. Together the ease of establishing small-scale industries and various government policies aimed at increasing the export of polished diamonds helped the growth of such units in the city. Barring a few big units which have recently come up, diamond cutting and processing was also confined to small enterprises. Even now a majority of the diamond processing units are in the small sector. The city productively hosts a vibrant diamond industry. The city has made a key position in the national economy and world diamond and textile business (pooja shah, 2010).
45 AAERT & The SSB LTD., Faculty of Architecture, SCET, SURAT
Research Thesis 2021-22
Priya Barot
The textile and diamond units of the Surat region contribute to3: •
42 percent of the world’s total rough diamond cutting and polishing
•
70 percent of the nation’s total rough diamond cutting and polishing
•
40 percent of the nation’s total diamond exports
•
40 percent of the nation’s total man-made fabric production
•
28 percent of the nation’s total manmade fiber production
•
18 percent of the nation’s total manmade fiber export
•
12 percent of the nation’s total fabric production
Not only within the state of Gujarat but also at the all-India level, Surat has registered high population growth as compared to that in India and Gujarat. Surat is Gujarat’s second and India’s twelfth most populous city. Significantly, this has been the period that witnessed an impressive growth of secondary and tertiary activities in the city. From 0.47 million in 1971 its population increased to 1.48 million in 1991 and almost doubled to 2.8 million in 2001. Surat City has seen extraordinary growth in the last three decades and along with that, the municipal boundaries have also been expanded.
4.2
Migrants and Tenure Situation in Surat
The informal settlements are always occupied by the migrants and the urban population used to see it as slums. However, then again also, all things considered, these settlements are simply the arrangements individuals have found because of a state as well as market disappointments and that the settlements and their households are a basic piece of the metropolitan framework and economy. They contribute essentially to the city's economy through their work market commitments and casual creation exercises. The poor represent a critical component of the metropolitan workforce and contribute significantly to add up to efficiency and work market seriousness. In Surat, the poor migrants and slums dwellers contribute colossally in running rewarding ventures like diamond, textile, and construction industries. The Surat Municipal Corporation (SMC) has divided the city into seven different zones which are respectively, central, north, south, east, west, southwest, and southeast. The maximum slums are in the zones where industries are located (pooja shah, 2010). Zone-wise data of total workers, total
3
This information is taken from the article named Welfare Extension by Local State and Social Protection: Surat is written by MS. Pooja Shah. This paper funded under the research project titled “Inclusive Urbanization – Social Protection for the Slum and Pavement Dwellers in India’, a CEPT University – Mahila Housing Trust (MHT) project. It talks about the different informal settlement around the city and give numeric data.
46 AAERT & The SSB LTD., Faculty of Architecture, SCET, SURAT
Research Thesis 2021-22
Priya Barot
area, density per sq. km was collected from the (Census of India, 2011) database. Here, the zoning of Surat city is according to the SMC. Table 9 Demography of Surat (Source: Surat Municipal Corporation)
Zone
S.M.C Area
Area (sq km) Population (million) Sex Ratio Density (per sq. km) Literacy (per cent) Decadal Population Growth Rate (1991-2001) (per cent)
326 2.8 764 8,812 82 89.1
Surat District 7,657 4.9 835 652 75 40.6
Gujarat
India
50.0 920 258 69 21.2
1028 933 324 65 23.9
Table 10 Informal settlements in Surat 2005-2006 (Source: Surat Municipal Corporation)
Zone
Area (in sq km)
Central North East West South South-West South-East Total
8.1 36.4 37.5 51.3
total Population (in million) 0.41 0.41 0.71 0.28
% Population in slums 7.8 6.8 9.6 24.0
61.8 111.9 19.5 326.4
0.4 0.24 0.39 2.87
23.5 17.3 39.7 17.2
Total households 116,291 82,775 143,574 57,687
% Households in slums 6.0 6.9 9.3 22.0
94,582 50,236 81,999 627,144
20.1 13.5 31.5 14.4
This means that a third of the slums are on private lands and another 22 percent are on the state government lands where the problems of giving land tenure would be higher than giving tenure to slums on SMC lands. Generally, when the poor migrants come into a city for better livelihood options than agricultural labor or any allied activities, their first abode is any footpath, railway trackside, vacant industrial land, or any vacant land outside the city limit which they can squat easily upon (pooja shah, 2010). Table 11 Ownership of land on the settlement’s location (Source: Surat Municipal Corporation)
Zone Central North East West South South-West South-East Total % Of total slums
Government 7 15 5 20 6 10 8 71 22
Ownership of land Private 11 14 15 4 31 2 29 106 33
SMC 7 23 37 16 9 13 40 145 45 47
AAERT & The SSB LTD., Faculty of Architecture, SCET, SURAT
Research Thesis 2021-22
Priya Barot
The slums within city limits generally start as squatter settlements on open plots. These open plots belong to the SMC, state government, or a charity trust. There are slums also on the private lands, but, these to a large developed through informal sub-plotting with an informal sub-plotter or a developer. The SMC has provided water supply and sewage services to most of these slums. The slum dwellers have built toilets according to their affordability (pooja shah, 2010). Table 12: Zone wise housing condition in Surat (Source: Surat Municipal Corporation)
Zone Central North East West South South-West South-East Total
Housing Condition in slums in percentage Pucca 10.2 5.8 12.4 6.5 15.5 24.4 10.0 12.1
Semi-pucca 12.3 38.3 16.6 43.1 15.9 30.3 40.5 29.0
Katcha 77.5 55.8 71.1 50.2 68.5 45.3 49.5 58.8
The existing housing condition in Surat city is just pitiable. As per the given information in table 8 the different zone of the city has large differences in the house typology. The southwest zone has only 24.4 percent pucca houses while the north zone only has 5.8 percent of pucca houses which is marked as the lowest amount from all of the rest zone. The percent of semi- pucca houses in the zone have higher in comparison to pucca houses. Even though the settlements form in open and illegal plots SMC provides some basic amenities in those areas as described in table 9. The number of public toilets become more than double in number from last 13 year and goes up to 1914 in the year of 2005. Because of this, the number of households per public toilet has reduced and gone to 27.2 members per public toilet. Also, the drainage facility goes 40 percent higher in comparison to the year 1992. Along with this, the government has provided 20 percent more individual electricity connections to households. Table 13 Amenities available in the settlements of Surat city (Source: Surat Municipal Corporation)
Amenities
1992
2001
2005
19
20
72
Private latrines available with slum households (%)
20.9
27.5
35
Public toilets (No.)
558
NA
1914
Households per public toilet
168
1022
2725
Drainage facilities available with slum households (%)
40
68
80
Separate electricity connections
25
32
45
Private water taps available with slum households (%)
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Selected Site
The first preference while selecting the site is that locate industrial areas because they form an informal settlement near to those areas. Most of the study is done on the south and west zone because it has a large land occupied by the migrants. But many tiny settlements have been situated in the north zone of the city area with a large number of households. All four sites are from the north zone and situated near the industrial areas.
Figure 22 Site selection in surat city (Source: base maps-google maps)
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4.3.1 Site -1 – Vijay Nagar Location – Amroli, Surat
Figure 23 Land use map (Source: Primary data)
New kosad road
Guru Nagar collage road
Kosad road
Vijay Nagar is located in the Amroli area of the city which is highly populated by the slums and has the largest housing area of the whole city because it has been the favorite place for the migrants to stay there. The site has informal settlements in near around 50,310 sq.m. area surrounded by the residential area and has some institutional as well as religious buildings. It has the riverfront road on one side and chhaprabhatha road on another side. It is nearby to the bridge connecting the Amroli and other are of the city. The edge of the river is highly in demand for the people to settle down because it will provide a basic facility like water and easy to clean the wastage of the house. The land occupied by the informal settlement is not provided by the government but it was taken by the migrants for a long period and is still used by them. Its 60 percent of the houses are semikutcha houses with seasonal residents with a 50 percent ratio.
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Figure 24 Satellite image (Source: Google maps)
Physical factor Size of the house The house located in place of origin has more space for the other activities like Cattle shed, Devi temple, and routine outdoor activity space while in the host city the surrounding lands are more occupied by the residential projects, and some public and open spaces were allocated. The size of the house was small in comparison and also separate spaces to perform various activities are not seen here because they're of a higher number of residents. Table 14 Difference in the current and old house of the migrant worker (Source: Primary data)
Category
Place of origin
Host city
Size
14m x 13m
7m x 16m
Members
4 (Family member)
5 (Unknown member)
Structure material
Brick
Brick, wood
Type
Permanent
Permanent
Bedrooms
3
No bifurcation
Kitchen
Private spacious kitchen
Small space inside the room
Toilet
Private toilet.
