Bina Braga: A Community and Place Development Plan for Kampung Braga by Iqbal Adam Dalimunthe

B I N A

B R A G A

A Community and Place Development Framework for Kampung Braga

Iqbal Adam / 892825 Master of Urban Planning

ABPL90260 Travelling Studio Indonesia

We would like to acknowledge the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples as the First Custodians of Australia and the Traditional Owners of the land on which Melbourne is being developed and pay our respects to their Elders, past, present, and emerging

Bina To build, develop, or foster something; To endeavour to become better

Bina Braga To continuously build, develop, and foster Kampung Braga and its residents to become better

Acronyms . KT

Karang Taruna Youth Associations. A group run by young adults to improve economic productivity and capacity in kampung, especially for productive age group.

LPM

Lembaga Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Community Development Associations. A group for collecting aspirations from the community. It is in charge for the implementation of development program.

Pokja

Kelompok Kerja Working Group. A technical group specifically assigned to work on particular issue, for instance housing and settlement, including slum improvement.

PKK

Pemberdayaan Kesejahteraan Keluarga Family Welfare Associations. A group commonly run by housewives to preserve traditional community value and improve social and economic welfare.

Rukun Tetangga Neighbourhood Associations. An optional administrative institutions under RW for citizenship profiling.

Rukun Warga Community Associations. An optional administrative institution under kelurahan to help nurture and develop the community.

Contents . Acronyms

Contents

Preface

Contributors

Introduction

PART 1 - Background and Context

Terminology

Governance Hierarchy

Historical Context

Story of Kampung Braga

PART 2 - Problem Analysis

Issues

Policy Alignment

Slum Level of Kampung Braga

Site Analysis

Governance Structure

PART 3 - Improvement Program

Improvement Approach

Lessons Learned

Bina Braga Framework

Bina Warga

Bina Ruang

Implementation

Conclusions

Reference Lists

Preface . The book is the product of interdisciplinary research and fieldwork developed by academics and students from Architecture, Landscape Architecture, Urban Design, and Urban Planning from Melbourne School of Design (MSD) of University of Melbourne; School of Architecture, Planning, and Policy Development (SAPPK) of Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB); and Integrated Urbanism and Sustainable Design (IUSD) of University of Stuttgart in SeptemberOctober 2019. The studio addressed the question â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;How do we envision the in-between city?â&#x20AC;&#x2122; and focused on highlighting the urban informal settlements, or called kampung in Indonesian, along the Cikapundung River in the progressive City of Bandung. The study area was divided into three sites: Upper Stream, Mid Stream, and Low-Mid Stream. This book covers the area of Kampung Braga in Low-Mid Stream characterised by heritage site and tourist destination. The studio aims to explore the range of planning and design possibilities to reimagine the position of kampung within the urban system. This book, Bina Braga, is a set of strategic frameworks used as recommendation for community and place development in Kampung Braga that provides directions for future development. It aims to strengthen the position of Kampung Braga and its residents as part of urban production in Alun-Alun and Braga area. This book is influenced by the preliminary planning and design ideas during the fieldwork in Bandung. This book is part of the collaboration between Gian Franco Valverde from Master of Urban Design University of Melbourne. He develops urban design framework, which has been incorporated in one of the actions in this book, in one of the selected sites in Kampung Braga.

Contributors . Iqbal is a Master of Urban Planning student in University of Melbourne with background in Architecture from Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB). His field of interest includes non-motorised transport, urban informality, public space, and strategic planning.

Iqbal Adam Author

Abdi Contributor

Adibah Contributor

Ana Contributor

Annabelle Contributor

Choco Contributor

Dini Contributor

Gian Franco Contributor

Gio Contributor

Meifi Contributor

Olvi Contributor

Rajvi Contributor

Rana Contributor

Ratih Contributor

Rosie Contributor

Santy Contributor

Sisil Contributor

Introduction . Formal-informal, legal-illegal, planned-unplanned, organisedunorganised. The dichotomy in current planning practice is entrenched since the Dutch colonisation in Indonesia Today, urban informality has started to gain attention from scholars in urban studies. The broad studies have mainly challenged the dichotomy of formal-informal, legal-illegal, or planned-unplanned within the current urban development. Urban informal settlements have always been associated as an antithesis of the progressive cities. Generally, informality is any activity unauthorised by the current law or regulation (Jenkins, 2006). While, informal settlements is defined as the living activity outside the formal planning system (Leitner & Sheppard, 2018). It is characterised by the word ‘lack’, such as lack of basic service, tenure security, and control (Dovey & Raharjo, 2010). Thus, it is common to see that urban informal settlements are treated as a separate entity in the urban system. The dichotomy between formal-informal, legal-illegal, and planned-unplanned creates a clear segregation to where development agenda and resource distribution are channelled. Informal settlements do not portray what the city needs to attract direct investment to achieve global city status (Jones, 2017). Their visibility is considered as the representation of government’s failure in developing the city, thus concealing them from public gaze is omnipresent (Dovey & King, 2011).

Attempts to improve the quality of informal settlements vary from in-situ upgrading, formalisation, to eviction. However, it is common that the process is ill-planned leaving the affected communities to be worse-off (Achmadi et al., 2019). The eviction is common in city centre because the informal settlements are situated in investable land (Leitner & Sheppard (2018). Urban informality should be seen as the integral part of urban production. It is not a sector but a process, is not passive but active as part of urban production (Roy, 2005). Informal settlements are form of selforganisation due to institutional incapacity in providing more affordable housing options (Roy, 2005; Jenkins, 2006). They are neither completely unplanned as they are the outcome of community’s strategic sensibility (Raharjo, 2019); nor entirely illegal because most of them exist in disputed land (Dovey & Raharjo, 2010); and nor totally informal as they are connected to city administration (Sullivan, 1986; Simone, 2014). Therefore, rather than segregate urban production into dichotomies, urban practitioner and policymaker should treat them as an integrated continuum.

