Energy and Sustainability Africa - April 2024

Are we dying or is it just noise?

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IS OUR PLANET DYING?

DearReader,

Welcome to another edition of Energy and Sustainability Africa researched and producedinNamibia!

Africa is in the forefront of literally every aspect of sustainable growth and development Whileonlyaccountingforsome 7%ofglobalgreenhousegas(GHG)emissions, thecontinentholdsgreatpotentialinhelping to meet global needs for mitigation of emissions

E-mobility for example depends on critical mineralssuchaslithiumandcopper,withthe DemocraticRepublicofCongo(DRC),Zambia, SouthAfrica,andNamibia,amongotherswith substantialdeposits

In the loudness of modern sermons, one question looms ominously over humanity: Is our planet dying? This query, once relegated to the fringes of scientific debate, now commands center stage in our collective consciousness, demanding urgent attention anddecisiveaction

Hope you find this edition of Energy and Sustainability Africa informative as we encourage you to follow us and engage with usonalloursocialmediaaccounts Asalways, the conversation continues at esa@rdjpublishing.africa.

Yours, editor@rdjpublishing.africa

NOTE1: Wewelcomelettersandarticles from readers globally and require that you provideyourfulldetailssuchasname,current address and contact phone/WhatsApp numberaswellasemail.Wehoweverreserve the right to amend, modify or reject submissions You may also request that your detailsbewithheldfrompublication

NOTE2: EnergyandSustainabilityAfrica is published monthly and is FREE to Readers. The magazine is paid for by advertising and the research support from RDJ Consulting ServicesCC,Windhoek,Namibia

So, is our planet dying or are we just reading crystals?Wemustthereforeneverlosesightof the fact that it is within our power to effect meaningful change as the answer lies in the sustainablemeasuredactionswetaketoday

The Economics of Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage Technology

AUTHOR: Chilombo (Olga) Priscila EconomicResearcher/Statistician@ RDJ Consulting

The process of carbon capture has garnered significant attention lately as a potential solution to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and combat

climate change This is achieved by using Carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies - a set of technologies designed to capture CO2 from large emitting sources The approach involves capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from various industrial processes and power generation activities, transporting them to a suitable storage location, and securely storing them underground or permanently in products to prevent them from being released into the atmosphere

Despite the importance of CCS in achieving clean energy transitions, deployment of this technology has been slow to take off, especially in Africa, attributing this to mainly cost of deployment. Other equally important barriers that involve finance include technological readiness, policy frameworks, and infrastructure development

The International Energy Association (IEA) reported that by 2021, there were only around 20 commercial Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage (CCUS) operations worldwide, with plans for 30 additional commercial CCUS facilities to come CCUS in this case refers to an industrial process that makes economically valuable products using CO2 at concentrations above atmospheric levels. Despite the Covid 19 crisis, in 2020 governments and industry committed more than USD 4 5 billion to CCUS This momentum led to the increase of these numbers, and as of July 2023, the Global CCS Institute reported a total of 392 facilities in the pipeline, representing a 102% year-on-year increase. “41 facilities are in operation, with a capacity to capture and store 49 Mtpa and 351 facilities are in development.”

Examining the fundamental cost structures and determinants of CCS technologies is crucial for facilitating investment decisions and informing

Courtesy: GlobalCCSInstitute

policymaking regarding CCS technology adoption Before delving into these aspects, it is important to provide a concise overview of the three primary capture technologies: post-combustion, pre-combustion, and oxyfuel.

1 Pre-Combustion Carbon Capture: this entails capturing CO2 from fossil fuels before combustion, often via gasification, and then separating it from the resulting syngas

Post-Combustion Carbon Capture: this technology involves capturing CO2 emissions after combustion, typically from industrial processes or power plants, using chemical solvents or sorbents.

2. Oxy-Fuel Combustion: in this process, fossil fuels are burnt in an oxygen-rich environment to produce a flue gas consisting mainly of CO2 and water vapor, which can be easily captured.

3 Cost Determinants for CCS

Africa has vast potential for CCS deployment due to its growing industrial activity and energy demand The cost of CCS technology is multifaceted and depend on various factors including the cost of capture, transportation, and storage, as well as policy incentives and market conditions Costs also vary depending on the CO2 concentration in the emissions stream - meaning; the lower the CO2 concentration in the gas, the higher the energy demand required for separating out the CO2, resulting in higher costs

The IEA also attributes the persistent high costs of CCS to high design complexity and the need for customization that limits the deployment of CCS. Despite being in use commercially for more than 50 years, CCS cost reductions have been slow compared to the experience rates (or the decrease in cost with increased development and deployment) of CCS with other energy technologies, such as solar and wind

The cost of carbon capture

CCUS applications do not all have the same cost Looking specifically at carbon capture, the cost can vary greatly by CO2 source The IEA estimates that industrial processes producing “pure” or highly concentrated CO2 streams (such as ethanol production or natural gas processing) cost USD 15-25/t CO2, while processes with “dilute” gas streams, such as cement production and power generation cost USD 40-120/t CO2 Capturing CO2 directly from the air is currently the most expensive approach but could nonetheless play a unique role in carbon removal

In fact, it is reported that postcombustion carbon capture technologies tend to have higher capital costs than pre-combustion technologies.

The cost of transport and storage

Moving on to the cost of transportation and storage, this can also vary greatly on a case-by-case basis, depending mainly on CO2 volumes, transport distances and storage

Courtesy:wwwglobalccsinstitutecom

conditions. In the United States, for example, the cost of onshore pipeline transport is in the range of USD 2-14/t CO2, while the cost of onshore storage shows an even wider spread according to the IEA However, more than half of onshore storage capacity is estimated to be available below USD 10/t CO2 In some cases, storage costs can even be negative if the CO2 is injected into (and permanently stored in) oilfields to enhance production and thus generate more revenue from oil sales - this stand as a great economic opportunity for Africa to pursue, given significant new oil discoveries!