Space outside the house
The common toilet, outside the room Cattle shed, Devi temple, and One temple in the vicinity routine outdoor activity space
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Figure 25 House study during fieldwork (Source: Primary data)
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Sanitation Facility Most of the households are using the common toilet or going on open land near the river. The majority of them are using public toilets allocated near to the site. Houses having a personal toilet are facing issues with the drainage and water inlet and outlets. There is no provision of ventilation in any of the personal toilets because the houses are semi kutcha in nature. Toilets are sometimes used as a space of Personal toilet
Public toilets
Open land
Figure 26 Toilet condition (Source: Primary data)
storage. Going in open land will create the bed air quality for the residents.
Duration of stay The migrants come here to earn money and after
that, they prefer to go back to their hometown. The highest time of stay in the city is for 8 to 10 months and after spending two months into the village they will migrate to earn more money. And this cycle will always run to fulfill their requirements. After spending serval time they will decide to move in the urban city but there are many few people around 3 percentage from the whole site. Many of them are living in their 1 to 3 months
4 to 7 months
relatives' houses to save the rent money. This may
8 to 10 months
10 to 12 months
create chaos in a small room.
More than year Figure 27 Percentage of staying in the city (source: Primary data)
Healthcare Facility Some private hospitals and clinics are available in the 2 k.m of the area. No provision of government hospitals or healthcare centers for free or low prize health checking. Workers have to go to private hospitals and spend more money which directly affects their mode of savings.
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Figure 28 Location of healthcare centers in s1 (Source: Primary data)
Educational facility
Figure 29 S1 with nearest school mapping (Source: Primary data)
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Public transportation facility
000 Figure 30 Public transport services in s1 (Source: Primary data) Table 15 Qualitative survey of parameters (Source: Primary data)
No.
Study parameter
1. Physical/ Infrastructure
Sub- Parameter
Score
Size of house
1
Sanitation facility
1
Duration of stay
1
Spatiality
0
Architecture of house
0
Total Physical/
3
Condition of streets and roads
1
Community gathering space
1
Space for children
0
Open space Total Physical/
2
Drinking water source
1
Wastewater management
0
sense of space cleaning
0
Other facilities
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1
Total 2.
2
Educational facility
1
Healthcare facility
1
Sense of Social factor
0
safety/security/belonging Cultural identity
1
Level of open space and its use
0
Total 3. Economic Factor
3
Mode of wages
1
Method of savings
0
Maintenance coast
0
Total 4.
1
Facilities in government Institutional Factor
1
housing Labor policies application
0
Total
1
Table 16 Ranking of the site- parameter wise (Source: Primary data)
No.
Study parameter
Sub- Parameter
Total score
Score achieved
1.
Physical
Infrastructure
5
3
Open space
3
2
Other facilities
4
2
2.
Social
-
5
3
3.
Economic
-
3
1
4.
Institutional
-
2
1
Total
22
12
This quantitative analysis of the site will help to find the quality of life of migrant workers living in this site. Afterward, it will find the problems on the site and give suggestions accordingly.
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4.3.2 Site -2 – Janta Nagar Location – Katargam, Surat This site is located near the Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation (G.I.D.C) Katargam area. Most of the textile workers working in this industry will prefer to stay here on rent or buy a home. Also, the government has built LIG housing for workers.
Dabholi Road
Gahera School Road
North Zone Office Road
Figure 31 Land use map of the site (Source: Primary data)
Figure 32 Satellite image (Source: Google maps)
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Figure 33 Site image (Source: Primary data)
Public transportation system The local B.R.T.S bus stop is located within a half k.m of a radius of the site which helps workers to travel for work or any other purpose with a minimum amount. There are also rickshaw stands available for a better option.
Figure 34 Public transport services in s2 (Source: Primary data)
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Physical factor Size of the house The house located in place of origin has more space for the other activities like Cattle shed, Anganwadi, and routine outdoor activity space like farms while in the host city the surrounding lands are more occupied by the residential projects, and some public and open spaces were allocated. The size of the house was small in comparison and also separate spaces to perform various activities are not seen here because they're of a higher number of residents. Table 17 Difference in the current and old house of the migrant worker (Source: Primary data)
Category
Place of origin
Host city
Size
9m x 16m
7m x 9m
Members
4(Family member)
4 (Unknown member)
Structure material
Brick
Brick
Type
Permanent
Permanent
Bedrooms
2
No bifurcation
Kitchen
Private kitchen
Individual space
Toilet
Private toilet
Private toilet
Space outside the house
Cattle shed, Anganwadi, farms One temple in the vicinity
Educational facility
Figure 35 Education facility of the site (Source: Primary data)
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Figure 36 House study during fieldwork (Source: Primary data)
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Table 18 Ranking of the site- parameter wise (Source: Primary data)
No.
Study parameter
1. Physical/
Sub- Parameter
Score
Size of house
1
Sanitation facility
1
Duration of stay
1
Spatiality
1
Architecture of house
0
Infrastructure
Total Physical/
4
Condition of streets and roads
1
Community gathering space
1
Space for children
1
Open space Total
3
Drinking water source
1
Physical/
Wastewater management
1
Other facilities
Sense of space cleaning
1
Access to public transportation
1
Total 2.
4
Educational facility
1
Healthcare facility
1
Sense of Social factor
safety/security/belonging Cultural identity
1
Level of open space and its use
0
Total 3. Economic Factor
4
Mode of wages
1
Method of savings
0
Maintenance coast
0
Total 4.
1
1
Facilities in government Institutional Factor
housing Labor policies application Total
1 1 2
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Table 19 Ranking of the site- parameter wise (Source: Primary data)
No.
Study parameter
Sub- Parameter
Total score
Score achieved
1.
Physical
Infrastructure
5
4
Open space
3
3
Other facilities
4
4
2.
Social
-
5
4
3.
Economic
-
3
1
4.
Institutional
-
2
2
Total
22
18
This quantitative analysis of the site will help to find the quality of life of migrant workers living in this site. Afterward, it will find the problems on the site and give suggestions accordingly.
4.3.3 Site -3 – Fatakdawadi Nagar Location – Singanpore, Ved Road, Surat Around 40,00 migrants live in this area for years. These all populations are divided into small patches within the industrial area and from this researcher choose two patches to conduct a study of the location.
Figure 37 Site patch -1 (Source- Google Maps)
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Figure 38 Land use map of the site (Source: Primary data)
Figure 39 Site patch -2 (Source- Google Maps)
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Figure 40 Site image (Source: Primary data)
Public transportation facility The site does not have any government bus stop in the nearby radius. It only has the private rikshaw services which are not affordable by the workers in the low wages. 60 percent of the workers are traveling within the area by bicycle because it is the simplest way to travel without any money given. Textile workers are mostly traveled by private vehicles.
Figure 41 Public transport services in s3 (Source: Primary data)
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Physical factor Size of the house The house located in place of origin has more space for the other activities like Cattle shed, Anganwadi, and routine outdoor activity space like farms while in the host city the surrounding lands are more occupied by the residential projects, and some public and open spaces were allocated. The size of the house was small in comparison and also separate spaces to perform various activities are not seen here because they're of a higher number of residents. Table 20 Difference in the current and old house of the migrant worker (Source: Primary data)
Category
Place of origin
Host city
Size
10m x 15m
5m x 9m
Members
4(Family member)
3 (Unknown member)
Structure material
Brick
Brick
Type
Permanent
Permanent
Bedrooms
3
No bifurcation
Kitchen
Private kitchen
Small space inside the room
Toilet
Private toilet
Common toilet
Space outside the house
Cattle shed, Anganwadi, farms One temple in the vicinity
Figure 42 House images (Source: Primary data)
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Figure 43 House study during fieldwork (Source: Primary data)
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Figure 44 House study during fieldwork (Source: Primary data)
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Table 21 Qualitative survey of parameters (Source: Primary data)
No.
Study parameter
1. Physical/
Sub- Parameter
Score
Size of house
1
Sanitation facility
1
Duration of stay
1
Spatiality
0
Architecture of house
0
Infrastructure
Total Physical/
3
Condition of streets and roads
1
Community gathering space
1
Space for children
0
Open space Total
2
Drinking water source
1
Physical/
Wastewater management
0
Other facilities
sense of space cleaning
0
Access to public transportation
1
Total 2.