12 | Background and Context

PART 1 Background and Context

Background and Context | 13

Terminology . Kampung is an Indonesian term to refer to informal settlements which means village. Kampung was originally used to define informal village located in rural areas. Today, the terminology is widely used to refer informal settlements in the cities, or called urban kampung, because the similar characteristic to that in rural areas. The common characteristic of kampung is irregular, unorganised, informal (Sihombing, 2004), autonomous, self-sufficient, low density, and strong social bonds. Initially, kampung was not associated with slums, however since the term has expanded to refer the condition in the city due to overcrowding and dilapidating infrastructure, kampung can be used to denote informal settlements, slums, and/or squatter settlements (Obermayr, 2017). Thus, the kampung characteristic slightly changes in urban kampung into such as high density, tenure security issue, close to source of livelihoods, and small local economy (Anindito et al., 2018). Three traditional community values in Indonesia:

Self-help, Cooperation, Kinship.

14 | Background and Context

Background and Context | 15

Governance Hierarchy . City of Bandung

city

Number in Bandung: 1

Coordination between horizontal and vertical institutions. Responsible for Mandatory Duty including public works, spatial planning, social housing, and settlements. Allowed to issue regulation and policy. (National Law No. 23/2014 regarding Local Governance).

Kecamatan

district

Led by Camat

Enhance the coordination for development, public service, and community development for the empowerment of Kelurahan.

Number in Bandung: 30

Direct communication and responsibility to mayor. (National Law No. 23/2014 regarding Local Governance).

Kelurahan

village

Led by Camat

Responsible for community development, maintenance of public facility, and provision of public service.

Number in Bandung: 151

Coordination with Kecamatan for community and place development. (National Law No. 23/2014 regarding Local Governance).

Rukun Warga (RW)

community associations

Led by Head of RW

Serves as Kelurahanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s working partner formed through community consensus.

Number in Bandung: 1585

Responsible to nurture and preserve Indonesian traditional value and collect the aspiration from community. (Bandung Local Ordinance No. 02/2013 regarding Community Organisation of Kelurahan).

Rukun Tetangga (RT)

neighbourhood associations

Led by Head of RT

Community and citizenship profiling.

Number in Bandung: 9874

Conflict mediation between households, collect aspiration from household scale. Coordination with other RTs to help RWs. (Bandung Local Ordinance No. 02/2013 regarding Community Organisation of Kelurahan).

16 | Background and Context

Indonesian cities normally have governance hierarchy from city level to neighbourhood level covering 30-50 households. Unique to Bandung, it has Development District (SWK) encompassing several kecamatans for more focused development. The smallest compulsory administrative level based on national law is kelurahan. RW and RT are optional for community development. The role of RW and RT are still largely found in kampung due to solid social kinship and less advantaged situation.

City of Bandung

Consists of six SWKs shown in different colour and 30 kecamatans presented in white border. SWK is used in Detailed Spatial Plan document that addresses specific issues and directions.

Kecamatan Sumur Bandung

The study area is situated in Kecamatan Sumur Bandung which has four kelurahans. The yellow colour presents Kelurahan Braga where the study area takes place.

Kelurahan Braga There are eight RWs in Kelurahan Braga, however only four RWs lie in Kampung Braga, the study area of this studio shown in dashed line. They are RW3, RW4, RW7, and RW8.

Background and Context | 17

Historical Context .

Early Land Use Plan during the Dutch colonisation in 1933 (Leiden University, 2019)

18 | Background and Context

1641

1940s

Bandung was a small village called Negorij Bandoeng or West Oedjoeng Broeng which has the same characteristic as rural kampung (Martokusumo, 2002)

Independence period of Indonesia. The regime changed from the Dutch, Japanese, to Indonesian. Frequent upheavals occurred resulting in exodus and influx of residents. Many kampung residents left the city to outer region.

1800s

Post 1945

Bandung underwent major development marked by the construction of Bandung Great Post Road. European administration building started to grow and encroach the kampung land.

Majority of residents came back to urban kampung due to the vast development and source of income. Kampung started to accrue informally and the density was rapidly growing. Meanwhile, the government had other priorities in the transition period after gaining independence.

1900s

Today

Land use plan of Bandung was created. The zone was divided by ethnicity. The European lived in northern part of Bandung with spacious area (see figure in red). The Indonesians lived in kampung mainly in southern part of Bandung, along Cikapundung River, and in peri-urban area (see figure in yellow).

Kampung is associated as slums. The regulation and policy only use the term â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;slumsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; to refer to urban kampung. Bandung still has plenty of urban kampungs and attempts to improve their quality have been executed but the effects remain limited.

Background and Context | 19

From autonomous regions to slums. What is next? Current urban development is the evidence of unwanted dialogue with the colonial past. In the spirit of anti-colonialism, what has happened is the reproduction of the colonial state (Kusno, 2000). During the Dutch period, anything produced by Indonesians was considered informal and what Europeans produced was formal. Since kampung had existed before the Dutch came and had its own characteristic, the Dutch acknowledged kampung as an autonomous region. It means that kampung is selfregulating and independent (Achmadi et al., 2019; Cobban, 1974). The ethnic separation reinforced the autonomy of kampung to apply its customary law, administration, and regulation. The autonomy law disadvantaged the position of kampung. In one hand, municipal government was restricted to carry out any intervention, on the other side the Dutch kept neglecting them because they were autonomous. After the law was abolished, the municipal government took unilateral improvement, but later the Dutch created a new law regarding the restriction of the construction of poor-quality building. This generated the scarcity of affordable housing options for low-income groups. At the end, lack of control became the state’s failure to improve kampung condition. After the independence, instead of reviving the presence of urban kampung, the Dutch’s practice was still inherited by the new Indonesian administrators.

