REFERENCES Referências

AMAZONIAN INDIAN SCIENCE CONTRIBUTES TO BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES A ciência indígena amazônica contribui para as ciências biomédicas

One drug plant Ayahuasca vine, (Banisteriopsis caapi), vine resembles the anaconda. In Northwest Amazonia, its hallucinogenic juice is considered Woman Shaman’s breast milk. The milky juice, taken for trancing in healing rites, is thought restorative and protective by Amazonian shaman.

A planta medicinal Ayahuasca (Banisteriopsis caapi) assemelha-se a uma anaconda e seu suco alucinógeno foi considerado o leite dos seios da Mulher Xamã. O suco leitoso, tomado em transe em ritos de cura, é considerado pelo xamã amazônico como protetor. Ayahuasca (Banisteriopsis caapi) Temple of the Way of Light Templo do Caminho da Luz

British Museum Ritual drug paraphernalia Parafernália ritual da droga

Though missionaries suppressed native religion, drugs from indigenous religion are widely used in treatment of illness and pain, mental disorders, and for hunting and fishing. Many remain to be investigated, but indigenous savants need to be able to continue their work. Suppression of their societies must stop for everyone’s benefit. Embora os missionários tenham suprimido a religião nativa, as drogas indígenas são amplamente utilizadas no tratamento de doenças e dor, transtornos mentais, além da caça e pesca. Muitas ainda não foram investigadas, mas os sábios indígenas precisam ser capazes de continuar o seu trabalho. A opressão às suas sociedades deve parar, para benefício de todos.

Místicos Juntos

REFERENCES Referências

Absy, Maria Lucia 1979 A Palynological Study of Holocene Sediments in the Amazon Basin. PHD Dissertation, University of Amsterdam.

Absy, Maria Lucia 1985 Palynology of Amazonia: the history of the forest as revealed by the palynological record. In Key Environments: Amazonia, edited by Gillian T. Prance and Thomas E. Lovejoy. Oxford: Oxford University. Pp. 72–82.

Anderson, Anthony B. 1988. Use and management of native forests dominated by acai palm (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) in the Amazon estuary. Advances in Economic Botany 6: 144–154.

Anderson, Anthony B., Peter Herman May, and Michael J. Balick 1991 The Subsidy from Nature: Palm Forests, Peasantry, and Development on an Amazon Frontier. New York: Columbia University Press.

Anderson, Anthony B. and Darrell A. Posey 1989 Management of a tropical scrub savanna by the Gorotire Kayapo of Brazil. In Resource Management in Amazonia: Indigenous and Folk Strategies, edited by Darrell A. Posey and William Balee. Advances in Economic Botany 7. New York: New York Botanical Garden. Pp. 159–175.

Adie, H., Lawes, M.J. 2011 Podocarps in Africa: Temperate zone relicts or rainforest survivors? In Ecology of the Podocarpaceae in Tropical Forests, edited by B.L. Turner and L. A. Cernusak. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 95. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Pp. 79–100.

Ardila Calderon, G. I. 1991 The peopling of northern South America. In Clovis: Origins and Adaptations. Center for the Study of the First Americans, edited by R. Bonnichsen and K. L. Turnmire. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. Pp. 261-282. Arroyo-Kalin, M. 2012. Slash-burn-and-churn: landscape history and crop cultivation in preColumbian Amazonia. Quaternary International 249, 4–18.

Athens, J.S., Ward, J.V. 1999. The late Quaternary of the western Amazon: climate, vegetation, and humans. Antiquity 73, 287–302.

Bailey, R. C., G. Head, M. Jenike, B. Owen, R. Rechtman, and E. Zechenter 1989 Hunting and gathering in tropical rainforest: Is it possible? American Anthropologist 91: 59-82.

Balee, W. 1989 The culture of Amazonian forests. In Resource Management in Amazonia: Indigenous and Folk Strategies, edited by Darrell A. Posey and William Balee. Advances in Economic Botany 7: 1-21. 1994 Footprints of the Forest: Ka’apor Ethnobotany -- the Historical Ecology of Plant Utlilization by an Amazonian People. New York: Columbia University Press. 2013. Cultural Forests of the Amazon: A Historical Ecology of People and their Landscapes. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.

Balick, M.J. 1984 Ethnobotany of palms in the neotropics. Advances in Economic Botany 1: 9–23.

Balee, W., Campbell, D.G. 1990. Evidence for the successional status of liana forest (Xinbu basin, Amazonian Brazil). Biotropica 22 (1): 36–47.

Barbosa, R.I., Fearnside, P.M. 2005. Fire frequency and area burned in the Roraima savannas of Brazilian Amazonia. Forest Ecolology Management 204 (2–3): 371–384.

Barreto, C., H. Lima, C. Betancourt 2014 Cerâmicas arqueológicas da Amazônia: rumo a uma nova síntese Belém: IPHAN/Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi.

Beckerman, S. 1994 Hunting and fishing in Amazonia: Hold the answers, What are the questions? In Amazonian Indians from Prehistory to the Present: Anthropological Perspectives, edited by A. C. Roosevelt. Tuscon, AZ: University of Arizona Press. Pp. 177200.

Bevan, Bruce W. and A. C. Roosevelt 2003 Geoarchaeological Exploration of Guajara, A Prehistoric Earth Mound in Brazil. Geoarchaeology 18(3): 287-331.

Bezerra de Meneses, U. 1972 Arqueologia Amazonica (Santarém). São Paulo: Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia, Universidade de São Paulo.

Boomert, A. 1987 Gifts of the Amazon: green stones pendants and beads as item of ceremonial exchange in Amazonia and the Caribbean. In Antropologica 67: 33-54.

Braun, Barbara, editor 1995 Arts of the Amazon. London: Thames and Hudson.

Brochado, J., 1980. The Social Ecology of the Marajoara Culture. MA Thesis, University of Illinois, Urbana.

Brondizio, E. 2009 Agricultural intensification, economic identity, and shared invisibility in Amazonian peasantry: caboclos and peasants in comparative perspective. In: Amazonian Peasant Societies in a Changing Environment: Political Ecology, Invisibility, and Modernity in the Rainforest, edited by C. Adams, Rui Murrieta, Walter Neves, and Mark Harris. Springer. [no place of publication given] Pp. 181–214.

Burbridge, R.E., F. E. Mayle, and T. J. Killeen 2004 Fifty-thousand-year vegetation and climate history of Noel Kempff Mercado National Park, Bolivian Amazon. Quaternary Research 61, 130–215.

Bush, M.B., D. R. Piperno, and Paul A. Colinvaux 1989 A 6,000-year old history of Amazonian maize cultivation. Nature 340: 303–305. Bush, M. B. and M. R. Silman 2007 Amazonian exploitation revisited: ecological asymmetry and the policy pendulum. Frontiers in Ecology and Environment 9: 457–465.