CCUS - A Cost Reduction Opportunity for Industry

Achieving deep emissions reductions in heavy industry (cement, steel and chemicals production) can be challenging, however, CCUS is a relatively advanced and cost-competitive option to significantly cut the CO2 emitted during the production of these essential materials. It can also be more cost-effective to retrofit CCUS to existing facilities than building new capacity with alternative technologies. CCUS is currently the cheapest option for reducing emissions in the production of some important chemicals such as ammonia, which is widely

used in fertilisers The estimated costs of CCUS-equipped ammonia and methanol production based on natural gas are estimated to be around 20-40% higher than their unabated counterparts, while the cost of electrolytic hydrogenroutesisestimatedtobe50-115%higher

Conclusion

The global carbon capture market is expected to grow significantly between 2023 and 2027, reaching a value of USD 7 5 billion by 2027 according to the Carbon Capture in Global Market Overview 2023-2027 report Africa cannot afford to miss out on this It comes as a great economic opportunity for the continent through innovative financing mechanisms, supportive policies, and international cooperation to stimulate initial investment costs, technological readiness, and sound policy frameworks. The conversation as always continues at esa@rdjpublishing.africa

Readings:

https://www iea org/commentaries/is-carbon-capture-tooexpensive

https://www globalccsinstitute com/resources/ccs-image-library/

https://www reportlinker com/market-report/EnvironmentalServices/7665/Carbon-Capture

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Did You Know?

Toreachnetzeroemissionsby2050,annual cleanenergyinvestmentworldwidewillneedto morethantripleby2030toaround$4trillion.

SOURCE:InternationalEnergyAgency(IEA),“NetZeroby2050”report

Africa’s direct contribution to global climate change is estimatedatamodest7%

Globally, 27 direct air capture plants remove 100,000 metrictonsofCO₂annually atinyfractionofthe36.8 billionmetrictonsofCO₂pumpedintotheatmosphere by human activities in 2022.

SOURCE: www.nbcnews.com

Reducingglobalcarbondioxide(CO2)emissionstonet zeroby2050isconsistentwitheffortstolimitthelongtermincreaseinaverageglobaltemperaturesto1.5˚C.

SOURCE:IEA,“NetZeroby2050”report

In our pathway to net zero, almost 90% of global electricity generation in 2050 comes from renewable sources,withsolarPVandwindtogetheraccountingfor nearly70%

SOURCE:IEA,“NetZeroby2050”report

Electricity generation will need to reach net zero emissions globally in 2040 and be well on its way to supplying almost half of total energy consumption

SOURCE:IEA,“NetZeroby2050”report.

Morethan10millionEVsweresoldworldwidein2022. That means more electric cars are now sold weekly thanin2013.SOURCE:www.virta.global

Worldwide, electric cars consumed around 110 TWh of energy in 2022. On the other hand, the use of EVs has replaced around 700 000 barrels of oil per day and saved about 80 Mt of greenhouse gas emissions If the e-mobilitysectorcontinuestogrow,aspredictedbythe APS, 16 million barrels of oil per day will be saved by 2025 and 46 million per day by 2030

SOURCE: wwwvirtaglobal

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Courtesy: Flickr

The Balance Between Carbon Reduction and Net Zero

AUTHOR: David Jarrett Editor@ RDJ Publishing and RDJ Group ChiefExecutiveOfficer

It is becoming a regular occurrence globally to hear that “greenies are scaring others” making sustainable actions considered scare mongering Jennifer

Pallanich covering the SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference (HFTC), notes that (fracking) energy executives (fossil fuel) sectors, have a dilemma on their hands It basically is that in the face of climate change realities, “is our industry dying or is it just noise”?

The energy transition, a pivotal component in achieving net-zero emissions, endeavors to shift humanity away from reliance on fossil fuels, notorious for their environmental impacts when consumed at current levels Regrettably, prevailing marketing and awareness efforts

have predominantly focused on climate change and greenhouse gas emissions, neglecting the crucial aspect of lifestyle choices, thereby complicating the realization of the Paris Agreement's objectives Additionally, it's essential to acknowledge that Africa's direct contribution to global climate change is estimated at a modest 7%

Furthermore, society must confront the looming reality of exhausting finite resources like oil and gas, leading to economic ramifications As supplies diminish and demand fluctuates, the potential for price inflation becomes a pressing concern

Despite these challenges, several African nations have staked their economic future on the production and

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IndustrialPlant Courtesy:Dangote

export of crude oil. Nigeria, for instance, is investing heavily in refining infrastructure, exemplified by the Dangote Oil Refinery project, which aims to not only meet domestic demand but also generate surplus refined products for export The recent move to reduce fuel prices, applauded by the Nigerian President, underscores the intricate interplay between supply and demand dynamics

Nigeria's heavy reliance on oil and gas exports, constituting approximately 93% of total export revenue (roughly USD 7 billion), underscores the significance of its pledge to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 20% Consequently, Nigeria has set a target date of 2060 to achieve net-zero emissions, recognizing the profound

impact of oil revenues on its economic stability.

Conversely, oil-importing African nations are actively exploring strategies to reduce dependency on fossil fuels Kenya, for instance, has formulated a comprehensive Long-Term Low-Emission Development Strategy (LT-LEDS), with the aim of transitioning towards a net-zero emissions trajectory by 2050. Notably, this initiative has garnered presidential support, including the launch of the Kenyan LT-LEDS, which targets a 32% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030

It's unsurprising that both Nigeria and Kenya identify the transport sector as a significant contributor to energy

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e-mobilityCourtesy:MAN/ABB

demand However, the specific areas within the transport sector driving this demand remain ambiguous. While there's an assumption that urban transport needs play a substantial role, clarifying the precise sources of demand is crucial for facilitating sustainable development and achieving net-zero targets

One of the primary criticisms of "clean" vehicles revolves around the requirement for extensive infrastructure, such as charging points, and perceived aesthetic shortcomings. Additionally, skeptics highlight the potential environmental drawbacks of electric vehicles (EVs) being charged from coal and oil-fired power systems Concerns also extend to the impracticality of recharging times, with level 1 and level 2 charging taking anywhere from 4 to 12 hours On the opposing side, advocates against fossil fuels emphasize the high levels of pollutants emitted and the complexities associated with traditional refueling methods, including safety risks.