2
Educational facility
1
Healthcare facility
1
Sense of Social factor
safety/security/belonging Cultural identity
1
Level of open space and its use
0
Total 3. Economic Factor
3
Mode of wages
1
Method of savings
0
Maintenance coast
0
Total 4.
0
1
Facilities in government Institutional Factor
housing Labor policies application Total
1 0 1
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Table 22 Ranking of the site- parameter wise (Source: Primary data)
4.4
No.
Study parameter
Sub- Parameter
Total score
Score
1.
Physical
Infrastructure
5
3
Open space
3
2
Other facilities
4
2
2.
Social
-
5
3
3.
Economic
-
3
1
4.
Institutional
-
2
1
Total
22
12
Ranking from parameter
After ranking all the sites as per the parameters, it has been concluded that site one is in the worst condition amongst the three. It has been found that 80% of the migrant population is living a poor quality of life. This means all the basic facilities are not up to the mark and need to change for better work as well as a living environment for the migrant workers. This ranking table will help to narrate the problems as per the study parameter and suggest a solution in a favor of migrant workers to achieve a better quality of life.
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Table 23Ranking from parameter (Source: Primary data)
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4.4.1 Coding for the following chapters For a better understanding and to reduce the repetition of the same words the coding system is adopted for the further chapters. These codes will perform as an indicator for the different sites, occupations, and also to represent respond of the interviewers. Table 24 Code for the sites
Site Name
Code
Vijay Nagar
S1
Janta Nagar
S2
Fatakdawadi Nagar
S3
Table 25 Code as per the occupation
Occupation
Code
Textile Workers
T1
Construction Workers
C1
Diamond Workers
D1
Table 26 Codes to mention interviewers
Interviewer
Code
Government officer
O1
Government officer
O2
Local household
L1
Local household
L2
Local household
L3
Local household
L4
Local household
L5
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Chapter 5. Analysis and Inferences 5.1
Physical Factors
The major criteria in this factor are related to houses and amenities used by the migrant workers and to study those all factors, it has to divide into two major parts. One is the interview-based factors, in which the questions were asked to the households and after that, it converted into relevant numeric information to get an analysis, and the other is the observation-based factors, in which most of the studies are done by observing things and to prove that relevant images of sites can be used.
5.1.1 Housing behavior The different occupations attract migrants from different states because of serval reasons. The study of all three sites has numbers as represented in figure 20, C1 is mostly coming from Bihar with 30 percent and the second preferable location is Uttar Pradesh with 25 percent. While in the T1 Odisha overtakes with 30 percent from the whole and Bihar comes on the second preference. In the D1, people coming from Rajasthan and Maharashtra state have the highest ratio. The significant reason behind this is most of the migrants came to the urban city in search of work and for that, they rely on relatives and family members. Because of this trend, these numbers of migrants remain almost the same over the years. People coming from Odisha are not most preferred as diamond workers because of the language barrier and the same situation happens in the construction industry, the majority of skilled laborers are from Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. The village Behera in Odisha- A large number of workers migrated from there and most preferable in the textile industry and they live in a mess or stay with other family members and rent a room. Construction
Textile
Diamond
15
20
Migrant state by birth
Maharastra
Rajasthan
Oddisha
Bihar
Uttarpradesh 0
5
10
25
30
35
Percentage Figure 45 Percentage of migrants in a different occupation (Source: Primary Data)
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5.1.1.1 Duration of stay Most of the migrant workers stay in the city for continues 8 months and then 50 percent of them went back to their native cities and the remaining are finding other jobs and learning new skills for getting better employment. In the case of c1, they go back to their villages in the monsoon season probably from June to September. The reason behind this is most construction sites were remained closed due to the heavy rain. Whereas t1 and d1 workers went back in the period of Diwali around October to December month.
4
Stay in city
8
leave city
Figure 46 Duration of stay in the city (Source: Primary Data)
This period may differ as per the situation going on in the city and also as per the community changes. Migrants mostly do a village trip to celebrate any occasion or to give money to family, these both are the prime reason. Natural calamities like drought, flood, poverty, and war are the other reasons to travel back. While a sense of belonging, coexistence, and identity of places are the other emotional reasons that migrant people choose to travel back to the villages.
5.1.1.1.1 Effects of the covid-19 situation – The pandemic lockdown brings additional problems to workers' life. The government and NGOs provide them food but they can't reach out to all people and fulfill their requirements. Because the number of family members is quite more in comparison and there is no extra facility or savings, they have with them. Almost 90 percent of workers live on a daily wage amount and it is so hard for them to feed their all children without any work done. The reason is a large family, migrants have a mindset of doing more and more children so that they can make them labor too and earn money from them. As a result, large families with 5 to 6 children roamed around in the city and protested against the government to provide the facility to travel back to their villages. 73 AAERT & The SSB LTD., Faculty of Architecture, SCET, SURAT
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Figure 47 Lockdown effects on Workers (Source: The Indian Express- news website)
The news about the t1 and d1 workers living in s3 while they are coming onto the roads because of the food shortage. In less than a week Surat has witnessed three such incidents where restless migrants hit the streets for food - the last two were reported in Laskana and Varachha area in Surat. As many as 92.5 percent of laborers have already lost one to three weeks of work, as per the survey done by a civil society organization that focuses on the human rights of socially excluded communities. The lounge services were also faced difficulties because of the pandemic situation and this also affect the service in the Surat city named ‘living in rooms’ which provide staying and food facilities to the migrants. The workers stay under one roof with allocated space. Family members who are working in different shifts used to live in the same space in a shift of 12 hours like 7 p.m to 7 a.m. This scenario is the same for d1 and t1 workers. The hall has no separation and the space is so dark without any ventilation facility. The food-making area is on a different floor with basic facilities and because of the covid situation making food in such a large amount is impossible and that becomes the prime reason of short term duration of migrants. 74 AAERT & The SSB LTD., Faculty of Architecture, SCET, SURAT
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Figure 48 Living in rooms by looms (Credit: Reetika Subramanian)
Figure 49 Living in rooms by looms (Credit: Reetika Subramanian)
5.1.1.2 Cooking area There is no separate space were provided for the kitchen in houses. The space of outside cooking is unhygienic which indirectly affects the health of the workers and creates any serious diseases. There is no single house that has a facility of gas pipeline, even in the government houses people used to cook with the LPG gas cylinder. For this, several people take help from the government as means of subsidy. Most of the c1 workers used to make food outside because they have to travel as per the time demands so preferably, they don’t invest much to acquire these facilities. In the house of 12 people, only one corner is dedicated for this in which all people used to sit together and it.
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100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Site 1
Site 2 Inside Kitchen
Site 3
Outside Kitchen
Figure 50 Kitchen services in houses (Source: Primary data)
As per the study, the diagram shows the percentage of houses that have kitchens inside and outside of the house. The outdoor facility is mostly has a Chula which used to cook food and the storage for food materials has a compartment in the house. In s1, 75 percent of the total households have a basic cooking facility inside of the house while the rest 25 percent used to cook food outside of the house. This ratio changes in s2 where it differs from 35 percent inside to 65 percent outside kitchens. In s3 both facilities have equal weightage in numbers. People throwing wastage near of cooking space which create a mess around and it only causes health issues.
Figure 51 Chula outside the house (Source: Primary data)
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Figure 52 Kitchen inside the house (Source: Primary data)
5.1.1.3 Material study All three sites have a mix of pucca, Kacha, and semi-pucca houses. Kacha houses were made of different materials like hard corrugated cardboard, bamboo, wooden logs, metal corrugated sheets, and for the roof, they are using industrial plastic to get protection from the rain. Most of the seasonal workers were built and stayed in these houses so they can migrant easily with their houses.
Figure 53 number of material used for Kucha houses (Source: Primary data)
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Figure 54 houses with plastic and corrugated sheets (Source: Primary data)
Temporary houses are mostly made their walls from metal corrugated sheets which are bonded with the bamboos or wooden logs and also it supports roof which just has a cover of industrial plastic. Pacca houses are made with third-class brick without any plaster. And also, those houses have wooden support in the middle which supports roof covers with mangalore tiles and is supported by plastic sheets. The survey shows that 70 percent of houses from all sites are made of temporary material. Most of the c1 workers are tend to live in cardboard houses because they can find it very easily and it is durable and no need to maintain it. Only plastic needs to be replaced after the monsoon season every 2 years because it may not be useful after that.