Cabalzar, Aloisius 2010 Petroglifos e Concepcoes Sociospaciais dos Povos Indigenas no Alto Rio Negro: Entre a Origem e os Dias de Hoje. Paper presented in the II Encontro Internacional de Arqueologia Amazonica, September 12-17, 2010, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.

Campbell, D., D. Daley, D., Gillian Prance, and U. Maciel, U. 1986 Quantitative ecological inventory of terra firme and vazea tropical forest along the Rio Xingu, Para, Brazil. Brittonia 38, 369–383.

Carneiro, R.L. 1960 Slash-and-burn agriculture: A closer look at its implications for settlement patterns. In: Selected Papers of the Fifth International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences, September 1–9, 1956, edited by A. F. C. Wallace. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania. Pp. 227–234. 1970 A theory of the origin of the state. Science 169: 733-738. 1988 Indians of the Amazon forest. In People of the Tropical Rain Forest, edited by Julie S. Denslow and Christine Padoch. Berkeley: University of California Press and Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution. Pp. 73-86.

Cavalcante, Paulo B. 1991. Frutas comestiveis da Amazonia. 5th ed. Belém: CEGUP, Museu Goeldi.

Cernusak, L.A., et al. 2011. Podocarpaceae in tropical forests: a synthesis. In Ecology of the Podocarpaceae in Tropical Forests, edited by B. L. Turner and L. A. Cernusak. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 95. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. Pp. 189–195.

Chazan, Michael 2008 World Prehistory and Archaeology: Pathways through Time. Boston: Pearson Education.

Clay, J.W. 1988. Indigenous People and Tropical Forests: Models of Landuse and Management from Latin America. Cultural Survival 27. Cambridge, MA.

Cleary, David 1990. Anatomy of the Amazon Gold Rush. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press.

Clement, Charles R. 1999 1492 and the loss of Amazonian crop genetic resources. I. The relation between domestication and human population decline. Economic Botany 53.

Clement, Charles R. et al. 2010 Origin and domestication of native Amazonian crops. Diversity 2, 72–106.

Colinvaux, P. A., P. E. de Oliveira, P. E. Moreno, M. C. Miller, and M. B. Bush 1996 A long pollen record from lowland Amazonia: Forest and cooling in glacial times. Science 274:85-88.

Colinvaux, P.A., De Oliveira, P.E., Bush, M.B. 2000 Amazonian and neotropical plant communities on glacial time scales: the failure of the aridity and refuge hypotheses. Quaternary Science Reviews 19: 141–169.

Dalling, J.W., et al. 2011 Ecology and distribution of neotropical Podocarpaceae. In Ecology of the Podocarpaceae in Tropical Forests, edited by B. L. Turner and La. A. Cernusak. Smithsonian Contribs. to Botany 95. Smithsonian Institution, Scholarly Press, Washington, D.C., pp. 43–56.

de la Penha, Guilherme., S. de Almeida Bruni, and N. Papavero, editors 1986 O Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi. São Paulo, BR: CNPQ and Banco Safra.

Davis, Christopher S. 2009. Archaeoastronomy at Monte Alegre. Amazonica 1 (2), 536–547. 2011 “Rock Art and Archaeoastronomy Research At Monte Alegre do Para, Brazil: New Art Discoveries” Amazónica 3(1) 174-191. 2014. The Archaeoastronomy of Terminal Pleistocene Rock Art on the Amazon River at Monte Alegre, Para, Brazil. Ph.D. Dissertation, Anthropology, University of Illinois Chicago. 2016 Solar-Aligned Pictographs at the Paleoindian Site of Painel do Pilão along the Lower Amazon River at Monte Alegre, Brazil PLOS One 11(12): e0167692. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0167692 Davis, Christopher S., A. C. Roosevelt, William Barnett, and Marcondes Lima da Costa. 2017 Paleoindian solar and stellar pictographic trail in the Monte Alegre hills of Brazil: Implications for pioneering new landscapes. Journal of Anthropology and Archaeology 5 (2): 1-17.

De Boer, W.R. 1967. Archaeological Investigations on the Upper Ucayali River, Peru. PhD DIssertation, University of California, Berkeley.

Denevan, W. 1966 An Aboriginal Cultural Geography of the Llanos de Mojos de Bolivia. Ibero-Americana No. 48. Berkeley: University of California Press. Amer. 48. 1996. A Bluff Model of Riverine Settlement in Prehistoric Amazonia. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 86 (4): 654–681.

Dewar, E. 1995 Cloak of Green: The Links between Key Environmental Groups, Government and Big Business. Toronto: Lorimer.

Dikau, R., M. C. Bruno, Jose Irarte, H. Prumers, C. J. Betancourt, I. Holst, F. E. Mayle 2012 Diversity of cultivars and other plant resources used at habitation sites in the Llanos de Mojos, Beni, Bolivia: Evidence from macrobotanical remains, starch grains, and phytoliths. Journal of Archaeological Science 39, 357–370.

Dorfman, John 2002 The Amazon trail. Discover May 1:1-9.

Dougherty, B. and H. A. Calandra 1981-1982 Excavaciones arqueologicas en La Loma Alta de Casarabe, Llanos de Moxos, Departemento del Beni, Bolivia. Relaciones de La Sociedad Argentina de Antropologia [N.S.] 14(2): 9-48.

Dufour, D. L. 1987 Insects as food: A case study from the northwest Amazon. American Anthropologist 89(2): 383-387. 1994 Diet and nutritional status of Amazonian peoples. In Amazonian Indians from Prehistory to the Present: Anthropological Approaches, edited by A. C. Roosevelt. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. Pp. 151-176.

Dwyer, Jane P., editor 1975 The Cashinahua of Eastern Peru. Studies in Anthropology and Material Culture 1. Urbana Cahmapign: Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology.

Earle, T. K. 1987 Chiefdoms in archaeological and ethnohistorical perspective. Annual Review of Anthropology 16:279-308.

Eden, J.M., Bray, W., Herrera, L., McEwan, C., 1984 Terra Preta soils and their archaeological context in the Caqueta basin of southeast Colombia. American Antiquity 49 (1): 125–140.

Eidt, R. 1984 Advances in Abandoned Settlement Analysis: Applications to Prehistoric Anthrosols in Colombia, South America. Milwaukee: Center for Latin America, University of Wisconsin.

Enright, N. J. and R. S. Hill, editors 1995 The Ecology of the Southern Conifers. Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press.

El Baz, Farouk and J. Wiseman, editors 2007 Remote Sensing in Archaeology. New York: Springer.

Erickson, Clark 1980 Sistemas agricolas prehispanicos en los llanos de Mojos. America Indigena 40: 731–755. 2008 Amazonia: the historical ecology of a domesticated landscape. In Handbook of South American Archaeology, edited by Helaine Silverman and William H. Isbell. Berlin: Springer. Pp. 157–183. 2010 The transformation of environment into landscape: the historical ecology of monumental earthwork construction in the Bolivian Amazon. Diversity 2, 618–652.