Similarly, the energy transition necessitates substantial capital investment, with some projections estimating costs of up to USD 100 billion annually Moreover, as society increasingly relies on electronic devices, demand for energy will inevitably rise, placing upward pressure on costs.

Regardless of one's stance on this issue, it's evident that oil prices will escalate in the future, irrespective of the trajectory. Forecasts suggest considerable variability, withsomepredictingpricesrangingfromUSD61to80per barrel by 2025 Notably, future pricing dynamics will be heavily influenced by demand patterns, particularly in sectorssuchasheatingandtransportation

Is Africa ready? Net-zero must therefore have a more bottom-up approach, focussing on areas such as public transport, allowing for public confidence building and gradual build out of infrastructure As always, the conversationcontinues esa@rdjpublishing.africa .

Readings:

https://www hartenergy com/exclusives/amid-climatescaremongering-energy-execs-urge-engagement-realism-208064

https://issuu com/rdjpublishing/docs/rdj briefing - august 2023

https://www dangote com/our-business/oil-and-gas/

https://climatepromise.undp.org/news-and-stories/3-wayssustain-africas-net-zero-future-long-term

https://ndcpartnership org/news/kenya-unveils-comprehensivelegal-framework-accelerate-climate-action

https://www carbonbrief org/the-carbon-brief-profile-nigeria/

https://netzeroclimate org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/NZBusinesses-Africa-report-Nov22.pdf

https://netzeroclimate org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/NZBusinesses-Africa-report-Nov22 pdf

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The Reality Behind Rainfall and Groundwater Recharge

AUTHOR: Chilombo (Olga) Priscila EconomicResearcher/Statistician@ RDJ Consulting

Courtesy:UNHCR

Flooding does not always translate to increased water supply! While rainfall is a primary source of water replenishment for rivers, lakes, and groundwater reserves, there are factors that can impede precipitation from effectively translating into augmented water resources.

AUTHOR:Chilombo(Olga)Priscila

While some may argue that winter is the best season, with its crisp air and cozy nights by the fire, others prefer the rainy season as it means

more agricultural productivity, optimal hydropower outputs and improved air quality - especially for arid and semi-arid regions.

In Southern Africa, the rainy season typically lasts from October to April and reaches maximum strength between November and March The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration reports that “most locations receive more than 75% of their annual precipitation during this 7 month period, with some parts in the northwest receiving more than 90% of their total annual rainfall”

This year, many African countries have faced a delayed rainy season marked by irregular rainfall alternating between wetter and drier than average conditions, extended dry spells, abnormal dryness and/or drought which commenced late in January 2024. However, now that the standard rainy season is approaching its end (April), much of the rain received has caused disruptionsleading to flooding in many areas including DRC, Tanzania, Burundi, Angola, Rwanda, Zambia, Madagascar, and Mozambique according to the Famine Early Warning Systems Network weather report.

Given the level of flooding observed, one would naturally assume that along with it comes the advantage of having increased water available for consumption Well, this is true for certain areas with sufficient infrastructure for capturing and storing rainwater through rainwater harvesting systems. These systems collect rainwater from roofs or other surfaces, which can then be stored and used for various purposes, including drinking water, irrigation, and other domestic uses Countries like

Australia and India have implemented rainwater harvesting programs to augment their water supply during periods of scarcity

However, this is not necessarily the case for regions with inadequate infrastructure or where rainfall patterns are erratic. While rainfall is a primary source of water replenishment for rivers, lakes, and groundwater reserves, here are some factors that can impede precipitation from effectively translating into augmented water resources

1.Storage and Infrastructure

Without proper storage facilities - including reservoirs and dams, or effective water management strategies, excess rainfall may lead to runoff and flooding rather than increased water availability for human consumption

And in cases of runoffs, heavy rainfall events tend to contaminate existing water sources, exacerbating water quality issues The lack of adequate infrastructure forces rainwater to flow unused into the sea, leading to missed opportunities for water storage and management.

2. Land use and Human Activities

Additionally, Human interventions like deforestation, urbanization, and land degradation can alter the natural hydrological cycle In fact, highly developed areas like cities with few natural greenspaces, lots of development and without natural drainage, make it difficult for rain to be absorbed into the ground due to high evaporation rates and runoffs As a result, “only about 15 percent of the water that falls onto highly developed areas re-enters the ground, which is what needs to happen for the water to be absorbed into the aquifers and springs that feed into our rivers, supplying our communities with water” (Texas Living Water Organization).

Courtesy:sciencing.com

3. Rainfall Distribution and Intensity

Heavy rainfall over a short duration might lead to heavy surface runoff, causing erosion and minimal infiltration into the soil, while moderate and sustained rainfall allows for better absorption into the ground, replenishing aquifers and contributing to base flow in rivers and streams over time Direct infiltration and groundwater recharge in arid environments are also relatively low due to the rarity of rainstorms, low mean average precipitation, and high potential evaporation; therefore, in many desert areas, direct rain infiltration is regarded as nonexistent.

4. Climate Variability and Change

Changes in precipitation patterns, including shifts in timing, frequency, and intensity of rainfall events, can impact water availability and exacerbate water stress in certain regions. For example, in arid and semi-arid regions, even substantial rainfall may not guarantee sufficient water supply due to high evaporation rates and low groundwater recharge potential

5. Geography and Soil Types

L tl hi f t h t i d

Additionally, areas with porous soils and permeable rock formations facilitate groundwater recharge, while regions with impermeable surfaces like clay and rock hinder infiltration,leadingtosurfacerunoff.