Bamboo
Bricks
Wooden Logs
Corrugated sheets
Plastic sheets 0%
10%
20%
30% Site 1
40% Site 2
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Site 3
Figure 55 Materials and its usage on sites (Source: Primary data)
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5.1.1.4 Sanitation and other services Sanitation includes toilets and bath services which have to be in the house because of the serval reasons. But the migrant informal settlements do not have any awareness about this. As a result, only 25 percent of houses have toilets in them, while 55 percent of households just use open land or bath near their house or any dedicated place near the site. There is a little change has noted from when the government has increased the number of public toilets so people can go and use them. The use of open land can make the surrounding very unhealthy because it has no dedicated output system for water and stored water comes with health-related problems.
Toilets
No toilets
Use public toilet
Figure 56 percentage of houses having toilets (Source: Primary data)
Figure 58 Toilet facilities in the pucca house (Source: Primary data)
Figure 57 Toilet facilities in the pucca house (Source: Primary data)
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5.1.1.5 On-site housing facilities The migrant workers occupied in the textile industry, prefer to settle near to the industrial area by renting a room or forming an informal settlement. And also, the owner may allow them to stay in the mill and provide a space for cooking. They tend to do this because there are so many cases of robbery and murder theft happening in the industrial area. In the case of construction workers, as per the law, the contractor needs to provide basic facilities for the workers with required safety measures. Some research says that most of the construction workers are homeless in Surat city and they end up living on footpaths. In conclusion, most of the workers either live on the site or in informal settlements. Thus, there are two types of houses they have is the actual house they live in and the other is on-site or in the mill houses.
2%
construction workers 38%
textile workers 60% diamond workers
Figure 59 On-site housing facility (Source: Primary Data)
Textile Industries The zone-wise associations of textile industries have allowed workers to stay in the mills so they can save the amount of the rent from their daily wages and owners have a guard in the mills all the time. They provide the space for cooking food and for sleep also. With a minimum facility, they will manage to cook and store the pieces of stuff in the mill only. As per the definition of the house, this facility has not had a single match. Most of the single workers without family members used to live in this mill area. The toilet facility is also given by the mill owners. As per the census 2011, from all the t1 45 percent of the workers stays in the mills. The working hours are divided into the morning and evening shifts so that the workers can easily manage the space for them. They have to make food all by themselves and need to clean the space before other shifts workers come and take place. 80 AAERT & The SSB LTD., Faculty of Architecture, SCET, SURAT
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Figure 60 Cooking space in on-site housing facility (Source: Primary Data)
The images show the scenario of the Kataragam industrial area where people have space for cooking and space for sleep. It just has a sleeping bed and dark space.
Figure 61 Sleeping space in on-site housing facility (Source: Primary Data)
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Figure 62 Working space in on-site housing facility (Source: Primary Data)
Construction Industries As per the construction stages laws and acts produced by the government, the contractor or builder has to provide the housing facility with all the basic needed things within the site area. But there is not a single rule followed by the contractor and as the result, the workers have to stay in the informal housing facility near or into an under-construction building. As per the low, contractor has to give facility for a cook, sanitation, and safety for the children. By talking with L2, the contractors were not provided with any facility like electricity or water, they just make a partition with metal sheets, bamboos, and the rest of the facilities have done by the workers themselves. Workers have to invest the number of their wages to establish a living environment for the family. They have spent 20 percent of the wage amount on living expenses. So that they have to adopt a style that the male members have come first and they work after building 1st-floor slab they call the family members and stay with them in the under-construction buildings which have no safety majors. This has proved that male migrants were working on-site for a long time with heavy machines and called their families to help them afterward. As per the l4, there is no provision of water resources on the site. They have to walk and collect water at nighttime. The needs for basic materials for cooking were fulfilled the male member of the family and females were not allowed to go outside of the site boundary because of the language and other constraints.
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Figure 63 Cooking space in on-site housing facility (Source: Primary Data)
There is no partition provided between the cooking and bed area. They go simultaneously, within four walls which have hanging clothes and wire in them. There is no provision for wastewater and workers have to go downstairs to wash their vessels.
Figure 64 Cooking space in on-site housing facility (Source: Primary Data)
Figure 65 Living space in on-site housing facility (Source: Primary Data)
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Figure 66 Children safety in on-site housing facility (Source: Primary Data)
The safety of children is not taken into priority by the site managers, they used to play in the dirty area which leads to disease, and also the site has harmful materials and open electric wires which may cause some major deaths. The sleeping, cooking, and storage areas are meant to be in the same square on the site.
Figure 67 Living space in on-site housing facility (Source: Primary Data)
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5.1.2 Open spaces 5.1.2.1 Space for children Children used to play on the streets and roads because there is no specific space provided for them to play or for physical activities. When there is no rain or harsh sunlight, they prefer to play outside otherwise they sit in the houses and play indoor games. There is no dedicated space or open ground in which they go and play. The government did not provide any garden or park near those areas.
Figure 68 Children playing on roads (Source: Primary data)
5
5 On street
10
In houses Open land 20
60
Playgrounds Government sport complex
Figure 69 Space for children to play (Source: Primary data)
After concluding the collected data, it has been proven that 60 percent of the children are using streets and roads to play games. In a 2 k.m radius their no provision of a government sports complex or open land or any stadium. Rest 20 percent are sit in the houses and enjoy good indoor games but no physical activity is included which harms the children to establish their physical strength. 85 AAERT & The SSB LTD., Faculty of Architecture, SCET, SURAT
Research Thesis 2021-22
Priya Barot
Most of the children are complaining, while the author was talking with them, they want a big open ground in which they play cricket or any big game. On streets and roads, there is water running in every corner so it was very difficult for their play.
The children of different communities used to come together and play, there are no boundaries between them. Providing a space may allow them to learn new things and build their physical ability which makes them strong. And physical growth is the most important thing for children.
Figure 70 Playing cards inside the house (Source: Primary data)
10 Playgrounds 20
Club house
Open land 60 10
Government sport complex
Figure 71 Children demand on the play spaces (Source: Primary data)
By asking questions to the children about the spaces they want to play most of them are want a playground to play and enjoy theirs after school time. This need is easily fulfill by the government by locating a park or playground near these housing settlements for children. The number of children is higher on average in these areas because there is a myth that more children mean more money. This cause big chaos in their routine life and expanses. 86 AAERT & The SSB LTD., Faculty of Architecture, SCET, SURAT
Research Thesis 2021-22
Priya Barot
5.1.2.2 Space for gathering The gathering space has a different impact on the community but as per the study, there is not enough space for the housing. Therefore, people do not prefer to gather at one place because of the community, language, and thinking barrios. Gathering spaces do not come under their primary needs but they are using it for storage purposes. Putting vehicles there, throwing garbage, and sitting in the evening times. No space is used for the community gathering or any festival celebration. The role of open spaces plays a major role for migrant workers. From all three sites, 25
only s3 has a big open land in which children go and play but people make it has a dumbing yard and for the park their vehicles. They used to throw their garbage over there
60
15
which makes it very dirty. The space is not able to use for any activity. People of the
different communities will never feature in Site 1
Site 2
Site 3
Figure 72 Percentage of gathering space (Source: Primary data)
s1 and s2 but s3 has a whole different scenario. They used to meet and shit in this space in the evening time.
Figure 73 Only open ground in the s3 (Source: Primary data)
87 AAERT & The SSB LTD., Faculty of Architecture, SCET, SURAT
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5.1.2.3 Condition of streets and roads The roads provided by the government have no outlet for the rainwater which create a mess near the houses. Condition of roads are bad as per the climate changes and streets are very narrow which create very dark and tiny passages to pass through the space. Half of the road is used for parking purposes so there is not enough space for walking. The width of the road is five meters which is not efficient for the primary road.