Evans, Clifford and Betty J. Meggers 1960 Archaeological Investigations in British Guiana. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 177. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. 1968. Archaeological Investigations on the Rio Napo, Eastern Ecuador. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution.

Fearnside, P. M. 2005 Deforestation in Brazilian Amazonia: History, rates, and consequences. Conservation Biology 19: 680–688. 2008 The roles and movements of actors in the deforestation of Brazilian Amazonia. Ecological Society 13(1): 23–30.

Ferreira, L. M. 2009 Arqueologia Amazônica: História e Identidades. Belém: Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Fittkau, E. J. and H. Klinge 1973 On biomass and trophic structure of the Central Amazon rainforest. Biotropica 5:1-14.

Funari, P. P. S. Jones and M. Hall 1999 Historical Archaeology: Back from the Edge. London: Routledge.

Gaspar, M. D. 1999 Os ocupantes pré-históricos do litoral Brasileiro. In Préhistoria da Terra Brasilis, edited by C. M. Tenorio. Rio de Janeiro: Universidade Federal Rio de Janeiro. Pp. 159-170.

Gaspar, M. D. and Maura Imazio da Silveira 1999 Os pescadores-coletores-caçadores do litoral norte Brasileiro. In Pré-historia da Terra Brasilis, edited by C. M. Tenorio. Rio de Janeiro: Universidade Federal Rio de Janeiro. Pp. 247-256.

Gebhart-Sayer, Angelika 1984 The Cosmos Encoiled: Indian Art of the Peruvian Amazon. New York: Center for Ineramerican Relations.

Glaser, B. and J. J. Birk 2011 State of scientific knowledge on properties and genesis of anthropogenic dark earths in central Amazonia. Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta 82: 39–51.

Gnecco, Cristobal and S. Mora 1997 Late Pleistocene/early Holocene tropical forest occupa- tions at San Isidro and Penha Roja, Colombia. Antiquity 71: 683–690.

Gomes, Denise M. C. 2002 Cerâmica Arqueológica da Amazônia: vasilhas da Coleção Tapajônica MAE-USP. São Paulo: Edusp.

Goulding, Michael and Nigel J. H. Smith 2007 Palms: Sentinels for Amazon Conservation. St. Louis: Amazon Conservation Association and Missouri Botanical Garden.

Guapindaia, Vera 2001a Encountering the ancestors: Maraca urns. In Unknown Amazon, edited by Colin McEwan, C. Barreto, and Eduardo Neves. London: British Museum. Pp. 156-175. 2001b Relatório; Santarém do levantamento do Porto do Santarém. Goeldi, Belém. Unpublished report.

Haberle, S. G. 1997 Upper Quaternary vegetation and climate history of the Amazon basin: Correlating marine and terrestrial pollen records. In Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program. LEG 155 -- Scientific Results, Amazon Fan Sites 7930-946i, edited by R. D. Flood, D. W. J. Pier, A. Klaus, L. C. Peterson. College Station: Texas A & M University. Pp. 381-396.

Haberle, S. G, and M. A. Maslin 1999 Late Quaternary vegetation and climate change in the Amazon basin based on a 50,000 year pollen record from the Amazon fan, ODP site 932. Quaternary Research 51:27-38. Hammond, D.S., H. ter Steege, and K. van der Borge 2007 Upland soil charcoal in the wet tropical forests of central Guyana. Biotropica 39 (2): 153–160.

Harner, Michael 1984 The Jivaro: People of the Sacred Waterfall. Berkeley: University of California.

Harper, A., I. T. Baker, A. S. Denning, M. Branson, L. Pridhodko, and D. A. Randall 2010 Role of deep soil moisture in modulating climate in the Amazon rainforest. Geophysical Research Letters 37 (5) .

Hartt, Charles F 1871 Brazilian rock inscriptions. American Naturalist 5(3): 139-147.

Hecht, Susanna B. 1990. Indigenous soil management in the Latin American tropics: Neglected knowledge of native peoples. In Agroecology and Small Farm Development, edited by M. A. Altieri and S. B. Hecht. Boca Raton: CRC. Pp. 151– 158.

Hecht, Susanna B. and A. Cockburn 2011 The Fate of the Forest: Developers, Destroyers, and Defenders of the Amazon. Chicago: University of Chicago.

Heckenberger, Michal J. 2004 The Ecology of Power: Culture, Place, and Personhood in the Southern Amazon, AD 1000–2000. New York: Routledge, NY.

Heckenberger, Michael J., James B. Peterson, and Eduardo G. Neves 1999 Village size and permanence in Amazonia: Two archaeological examples in Brazil. Latin American Antiquity 10(4): 353-376.

Heinen, Dieter 1988 Oko Warao: Marshland People of the Orinoco Delta. Ethnologische Studien Band 4. Munster, Germany.

Henderson, A. 1995 Palms of the Amazon. New York: Oxford University Press.

Herrera, L. 1981 Relaciones entre occupaciones prehispanicas y suelos negros en la cuenca del rio Caqueta en Colombia. Revista CIAF 6 (1–3), 225–242.

Hoogiemstra, H., and Thomas van der Hammen 1998 Neogene and quaternary development of the neotropical rainforest: the forest refugia hypothesis and a literature overview. Earth Science Reviews 44: 147–183.

Imazio da Silveira, Maura 1994 Estudo sobre Estratégias de Subsistência de CaçadoresColetores Pré-Históricos do Sítio Gruta do Gavião, Carajás, Pará. MA thesis, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.

Imazio da Silveira, Maura e Denise P. Schaan 2005 Onde a Amazonia encontra o mar: Estudando os sambaquis do Para. Revista de Arqueologia 18: 67-80.

Iriarte, J., B. Glaser, J. Watling, A. Wainwright, J. J. Birk, D. Renard, Stephan Rostain, D. McKey, D., 2010. Late holocene neotropical agricultural landscapes: phytolith and stable carbon isotope analysis of raised fields from French Guiana coastal savannahs. Journal of Archaeological Science 37: 2984–2994.

Junk, W.J., M. T. F Piedade, F. Wittmann, J. Schongart, and P. Parolin, editors 2010 Amazonian Floodplain Forests: Ecophysiology, Biodiversity, and Sustainability. Ecological Studies 210. Dordrecht: Springer

Kahn, F. 1991 Palms as key swamp forest recourses in Amazonia. Forest Ecolology Management 38: 133–142.

Kastner, T.P. and M. A. Goni 2003. Constancy in the vegetation of the Amazon Basin during the late Pliestocene: evidence from the organic matter composition of Amazon deep sea fan sediments. Geology 31 (4), 291–294.

Klammer, Gerhard 1984 The relief of the extra-Andean Amazon basin. In The Amazon: Limnology and Landscape Ecology of a Mighty Tropical River and its Basin, edited by Harald Sioli. Dordrecht: Dr W. Junk Publishers. Pp. 47--83.