So then we can agree that while increased rainfall can potentially contribute to higher water availability for consumption, its impact cannot be fully guaranteed since it depends on a variety of factors Therefore, even when it is raining heavily, effective water management practices should remain in place to ensure sustainable water resources especially in the face of changing climate conditions We should remember that the less water we use today, the more water we will have to help get us through the dry times As always, the conversation continuesat esa@rdjpublishing.africa

Readings:

https://texaslivingwaters org/water-conservation-mattersrain/#: :text=It%20may%20be%20raining%20on,for%20those%20p eople%20to%20use

https://www cpc ncep noaa gov/products/assessments/assess 96/ safr html#: :text=In%20southern%20Africa%2C%20the%20rainy,of %20their%20total%20annual%20rainfall

h // li f b i / / d / f h f

Biochar - Carbon Neutrality in Agriculture

AUTHOR: Chilombo (Olga) Priscila EconomicResearcher/Statistician@ RDJ Consulting

Considering the fact that there is not really a singular BiocharCarbonRemovalhasavarietyofco-benefitsthatmakeitatopchoiceforbusinessesseekingcarboncredits

ImageCourtesy:Carbonfuture

Innovative solutions for reducing or sequestering carbon emissions are continuously emerging.

solution to comprehensively address the complexities of emissions reduction, past experiences and lessons direct us to being more open minded by diversifying our approaches to addressing such issues In fact, attaining the much-needed Net Zero goals is going to require a myriad of approaches specific to the sector and application in question.

Taking the agricultural industry as an example, it is estimated to contribute approximately 18% of global carbon dioxide equivalent emissions annually, and biochar is one of many solutions for addressing agricultural and general land-use emissions But before we delve into that, let's step back to define biochar, discuss how it is produced and then its applications as well as benefits to agriculture and the climate

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Definition and Production

As already reported in the May 2023 edition of this publication, the Institute for Sustainability defines biochar as a “carbon-rich material that is made from biomass through a thermochemical conversion process known as pyrolysis” This process entails intense heating of feedstock in the absence of oxygen at about 450-650°C to break down complex molecular chains and rearrange molecular bonds to form a solid, very stable product. In simple terms, biochar is the residue obtained from the process of burning organic material from plant material

Biochar in Agriculture: Net Zero and Productivity

When it comes to developing a net zero agriculture pathway, the production of biochar no longer remains an option, it becomes an urgent necessity! To justify this, let us take a step back into our basic plant biology/science

We know that plants absorb CO2 for photosynthesis as they grow, and release back into the air the much-needed oxygen. The problem is that the same CO2 absorbed by plants is normally released again quickly because if crop

waste stays in a field after harvest, it will rot and release emissions The same thing happens with fallen branches in a forest, or organic waste in a landfill. But if organic material is turned into biochar, that stops most of it from breaking down. A study by Thomas Trabold (a professor at Rochester Institute of Technology) indicates that such “process essentially takes part of the carbon in the original biomass and locks it into a very stable form that will reduce degradation of the carbon for hundreds or thousands of years”. This therefore makes biochar a highpermanence carbon removal solution.

Once biochar is produced, it can be crushed and applied to the soil to improve its quality Under a microscope, biochar looks like a sponge - showing high porosity Its high porosity therefore helps it hold water for longer once added to soil; its negatively charged surface allows for better nutrient retention - making farmers require less irrigation and fertilizers for their crops; and its high carbon content helps rebalance acidic soils The result is a durably improved crop productivity and the possibility to switch to 100% organic farming according to netzero green In fact, agricultural scientists (Jeffery et al. (2017)) have discovered a global average production increase of +25% in the tropics at a median biochar application rate of 1.5 kg/m2.

Courtesy:GettyImagesPro

To achieve Net Zero through agriculture, it is needed that only agricultural residues are used as feedstock For example: coffee or cocoa husks and shells; sugarcane bagasse; coconut shells and fibers; peanut or cashew shells; palm empty bunches When deployed at a global scale and taking into account sustainability constraints, the World Economic Forum (WEF) says that biochar can remove between 0.44 to 2.62 Gt CO2 from the atmosphere every year, covering up to 35% of carbon dioxide removal needs in climate stabilization scenarios According to the WEF, this is equivalent to the climate pollution from more than 800 coal power plants, or nearly three times as much as the CO2 emissions from the airline industry

Other carbon-neutral benefits of biochar

Other notable benefits derived from the production process of biochar are the significant amounts of renewable energy in the form of gasses (syngas) and heat generated At net zero, this energy is recovered to be reused and further supplied either as electricity or heat

Biochar is considered a relatively permanent form of carbon storage, unlike planting trees that face the risk of later being cut down or burning in a forest fire. It’s also cheaper than technology like direct air capture, massive machines that absorb CO2 out of the air Equipment to produce biochar isn’t complicated to build According to Justin Cochrane (CEO of Carbon Streaming), “What makes biochar interesting is it is one of the few sorts of nearterm-scalable removal credits.”

The

sustainable potential for negative emissions through biochar is between 1 and 2 GtCO2 per year. -IPCC,2019

Beyond agriculture and carbon sequestration, biochar’s benefits span construction, ecosystem health and community welfare, which we can discuss in the next times.

Biochar’s ancient use in agriculture implies its potential benefits in sustainable crop production and environmental remediation. From its carbon removal capabilities to the vast array of co-benefits it offers, biochar production and applications is set to become an essential part of any carbon removal portfolio. Therefore, it is important that policy analysis, investors and stakeholders come together and address the existent barriers and challenges to expanding its adoption especially in Africa - a continent that is highly vulnerable toclimatechange

Readings:

https://netzero green/en/biochar/

https://rosysoil com/blogs/news/biochar-vs-charcoal

https://www weforum org/agenda/2023/11/biochar-carbonremovals-jack-of-all-trades-for-immediate-climate-action/

https://www weforum org/agenda/2023/11/biochar-carbonremovals-jack-of-all-trades-for-immediate-climate-action/

https://www weforum org/agenda/2023/10/biochar-climatechange-mitigation-tool/

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global

Cameroon: Small-Scale Farmers Receive Support from FAO and World Bank contributed by:

he Director-General of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), QU Dongyu, today signed an agreement to provide FAO’s support to the ROME, Italy, April 23, 2024/APO Group/

The PULCCA Project will provide support through four key components:

TGovernment of Cameroon in building the capacity of small-scale farmers in the country’s Eastern Region

The Cameroon Emergency Food Crisis Response Project which is receiving $2.92 million from the World Bank and for which FAO is an implementing partner, seeks to strengthen sustainable food production and enhance farmer’s resilience to the impacts of the climate crisis The mid-term report on the 2023 food crises reveals that in Cameroon 22 percent of the population is in Phase 2 (Stressed), and 10 percent of the population is in Phase 3 (Crisis) of Acute Food Insecurity.