20 | Background and Context

Urban kampung kept being autonomous since the improvement was not the priority during that transition period. After settling down, Bandung attracted many migrants but most of them could not afford a decent housing and ended up living in existing kampung and building illegal housing in riverside. Kampung became overcrowded and deteriorated which then started to be associated with slums (Reerink, 2015, Reksadjaya, 2017). Today, the current system treats urban kampung as slums in any policy and regulations. With the pressure to excecure the global city concept, Bandung has attempted to become more marketable by intensifying urban renewal projects (Achmadi et al., 2019) such as parks, fly overs, malls, and street revitalisations. Instead, urban kampung becomes more vulnerable because the land value is rapidly soaring. Such attempts for urban kampung improvement have been exercised but there has been neither specific program for ‘urban kampung’ nor the policy for urban kampung management (Anindito et al., 2018). The lack of control to urban kampung has been deeply entrenched since the colonial period and is descended into the current practice leaving urban kampung autonomous, excluded, and marginalised.

Background and Context | 21

Story of Kampung Braga .

Kampung Braga in 1933 Key Kampung Stone Buildings Municipalâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Land Cikapundung River Kampung Braga

Kampung Braga is classified as inner city kampung which has been planned since 1933, located in Braga Quarter and has existed since 19th century (Wihadanto et al., 2017). Braga Quarter has become one of the most prominent areas in Bandung since the colonisation. In the beginning of the 20th century, urban renewal program was executed responding to the growth of the city. In 1930s, new infrastructure was erected to improve the urban environment quality in Braga marked by art deco and modern architecture. As a result, in 1940s, Braga Street was transformed into high-end shopping street and used as the Europeanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s community centre (Martokusumo, 2002) The Dutch placed Kampung Braga along Cikapundung River as the backstage of colonial and commercial buildings. As development in Braga expanded, Kampung Braga has shrunk and been encroached by private development.

22 | Background and Context

Kampung Braga in 2019 Key Residential Commercial Civic Building Mixed-Use Place of Worship Nature Reserve Cikapundung River Kampung Braga

Current land use map presents the shrinking of Kampung Braga compared to the map from 1933. Moreover, the area is subject to Incentive Zone which encourages the intensification and densification of development by providing public benefits in return, for instance open space, access to clean water, or sanitation improvement. Actual evidence shows the current demolition in RW8 around Apandi Alleyway. The site is suspected to be converted into commercial buildings however after one year since the demolition, the plan is still unclear and the demolished land is still unutilised. Another issue is the closure of Apandi Alleyway which crosses through Braga Street under a heritage building from Kampung Braga. Apandi Alleyway is pivotal to the residents for access and evacuation route (Mauludy, 2019b). It illustrates how significant Kampung Braga is which has existed even before the heritage status applied in Braga Street. Background and Context | 23

This is our homeland! This alleyway has long existed. We are not tourists here.

24 | Background and Context

Historical Siginificance Kampung Braga, silently, does have a rich but woeful historical significance. According to Daily Article from Pikiran Rakyat News in January 2019, Kampung Braga used to be the quarter of Indonesian warriors during the ceasefire in November 1945. At that time, Bandung was split into two zones with the railway became the demarcation line. The Dutch occupied the north, and Indonesians protected the south. Kampung Braga was selected as quarters due to its proximity to railway so it could seve as a security post. Since the Dutch could not trespass the line, but still planned to attack the Indonesians, they opened the water gate in the upstream of Cikapundung River. As a result, Kampung Braga was wiped out by the floodstream resulting in casualties not only from the warriors but innocent residents. The corpses were temporarily laid on Apandi Alleywayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s entry point because it was covered and located in higher elevation thus the corpses could remain dry (Mauludy, 2019a).

We support the rejection of the Apandi Alleyway closure. Apandi, now and forever!!!

Background and Context | 25

26 | Problem Analysis

PART 2 Problem Analysis

Problem Analysis | 27

Issues . Development Pressure

Visibility and Significance

Strategically located close to Bandungâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s top tourist destinations, the land value becomes highly investable leading to the intensification of commercial development around Kampung Braga which increases the threat of eviction.

Kampung Braga has been overshadowed by the fame of Braga Street and AlunAlun Bandung as heritage site, making it invisible and impenetrable both spatially and socially. The invisibility becomes an additional threat for eviction.

Fragmented Communities

Ineffective Governance

Kampung Braga is divided into four small administrative districts (RWs) in which each has its own development program supported by each community associations. This results in the lack of common vision for the whole kampung as one community which makes them easy to dismantle.

Too many institutions and organisations in a such small area without strong leadership to bind the residents together complicate the channel of communication and resource distribution resulting in insignificant development program.

Unutilised Vacant Lands

Local Economy

Lack of open space in Kampung Braga forces the residents to use street as their social space. The vacant lands from the demolished area becomes new active usable space for the residents. Utilising the vacant land is imperative to extend Kampung Bragaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s development program.

Economic production in Kampung Braga is not widely nurtured and interconnected. The absence of community bank, access to the market, and assistance from significant groups makes Kampung Braga does not have much selling point in the middle of tourist destination area.

28 | Problem Analysis

Problem Analysis | 29

Policy Alignment . In general, the national, provincial, and local governments has incorporated the issue of slum upgrading in their policy document and regulation. There are several key aspects that each level share to improve the quality of slum settlements: Community participation; Multi-level stakeholder collaboration; Socio-economic capacity building; Establishment of coordinating group; Precinct plan; and Physical improvement. These documents have put both physical and social development as the priority for slum improvement, although major limitations are found in the social aspect. There are three steps for slum improvement: Acknowledgement through mapping, profiling, land certification, and land registration; Physical improvement; and Action to prevent further slum formation. However, the policies are rigid in which the improvement is still based on legality of tenure presented in the levels of slum improvement. They are: Rehabilitation is a form of in-situ upgrading without large intervention such as painting and fixing uneven street surface. Reconstruction is a large-scale upgrading where the residents are moved to temporary house and move back to the original location after the construction is complete. Resettlement is to move the residents to other places if the kampung is illegal, no matter the condition of the settlements is.