Lathrap, D. W. 1968 The “hunting” economies of the tropical forest zone of South America: An attempt at historical perspective. In Man the Hunter, edited by Richard B. Lee and Irven DeVore. Chicago: Aldine Publishers. Pp. 23-29. 1970 The Upper Amazon. New York: Praeger.

Lee, Richard B. and R. Daly, editors 1999 Cambridge University Encyclopedia of Hunter-Gatherers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Lehmann, J., Dirse C. Kern, and William I. Woods 2003 Amazonian dark earths: Origin, properties, management. Dordrecht: Kluwer.

Levis, C. et al. 2012 Historical human footprint on modern tree species composition in the Purus Madeira interfluve, Central Amazonia. PLOS ONE 17 (11): e48559.

Lombardo, U., K. Szabo, J. M. Capriles, J. H. May, W. Amelung, et al. 2013a Early and middle Holocene hunter-gatherer occupations in western Amazonia: the hidden shell middens. PLOS ONE 8 (9): e72746, 1–14.

Lombardo, U., S. Denier, J. H. May, L. Rodrigues, and H. Veit 2013b Human–environment interactions in pre-Columbian Amazonia: the case of the Llanos de Mojos, Bolivia. Quaternay International 312: 109–119.

Longman, K.A. and J. Jenik 1987 The Tropical Forest and its Environment, Second ed. New York: Longman.

Lopes de Castano, Carlos 1995 Dispersion de puntas de proyectil bifaciales en la cuenca media del rio Magdalena. In Ambito: Ocupaciones Tempranas de America Tropical. Bogota: Fundacion ERIGAIE, Institute

Colombiano de Antropologia. Pp. 73-82. 2008 Landscape Development and the Evidence for Early Human Occupation in the Inter-Andean Tropical Lowlands of the Magdalena River, Colombia. Miami: Syllaba.

Lorenzi, Henri 2002 Brazilian Trees: A Guide to the Identification and Cultivation of Brazilian Native Trees. Vol. 1, fourth edition and Volume 2, second edition. Nova Odessa: Instituto Plantarum de Estudos da Flora Ltda.

McMichael, C.H., et al. 2012 Sparse pre-Columbian human habitation in western Amazonia. Science 336, 1429–1431.

Macia, M.J. and J.-C. Svenning 2005. Oligarchic dominance in western Amazonian plant communities. Journal of Tropical Ecology 21: 613–626.

Magalhaes, Marcos P., 2004 Arqueologia de Carajás; Presença do Homen na Amazônia. Rio de Janeiro: Companhia Vale do Rio Doce.

Mann, Charles C. 2006 1491. New Revelations of the Americas before Columbus. Vintage/ Random House, NY.

Maslin, M.A., V. J. Ettwein, C. S. Boot, J. Bendle, and R. D. Pancost 2012. Amazon fan biomarker evidence against the Pleistocene rainforest refuge hypothesis? Journal of Quaternary Science 27 (5); 451–460.

Meckler, Adam, curator 2005 Vanishing Worlds: Art and Ritual in Amazonia. Houston: Houston Museum of Natural Science.

Meggers, Betty J. 1954 Environmental Limitation on the Development of Culture. American Anthropologist 56(5): 801-824. 1971 Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise. Chicago: Aldine Publishers. 1972 Prehistoric America. Chicago: Aldine Publishers.

Meggers, B.J., Evans, C. 1957 Archaeological Investigations at the Mouth of the Amazon. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 167. Washington,DC: Smithsonian Institution.

Meggers, Betty J., E. S. Ayensu, and W. D. Duckworth, editors 1973 Tropical Forest Ecosystems in Africa and South America: A Comparative Review. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Press.

Menzies, C. R., editor 2006 Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Natural Resource Management. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

Michab, M., James K. Feathers, J.-L. Joron, N. Mercier, M. Selos, Helene Valladas, J.-L. Reyss, and A. C. Roosevelt 1998 Luminescence Dates for the Paleoindian Site of Pedra Pintada, Brazil. Quaternary Geochronology 17(11): 1041-1046.

Mora, S. 2003 Early Inhabitants of the Amazonian Tropical Rain Forest: A Study of Humans and Environmental Dynamics. Latin American Archaeology 3. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh.

Mora-Urpi, J., J. C. Weber, and Charles R. Clement 1997 Peach palm Bactris gasipaes Kunth. Promotion of the Conservation and Use of Underutilized Neglected Crops 20. Gatersleben: Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research Rome: International Plant Genetic Resources Institute.

Morais, C. de and Eduardo G. Neves 2012. O ano 1000: Adensamento populacional, interação e; conflito na Amazônia Central. Amazonica 4: 122–148.

Morcote-Rios, Gaspar 2008 Antiguos Habitantes en Rios de Aguas Negras: Ecosistemas y Cultivos en el Interfluvio Amazonas – Putumayo Colombia-Brasil. Bogota: Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia.

Morcote-Rios, Gaspar and Rodrigo Bernal 2002 Remains of Palms (Palmae) at archaeological sites in the New World: A review. The Botanical Review 67(3): 309-350.

Navarrete, Rodrigo 2008 The prehistory of Venezuela - Not necessarily the Intermediate area. In Handbook of South American Archaeology, edited by Helaine Silverman and William H. Isbell. New York: Springer. Pp. 429-258.

Navarro, Alexandre Guida 2019 Civilização lacustre do Maranhão/The Lake-Village Culture of the Maranhão Lowlands (Org.). São Luís: EDUFMA, 2019. 2019 A civilização lacustre e a Baixada Maranhense: da Préhistória dos campos inundáveis aos dias atuais. São Luís: EDUFMA, 2019. 2018 New evidence for late first-millennium AD stilt-house settlements in Eastern Amazonia. Antiquity v. 92, n. 366, Pp.1586-603. 2018 Morando no meio de rios e lagos: mapeamento e análise cerâmica de quatro estearias do Maranhão. Revista de Arqueologia, vol. 31, n. 1, Pp.73-103. 2018 As estearias do Maranhão: a pesquisa acadêmica do Laboratório de Arqueologia da UFMA. São Luís: EDUFMA, 2018. 2017 The Feast of Animals: Art and Imagens on Eastern Amazonian Stilt Houses (estearias). Expression Journal, v. 16, p. 63-72. 2017 Viviendo sobre los ríos y lagos: los palafitos prehistóricos de Maranhão y su complejidad social. Boletin americanista, v. 75, p. 17-32. 2017 As cidades lacustres do Maranhão: as estearias sob um olhar histórico e arqueológico. Diálogos (On-line), v. 21, p. 126142. 2016 Arte e estilo nas estearias maranhenses. Arquivos do Museu de História Natural e Jardim Botânico UFMG, v. 25, p. 100-124. 2016 O complexo cerâmico das estearias, Maranhão. In: Barreto, Cristiana; Lima, H. P.; Betancourt, C. J. (orgs.). Cerâmicas arqueológicas da Amazônia: rumo a uma nova síntese. Belém: IPHAN/Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, p. 158169, 2016. 2013 O povo das águas: carta arqueológica das estearias da porção centro-norte da baixada maranhense ISSN: 2178-2229. Cadernos de pesquisa, v. 20, p. 57-65. Navarro, Alexandre G.; Silva Júnior, José de S. 2019 Cosmologia e Adaptação Ecológica: o caso dos apliquesmamíferos das estearias maranhenses. Revista Anthropológicas Ano 23, 30(2): 203-233, 2019

Navarro, Alexandre. G.; Costa, M. L.; Silva, A. S. N. F.; Angélica, R. S.; Rodrigues, S. S. & Gouveia Neto, João C. 2017 O muiraquitã da estearia da Boca do Rio, Santa Helena, Maranhão: estudo arqueológico, mineralógico e simbólico. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Ciências Humanas, 12(3): 869-894.