The FAO Director-General signed the agreement in a ceremony with Gabriel Mbairobe, Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development of Cameroon, Dr Taiga, Minister of Livestock, Fisheries and Animal Industries of Cameroon and a Representative of the World Bank.

“The climate crisis has impacted across the agriculture sector, including livestock and fisheries, as well as affecting other key areas such as health,” Qu stated

“In view of climate variability and the disruptive events observed in the country, FAO supports the Project through agricultural and livestock support in the eastern region” the Director-General added.

One: by supporting food and nutrition stabilization of rapid response for early recovery and resilience building;

Two: by strengthening smallholder production capacities through crop and livestock support for climateandnutritionresilience;

Three: through support for community preparedness andearlywarningsystems;and

Four: through project management, monitoring, and evaluation

FAO’s intervention will include the procurement and distribution of agricultural inputs (improved droughtresistant seed varieties, fertilisers) and equipment for primary production to farmers, 60 percent of whom are women In addition to boosting crop production, support for livestock production is also envisage, including the distribution of inputs and materials for livestock farmers andmassvaccinationcampaignsfortraditionalpoultry

FAO will also provide technical assistance to strengthen farmers’ resilience to climate change through the farmerfield-schoolandclimate-smartproductionapproach.

Distributed by APO Group on behalf of Food and AgricultureOrganization(FAO).

https://www africa-newsroom com/press/in-cameroon-food-andagriculture-organization-fao-supports-world-bankfunded-projecttargeting-nutrition-early-warning-systems-resilience-andcapacitybuilding-for-smallscale-farmers

“The climate crisis has impacted across the agriculture sector, including livestock and fisheries, as well as affecting other key areas such as health,”

-QU Dongyu

Is 2050 Net Zero Emission Scenario Possible?

AUTHOR: Grace Kangotue ChiefResearcher/Economist@ RDJ Consulting

Carbondioxideemissionsofthetransportationsectorworldwidefrom1990to2022,byregion (inmillionmetrictons)

Courtesy:Statista

The global pursuit of net zero emissions by 2050 is a defining challenge of our time, demanding concerted efforts across all sectors to effectively

mitigate climate change Some feel that Africa holds the answer and opportunity to meet net zero through low carbon emissions Among these sectors, transportation poses a significant hurdle due to its complexity and substantial contribution to greenhouse gas emissions. Despite these challenges, there are promising technologies and commitments that offer hope for a greener future

The transport sector stands as a core contributor to global emissions, with aviation, shipping, and road haulage often deemed as hard-to-decarbonize industries. Recent insights from the World Economic Forum suggest that synthetic fuels could emerge as viable alternatives to fossil fuels, potentially revolutionizing the way we power planes, ships, and trucks With road transport alone

accounting for over three-quarters of total mobility emissions, the urgency to explore such alternatives cannotbeoverstated.

As part of the clean mobility efforts, McKinsey & Company highlight options such as battery electric vehicles (BEVs), hydrogen fuel-cell electric vehicles (FCEVs), hydrogen internal combustion engines (H2-ICEs), as well as biofuel or synfuel internal combustion engines as promising avenues Despite this, they caution that hybrid and gas engines must serve as temporary solutions rather than long-term ones due to their inability to achieve zero emissionsindependently

The momentum towards zero-emission vehicles has gained further traction at COP26 in 2021, where stakeholders pledged to fully adopt such vehicles in all sales by 2040, if not earlier This ambitious commitment underscoresthepressingneedforacceleratedaction

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within the transport sector, particularly in decarbonizing road transport, which accounts for a substantial portion of emissions With the global population on an upward trajectory and road transport being the predominant mode of mobility, failure to act swiftly could spell disaster

Is net zero truly achievable?

Recent data revealed a sobering reality, with global CO2 emissions from the transport sector rising by 3% in 2022, producing 7 86 gigatonnes (Gt) CO2 compared to 2021 This increase underscores the pressing need for action to curb emissions in the transportation sector. To meet the target of achieving net zero emissions in the transport sector by 2030, a substantial reduction of 25% in emissions is required within the coming years

According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), the electric vehicle (EV) market showed promising signs during the same period, with sales growing by 14% of all car sales, aligning with the trajectory towards 2030 net zero emissions targets. Yet, regional disparities remain stark, with 95% of electric car sales concentrated in China, the United States, and Europe Such variations underscore the uneven pace of the clean energy transition across different countries, highlighting the need for tailored approaches to decarbonization.

Although, existing technologies offer pathways to emission reduction, the road to net zero in transport is fraught with challenges Resource mobilization such as charging points and other critical infrastructure, Courtesy:energy-baseorg

including investments in renewable energy, and technology, is crucial for facilitating this transition Still, disparities in resources and implementation capabilities among countries may definitely prolong the journey toward net zero This is clearly amplified by Martina Biene, Chairperson and Managing Director of Volkswagen Group Africa stating "As most global vehicle markets transition to electric vehicles, African markets like South Africa will continue manufacturing and selling vehicles with internal combustion engines (ICEs) for the foreseeablefuture"

Thus we believe achieving net zero emissions in transportation by 2050 is a formidable, yet achievable goal. While challenges remain, technological advancements and policy commitments provide a foundation for progress; although disparities in implementation capabilities and resource availability may extend the timeline for certain regions. Nonetheless, with concerted efforts and international collaboration, the vision of a net zero transport sector is within reach, even if it may require more time than the original set timeframe