30 | Problem Analysis

In other word, regardless the condition of slum settlements, if it is illegal, they will get displaced. In provincial and local level, slum settlements situated in inner city is encouraged to be improved as vertical housing. Meanwhile, slum settlements located along the riverside shall be acquired and cleared to convert the area for green network. The rigid framework of these policies could threaten the position of Kampung Braga. In provincial level, one of the criteria for the residents to receive improvement or incentive for their house is by having legal land or building certificate. In other words, residents living in very poor slum area, who commonly do not have legal tenure, cannot get benefitted from the improvement program. It gives a sense that tenure security shall be the priority. The multilevel policies have mentioned the urge to create precinct plan or Building and Environment Plan which is contextspecific. However, there is no Building and Environment Plan for Braga area although the area is designated as regional activity centre that is subject for rehabilitation.

National Level National Medium-Term Development Plan 2015-2019 National Law No. 1/2011 regarding Housing and Settlements National Law No. 23/2014 regarding Local Governance Ministerial Ordinance of Public Works No. 2/2016 regarding Quality Improvement of Slum Housing and Settlements Government Ordinance No. 14/2016 regarding Implementation of Housing and Settlements Urban Slums Alleviation and Quality Improvement Guideline (RP2KPKP) from Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing

Provincial Level Medium-Term Development Plan of West Java 2018-2023 Draft of West Java Provincial Ordinance regarding Housing and Settlement Area Development Plan 2019-2039 Governorial Ordinance No. 46/2015 regarding Uninhabitable House (Rutilahu) Improvement Guideline

Local Level Medium-Term Development Plan of Bandung 2018-2023 Bandung Spatial Plan 2011-2031 Bandung Detailed Spatial Plan 2015-2035 Local Ordinance No. 01/2013 regarding Mater Plan of Local Tourism Development 2012-2025 Mayoral Decree of Bandung No. 648/2010 regarding Stipulation of Slum Housing and Settlement Location Problem Analysis | 31

Slum Level of Kampung Braga . Key Very poor slum area Poor slum area Less poor slum area Kelurahan Braga

Referring to the policies, very poor slum settlements are at stake of being resettled, especially those who do not have legal tenure. City of Bandung has classified Kampung Braga as the prioritised slum settlements, meaning that improvement is needed. The picture above shows that one out of five very poor slum settlements is located in Kelurahan Braga. Although it does not specify the exact location, but there is a high plausibility that it is Kampung Braga. Based on the assessment from Wihadanto et al. (2017) who used the criteria from Government Ordinance No. 14/2016 regarding Implementation of Housing and Settlements, Kampung Braga scored 32 | Problem Analysis

88/100 for the slum level, with 100 is the most squalid. However, they only took two RWs for their observation which are RW4 and RW8. Although the two RWs could represent Kampung Braga in general, based on observation during the fieldwork, their condition did not portray very poor slum area. Therefore, the label or status of very poor slum area could threaten the existence of Kampung Braga because Kampung Braga is located in inner city where development pressure is high. Not to mention the rigid policy framework that relies on legality and illegality and the current evidence of demolition.

Problem Analysis | 33

Site Analysis .

Bandung Station Railway

Pasar Baru Trade Centre

Kampung Braga

Cikapundung Riverspot

Asia-Afrika Street

Alun-Alun Bandung Great Mosque

Site Context Kampung Braga is strategically situated in the inner city of Bandung, close to popular tourist destinations. Asia Afrika Street and Braga Street are two of a few most significant streets in Bandung which are registered as heritage street and decorated with art deco colonial buildings. Figure above shows the point of interests around Kampung Braga. Inner city area, tourist destinations, and proximity to major transport hub increase the land value and intensify the development. 34 | Problem Analysis

Braga Street

Asia-Afrika Street

Braga Street

Alun-Alun Bandung

Cikapundung Riverspot Problem Analysis | 35

Existing Condition

Key RW Boundary RW Office Active Space Vacant Land Residential Area Although the total area of Kampung Braga is 12 Ha, the residential area only covers approximately 5 Ha. Within this 5-ha area, it is very densely populated with 0.12 people/ sqm. Due to that density, the open space only covers 3.09%. Despite the density and slum level, 85.76% of the residents have building ownership. The study is based on RW4 and RW8 only, however the data could be representative as the socio-demographic condition is similar throughout Kampung Braga (Wihadanto et al., 2017).

36 | Problem Analysis

Most of the residents work as entrepreneurs or informal traders around Kampung Braga, notably in Asia-Afrika Street, Braga Street, Banceuy Street, Pasar Baru Trade Centre, and ABC Street. The informal traders open the workshop on the sidewalk in Banceuy Street and Suniaraja Street for wheel and tire repairment. Kampung Braga has a large area of unutilised land mainly in RW3 and RW8. Some of the open vacant lands are used as public space, while some others are walled.

3-4 storeys 1-2 storeys

20 storeys

1-2 storeys

16 storeys

3-4 storeys

Problem Analysis | 37

Access and Street Network

Key RW Boundary RW Office Main Street Network Main Access Secondary Access The main access in Kampung Braga is located in the east and west perimeter. The main access is connected by the main street network that is used as vehicular access and evacuation route due to its width. The secondary access are mostly narrow alleyways for pedestrian access only. The main access is functioneds as transition zone where small economic production occurs. It is used by the residents for opening food stalls to sell more affordable food or wheel and tire workshop. These main access points are the existing economic node of Kampung Braga. 38 | Problem Analysis

The street network in Kampung Braga is disconnected to the south and north area. Moreover, there is only one footbridge in Kampung Braga that serves the whole flow of distribution within the kampung. This disconnection influences the intensity of activity and flow of distribution in Kampung Braga that contributes the social fragmentation.