Nepstad, D.C., C. R. de Carvalho, E. A. Davidson, et. al. 1994. The role of deep roots in the hydrological and carbon cycles of Amazonian forests and pastures. Nature 372, 666–669.

Netto, Ladislav 1885 Investigaçoes sobre a archaeologia brazileira. Archivos do Museu Nacional de Rio de Janeiro 6: 257-554.

Neves, Eduardo G. 2012 Sob os Tempos do Equinócio: Oito Mil Anos de História na Amazônia Central (6.500–1.500 DC). São Paulo: Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo.

Newsom, L.A. and E. S. Wing 2004. On Land and Sea: Native American Uses of Biological Resources in the West Indies. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.

Neves, Eduardo G. et al., organizers 2010 O II Encontro International de Arqueologia Amazônica. Final Program, September 12-17, Manaus, Amazonas, BR.

Nimuendaju, Curt 1952 The Tukuna, edited by Robert Lowie. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 45. Berkeley: University of California Press. 2004 In Pursuit of a Past Amazon. A Posthumous Work Compiled and Translated by Stig Ryden and Per Stenborg. Goteborg: Ethnological Studies 45.

Nordenskiold, Erland 1913 Urnengraber und mounds im Bolivianischen flachland. Baessler Archiv 3:205-255.

Odum, H. T. 1975 Ecology. The Link Between the Natural and the Social Sciences. Austin: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.

Oliveira Rodrigues, Adelia de 1994 The evidence for the nature of the process of indigenous deculturation and destabilization in the Brazilian Amazon in the last three hundred years: preliminary data. In Amazonian Indians from Prehistory to the Present: Anthropological Approaches, edited by A. C. Roosevelt. University of Arizona, Tucson, pp. 95–122.

Oliveira, P. S., editor 2002 The Cerrados of Brazil. New York: Columbia University Press.

Oliver, Jose R. 2008. The archaeology of agriculture in ancient Amazonia. In Handbook of South American Archaeology, edited by Helaine Silverman and William H. Isbell. New York: Springer. Pp. 185–216. 2014 Nuevos aportes a la arqueologia del sitio El Saladero, Bajo Orinoco, Venezuela. In Antes de Orellana: Actas del 13er Encuentro International de Arqueologia Amazonica, edited by Stephan Rostain. Quito: Instituto Frances de Estudios Andinos. Pp. 97-112.

Olsen, K.M., Schaal, B.A. 1999 Evidence on the origin of Cassava: phylogeography of Manihot Esculenta. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 96 (10): 5586–5591.

Palmatary, Helen C. 1950 The Pottery of Marajo Island, Brazil. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia. 1960 The Archaeology of theLower Tapajos Valley, Brazil. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society N.S. 50(3). Parssinen, Martti. A. Ranzi, S. Saunaluoma, and A. Siiriainen 2003 Geometrically patterned ancient earthworks in the Rio Branco region of Acre, Brazil: New Evidence of ancient chiefdom formations in Amazonian interfluvial terra firme environment. In Western Amazonia - Amazonia Ocidental, edited by Martti Parssinen and A. Korpisaari. Renvall Institute for Area and Cultural Studies, Publications 14. Helsinki: University of Helsinki. Pp. 97-134.

Parssinen, Martti., Denise Schaan, and A. Alceu 2009. Pre-Columbian geometric earthworks in the upper Purus: a complex society in western Amazonia. Antiquity 83: 1084– 1095.

Pearsall, D.M. 1995 ‘‘Doing’’ paleoethnobotany in the tropical lowlands: Adaptation and innovation in methodology. In Archaeology in the Lowland American Tropics: Current Analytical Methods and Recent Applications, edited by Peter Stahl. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 113–129.

Penna, Domingos Soares 1877 Apontamentos sobre os ceramios do Pará. Archivos do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro 2: 47-67. 1885 Indios de Marajó. Archivos do Museum Nacional de Rio de Janeiro 6: 108-115.

Pereira, Edith 2003 Arte Rupestre na Amazônia - Pará. Belém: Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi and São Paulo: UNESP.

Peters, C.M., Michael J. Balick, F. Kahn, and Anthony B. Anderson 1989 Oligarchic forests of economic plants in Amazonia: utilization and conservation of an important tropical resource. Conservation Biology 3, 341–349.

Piperno, D.R. 1990. Aboriginal agriculture and land usage in the Amazon basin, Ecuador. Journal of Archaeological Science 17: 665–677. 1995 Plant microfossils and their application in the New World tropics. In Archaeology in the Lowland American Tropics: Current Analytical Methods and Recent Applications, edited by Peter Stahl. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 130–153.

Piperno, D.R. and P. Becker 1996 Vegetational history of a site in the central Amazon basin derived from phytoloth and charcoal records from natural soils. Quaternary Research 45: 202–209.

Piperno, D. and D. Pearsall 1998 The origins of agriculture in the lowland tropics. San Diego: Academic Press.

Pires, J.M. 1984 The Amazon forest. In The Amazon: Limnology and Landscape Ecology of a Mighty Tropical River and its Basin, edited by H. Sioli. Dordrecht: W. Junk. Pp. 581–602.

Pitman, Nigel C.A., John W. Terborgh, M. R. Silman, V. P. Nunez, and D. A. Neill 2001 Domi-nance and distribution of tree species in Amazonian Terra Firme forests. Ecology 82: 2101–2117. Plotkin, R.L. 1999 Forest Islands in an Amazonian Savanna of Northeastern Bolivia. Ph. D. Dissertation, Geography, University of Wisconsin, Madison.

Politis, Gustavo 1996 Nukak. Bogota: Instituto Amazonico de Investigaciones Cientificas, SINCHI. 2007 Nukak: Ethnoarchaeology of an Amazonian People. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press and London: University College London Institute of Archaeology Publications.

Porras, A. 1987 Investigaciones arqueologicas a las faldas del Sangay, Provincia Morona Santiago, Tradicion Upano. Quito: Artes Graficas Senal, Impresenal Cia. Ltda.