Readings:

https://www.pwc.com/sg/en/publications/assets/page/ai-drivennet-zero pdf

https://www weforum org/agenda/2021/11/net-zero-emissionscop26-climate-change/

https://www mckinsey com/industries/automotive-andassembly/our-insights/how-hydrogen-combustion-engines-cancontribute-to-zero-emissions

https://www iea org/energy-system/transport/electric-vehicles

https://www iea org/reports/tracking-clean-energy-progress-2023

https://www.iea.org/energy-system/transport/electric-vehicles

www.rdjpublishing.africa

Distributionofcarbondioxideemissionsproducedbythetransportationsectorworldwidein2022(bysubsector)

Net Zero Emissions: Leveraging AI - A Promising Pathway

AUTHOR: Grace Kangotue ChiefResearcher/Economist@RDJConsulting

Farmersseedingthefutureoffoodproductionwithrobotics Courtesy:engineersirelandie

The Paris Agreement stands as a historic pact, aimed at combating climate change by setting ambitious goals for the reduction of global

emissions At its core is the crucial objective of attaining net zero emissions by 2050, striving to equate greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere with those effectively sequestered. Despite dedicated endeavours, the present pace of progress lags behind the required trajectory, underscoring the urgency for inventive remedies

Artificial intelligence (AI) emerges as a potent ally in this endeavour, presenting versatile applications across industries to diminish emissions and propel the shift towards a sustainable tomorrow.

The Paris Agreement targets a 45% reduction in emissions by 2030, with eventual net zero emissions To meet these goals, global carbon intensity must decline by 17 2% annually Unfortunately, according to a PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) report in 2022, progress has been sluggish, with only a 2.5% reduction achieved. In light of this challenge, integrating AI technologies presents a compelling opportunity to enhance mitigation efforts and propel us closer to our climate goals It is projected that by leveraging AI, emissions could be reduced by at least 4% by 2030 compared to business-asusual scenarios

PwC highlights some of the uses of AI technology in their "AI-Driven Net Zero" takeaways:

One prominent avenue for AI's contribution lies in reducing operational emissions, particularly in the real estate sector Real estate account for nearly 40% of global carbon emissions, highlighting the urgent need for decarbonization AI-powered smart technologies, equipped with sensors and predictive algorithms, enable precise monitoring and control of energy consumption within buildings. By optimizing energy usage to match demand, these systems minimize emissions associated with heating, cooling, and lighting, thereby advancing towards net zero goals

In the agricultural sector, which contributes approximately 34% of global emissions, AI offers promising avenues for decarbonization. Precision agriculture, facilitated by AI-driven automated processes, enhances farming practices by optimizing resource utilization and minimizing environmental impacts

Through data analysis and predictive modelling, AI enables farmers to make informed decisions, leading to more efficient crop management and reduced emissions intensity. Moreover, through the utilization of AI for emissions measurement, farmers can swiftly identify emission hotspots within their value chains, facilitating thorough and detailed analysis, and empowering them to prioritize decarbonization efforts accordingly

Furthermore, AI's integration into financial services enhances climate risk assessment and management capabilities. By leveraging AI-powered predictive models, financial institutions can evaluate climate scenarios, regulatory changes, and market trends to assess portfolio

vulnerability to climate-related risks. This proactive approach enables institutions to align investments with emission reduction objectives and adapt to evolving environmentalchallenges.

Additionally, AI also presents opportunities to streamline carbon credit systems, addressing issues such as data reliabilityandaccuracyinemissionoffsetcalculations AI, enhanced with satellite imagery and remote sensing tech, enables more precise measurement and monitoring of carbon emissions, enhancing the credibility and integrity ofcarboncredits

However, the World Economic Forum emphasizes the importance of "radical data clarity on infrastructure and emissions”forAItoeffectivelydrivenetzeroinitiatives

In summary, AI emerges as a transformative force in driving towards net zero emissions by enabling datadriven decision-making, optimizing resource utilization, andfosteringinnovationacrosssectors.Aswecontinueto harness the power of AI, collaboration between governments, businesses, and civil society as well as radical data will be crucial in maximizing AI's potential in achievingglobalclimategoals.

Readings:

https://www techtarget com/searchenterpriseai/definition/AIArtificial-Intelligence

https://www pwc com/sg/en/publications/assets/page/ai-drivennet-zero pdf

https://www weforum org/agenda/2024/01/ai-data-qualityli t ti /

ai-the-unsung-hero-in-the-fight-against-climate-change

Courtesy:onegreenplanetorg

IMy Energy Life Series

Navigating the Global Carbon Market: Evolving Standards,

Scaling Solutions

Interview with Ms. Julie Aguko

contributed by:

presented by:

n this episode, we meet Julie Aguko , a Senior Program Officer, Energy Innovation at Verra Julie Aguko shares her storyofhowshegotstartedintheenergyindustry,detailing

her initial challenges and offering invaluable advice to fellow youngprofessionalsseekingtheirpathinthisdynamicindustry.

Tellusaboutyourjourneyintheenergyindustry.

It all started with my very first job, diving headfirst into development and implementation of energy projects in Kenya under the Clean Development Mechanism From there, I've embarked on a path of growth and learning, transitioning into roles within the global carbon market Throughout my journey, I've had the privilege of learning from and collaborating with incredibleteamsandorganizations,tacklingdiverseprojectsand challenges in the energy sector My focus has always been on building sustainability through the carbon market, leveraging its potentialforpositiveimpact

Whatdoyoudoinyourcurrentroleatyour company?

I focus on the evolution of Verra’s existing programs to maintain their integrity and impact, as well as the development of new standards, methodologies, and tools to scale up climate action andsustainabledevelopment,fortheenergyandindustrialspace.

Couldyoudescribeyourtypicaldayatwork?

A typical day involves a mix of strategic planning, project management, stakeholder engagement, and technical analysis

From reviewing the eligibility of sustainable projects to advocatingforclimatepolicy,myworkisdynamicandimpactful, driving positive change in the transition to clean energy and sustainabledevelopment

"Themostenjoyableaspectofmyworkisthe opportunitytobringinnovativeideastolife.” -

Whataresomeofthechallengesyouhavefaced intheindustry?