Figure 74 Unhealthy nature of streets (Source: Primary data)
10 Standard street size 20
40
Drainage lines
Rain water outlets Parking space 30
Figure 75 Percentage of the street facilities (Source: Primary data)
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Types of roads and streets, do not follow any hierarchy like primary, secondary or tertiary. Internal streets are used for daily activities like bathing and cooking which makes it dirty and unhealthy for living. Narrow streets create dark spaces because of which connected houses do not have efficient amount of sunlight and ventilation. Streets have not any services like street lights, signages or indications, so if one can lost in the space it was very difficult to find the right path and get out from the space. The nature of the streets does not allow to have privacy in the houses, anyone can see through the nearby house. Figure 76 Narrow streets for internal movement (Source: Primary data)
There is no proper division in the streets as primary or secondary. It has been taken as a place for walking. The residents are throwing their kitchen waste on it. The streets are just dug out from the whole chaos and it is not made of a permanent material which creates an awful situation in the rainy season. Also, there is no provision of a side gutter lane to run the water out from the housing premises which causes a lot of health issues for the
surrounding people. The streets are the recent context of the house which needs to be clean for a better Figure 77 No bifurcation of street types (Source: Primary data)
quality of life. 89
AAERT & The SSB LTD., Faculty of Architecture, SCET, SURAT
Research Thesis 2021-22
Priya Barot
5.1.3 Other facilities 5.1.3.1 Drinking water sources As per the survey conducted, not a single house from the three sites has the facility of drinking water tap into the house. The government has provided an SMC outlet tap in the area from which all can go and get the water at a specific time. The facility of drinking water is from the morning 6 to 9. The problem is that they store the water first and then they will wash their clothes and vessels with that water only and the space has just a raised plinth without any water outlet. So that all the wastewater just ran on the roads and create a tiny flow of water in the whole settlement. As per the conversation with o2, all the informal settlements are provided a general water pump from which they can
collect
the
water
but
the
government never improves it as per the time demand. The population increased day by day the number of taps are the
same. Because of this, there are so many cases have filed of violence related to this topic. For the storage of water, there is no specific water tank facility was provided. They used to store it in plastic Site 1
Site 2
Site 3
Figure 78 Drinking water facilities (Source: Primary data)
tabs. It can be shared by the owner of multiple households.
Sources are provided by various means but the maintenance part is still under process by the government. If we refer to the above figure it shows the percentage of households who can access the water sources facility. The rest of the households have marked trouble because they have to go to a far distance for this.
5.1.3.2 Wastewater management Wastewater management has included the facility of the collection, treatment, and reuse of wastewater at or near the point of waste generation. The sewage or any wastewater has not provided any dedicated plumbing or outlet services so that, water started contaminating the grounds. Wildlife can also be harmed by contaminated groundwater. Other long-term effects such as certain types of cancer may also result from exposure to polluted water . Water service delivery failures can negatively impact the household economy, employment, education, quality of life, social relationships, community cohesion, and people’s sense of political inclusion. 90 AAERT & The SSB LTD., Faculty of Architecture, SCET, SURAT
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Two-thirds of households in the slum purchase water through an informal distribution system run by private vendors. They draw water from underground water pipes in the city by using motorized pumps to suck water into hoses that travel hundreds of meters to reach slum lanes. Residents pay every month to access water from these hoses, that too for only two hours a day most of the time. Residents have to line up in the lanes at specific times to access a hose. The remainder of the households purchases water from taps located in other slums by paying the tap 'owners' (usual occupants of a nearby household) a specified amount to fill in containers that they roll from long distances to bring water to their houses. Every few months, government officials raid and confiscate the motorized pumps. During these periods, all get water by rolling containers to fill them from taps outside the slum. Private tankers are also hired to bring water occasionally (Khambete, 2015).
Figure 79 Lack of wastewater management create unhealthy spaces (Source: Primary data)
5.1.3.3 Sense of cleanliness Space cleaning is a responsibility of the households, firstly. The cleaning of roads and streets comes under the watch of SMC departments and other is the association of any industries. ‘In the interview, l4 says that they are not at home all the time, so they prefer to just throw the garbage outside so it will be collected by the SMC workers.’ This mentality creates an unhygienic space in front of the houses. The industry association also has a team of workers who can clean the space. As per the interview with o1, ‘the municipal waste collection car used to go in these areas and collect all the garbage but people are habituated to throwing things outside their houses, they are not collecting the whole day waste.’ The significant reason is that there is not any provision of dustbins near to these areas and so that people just throwing things out and it will affect their quality of life in means of health. 91 AAERT & The SSB LTD., Faculty of Architecture, SCET, SURAT
Research Thesis 2021-22
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5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 Site 1
Site 2 SMC service
By households
Site 3 By associations
Figure 80 Space cleaning by various authorities (Source: Primary data)
The s1 is comparatively clean because of the good SMC service but on the same side, s2 has not provided any workers to clean the streets. The s3 has the good quality of SMC as well as association services by which it can make it cleaner but still low awareness in households just make those efforts zero. On top of this, they are not aware of separating the garbage’s which makes it a difficult job for the workers.
Figure 81 Garbage outside of the house (Source: Primary data)
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5.1.3.4 Access to public transportation The majority of textile and diamond workers prefer the nearest location from the industrial area for their informal settlements, but the construction workers need to travel as per the daily work. Most of the t1 and d1 workers are traveling by their bicycles but the use of public transport is mostly by the c1 workers. In the public transport, they are used to prefer the city or the b.r.t.s bus services because those are chip in compare to the autos. The following maps give an idea about the distance migrants need to decide to approach any public transport. The t1 migrant workers in the s3 are the highest to prefer walking because 70 percent of mill laborers are used to settling within industry boundaries which helps them to save their wages from the transportation. On the other hand, the c1 workers have to walk and catch the bus service because it is far from the slum area. The minimum use of public transport is marked in s3 because the c1 workers have their Nakas prior then the bus service. In comparison with others, the d1 workers have their vehicles as per the survey from all sites because they have to complete a certain distance on the regular basis. So this is the most preferable way. Then the tt1 workers are own bicycles to rich out within industrial areas and almost 20 percent of the c1 from all sites own their vehicles. The s2 has marked walking as the first preference because in this half of the population is in the textile mills so, for that they just have to walk approx 2 k.m from their settlements which is a decent number for walking. And remaining d1 workers have their vehicles and rest use public transport and it is also near to the site. The amount of owning vehicles and use of public transport is the same in the s2. 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 Walking
Own vehicle Site 1
Site 2
Public transport Site 3
Figure 82 Ways of transportation (Source: Primary data)
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The maps are showing rikshaw stands in the yellow color indication and the red one is for the bus services. All three sites are
surrounded
by
public
transport services within the walking distance. The s1 and s2 have the closest bus services that are the reason that most of the d1 are travel by bus: whereas, t1 are preferred walk because they just have to cross the road to get into Figure 83 Public transport services in s1 (Source: Primary data)
the mill. The s3 houses are within the industrial area so that the t1 is
gone by the walk and d1 prefer to take the public services like autos or bus. But the construction workers have to go and stand in the Nakas to get a day-to-day work and from there they prefer to take service if they get the work. Figure 84 Public transport services in s2 (Source: Primary data)
Nakas are basically a methos adopted by the c1, in which they used to go and stand on the road and people come and pick them to complete the work. This is the popular culture in the many parts of city and there are total 26 Nakas in the whole Surat city.
Figure 85 Public transport services in s3 (Source: Primary data)
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5.2
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Social factors
5.2.1 Sense of safety/belonging Crime and threats are everywhere in urban cities but it is more difficult for migrant workers to catch up with these things and live in the city. There are so many crimes done on the workers using work and also crime by migrants to gain more money. So this situation depends upon the economic and mental status of any human.
Figure 86 Covid-pandemic heats the migrant (Source: The Hindu new article )
Workers also described low wages,
excessive
hours,
and
working
physical
and
psychological abuse, and in the case sexual
of
domestic abuse.
workers,
Construction
workers raised the persistent problem of crowded and unsafe labor camps. The suicide rate for migrant workers is alarmingly
high, Human Rights Watch found. In a few cases, labor conditions amounted to forced Figure 87 data of crime (Source: Indian Express)
labor. 95
AAERT & The SSB LTD., Faculty of Architecture, SCET, SURAT
Research Thesis 2021-22
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Figure 88 crime story of a migrant female (Source: The Indian express new vlog)
Figure 89 news about migrant worker hit the road (Source: the Indian desk news vlog)
96 AAERT & The SSB LTD., Faculty of Architecture, SCET, SURAT
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Figure 90 government act that affects surat workers (Source: The Indian Express)
Each site has some or the story about the crime because there are different communities are living under one roof. So the matter is mostly related to the community or a personal level. There is a high rate of murder and theft cases. The police are patrolling in these areas to get rid of it. but the chaos will hide the crime inside. Site 1
Site 2
Site 3
Figure 91 Crime ratio of each site (Source: Primary data)
97 AAERT & The SSB LTD., Faculty of Architecture, SCET, SURAT
Research Thesis 2021-22
Priya Barot
5.2.2 Educational facilities Education is the pioneer solution for any problem because it provides a broader vision and different perspectives of things. Mirant communities did not enroll their children because of the following reasons – •
The language barrier
•
Not having a sense of belonging
•
Not enough government schools
•
Financial boundaries
The study shows that most of the schools located in the near vicinity area, either are private schools or universities. The fees and the money for extra curriculum activities will not affordable for the workers.