Porro, A. 1994 Social organization and political power in the Amazon floodplain: the ethnohistorical sources. In Amazonian Indians from Prehistory to the Present: Anthropological Approaches, edited by A. C. Roosevelt. Tucson: University of Arizona, Pp. 79–94.

Posey, Darrell A. 1988 Kayapo Indian natural-resource management. In People of the Tropical Rain Forest, edited by Julie S. Denslow and Christine Padoch. Berkeley: University of California Press and Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution. Pp. 89-90. 2002 Kayapo Ethnoecology and Culture. London: Routledge. Posey, Darrell A. and William Balee, editors 1989 Resource Management in Amazonia: Indigenous and Folk Strategies. Advances in Economic Botany 9. New York: New York Botanical Garden. Pp. 30-62.

Prance, G.T., editor 1982 Biological Diversification in the Tropics. Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium, Association of tropical Biology, Macuto Beach, Caracas, Venezuela, February 8–13, 1979. New York: Columbia University.

Prous, Andre 1991 Fouilles de l’Abri de Boquete, Minas Gerais, Bresil. Journal de la Societe des Americanistes N.S. 77: 77-109. Paris. 1995 Archaeological analysis of the oldest settlements in the Americas. Revista Brasileira de Genetica 18:689-699. 1999 As premeiras populacoes do estado de Minas Gerais. In Prehistoria da Terra Brasilis, edited by C. M. Tenorio. Rio de Janeiro: Universidade Federal Rio de Janeiro. Pp. 101-114.

Prous, Andre and E. Fogaca 1999 Archaeology of the Pleistocene-Holocene boundary in Brazil. Quaternary International 53/54: 21-41.

Prumers, H. 2014. 100 anos de arqueologia en los llanos de Mojos. In Amazonia: Memorias de las Conferencias Magistrales del 3er Encuentro International de Arqueologia Amazonica, edited by Stephen Rostain. Quito: Instituto Frances de Estudios Andinos. Pp. 73-90.

Raffles, Hugh 1999. Exploring the anthropogenic Amazon: Estuarine landscape transformations in Amapa, Brazil. In Varzea: Diversity, Development, and Conservation of Amazonia’s White- water Floodplains, edited by Christine Padoch, C., J. M. Ayres, M. Pinedo-Vasquez, and Andrew Henderson. Advances in Economic Botany 13. New York: New York Botanical Garden. Pp. 355–370. 2002. In Amazonia: A Natural History. Princeton University and Oxford University, Princeton.

Ralegh, W. 1596 Discovery of the Rich and Bewtiful Empyre of Guiana, with a Relation of the Great and Golden Citie of Manoa (Which the Spanyards cal El Dorado) And of the Provinces of Emeria, Arromaia, Amapaia and Other Countries with their Rivers Adioyning. Performed in the Year 1595, by Sir Walter Ralegh. London: Knight, R. Robinson, London.

Raymond, J.S. 1972. The Cultural Remains from the Granja de Sivia, Peru: An Archaeological Study of Tropical Forest Cultura in the Montana. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.

Roosevelt, A. C. 1989 Resource Management in Amazonia Before the Conquest: Beyond Ethnographic Projection. In Resource Management in Amazonia: Indignous and Folk Strategies, edited by Darrell A. Posey and William Balee. Advances in Economic Botany 9. New York: New York Botanical Garden. Pp. 30-62. 1991a Moundbuilders of the Amazon: Geophysical archaeology on Marajo Island, Brazil. San Diego: Academic Press. 1991b Determinismo ecológico na interpretacão do desenvolvi- mento social indígena da Amazônia. In Origens, Adaptações, e Diversidade Biológica do Homen Nativo da Amazonia, edited by Walter Neves. Belém: Museu Goeldi, Belém Pp. 103–141. 1993 The Rise and Fall of the Amazon Chiefdoms. L’Homme 33 (126-128): 255-284. Special Issue. Le Remontee de l’Amazone: Anthropologie et Histoire des Societes Amazoniennes, edited by A.-C. Taylor and P. Descola. Paris. 1995 Early pottery in the Amazon: Twenty years of scholarly obscurity. In The Emergence of Pottery: Technology and Innovation in Ancient Societies, edited by William Barnett and John Hoopes. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Pp. 115-131. 1997 The Excavations at Corozal, Venezuela: Stratigraphy and Ceramic Seriation. Yale University Publications in Anthropology 83. New Haven. 1998a Ancient and Modern Hunter-Gatherers of Lowland South America: An Evolutionary Problem. In Advances in Historical Ecology, edited by William Balee. New York: Columbia University Press. Pp. 190-212. 1998b Paleoindian and Archaic Occupations in the Lower Amazon, Brazil: A Summary and Comparison. In Festschrift Honoring Wesley Hurt, edited by Mark Plew. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America. Pp. 165-192. 1999a Twelve Thousand Years of Human-Environment Interaction in the Amazon Floodplain. In Diversity, Development, and Conservation in Amazonia’s Whitewater Floodplains, edited by Christine Padoch, J.M. Ayres, M. Pinedo-Vasquez, and Andrew Henderson. Advances in Economic Botany 13. New York: New York Botanical Garden. Pp. 371-392. 1999b Dating the Rock Art at Monte Alegre, Brazil. In Dating and the Earliest Rock Art, edited by M.A. Strecker and Paul Bahn. Oxford: Oxbow Books. Pp. 35-40. 1999c The Maritime-Highland-Forest Dynamic and the Origins of Complex Society. In History of the Native Peoples of the Americas. South America, Part 1, edited by Frank Salomon and Stuart Schwartz. New York: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 264-349. 1999d The Development of Prehistoric Complex Societies: Amazonia, A Tropical Forest. In Complex Polities in the Ancient Tropical World, edited by E.A. Bacus and Lisa Lucero. Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association 9. Pp. 13-34. 1999e Ancient hunter-gatherers of Sourth America. In Cambridge University Encyclopdia of Hunter-Gatherers, edited by Richard Lee and R. Daly. New York: Cambrige University Press. Pp. 86-92. 2000a The Lower Amazon: A Dynamic Human Habitat. In Imperfect Balance: Landscape Transformations in the Precolumbian Americas, edited by David L. Lentz. New York: Columbia University Press. Pp. 455-491. 2000b Mound-building Societies of the Amazon and Orinoco. In Archaeologia de las Tierras Bajas, edited by Alicia Duran Coirolo. Montevideo: Ministerio de Educacion. 2000c New information from old collections: The interface of science and systematic collections. In Museum Issues and Trends, Special Issue, edited by A. Hitchcock. Cultural Resource Management 23(5): 25-29. Washington, DC: US Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Cultural Resources. 2002 Gender in Human Nature: Sociobiology Revisited and Revised. In In Pursuit of Gender: Worldwide Archaeological Approaches, edited by Sarah M. Nelson and M. Rosen-Ayalon. Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press. Pp. 355-376. 2005 Ecology in Human Evolution: Origins of the Species and of Complex Societies. In A Catalyst for Ideas:Anthropological

