4. World Health Organization Bulletin on Outbreaks & Emergencies. 5. World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal. 6. World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal. 7. Our World in Data (https://ourworldindata.org/soy). 8. This definition is adapted from that of the Ellen Macarthur Foundation (https://www .ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/explore/the-circular-economy-in-detail). 9. There is limited research available on land-based algae farming, although there are some examples of algae farmers using boxes or containers to grow algae on land.
REFERENCES Amankwah, Akuffo, Sydney Gourlay, and Alberto Zezzo. 2021. “Agriculture as a Buffer in COVID-19 Crisis: Evidence from Five Sub-Saharan African Countries.” Data Blog, February 2, 2021. https://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/agriculture-buffer-covid-19 -crisis-evidence-five-sub-saharan-african-countries. Black, R. E., C. G. Victora, S. P. Walker, Z. A. Bhutta, P. Christian, M. de Onis, M. Ezzati, et al. 2013. “Maternal and Child Undernutrition and Overweight in Low-Income and MiddleIncome Countries.” Lancet 382: 427–51. Childers, D., J. Corman, M. Edwards, and J. J. Elser. 2011. “Sustainability Challenges of Phosphorus and Food: Solutions from Closing the Human Phosphorus Cycle.” BioScience 61 (2): 117–24. Dabalen, A., and P. Paci. 2020. “How Severe Will the Poverty Impacts of COVID-19 Be in Africa?” Africa Can End Poverty (blog), August 5, 2020. https://blogs.worldbank.org /africacan/how-severe-will-poverty-impacts-covid-19-be-africa. Dalin, C., Y. Wada, T. Kastner, and M. J. Puma. 2017. “Groundwater Depletion Embedded in International Food Trade.” Nature 543: 700–04. Development Committee (Joint Ministerial Committee of the Boards of Governors of the Bank and the Fund on the Transfer of Real Resources to Developing Countries). 2021. “From COVID-19 Crisis Response to Resilient Recovery: Saving Lives and Livelihoods While Supporting Green, Resilient, and Inclusive Development (GRID).” World Bank and International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 2016. The State of Food and Agriculture 2016: Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security. Rome: FAO. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 2019. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2019: Safeguarding against Economic Slowdowns and Downturns. Rome: FAO. https://docs.wfp.org/api/documents/WFP-0000106760 /download/?_ga=2.96481119.1160401988.1576434696-1905750771.1576434696. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 2020. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2020: Transforming Food Systems for Affordable Healthy Diets. Rome: FAO. FAO and ECA (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and European Commission on Agriculture). 2018. Regional Overview of Food Security and Nutrition: Addressing the Threat from Climate Variability and Extremes for Food Security and Nutrition. Accra, Ghana: FAO. FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WHO, and WFP (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, International Fund for Agricultural Development, United Nations Children’s Fund,
14
Insect and Hydroponic Farming in Africa