Figure 92 S1 with nearest school mapping (Source: Primary data)
Figure 93 S2 with nearest school mapping (Source: Primary data)
98 AAERT & The SSB LTD., Faculty of Architecture, SCET, SURAT
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The maps are showing the school distance from their settlements that come under the range of 1 k.m. The s3 does not have any school within the 2 k.m radius. As per the survey, only 12 percent of the children are going to school from the s3 and the rest all are doing labor work in the restaurant or any other shop. This increase the number of child labor and illiteracy for the upcoming generation. From the s1 65 percent of the children are attending school on the regular basis and 55 percent of students from the s2. But the pandemic situation makes it more difficult because of online education. The workers do not afford the high-tech phones and the internet for study purpose and if they do then it cut down their meals. After the covid-19 situation parents prefer not to bring their children with them because they have 7 to 8 children in the house and it is very difficult to provide food to all of them. For the aforementioned reasons, 42 percent of the children are not going to school anymore. Government should make more schools which support these children and break their education barrier. For a better quality of life, education is the foundation. If they are literate then they will grow by their sleeves and be aware of world issues. And this also breaks down the number of crimes that happen between the migrant workers. The children who are going to school, from the 23 percent are enrolled in the near schools but the rest 19 percent are traveling more than 2 k.m per day to reach the school. These all students are going to public schools because they have very low fees and fewer other expenses as compared to the private schools. On the whole, only 47 percent of the students are going to school.
Going school
Not going school
prefer to go to near schools
prefer to go to other schools
Figure 94 Children prefer to go to schools (Source: Primary data)
99 AAERT & The SSB LTD., Faculty of Architecture, SCET, SURAT
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5.2.3 Healthcare facilities For good quality of health is the first thing to take into consideration. Migrant workers get injured while working or because of the dirty living spaces. The provision of a government-owned health care facility with low prices can make them aware and allow them to go to the hospitals.
The s1 has small clinics and other medical stations within a 500 m radius so that workers can reach there in an emergency. These all are private centers but still, they prefer to go there if there is any urgency otherwise, they went to the civil hospitals for free checkups and medicines. But the s2 has only one medical center in a 2 k.m radius area which makes it a very unhealthy environment for people. There are no other workshops or upliftment programs organized by the NGOs or the related association in which all workers have a free checkup.
Figure 95 Location of healthcare centers in s1 (Source: Primary data)
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Figure 96 Location of healthcare centers in s2 (Source: Primary data)
Figure 97 Location of healthcare centers in s3 (Source: Primary data)
As per the interview with l3, from site s3, he told that rather than going and wasting money in the private centers they prefer to go to the government hospitals and wait because it saves their money a lot. The association of ved road industry has not provided any health-related facility to the labor workers. The reasons why they are not preferring private centers are – •
Very expensive
•
Spent more time
•
Not in the nearby area
Government should establish some workshops and centers to help these migrant workers and for a routine checkup. They made some policies for the health-related issues and cut some extra charges in the private center so that they can get good treatment and start contributing to the economic factor of the state.
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5.3
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Economic factors
5.3.1 Method of wages and saving Mainly there are three types of methods to provide the wages – monthly, weekly, and daily. All the construction workers get the daily wage as per the working hours. The power loom industry is one of the biggest employers of migrant workers in the city-forming 70% of its workforce on a monthly wages system. Such a payments system pressurizes workers to work faster and produce more to be able to earn at least Rs. 7000 to Rs. 12,000 per month. The construction sector has the method of daily wages in which the hour of work will count and they can demand a minimum of 300 Rs. as per the government law. The method of daily wages has not allowed workers for a large amount of savings. They will use the amount for the food and other unhealthy supplies which make them poor day by day. Amount as per the month may allow them for the savings. 95 percent of the construction sector workers live on the daily wage system which makes them helpless during the lockdown situation. As per the study, 70 percent of the c1 does not have any strategy for saving money, they use it day by day. In the case of an emergency, they have no helping hands. The t1 and d1 have come under any respectable association, all have to follow the rules made by them. They have guidelines about the amount and method of wages. From the earning amount, 50 percent were spent on the food and 20 to 30 percent on the traveling and rest all are spent on the education and for other facilities. In the end, they have a specific saving amount at the end of the six or maybe more months.
Figure 98 Figure 99 Dhagatodi job by women (Source: Primary data)
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35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 100-200
200 - 400 Textile workers
Diamond workers
400 - 500
above 500
construction workers
Figure 100 Number of wages of workers (Source: Primary data)
Money has an important role to live a good quality of life because it will provide good food, education, health facility, and other necessary things. The migrants do not allow the women to go out and work because of caste discrimination and other barriers so they choose to work within their boundaries. 95 percent of the migrant women are doing a job of ‘dhagatodi’. It is a small job in which one has to remove all extra strings in a cloth which may produce because of the embroidery work.
Figure 103 Dhagatodi job by women (Source: Primary data)
Figure 101 Figure 102 Dhagatodi job by women (Source: Primary data)
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Women can earn 25 rupees per saree, it is not a big amount but for females, it is so that can provide things for their children. As per the interview with l5, she said, ‘it is easy for them to do this job because they don't need to go somewhere, the owner will give and pick the bundles from the home. This can make them busy with things and it can be done with the children easily.’ This shows that females of t1 and d1 are also earning and c1 females have a different story. Female construction workers prefer the labor groundwork like passing bricks and supplies the tools. They work the same hours as the male workers but still they get 20 percent less in comparison to the male c1. This shows that females are working but they are not getting the actual amount of working which inclined them not to work. Female needs to cook after they are back in their houses, so they have no time for the rest. After all, they have to get up early to make food and sleep late because they have to cook. In the end, female workers face several issues in different terms.
5.3.2 Maintenance cost Infrastructure needs maintenance over some time. The remaining facilities were maintained by the government and other authorities. The use of temporary material has a different challenge for maintenance purposes. As per the study, different house components are made of different temporary materials with their challenges. The roof is mostly made of plastic so, in every monsoon, they used to change it, and then it stays till summers and protects a house from the harsh sunlight. This demands the highest maintenance from the whole material list and 40 percent of the annual income is spent on roof maintenance only. The plinth of the house is either provided by the government or they live on the solid strata so that it does not have any maintenance cost at the annual stage but in the long run it can demand it. The comparison between wages and the maintenance cost of the house then 30 percent of the annual income will be spent on that.
Brick walls
Other material Walls
Plastic roof
Mangalore tiles
Plinths
Figure 104 Material require maintenance (Source: Primary data)
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The walls are made of temporary materials like bamboo and wooden material that need to repair after a time because of the climate reaction. Surat has a hot and humid climate and because of that wood as a structural material will not stay for a long period. It has to be replaced every 5 years but this applies only to the permanent migrants, for the seasonal migrants it is not a big deal. From the annual wage, 23 percent of the money they are spending on wall maintenance is made from wood. Serval houses also have brick walls that are covered with mangalore tiles which are made from clay. So that it can be broken under certain pressure and then start leaking water inside the house. Some of them are first covered the roof with plastic and then place a tile above for extra safety from the rain, and then remove it on hot days. Only 14 percent of the whole is spent on the brick walls because they are low maintenance whereas mangalore tiles have to be replaced if its broken or missing. Otherwise, it also has a long-life duration. So, this concludes that houses made completely from temporary materials require more maintenance compared to mixed material houses. But most of the interstate migrants are seasonal workers so they prefer informal settlements which were made of temporary material so they can be destroyed easily. A good house is a primary need to have a good quality of life because it provides a sense of safety to anyone. Typology of houses in informal settlements may not allow people to feel safe and it affects the urban community also through safety.
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5.4
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Institutional factors
5.4.1 Facilities in government housing The government has provided many housing schemes like PMYA and also built LIG and EWS houses for the lower-income group and also built AAWAS YOJNA in which slums are shifted into low-rise apartments. But it is not possible to grant houses for everyone. Because of these migrants forming informal settlements in the nearby area of the housing. The government housing has a dedicated space to perform a different function but it is not appropriate as per the anthropometry. The bifurcation of the house does not consider the factor of family members. They provide the same house for a two-member family and a large ten people family also has the same one. Then it is so difficult to adjust to the space. The migrant female is working too, and there is no space for them so they are using the living room for their work purpose.