Archaeology and the Legacy of Douglas Schwartz, edited by V. Scarborough. Santa Fe: School of American Research. Pp. 169208. 2007 Geophysical Archaeology in the Lower Amazon: A Research Strategy. In Remote Sensing in Archaeology, edited by Farouk El Baz and James R. Wiseman. New York: Springer. Pp. 435-467. 2010a. Long-term human-environment interaction in Amazonia. In Amaz’homme: Sciences de l’Homme Sciences de la Nature en Amazonie, edited by Egle V. Baronne and A. C. Roosevelt. Ibis Rouge, Cayenne, FG, pp. 17–44. 2010b Humans and nature in Amazonia: Integrative scientific theory for a complex dialectic. In Amaz’homme: Sciences de l’Homme, Sciences de la Nature en Amazonie, edited by Egle V. Baronne and A. C. Roosevelt. Ibis Rouge, Cayenne, FG. Pp. 417–429. 2013 The great anaconda and the Amazon women: A powerful and dangerous ancestral spirit from creation time to today. In Colocataires d’Amazonie: Hommes, Animaux, et Plantes de Part et D’Autre de L’Atlantique, edited by Egle Barone Visigalli. Cayennes: Ibis Rouge. 2013 The Amazon and the Anthropocene: 13,000 years of human influence in a tropical forest. In Anthropocene 4: 67-87. 2014a Prehistory of Amazonia. In The Cambridge World Prehistory, Vol. 2, edited by Colin Renfrew and Paul Bahn. Cambridge: Cambirdge University Press. Pp. 1165–1189. 2014b Science, technology, and innovation in ancient Amazonia. In Antes de Orellana: Actas del 13er Encuentro International de Arqueologia Amazonica, edited by Stephan Rostain. Quito: Instituto Frances de Estudios Andinos. Pp. 141-148. 2016 Method and theory of early farming: The Orinoco and Caribbean coasts of South America. Earth Science Research 6(1):1-42. Toronto: Candian Center for Science and Education. 2017 Interpreting long-term human-environment interaction in Amazonia. In Legacies of Space and Intangible Heritage: Archaeology, Ethnohistory, and the Politics of Cultural Continuity in the Americas, edited by Fernando ArmstrongFumero and Julio Hoil Gutierrez. Boulder: University of Colorado Press. Pp. 209-238. 2019 The Warao: A stilt-village culture of the Orinoco Delta. In A Civilizacao Lacustre da Baixada Maranhense: Da Prehistorica dos Campos Inundaveis aos Dias Atuais, edited by Alexandre Guida Navarro. São Luís: Universidade Federal do Maranhão. Pp. 231-296.

Roosevelt, A. C. and Christopher S. Davis 2017 Distances and the tropical Forest: In space, time, and culture. In Lonesome Landscapes: The Archaeology of Remote and Isolated Places, edited by Daron Duke and Matthew Des Lauries. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City. In press.

Roosevelt, A. C., John E. Douglas, B. Bevan, M. da Silveira, and Linda J. Brown 2012 Monumentality in Amazonia. In Early New World Monumentality, edited by Richard L. Burger and R. M. Rosenswig. Gainesville: University of Florida Press. Pp. 255-288.

Roosevelt, A. C., John E. Douglas, and Linda J. Brown 2002 Migrations and Adaptations of the First Americans: Clovis and Pre-Clovis Viewed from South America. In The First Americans: The Pleistocene Colonization of the New World, edited by Nina Jablonski. Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences No. 27. Berkeley: University of California Press and San Francisco: the California Academy of Sciences. Pp. 159-236.

Roosevelt, A. C., John E. Douglas, Anderson Marcio Amaral, Maura Imazio da Silveira, Carlos Palheta Barbosa, Maura Barreto, Wanderley Silva da Souza, and Linda J. Brown. 2009 Early hunter-gatherers in the terra-firme rainforest: Stemmed projectile points from the Curua goldmines. Amazonica 1(2):442-483.

Roosevelt, A. C., Rupert Housley, Maura Imazio da Silveira, Silvia Maranca, and Richard Johnson 1991 Eighth Millennium Pottery from a Prehistoric Shell Midden in the Brazilian Amazon. Science 254(5038): 1621-1624.

Roosevelt, A. C., Marcondes Lima da Costa, C. Lopes Machado, M. Michab, N. Mercier, H. Valladas, James Feathers, William Barnett, Maura Imazio da Silveira, Andrew. Henderson, Jane Sliva, Barry Chernoff, David S. Reese, J. A. Holman, Nicholas Toth, Kathy Schick 1996 Paleoindian cave dwellers in the Amazon: The peopling of the Americas. Science 272:373-384.

Roosevelt, A. C., editor 1994 Amazonian Indians from Prehistory to the Present: Anthropological Perspectives. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.

Rossetti, D. de F., Peter M. de Toledo, and A. M. Goes 2009 Archaeological mounds in Marajo Island: perspective integrating remote sensing and sedimentology. Geoarchaeology 24(1), 22–41.

Rostain, Stephan 1991 Les Champs Sureleves Amerindiens de la Guyane. ORSTOM: Paris. 2008 The archaeology of the Guianas: An overview. In Handbook of South American Archaeology, edited by Helaine Silverman and William H. Isbell. New York: Springer. Pp. 279302. 2010. Precolumbian earthworks in coastal Amazonia. Diversity 2, 331– 352. 2012. Between Sierra and Selva: landscape transformations in upper Ecuadorian Amazonia. Quaternary International 249, 31–42. 2013. Islands in the Rainforest: Landscape Management in Ancient Amazonia. Left Coast Press, Walnut Creek.

Salati, Eneas and J. Marques 1984 Climatology of the Amazon region. In The Amazon: Limnology and Landscape Ecology of a Mighty Tropical River and its Basin, edited by Harald Sioli. The Hague: Dr W. Junk.

Salati, Eneas and Peter B. Vose 1986. The water cycle in tropical forests, with special reference to the Amazon. Studies in Environmental Science 26: 623-648.

Salazar, Ernesto 1998 De vuelta a Sangay: Investigaciones arqueologicas en el alto Upano, Amazonia Ecuatoriana. Bulletin de l’Institut Français d`études Andines 27: 213-240. 2008 Pre-Columbian mound complexes in the Upano river valley, lowland Ecuador. In: Handbook of South American Archaeology, edited by Helaine Silverman and William H. Isbell. New York: Springer. Pp. 263–278. Salo, J., R. Kalliola, I. Hakkinen, Y. Makinen, P. Niemela, M. Puhakka, and P. D. Coley 1986 River dynamics and the diversity of Amazon lowland forest. Nature 322, 254–258.

Sanaiotti, T.M., L. A. Martinelli, R. L. Victoria, S. E. Trumbore, and P. B. Camargo 2002 Past vegetation changes in Amazonian savannas determined using carbon isotopes of soil organic matter. Biotropica 34 (1): 2–16.