Challengesareinevitable,buttheyalsopresentopportunitiesfor growth and innovation A common challenge in my space is navigating regulatory complexities and policy uncertainties, which can create hurdles for project development and implementation.

Additionally, technological advancements and evolving market dynamics require staying abreast of the latest trends and innovationstoremaincompetitive.

Another big one is balancing economic viability with environmental sustainability, especially in emerging markets where access to clean energy is critical, but financing may be limited.

Finally, fostering collaboration and alignment among diverse stakeholders with varying interests and priorities can be challengingbutessentialfordrivingmeaningfulprogress.

Whatisthemostfunthingyouloveaboutyour work?

Themostenjoyableaspectofmyworkistheopportunitytowork withbrilliantpeopletobringinnovativeideastolife

Howdoyoubalanceworkandlife?

Achievingwork-lifebalance,particularlywhenworkingremotely, is about setting clear boundaries and maintaining a healthy routine By prioritizing tasks and setting achievable goals, I can stay focused and productive throughout the day, effectively managingmyworkload

However,it'sequallyimportanttotakeregularbreaks,stepaway from the screen, and engage in personal activities Whether it's hitting the gym, or spending time with loved ones, striking this balance keeps me energized and motivated in both my professionalandpersonalendeavors

Whatarethecorehardskillssomeoneinyour fieldshouldhave?

Essential hard skills include expertise in energy systems, data analysis, project management, and regulatory frameworks Additionally,proficiencyinstakeholderengagement,strategic

planning, and innovation management is crucial for energy initiativestobeeffective

Whatsoftskillsshouldsomeoneinyourfield have?

Effective communication, both written and spoken, is essential for conveying complex technical information to diverse audiences, including policymakers, project developers, and stakeholders

Strong interpersonal skills facilitate collaboration and relationship-building, which are vital for navigating the dynamic landscape of the VCM and energy sectors. Adaptability and problem-solving abilities enable me to address challenges creativelyandpivotstrategiesasneeded.

Whatisthebestthingaboutyourwork?

The best thing about my work is the opportunity to be at the forefront of innovation and change Every day brings new challengesandopportunitiestomakeameaningfulimpact

It's incredibly rewarding to be part of a team that is passionate about creating solutions that address real-world issues and contributetoasustainablefuture

JuliepresentingtheVCSMethodologyframeworkforCarbonCaptureandStorageatapublicconsultationwebinar

Whatwouldyouconsiderahighlightofyour career?

AlltheprojectsI'vebeenapartof,fromtheinitialplanningstages to their realization, immediately go up on my mental “trophy case". It's incredibly fulfilling to see the collective efforts culminate in achieving significant milestones and creating positiveimpacts.

"Thebestthingaboutmyworkistheopportunitytobeat theforefrontofinnovationandchange.”

-Ms.JulieAguko

Whatareyoupassionateaboutoutsideofwork?

I love music, and I read a lot Oh, and I'm obsessed with organizing and upcycling. My weekends are often dedicated to giving mine or a friend's apartment a makeover because I absolutelylovecreatingnewspaces.

Howdoyouthinkthatyourworkmakesa differenceintheenergyspace?

At Verra, my work in innovation is all about making a real difference We'reconstantlyexploringnewwaystoboostcleaner energy,cutcarbonemissions,andrampupefficiency It'sexciting to know that every project we tackle helps push the needle towards a greener, more sustainable energy future It's an amazingfeelingtobepartofsomethingthat'smakingsuchabig impactontheworld!

Whatadvicedoyouhaveforsomeonenewtothe industry?

Embrace it wholeheartedly The industry is brimming with excitement and challenges, offering invaluable opportunities for learningandpersonalgrowthinthemostfulfillingways

If you enjoyed reading this, do not hesitate to follow theenergy.africa

See you in the next article!

My Energy Life Series

Data, Innovation, and Clean Energy: Advancing Renewable Energy Projects in Local Government

Interview

contributed by:

Iwith Mr. Hlonela Gesha

presented by:

nthisepisode,wemeetHlonelaGesha,aSeniorProfessional Officer: Renewable Energy Project Development and ManagementatCityofCapeTown HlonelaGeshashareshis

story of how he got started in the energy industry, detailing his initial challenges and offering invaluable advice to fellow young professionalsseekingtheirpathinthisdynamicindustry.

Tellusaboutyourjourneyintheenergyindustry.

I started out as an intern within the City of Cape Town , where I worked a lot with energy data and energy efficiency projects Thereafter, I went to pursue my Master’s degree in Electrical Engineering,focusingonrenewableenergy OnceIcompletedmy studies, I was permanently employed by the City, working in the Data Management and Integration Platforms branch There, I coordinated the smart electricity metering project for City facilities

Inrecentyears,Igrewintomyroleandintheorganization,where I now work in renewable energy project development and management.

Whatdoyoudoinyourcurrentroleatyour company?

I am responsible for solar PV and wind energy project development, ensuring that projects meet the criteria to be implementedwithinlocalgovernmentregulationsandprocesses. My role also involves research into innovative technologies such as waste-to-energy, new wind energy technologies, and battery energy storage systems. Additionally, my role involves site surveying for potential renewable energy projects, looking at geographical,environmental,infrastructure,andenergypotential atvariouslandparcels.

Couldyoudescribeyourtypicaldayatwork?

A typical day at work involves a lot of stakeholder management, as projects can be across various departments and directorates withintheorganization.Datacollectionandanalysisarealso

required on a regular basis, and project management where projectschedulingandreporting,tonameafew,arealsokey

"Theopportunitytoworkwithininnovationingreen energytechnologiesisoneofthemostrewardingpartsof myjob”

-Mr.HlonelaGesha

Whataresomeofthechallengesyouhavefaced intheindustry?

Assomeoftheworkinthefieldisfairlynew,generalacceptance can be challenging where stakeholders do not accept certain projectsimmediately Theever-changinglegislationwithinthe

country can also pose challenges to projects, where new requirements are imposed, and projects have to be updated or reviewedregularly

Whatisthemostfunthingyouloveaboutyour work?