Apandi Alleyway access point

Transition area

Blank walls

Streets as playground

On-street greening Problem Analysis | 39

Social Node

Key RW Boundary RW Office Active Space Vacant Land Main Street Network Social Node The current centre of activity, or social node, is mainly concentrated around RW offices. The RW office normally has multi-purpose room that the residents frequently use for any events. The activity is usually extended into immediate alleyways. Moreover, the vacant lands located close to, if not next to, the RW offices provide additional social spaces for the residents, mainly for children to play. Streets become another centre point of activity. Different layer of residents regularly use the street for socio-economic activity 40 | Problem Analysis

from children, housewives, youths, to informal traders. Some intersections or corners in the alleyways are functioned as extended living room as place for socialisation. The map above illustrates the connection between the main street network and the social nodes. Existing social nodes are linked by main street networks. Thus, it is essential to strengthen the street connectivity to support the social nodes.

Accidental social and economic space in the demolished area

Vacant land appropriation

Footbridge as social node

PAUD and its playground

Outdoor living room Problem Analysis | 41

RW3

Key RW Boundary RW Office Active Space Vacant Land Blank Wall The RW office is the main activity centre where current programs and events are organised. The Cikapundung Alleyway provides additional space for social networking since it is wide enough. The active vacant lands (shown in green) is used for playground and big events. The former mayor had tried to buy the land, but the owner offered an extremely high price. The community wishes to turn it into a decent public space.

Assets Micro library in RW office initiated by Creavill, one of the NGOs focusing on kampung development. Weekly teaching session such as English, science, and character building.

Problems Vacant land is too expensive to acquire. No community investment and no community bank.

Islamic teaching program for children.

Lack of access to the market to sell the recycled products and the community lacks determination.

Recycling program from waste material and garbage bank.

Decreasing social cohesiveness for some residents, mainly the new migrants.

Large vacant lands for playground and temporary event.

42 | Problem Analysis

1. Micro library and teaching room in RW office 2. Recycled material for competition 3. Vacant land next to RW office 5

4. Recycled product 5. Garbage bank collection day Problem Analysis | 43

RW4

Key RW Boundary RW Office Active Space Vacant Land Blank Wall RW4 is the least advantaged RW in Kampung Braga. Not only its area is small, but also for its lack of active usable space. It is not covered by the main street network. The RW office is not that vibrant due to its size. The current program in RW4 is the herbs garden that residents could pick up for medicine. The garden is relatively small located in RW officeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s front yard.

Assets Herbs garden for medicine. Tunnel under Braga City Walk Mall that could potentially be utilised since it offers different spatial experience. Access to Braga City Walk Mall. Access to clean water given by Braga City Walk Mall. Blank walls could be utilised for vertical garden.

44 | Problem Analysis

Problems Lack of open space and underutilised vacant lands. Disconnected to main street network. Small scale herbs garden.

1. Vacant land 2. Herbs garden in RW office 3. Access to Braga City Walk Mall 4. Tunnel 5

5. Access pont and transition zone for economic activity Problem Analysis | 45

RW7

Key RW Boundary RW Office Active Space Vacant Land Blank Wall RW7 is the only RW which has a dedicated land for open space as part of the kindergarten playground area. The playground is highly valuable in the dense kampung. The early learning centre (PAUD) and kindergarten are the main asset for RW7 that invites children from other RWs. The PAUD is community initiated. Some of the women are encouraged to finish undergraduate to teach in PAUD. It has collaboration with ITB, one of Belgium’s NGOs, and the traders around Banceuy Street.

Assets

Problems

PAUD, kindergarten area, and the playground.

Overcrowding makes the kampung unattractive.

Strong leadership not from RW but from other community such as the founder of PAUD.

Uneven community empowerment.

Great community initiative. Self-built hydroponic garden. Short ‘arcade’ corridor on the riverside. 46 | Problem Analysis

Lack of leadership from head of RW.

1. Classroom in PAUD 2. Student-made teaching property 3. Hydroponic garden 5

4. Riverside â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;arcadeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; 5. Active and spacious playground Problem Analysis | 47

RW8

Key RW Boundary RW Office Active Space Vacant Land Blank Wall RW8 is designated as a Tourism Kampung by City of Bandung since it is located next to Braga Street. This RW is where the current demolition happened in Apandi Alleyway. The current RW office is hidden from the main street network. The government plans to move RW office to the entrance point in Cikapundung Alleyway with the construction of co-working space called Teras Braga. The residents wish to utilise the demolished land as public apace.

Assets Plenty of vacant lands. Performing arts and cultural teaching program as part of Tourism Kampung idea. Ecovillage program from city government. Communication with government and cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s institutions. Sewing machines as CSR program from one of State-Owned Enterprises. 48 | Problem Analysis

Problems Unclear plan for the demolished lands. If the developer and landowner do not come in the second mediation meeting, the government will to take over the land for public use. Potentially blocked by commercial buildings from future development in the demolished land.

1. Kampung Tourism as Ecovillage 2. Demolished area 3. Transition area as economic space 5

4. Greenings to support Ecovillage 5. Murals on blank walls Problem Analysis | 49

Governance Structure . Existing Governance Structure Kelurahan

Each RW is supported by at least PKK, KT, and LPM for kampung development. In Kampung Braga, there are twelve community associations in a relatively small area. Community associations come from kelurahan to help nurture and develop the RW and its residents.

PKK

LPM

Some of the associations are well functioning, for example PKK in RW3, RW7, and RW8, however the others are not, such as all the LPMs and some KTs.

Kelurahan Braga

RW3

RW4

RW7

RW8

Kampung Braga

National

National Pokja

West Java Province

Provincial Pokja

City of Bandung

...

