15. Price on September 25, 2019, on https://www.indexmundi.com/commodities/?commodity =soybean-meal. 16. For example, NPK 10-20-10 indicates a fertilizer with 10 percent nitrogen, 20 percent phosphorus, and 10 percent potassium. 17. Examples of BSFL frass advertised online include KIS Organics (NPK 3-2-4; https:// www.kisorganics.com/products/natural-insect-fertilizer-frass) and The Critter Depot (NPK 5-3-2; https://www.thecritterdepot.com/blogs/news/nutritional-benefits-of-black -soldier-fly-larva-frass-critter-depot). 18. The frass derived from BSFL as reported in the tables in this report reflects the quantity of frass produced by BSFL. Decomposed substrate and chitin may be mixed in with the frass, thus comprising a biofertilizer that is mostly, but not strictly, frass. 19. Price on September 25, 2019, based on https://articles2.marketrealist.com/2016/02 /update-npk-fertilizer-price-trends/. 20. Price on March 8, 2020, based on https://buildasoil.com/products/premium-insect-frass ?variant=45848174802. 21. Direct jobs are specific to an industry, whereas indirect jobs are created outside the specific industry, that is, jobs in supporting industries. As examples, direct jobs associated with BSF include workers hired for breeding and processing, whereas indirect jobs include transportation services used for transporting frass and dry meal. For a detailed explanation of employment multipliers, refer to Bevins (2019). 22. Type I employment multipliers and effects by SU114 industry and sector (market, government, and nonprofit institutions serving households); reference year 2010. 23. Given frass production of 285,545 tons (at 10 percent conversion) to 856,635 tons (at 30 percent conversion).
REFERENCES Affognon, H., C. Mutungi, P. Sanginga, and C. Borgemeister. 2015. “Unpacking Post-Harvest Losses in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Meta-Analysis.” World Development 66: 49–68. BAKERpedia. 2020. “Extraction Rate.” BAKERpedia. https://bakerpedia.com/processes /extraction-rate/. Berazneva, J. 2013. “Economic Value of Crop Residues in African Smallholder Agriculture.” https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/150367/files/Berazneva-AAEA2013-final.pdf. Bevins, J. 2019. “Updated Employment Multipliers for the U.S. Economy.” Economic Policy Institute, Washington, DC. https://www.epi.org/publication/updated-employment -multipliers-for-the-u-s-economy/. Brentrup, F., A. Hoxha, and B. Christensen. 2016. “Carbon Footprint Analysis of Mineral Fertilizer Production in Europe and Other World Regions.” Tenth International Conference on Life Cycle Assessment of Food, University College Dublin, Ireland. Diener, S., S. Semiyaga, C. B. Niwagaba, A. M. Muspratt, J. B. Gning, M. Mbéguéré, et al. 2014. “A Value Proposition: Resource Recovery from Faecal Sludge: Can It Be the Driver for Improved Sanitation?” Resources, Conservation, and Recycling 88: 32–38. Dobermann, D., L. Michaelson, and L. M. Field. 2019. “The Effect of an Initial High-Quality Feeding Regime on the Survival of Gryllus bimaculatus (Black Cricket) on Bio-Waste.” Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 5: 117–23. Drew, D. J. W., and E. Pieterse. 2015. “Markets, Money and Maggots.” Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 1 (3): 227–31. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority). 2015. “Risk Profile Related to Production and Consumption of Insects as Food and Feed.” EFSA Journal 13: 4257.
Mainstreaming Insect Farming
187