Schaan, Denise P. 1997 A linguagem iconografica de cerâmica Marajoara. Coleção Arqueologia 3. Porto Alegre: Pontífica Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul. 2001 Into the labyrinths of Marajoara pottery: Status and cultural identity in prehistoric Amazônia. In Unknown Amazon, edited by Colin McEwan, C. Barreto, and Eduardo G. Neves. London: British Museum. Pp. 108-133. 2004 The Camutins Chiefdom: Rise and Development of Complex Societies on Marajo Island, Brazilian Amazon. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pittsburgh.

Schaan, Denise P., Martti Parssinen, A. Ranzi, and J. C. Piccoli 2007 Geóglifos da Amazônia ocidental: Evidência de complexidade social entre povos da terra firme. Revista de Arqueologia 20: 67-82.

Schaan, Denise P., Martti, Parssinen, S. Saunaluoma, A. Ranzi, M. Bueno, and A. Barbosa 2012 New radiometric dates for pre-columbian (2000–700 B.P.) earthworks in western Amazonia, Brasil. Journal of Field Archaeology 37 (2): 132–142.

Schmink, Marianne and C. H. Wood 1992 Contested frontiers in Amazonia. New York: Colombia University Press.

Schmitz, P. I. 1987 Prehistoric hunter-gatherers of Brazil. Journal of World Prehistory 1:3-126. 1999 A questao do Paleoíndio. In Pré-História da Terra Brasilis, edited by M. C. Tenorio. Rio de Janeiro: Editora UFRJ. Pp. 55-59.

Siegel, Peter E. 1990 Demographic and architectural retrodiction: An ethnoarchaeological case study in the South American tropical lowlands. Latin American Antiquity 1: 319–346.

Siegel, Peter E. and Peter Roe 1986 Shipibo archaeoethnology: Site formation processes and archaeological interpretation. World Archaeology 18(1): 96-115.

Simões, M. F. 1969 The Castanheira site: New evidence on the antiquity and history of the Ananatuba phase (Marajo Island, Brazil). American Antiquity 34(4): 402-410. 1976 Nota sobre duas pontas de projetil da Bacia Tapajos (Para). Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi NS 62: 1-14. 1981 Coletores-pescadores-ceramistas do litoral do Salgado (Para). Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi (N.S.) No. 78: 1-26.

Smith, Herbert H. 1879 Brazil, the Amazons, and the Coast. New York: Scribners.

Smith, Nigel J. H. Anthrosols and human carrying capacity in the Amazon. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 70: 533-566. 1999 The Amazon River Forest: A Natural History of Plants, Animals, and People. Oxford: Oxford University. 2016 Palms and People in the Amazon. Geobotany Studies. Springer. [No city of publication]

Smith, Nigel J.H., Vasquez, R., Wust, W.H. 2007 Amazon River Fruits: Flavors for Conservation. St. Louis: Amazon Conservation Association and Missouri Botanical Garden.

Smith, Nigel J. H., J. T. Wiliams, Donald L. Plucknett, and Jennifer P. Talbot 1992 Tropical Forests and Their Crops. A Comstock Book. Ithaca: Cornell University.

Southgate, D., Wasserstrom, R., Reider, S. 2009 Oil development, deforestation, and indigenous populations in the Ecuadorian Amazon. Paper presented to the Latin American Studies Association, 11–14 June, 2009, Rio de Janeiro. Steege, H. ter, et al., 2013. Hyperdominance in the Amazonia tree flora. Science 342,1243092-1–1243092-9.

Stenborg, Per, editor 2004 In pursuit of the Past Amazon. Archaeological Researches in the Brazilian Guyana and in the Amazon Region, by Curt Nimuendaju. A postuhumous work compiled and translated by Stig Ryden and Per Stenborg. Ethnological Studies 25. Gothenburg, Sweden.

Sternberg, Hilgard O’Reilly 1960. Radiocarbon dating as applied to a problem of Amazon morphology. In: Comptes Rendus du XVII Congres International de Geographie 2(28): 399-424. Rio de Janeiro. 1975 The Amazon River of Brazil. Wiesbaden, DE: Franz Steiner. 1998 A Água e Homem na Várzea do Careiro. 2nd ed., 2 vols.. Belém: Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi.

Steward, Julian H. 1949 South American Cultures: An Interpretive Summary. In Comparative Ethnology of South American Indians. Handbook of South American Indians. Vol. 5, edited by Julian H. Steward. Bureasu of American Ethnology, No. 143, vol 5. Washington, D. C. Smithsonian Institution. Pp. 669-772.

Stone, Roger D. 1988 Carajas. In In People of the Tropical Rain Forest, edited by Julie S. Denslow and Christine Padoch. Berkeley: University of California Press and Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution. Pp. 174-176.

Torres, Fernando, Pedro Pablo Alayza, and Carolyn Heath, organizers 2002 Una Ventana hacia el Infinito: Arte Shipibo-Conibo. Lima: Instituto Cultural Peruano Norteamericano - ICPNA.

van der Hammen, Thomas and Maria Lucia Absy 1994 Amazonia during the last glacial. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 109: 247–261.

van der Hammen, Thomas and H. Hoogiemstra 2000 Neogene and Quaternary history of vegetation, climate, and plant diversity in Amazonia. Quaternary Science Reviews 1 9, 725–742.

van der Merwe, A. C. Roosevelt, and J. C. Vogel 1981 Isotopic Evidence for Prehistoric Subsistence Change at Parmana, Venezuela. Nature 292(5823): 536-538.

Versteeg, A., 2008 Barranoid and Arauquinoid mound builders in coastal Surinam. In Handbook of South American Archaeology edited by Helaine Silverman and WIlliam H. Isbell. New York: Springer. Pp. 303-318.

Visigalli, Egle Barone and A. C. Roosevelt, editors 2010 Amaz’hommes: Sciences de’Homme et Sciences de la Nature en Amazonia. Cayenne, FG: Ibis Rouge.

Walker, J. H. 2004 Agricultural change in the Bolivian Amazon. Ambio Agricola en la Amazonia Boliviana. University of Pittsburgh Memoirs in Latin American Archaeology 13. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh, Department of Anthropology and Trinidad, Bolivia: Fundacion Kenneth Lee. 2012. Recent landscape archaeology in South America. Journal of Archaeological Research 20: 309–355.

Wallace, A. R 1889 A Narrative of Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro. London, UK: Ward, Lock.

Weber, Ron 1975 Caimito: An Analysis of Prehistoric Culture in the Central Ucayali, Eastern Peru. PhD Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Ilinois, Urbana Champaign, IL.

Wust, Irmhilde 1994 The eastern Bororo from an archaeological perspective. In Amazonian Indians fromPrehistory to the Present: Anthropological Approaches, edited by A. C.Roosevelt. Tucson: University of Arisona Press. Pp. 315-342.