50 | Problem Analysis

In higher level, although city is responsible for slum upgrading, there is an absence of Pokja, a working group to address specific issue, in city level. While national and provincial Pokja have focused on slum upgrading, the attempt in city level has not been well addressed due to the absence of Pokja. Having Pokja is essential for multiscalar coordination to neighbourhood level.

The community associations are one of the kampungâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s biggest assets to help the development of the kampung not just physically but socially as collective organism. However, the effectiveness of these associations is questionable especially in a small area. In area of around 5 Ha, there are 12 associations plus 4 RWs serving as administrative function. The evidence shows that not all the associationss run well in carrying out their role as social agent. The reason varies but most likely due to lack of clear vision and direction that leads to the difficulties to apply for funds. Another reason is that they do not have training or assistance to actualise the program. This creates unintended fragmentation because the small associations will focus on developing their RW, so does the fund distribution. One resident expressed that the positive side is that it gives a sense of competition between each RW, but the lack of common vision makes the development unintegrated. Attempts to develop Kampung Braga in each RW have been great, but the scale is too small. Most of the program only serves the community within its boundary. Some of the residents in other RW might not know that the program exists thus they could not benefit from it. As a result, the absence of common vision, the limited impact of the program, and too many small organisations make Kampung Braga becomes fragmented, not because they are against collaboration, but because they lack the capacity and resource.

Problem Analysis | 51

52 | Improvement Program

PART 3 Improvement Program

Improvement Program | 53

Improvement Approach . Incremental Development Kampung is by default, and indirectly forced by the Dutch, characterised by its selforganisation. Due to its independency, it has limited resources thus the development has been piecemeal. This way of life in kampung is called incremental development, a small scale adaptation through step-by-step process. It is a form of adaptive capacity that is extremely important in a complex system (Kamalipour, 2016). Incremental development is not always about physical aspect, but the gotong royong value that represents the spirit of collectivism portrays small-scale activity multiplied throughout the kampung (Simone, 2014). It is important to have the activity becomes redundant in a complex system, thus they can still be resilient during and continue to sustain after the disturbance (Dovey, 2014). The multiplication best comes from the activity that the residents have had thus it can adjust easily when the system is changing (Simone, 2014). Therefore, incremental approach is the key values that the residents must keep and the policymakers must undertake for kampung improvement.

Resilience In a complex system prone to disturbance, including eviction, being adaptive and connected can help the community bounces back and continue to retain its function (Walker & Salt, 2006). Not just about the magnitude of disturbance that the system can absorb, but the speed to recover after the shocks are crucial (Adger, 2000). Resilience needs community-based approach because it is context specific, meets the local needs, experiences, and resources. It is against the

54 | Improvement Program

top-down approach where the framework is often one-size-fits-all and does not meet the local needs. (Longstaff et al., 2010). The uncertain condition after the disturbance is heavily reliant on self-organising capacity because it allows faster speed of recovery. The idea of adaptation needs to be strengthened and nurtured by learning capability, knowledge building, and multilevel collaboration (Folke, 2006). To achieve that, transformational approach is needed. Torabi et al. (2016) classify resilience into three stages: coping, incremental, and transformational. The latter has the longterm effect and the most resilient approach. Transformational approach needs to invest to the communities to promote flexibility by introducing innovative strategies. Multistakeholder collaboration, paradigm shift, and knowledge sharing are believed to generate transformational change.

Governance Reform Another approach that needs to be taken for slum improvement is from governance structure. Attempts for slum improvement have been too centralised making the process complicated. Simplifying the complex institutional arrangements and communication channels from the grassroot level might have impact over the longer term (Minnery, 2013). The foremost action that can be done is by acknowledging the kampung by having community-based participation while also reforming the policy framework. Incorporating the kampung into larger scale planning system will generate greater impact in acknowledging and protecting the kampung (Anindito et al., 2018).

Upscaling

the quality of connectedness within the community to sustain.

The theory of upscaling from Moore, Riddell, and Vocisano (2015) is used as an overarching approach to increase the social innovation, an innovative approach to make a longer-term impact and transformational change. Larger change has always involved change of rules, paradigm, and cultural beliefs and not only physical change. The approach is divided into three levels: scale out, scale up, and scale deep.

Generating big cultural ideas involves the creation of shared vision from the whole targeted communities. This approach could shift the existing norms and turn them into strategic directions. Invest in transformative learning is a form of cultivating the innovations to be deeply entrenched into daily practices. The strategy ranges from, but not limited to, mentorship, peer-learning, and to knowledge sharing.

Scale Out This simplest but less significant aims to reach larger participant by multiplication or replication through two approaches: Deliberate replication focuses on enlarging the geographic scale of the program to reach more participants. Spreading principles fills in the geographical limitations by letting the local community adapt the core principles based on what they need and what they have. Scale Up Challenging the current institutional administrations, or even policy or law, will create greater system changes. By having this, it can avoid business-as-usual result. Policy or legal change to tackle the root of the problem and envision a regime shift for instance the policy or regulatory frameworks. This is more radical approach thus it needs local adaptive capacity to adjust with the change. Another strategy is to integrate community-level policy interventions to support the larger institutional reform. Scale Deep

(Moore, Riddell, & Vocisano, 2015) It is imperative to integrate the three upscaling approaches because it could create changes in multiple layers and scales. The key challenge is the leadership and organisational collaboration. As the process to achieve longer-term approach is time consuming, energy draining, and resource demanding, a collaborative working group comprises of different stakeholders with strong leadership from local community is essential from the initiation process to project evaluation and monitoring.