The opportunity to work within innovation in green energy technologies is one of the most rewarding parts of my job Working with people with different backgrounds and strengths alsomakesthejobmoreinteresting

Howdoyoubalanceworkandlife?

Ensuringagapbetweenmyofficehoursandworklifehasbecome keyinmanagingthebalance.Thiscanbeintheformofself-care routinesorthroughexercise.

Whatarethecorehardskillssomeoneinyour fieldshouldhave?

Project management is a key skill to have in the field. An understanding of engineering concepts and processes is also important,anddataanalyticsisadvantageous.

Whatsoftskillsshouldsomeoneinyourfield have?

Assertiveness in day-to-day operations, the ability to work in teamsisimportant,andeffectiveandefficientcommunication

Whatisthebestthingaboutyourwork?

Interactingwith,andlearningfromvariouspeoplewithinthefield both internally and externally with varying knowledge bases, hasbeenrewarding.

Whatwouldyouconsiderahighlightofyour career?

The main highlight would be the ability to align my studies with my career goals Many times, people tend to get side-tracked from their careers, where they are not able to find jobs for what theystudiedfor Thishasnotbeenthecaseforme

Whatareyoupassionateaboutoutsideofwork?

Spendingtimeinnatureisoneofmypassions.Thisincludeshikes andwalksatthepark.Givingbacktothecommunityisoneofmy passions, which is why I am looking into volunteering at orphanagesthisyear.

Hlonelawithcolleaguesonasitevisittooneofthefirst utility-scalebatteryenergystoragesitesintheprovince.

Hlonelawithinternationalrepresentatives,attendingthe RenewableEnergyIntegrationcourseattheTechnical UniversityofDenmark

"Reducingtherelianceonfossilfuel-basedenergyalso makestheworkIdoexciting.."

-Mr HlonelaGesha

Howdoyouthinkthatyourworkmakesa differenceintheenergyspace?

With load shedding still being an issue in South Africa, involvement in the renewable energy sector has become important in trying to find ways to better deal with it and introducingalternativeenergyintothemixonalargerscale Reducingtherelianceonfossilfuel-basedenergyalsomakesthe work I do exciting, as it feeds into the bigger goal of slowly reducingcoal-fueledpowergeneration

Whatadvicedoyouhaveforsomeonenewtothe industry?

Going the extra mile and working hard can go a long way in boostingnetworks,andneverbeafraidtotakerisks

If you enjoyed reading this, do not hesitate to follow theenergy.africa

See you in the next article!

TO MAKE A DIFFERENCE IN THE ENERGY & SUSTAINABILITY LANDSCAPE

About Us Our Services:

RDJ Consulting is a 100% Namibian Energy and Sustainability Consultancy with more than 30 years’ experience in the utility (Water, Energy and Telecoms), rural development and transport sectors Our experience as an integrated professional services firm that builds better communities through planning, design, and delivery of physical and social infrastructure helps support our clients in all aspects going forward.

We approach each of our clients with fresh eyes to develop customized, unique strategies

RDJ Consulting based in Windhoek, Namibia has extensive experience in Southern Africa, Asia, Britain, USA and the Caribbean We thus work with various governments and agencies to address development issues in developing countries.

TENDERS

Nyamagabe District - Rwanda

Description: Construction of Muse-Ryarubondo Water Supply System in Tare sector

Compulsory Site Visit Date: 30 April 2024 at 10h00 local time

https://www.umucyo.gov.rw/eb/bav/getInvitInfoForGeneralUser.do

Kenya Urban Roads Authority

Description: Road Corridor Protection & Axle load activities

Bid Closing date: 7 May 2024 at 10h00

https://tenders go ke/api/viewdocs/Documents/1713264088918-Road%20Corridor%20Protection%20(PACKAGE%20%2036A) pdf

United Nations

Description: Design, Development and Maintenance of Web-based Applications for the Law Division of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

Bid Closing date: 17 May 2024

www un org/Depts/ptd/sites/www un org Depts ptd/files/pdf/eoi22584 pdf

Description: Provision of Spare Parts for Electrical Medium Voltage Substations in MONUSCO field offices in DR. Congo and Entebbe support base – Uganda

Bid Closing date: 22 October 2024

https://www un org/Depts/ptd/sites/www un org Depts ptd/files/pdf/eoi22247 pdf

National Planning Commission and Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform-Namibia

Description: The Upgrading / Renovation / Construction of Agriculture Infrastructure in the Kavango East, Kavango West, Omusati and Zambezi regions of Namibia.

Bid Closing date: 05 July 2024 at 16h00 Namibian Time

https://ec.europa.eu/info/funding-tenders/opportunities/portal/screen/opportunities/tender-details/e2ca8630-8f48-4c3dbed2-6e62abb613b5-CN

Department of Minerals Resources and Energy – South Africa

Description: Request For Qualification and Proposals (RFP) under The Gas Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme (GASIPPPP) Bid Window 1

Bid Closing date: 30 August 2024 at 11h00 AM

https://www.dmr.gov.za/Portals/0/adam/Simple%20ParentChild%20with%202%20pages/GjTECViI90yiOQ5oxNLzMQ/DocMulti/RFP-Advert-GASIPPPP pdf

CHILOMBO OLGA PRISCILA EDITORIAL,LAYOUTDESIGNERAND EXECUTIVE-OPERATIONS

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COORDINATOR:DIGITALMARKETINGAND EVENTS

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NICOLE FELIX CHIEFDESIGNER

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GRACE KANGOTUE CHIEFRESEARCHER

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RENEE JARRETT

EDITORAND CHIEFEXECUTIVEOFFICER

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RESEARCHBY: PUBLISHEDBY:

EXECUTIVE-ADMINISTRATION

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Engaging readers with FACTUAL and COMPELLING articles.

The RDJ Publishing house, proudly boasts of producing two standout publications covering facts and analysis on topics within the energy andsustainabilityspaceforAfricaandNamibia,respectively.

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