Figure 105 LIG housing in s2 (Source: Primary data)
The process from building the house under a scheme to allocating them to the workers is very timeconsuming. The scheme ‘housing for all’ was not able to provide houses to every worker but it gives shelters to so many people. The time factors are the main constrain in this but still with this also the government is working on a good phase but they need to understand that providing housing
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is the not only solution for a good quality of life for migrant workers so they have to include those factors too, for the better living environment. ‘Low-income migrants’ in cities have always subsumed under the blanket, but arguably vague, the term ‘urban poor’. This categorization overlooks the mobility dimension of migrant workers’ lives where
they are constantly moving between places in search of work, following capital. The government’s estimates also indicate that with each passing year, the rates of migration in India are increasing. The open space is provided between two buildings with the proper pavement. These spaces will provide a sense of belonging to a different community. The housings are provided with a clear Figure 106 LIG housing in s2 (Source: Primary data)
shift system with all pip lanes that are required. There is no drinking water facility in each house but there is a common space from which one can collect the water.
The open spaces are provided in the center part and roads and streets are of actual standard size for better transportation. It allows them to park their vehicles because it also includes the urban poor with different occupations.
Figure 107 Open and paved space between two buildings (Source: Primary data)
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Figure 108 Government AAWAS yojana, Amroli (Source: Primary data)
Figure 109 Government AAWAS yojana, Amroli (Source: Primary data)
There is serval basic facility provided by the government in the housing areas like electric supplies, drinking water, and, provision of sanitation system, etc. The housing is provided electricity by the government but so many households are complaining about the power cuts. It is the primary facility that provides by the government with all charges and it consists of 40 percent of the whole. The second is the availability of drinking water in the area by providing general too which makes chaos 108 AAERT & The SSB LTD., Faculty of Architecture, SCET, SURAT
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in the morning time while municipal float the water. Because of this, many informal activities take place, but if they provide individual taps in the houses then it is more convenient for the people. The government has been able to provide this facility into 30 percent of the area covered by the housing. The other main facility is the plumbing and sanitation in which they provide the sewage outline in all houses and individual toilets and bath areas. All houses have separate facilities of bath and wash area except some of them and still they able to provide it only into 15 percent from the whole. The pipes are provided for the rainwater outlets and also it follows a duct system for the plumbing. For the open spaces, there is no specific hierarchy that is followed by the government schemes but they have provided a space where households can their cultural activities and wor
5 10
40 15
30
Electricity
Drinking water
Plumbing and Sanitation
Open space
Roads and streets
Figure 110 Facilities provided by the government (Source: Primary data)
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Chapter 6. Conclusion This chapter presents concluding remarks based on the objectives and the interpretation of its findings. It presents the achievements, needed solutions, some recommendations, future research directions, and a final reflection on this research.
6.1
Objectives and achievements
As per the described survey methods and defined parameters of the study, the research thesis will describe the existing scenario of migrant workers and after doing the detailed analysis it was examined that there are certain issues related to them that need to be resolved. In the first chapter of the research, the study objectives have been described, and as the study goes further the objectives have been achieved to some extent. Yet, after doing critical analysis, it was observed that accessibility of public toilets, sanitation, and water services was increased in comparison to past years. Also, it proves that open spaces and cultural celebrations improve the nature of belonging to the person. The particular dissertation justifies the condition of the house and surrounding plays a major role in achieving a high score of quality of life. This research will go through all the parameters and measure the quality of life of migrant workers of the study area. This will narrate the relation of migrant workers with the destination city and allow them to grow there. The amount and method of wages also have a high percentage to match high livability standards. After going through the field survey the research will find the problems in the site and provide a ranking based on the amenities which decode the living condition of the majority of the workers. Lastly, there are some recommendations provided to make housing and the lifestyle of mankind better in the expression of healthy housing.
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6.2
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Findings
6.2.1 Findings from parameters The particular topic provides perception about the findings concerning the literature review and thereafter detailed insight about the individual study of the parameters. •
Good quality of life becomes a necessity as it affects the physical as well as mental wellbeing of residents.
•
The parameters which are addressed in the study are linked with each other to measure the quality of life which affects the migrants' life daily.
•
The overall ideal facilities and spaces were helped people to grow so that they can fulfill their basic requirements for living.
•
The health of the workers was in danger because there is no safety measures taken by the government or by the local communities and organizations. Table 27 Findings as per study parameters (Source: Primary data)
Physical factor The
unit
Social factor design
Economic factor
Crime
rates
are
Daily
wages
Policies for labor
stands very small
increasing
the
allow workers to
workers are only
which affects the
housing areas which
spend more on
10% implacable on
comfort
causes differences in
living expenses.
the on-site housing
of
the
people.
in
Social factor
the communities.
Privacy
facilities.
issues
For acceptance and
Maintenance
prevail as there is
feel belonging to the
the house is worst
are not aware of
no proper provision
urban city, migrants
for the migrants
their
of a bedroom.
started
because it empty
policies
all the savings.
government to take
celebrating
all the festivals.
of
Migrant
workers
rights
and of
advantage of.
A
Open land is secured
No
management
as an open space for
about saving and
housing is provided
system is in poor
community
investing money
with
condition
gathering
and
facilities
drinking resources
water
and water are
available for 30%
any which
without
infrastructure
them.
knowledge
growing
Government
all
sanitation,
basic like water,
is
not
electricity. It is not
contributing
to
as per standers but 111
AAERT & The SSB LTD., Faculty of Architecture, SCET, SURAT
Research Thesis 2021-22 of
the
site
population. (Comparing
Priya Barot community
it
development.
comparison
to
is
better
informal
standards)
settlements.
Also, a lack of
It is concluded that
From three-site,
sufficient
more
not
garden
government
a
single
spaces is there in
hospitals have to be
migrant have a
the nearby area of
built nearby these
bank account or
the site.
areas.
other
saving
method adopted. Streets and roads
Most of the sites did
Monthly
are
not have an open
can make more
waste or rainwater
ground
impact and make
outlets. All the sites
recreational
have a narrow path
that can be used for
responsible
to walk into the site
festivals
spending money
area which is very
recreational
dark and full of
functions.
not
having
or
such space
or
them
wages
more for
wisely.
garbage. From three sites,
It
two of the sites had
majorly there are no
the good provision
government schools
of public transport
and Anganwadi for
facilities but one
the providence of
site
proper education.
didn’t
have
seems
that
which resulted in using more private vehicles
or
pedestrian walkways.
6.2.2 Findings from sites The different site has a different number of issues needed to be solved as per the problems it has. The below table is the conclusion based upon the field study which gives a list of issues and how they can be easily solved by changing minor factors. 112 AAERT & The SSB LTD., Faculty of Architecture, SCET, SURAT
in to
Research Thesis 2021-22
Priya Barot
Table 28 Finding and solution as per the site (Source: Primary data)
SITE SITE – 1
CONCLUSION
FINDINGS • •
• •
More kutcha houses are located
•
Restrict the river accessibility
on the site.
and increase the availability of
Wastage of the site is directly
material to build a semi-pucca
thrown into the river.
house.
No bifurcation in the streets and
•
Levels of streets and roads are
roads.
allocated in the site as primary,
The site does not have open land
secondary roads.
to
perform
a
community
gathering. SITE – 2
•
•
The site does not have proper
•
Proper provision of gutter
roads and rainwater outlets which
lanes and outlets to keep the
affect the health of residents.
roads clean.
Transport
facilities
were
•
The accessibility of the site
inefficient along with the lack of
can be improved by providing
basic
proper transport facilities.
facilities
Anganwadi,
like
and
schools,
recreational
spaces. SITE – 3
•
•
The site is in poor condition in comparison to others.
•
The site has no proper pathways and roads to access it.
•
There was a lack of basic
•
amenities. •
For cleanliness, dustbins should be provided. • To improve the accessibility of the pathway’s paver blocks should be provided. A green patch along with trees should be provided.
At the site level, proper hygiene was not maintained.
•
•
Lack of open spaces along with insufficient light and ventilation was observed.
•
Lack of public transport
•
Streets and roads can provide as per the standards for improved spaces. Connecting routes for public transport.
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Chapter 7. Suggestions for Improvement So many statutory bodies are working for the migrant workers but they are unable to provide the basic facilities that they want. to make a change, some suggestions were pointed out in this chapter for all legal hierarchy and also for the local people that how they can make a change in their lives by helping them in a certain way.