This approach is similar to the transformational approach from Torabi et al. (2016) by changing the social and cultural practice for more durable effect. It needs Improvement Program | 55

Lessons Learned . Kampung Gondolayu Upgrading, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

(Sudiarno, 2015) Kampung Gondolayu, or Kampung Code (read as Cho-de), is one of the examples of successful slum upgrading project through community-based initiative. This kampung is located on the riverbank of the downstream of Code River in inner city of Yogyakarta. In 1980s, due to its location, rural migrants chose the move to this kampung as it was close to source of livelihoods. As a result, the population density in the kampung was increasing and the life quality was degenerating due to overcrowding. The government saw the river basin was uninhabitable particularly for high-density settlements as it was prone to flooding. They then issued a regulation to create 5-m setback from the river, but the residents were nonchalantly unbothered because they thought they lived in a safe area. As the settlements were getting more deteriorating, the government tried a more forceful way, a demolition (Kumormomoto, Darwin, & Faturochman, 1995). A priest, an architect, and a local leader, Romo Mangunwijaya, backed up the residents and mediated the tension between them and the government. He advocated the residents to refuse the plan by selfimproving the kampung physically while at 56 | Improvement Program

the same time convinced the government that the kampung could be gradually improved into more habitable settlement. He led an improvement program for 40 houses and worked with kampung residents by using local material and resources. All the project was executed incrementally in a grassroot level where the residents became the decision maker. At the end, they painted the kampung and transformed it into colourful artworks that signified its existence and reinforced its visibility. It became a statement to show their worth to the public gaze. Eventually, the government saw positivity from the improvement and abolished the demolition plan (Raharjo, 2019; Dovey & Raharjo, 2010; Widodo, 2012). The case represented the importance of incremental development and bottomup approach for informal settlement improvement. It highlights the role of local leader as a mediator between the residents and the government. However, it is argued that the program lacks the social and economic improvement, such as the land tenure issue (Dovey & Raharjo, 2010). Therefore, improving the community to be more socially and economically empowered is pivotal for longer term improvement.

Key: Strong local leadership Great communication Incremental development Bottom-up improvement Paradigm and cultural change

Kampung Tamansari, Bandung, Indonesia

(Jones, 2017) Unlike its counterpart in Yogyakarta, Kampung Tamansari in Bandung experienced a problematic slum upgrading plan. Kampung Tamansari was chosen because it was classified as â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;very poor slumâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. In 2015, the former mayor announced to improve the quality of the kampung by demolishing the current overly crowded housings and constructing vertical kampung consists of mix of uses such as residential, commercial, and room for rent. The idea was to preserve and reconstruct the livelihood through in-situ upgrading without displacement. However, the process was too tokenistic and technocratic, driven by neoliberal planning practice (Jones, 2017). The process was ill-planned without involving the residents for decision making. The plan and design were made by the respected architect who had experiences in working with urban informality. Although the design had respected Sundanese value, a local ethnic group in Bandung and West Java, it did not charm the residents since they were excluded from the design process. Although most residents wanted the environment to be improved, only 4% of the residents agreed with the relocation plan while the majority considered to move out but refused the plan

because some of them had an established home-scale business such as laundry, room for rent for student, and clothing. The others were not sure about the livelihood in the vertical housing. At the extreme, five residents made a lawsuit that delayed the plan for approximately a year (Kusyala, Darmawan, & Lim, 2018). Top-down planning process to deal with urban informal settlements has never been fruitful because it commonly ends up with formalising the informal to reshape the kampung and its residents into a more desirable form through capitalistic approach. The proposed design is argued as a concealment tool to eradicate the visually unpleasing urban form while glorifying the sustainable design principle (Achmadi et al., 2019). Yogyakarta case teaches the imperative of having local hero to mediate the rigid government with the informal residents that is absent in Tamansari case.

Key: Strong top-down approach Lack of local leadership No community participation Focus on physical improvement Ill-planned Improvement Program | 57

Bina Braga Framework . Vision

Themes

Kampung Braga will be an integral part of well-connected Alun-Alun Regional Activity Centre. The plan will strengthen the kampungâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s position and significance which offers unique urban fabric and socio-economic activity.

Based on the problem analysis, issues, literature reviews, and examples, Bina Braga is divided into two key themes to strengthen social and spatial connectivity. Bina Warga (foster the community) This aims to bring more transformational change by challenging the rooted cultures, habits, and paradigm of the community. The intervention will be multi-layered from individual to institutional. Bina Ruang (develop the space) It aims to improve the spatial quality of Kampung Braga to be more connected and integrated with surrounding area. The improvement will support the socioeconomic activity of kampung residents.

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Bina Warga

Bina Ruang

Literally translated as ‘foster the community’. Investing to the community is highly important to have more transformational change and longer-term impact because they are the socio-economy driving force. Through community empowerment, knowledge sharing, and strong leadership, community could elevate the position of Kampung Braga to become integral part of Alun-Alun and Braga.

Literally translated as ‘foster or develop the space’. Bina Ruang aims to strengthen the spatial connectivity both inside and outside the kampung to improve the flow of distribution and production. It also projects to improve the visibility of Kampung Braga, especially in the perimeter, to strengthen its significance.

Currently Kampung Braga residents have supported the urban production notably in Braga Street and Banceuy Street but they are still being overlooked. Some programs have been initiated both by the residents and external group, but the impact is not significant both within and outside the kampung.

Developing the space is crucial to support the goal of Bina Warga by providing and utilising more space. As Kampung Braga is part of the tourism area, and one of the RWs has been selected as Tourism Kampung, it becomes the opportunity for Kampung Braga to strengthen the relationship with the larger system by improving the space quality of Kampung Braga.