7.1.1 Recommendation for managing data on inter-migrants Most of the migrant workers are not aware of the policies and rules of the government, as per the study. For the improvement, the government has to take a step forward and make aware migrant people of their rights so that they can enroll themselves and take advantage of the facilities. They can organize some workshops or form some units that can teach them about their rights.
Household survey
Website login
Policies in native villages
Publication of reports
Identify the gaps
Photographs
Figure 111 Newspaper article about survey on migrant workers (Source: The Youth worker)
Figure 112 Newspaper article about survey on migrant workers (Source: The Economic Times)
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7.1.2 Recommendation for policy implication Government policies are the best ways to let the quality of life of migrant workers so that they can contribute to the economy of the country. These policies are working on the different sectors like housing, community spaces, etc. The education policy can help migrants to educate their next generation and give them a good life a broader vision. Policies in a favour of sustainable approach for a healthy lifestyle that does not affect the climate. And also, health subsidies, it is the most indeed thing for the workers because it takes all the saving to get the hospital treatment.
Provision of Community spaces
Educational policy
Policy
Health related policy
Sustainable approach
Maintenance and Management Policy
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7.1.3 Recommendation for female migrant workers Across India, many women experience significant social isolation. A lack of social connections can lead to poor outcomes for women, especially around family planning where household members may constrain women’s choices. A recent study in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh successfully tested new approaches to removing both financial and social barriers standing in the way of women who need family planning services.
Extra income in household
Skill development
Independent living
Better future for children
Figure 113 Women empowerment news
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Research Thesis 2021-22
7.2
Priya Barot
Future Study Directions
The limitation due to pandemic point towards the topics to be addressed in future, certain interviews, surveys have been yet left which can be incorporated in the future scope of understanding. The following ideas can be tested. •
Using primary data for better understanding i.e. questionnaire incorporated by asking the urban people of the site which results in being more beneficial as the problems and the present situation can be examined in a better way.
•
The site located in a particular zone can be analyzed in a much better way by visiting it and asking the residents about the present situation, also the zone can be studied in a detailed way by sorting down all the present affordable housing in that area.
Furthermore, the study of particular research will help the reader to get an understanding of the important parameters to design housing layout which therefore provides significant insight about the facts that are vital to study for the base data.
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References 1. Abyzhar Shobirin, A. H. R. a. A. h., 2018. multifuction space in settlements and their relation to activity pattern , Indonesia : AIP publishing . 2. Al-Tarazi, D., 2021. “What Makes a House a Home?”, University of the West of England: University of the West of England. 3.
Anon.,
Available
2017. at:
Study
in
Denmark.
[Online]
https://studyindenmark.dk/news/quality-of-life-denmark-ranked-1st
[Accessed 2021]. 4.
Anon.,
Available
2019.
at:
What
are
the
impacts
of
migration?.
[Online]
https://www.internetgeography.net/igcse-geography/population-and-settlement-
igcse-geography/what-are-the-impacts-of-migration/ 5. Anon., n.d. BBC- population and migrartion , s.l.: s.n. 6. As, D., 2016. Houses, Dwellings and Homes - Attitudes toward One's Own , s.l.: s.n. 7. Das, M., 2020. Migrant & immigrant workers Labour: General, s.l.: buisness and human rights resource centre . 8. Duncan, J. a. D. N., 1976. Social worlds, status passage, and environmental perspectives, s.l.: environmental Knowing - online . 9. El-Shafei, D., 2019. Quality of life. s.l.:sildeshare . 10. Gill, S. S., 1998. Migration of labour in India, The Indian Journal of Labour Economics, s.l.: s.n. 11. Hirway, I., 2018. they live their homes to build ours, SURAT : PCLRA. 12. inida, g. o., 2017. Liveability Standards in Cities , s.l.: ministry of urban development india. 13. Jenkinson, C., 2020. Quality of life. Encyclopedia Britannica, Issue 3 October 2021.. 14. Available
Khambete, at:
A.
K.,
2015.
indiawaterportal.
[Online]
https://www.indiawaterportal.org/articles/water-poverty-mumbai-slum
[Accessed 10 oct 2021]. 15. Owczarek, K., 2010. THE CONCEPT OF QUALITY, Acta Neuropsychologica: Medical University of Warsaw. 118 AAERT & The SSB LTD., Faculty of Architecture, SCET, SURAT
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16. pooja shah, d. m., 2010. Welfare Extension by Local State and Social protection - surat , Ahmedabad: Centre for Urban Equity. 17. Push and Pull factors as drivers of migration. 2020. [Film] s.l.: Geography Lessons. 18.
Rai,
D.,
2020.
Rights
of
migrant
workers
in
India.
[Online]
[Accessed 9 sep 2021]. 19. Ron Mahabir, A. C., 22 sep. 2016 . The study of slums as social and physical constructs: challenges and emerging research opportunities, s.l.: the George Mason University Libraries Open Access Publishing Fund. 20. Roychowdhury, D., 2013. value of common open spaces for urban poor - case of ahemdabad , Helen Woolley: s.n. 21. Ruževičius, J., 2014. Quality of Life and of Working Life , Liverpool (England) : Quality of Life and of Working Life: . 22. SALVE, D. W., 2017. Labour Rights and Labour Standards for Migrant Labour in India, Kolhapur: s.n. 23. SIXSMITH, J., 1986. THE MEANING OF HOME: AN EXPLORATORY study of environmental experience , U.K: Department of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey. 24. Smith, B. S. a. D., 2015. The house and the home: The balance of architecture and psychology within the residential home , Australia: Deakin University, Geelong . 25. SUH, E. D. a. E., 1997. MEASURING QUALITY OF LIFE: ECONOMIC, SOCIAL,, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 26. UNHCR, 2016. overview of migrants, s.l.: digital Emergency Handbook system. 27. unit, q. o. l. r., n.d. Quality of Life, ontario: University of Toronto. 28. university, c., n.d. definitions , s.l.: cambridge uni. department .
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Appendix Questioner for field study:
Level
Parameter
Question
Answers
Name of the respondent House number Age
Basic Information
Individual
Demographic characteristics
Travel time
20-25
Gender Male Do you live alone or with family ? If with family, then how many members are there? Did your family come with you Yes during migration? why did you bring or not bring your family menbers with you ? In which year did you come to Surat? When did your family come to Surat? In which field are you working? Textile what is your place of birth? which community you belong? in which industry area you work? what are the working hours? what is the daily wages provides you? travel time from your house to work place?
2630
31-35
3640
Female
No
Diamond
Construction
120 AAERT & The SSB LTD., Faculty of Architecture, SCET, SURAT
Research Thesis 2021-22
Priya Barot how many time you travel to your state? how many months you spent in surat?
Family
since how long are you and other family members staying in this house? Is this your house or rented? Own how many Housing houses have you occupancy changed since coming to surat? Reasons for changing the house? How many rooms you havein house? Are you happy with your neighbours/room Perception of mates? Yes neighbours Are you choose this place by your self or by force? Byself what basic facilities the house have? Water for how many hours this facilities are available? 1 to 3 Maintenace is this land cost owned by you? Yes any subsidi provides by the government? Yes If yes then how and which and for what? Do you feel safe in this house? Yes Safety/Security If no, then what is the reason?
Rented
No
Forced
Electricity
Gas line
4 to 6
7 to 9
No
No
No
121 AAERT & The SSB LTD., Faculty of Architecture, SCET, SURAT
Sanitatio
Research Thesis 2021-22
Access to community place
Sense of community
Community
Access to friends
Behaviour of public space
Society
Maintance cost
Priya Barot Is their any community gathering place in your vicinity? Yes if yes, then where is it? how and for what you use community place? are people of your community live in range? 500m which community festival you are celebrating? any other gathering reason without festival? If yes, then which? are any specific space of friends gathering? Yes is you and your friends works at same place? Yes how you use open space of your society if any? any play ground provided or the place kids play? Yes where is the daily naka for the construction workers? is the society maintain by someone? do you pay any cost for the maintenance? if yes, then how much? who and how the society maintain?
Yes
No
1km
2km
No
No
No
No
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Aesthetic / Appearance
Priya Barot is there any chnages you have to make on house according to your culutre? are you happy with this house? what are the formalization seen in your community houses?
123 AAERT & The SSB LTD., Faculty of Architecture, SCET, SURAT