Goals:

1. Shared vision for all

4. Access Point Activation

2. Pilot program and knowledge sharing platform

5. Street Connectivity Improvement

3. Governance structure reform

6. Social Node Upgrading

Improvement Program | 59

Bina Warga . Goal 1. Shared Vision for All Having common vision for Kampung Braga development is one of the foremost step to undertake for the improvement. Without shared vision, the development will become a business-as-usual. A wide range of participants is needed to ensure the vision is for all. More importantly, everybody are willing to work as one community towards the vision. 1.1 Review Current Policy Framework To develop shared vision for Kampung Braga, tracing what the local, regional, and national government have envisioned is needed. It aims to ensure that the vision parallels to City of Bandung. Moreover, policy analysis is useful to find the loophole and challenge the current strategies. Local government from City of Bandung must present during the development of shared vision, thus the process could close the loophole that the local policy framework lacks of. 1.2 Advocate the Residents for Community Profiling Currently, the demographic data in Kampung Braga is absent. However, based on the Head of RW, the data is kept in kelurahan which is located far from the kampung. Each RW is advocated to have community profile stored digitally in RW office. This community profile is useful to select the relevant target or participants for the development. The residents led by RT and RW is suggested to conduct the demographic survey to be more accurate. The profile is to be updated regularly based on the decision from the community.

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1.3 Identify the Participants for Shared Vision Development The most important thing to develop shared vision is by meeting the needs of the residents, the assets of the kampung, and the issues they are experiencing. Shared vision must ensure every layer of the community gets represented. Not just the residents, other stakeholders also are helpful to provide other perspective. Parallel to Bina Braga vision, the input from other stakeholders could create better integration between Kampung Braga and its surrounding. The potential stakeholders are, but not limited to: residents from different ages, genders, backgrounds, occupations, and ethnicities; local government; traders and workers in Banceuy Street and Braga Street; and tourists. 1.4 Articulate Vision Ideas Multiple approaches should be taken in community participation to collect more aspiration. VAGO (2015) develops five stages of participation: inform, consult, involve, collaborate, and empower. The strongest stage is empower, which lets the residents lead the implementation. There are several approaches of inclusive participation such as workshop, public meeting, questionnaires, personal interview, and strategies for children and elder group. 1.5 Create Consensus for Shared Vision After the community participation, the vision is created. The common vision for Kampung Braga could be incorporated in local policy framework.

National

Provincial

Local

Shared Vision

Public Consultation

Improvement Program | 61

Goal 2. Pilot Program and Knowledge Sharing Platform This goal aims to reinforce the current program that each RW has while also enlarging its impact to wider communities since some of the program is limited within its RW boundary. It also envisions to become a platform for peer-to-peer learning that can strengthen the social connection amongst the residents.

some products. However, the product needs more quality improvement for general market. Thus, training for quality improvement and assistance for establishing local market are needed. Spatially, through mentoring, the residents could slowly change their paradigm to protect the environment and the kampung. It can be supported by the current river cleaning program from kelurahan.

2.1 Assign One RW for One Pilot Program

2.4 Establish Community Bank

The aim is to make the program benefits more residents. RW3 will be assigned as Economic Precinct because it has recycling program that has won a prize. The micro library will be strengthen by inviting the children from other RW. RW4 will be assigned as Health Precinct due to its herbs garden. The residents could learn about hydroponic to RW4 residents. RW7 will be assigned as Education Precinct mainly for children. Development program for children will be centred here. RW8 will be assigned as Cultural Precinct where people could learn performing arts, panting, and sewing.

The additional pilot program for all RWs is to establish the community bank which many residents have wished. It could be used for community saving and investment. The revenue from the product sale could be distributed to the community bank. This bank could make the residents more economically independent for kampung development.

2.2 Create Scheduling for the Program Since the space in kampung is limited, replicating the same program is not feasible. However, similar to upscaling approach, the residents could learn the big ideas and replicate the framework in smaller scale in their RW. Therefore, scheduling is important to accommodate large number of people in a limited space. Through scheduling, it can ensure the space is actively used. 2.3 Organise Mentoring and Training Program In economic perspective, with their current skills, the residents have been able to create 62 | Improvement Program

2.5 Organise Regular Event and Competition To boost the competitiveness, solidarity, and creativity, regular event or competition could be a fun yet useful program. During the fieldwork, the children in RW4 were preparing for dancing performance in RW8. Moreover, the skills and knowledge that the residents have gained could be channelled in the competition or events. The potential event could be painting, recycling, dancing, singing, cooking competition, and many moore 2.6 Open Access to Cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Event Braga Festival and Braga Culinary Night are two main events in Braga Street. It is encouraged that the residents can take part in the events by selling both their tangible and intangible product. This could be a good platform to establish market and showcase the strength of Kampung Braga.

In Kampung Rawa, Jakarta, Indonesia, the community cultivates catfish and create hydroponic system for edible plants. They sell the catfish and the profit will go into community bank. Otherwise, the community could pick the edible plants.

Braga Festival in 2012 as part of the program from Department of Culture and Tourism of Bandung. Arts installation, performing arts, crafts, and foods are showcased here.

The training for recycling waste material from one of State-Owned Enterprises in Indramayu, West Java. It aims to improve the communityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s economi capacity. Improvement Program | 63

Goal 3. Governance Structure Reform Simplifying current governance structure can make more effective channel of communication and flow of distribution. 3.1 Advocate for One PKK, KT, and LPM for Kampung Braga The current number of community associations is seen ineffective. Since the vision is to see Kampung Braga as one, and the area is relatively small, having one PKK, KT, and LPM is possible. It will have direct communication to each RW and kelurahan. The program will be more integrated and the funding allocation will be more clear and directed. It could improve the community alliance amongst the residents. However, there should be at least one representative from each RW for equity purpose. 3.2 Advocate for the Establishment of Kampung Braga Committee Kampung Bragaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s community associations are encouraged to continue creating collaborative work and partership with external groups such as NGO, local government, universities, and private sector. It is advocated that the stakeholders create Kampung Braga Committee focusing on coordinating the improvement in Kampung Braga. Kampung Braga Committee will serve as neighbourhood-level Pokja. 3.3 Advocate for the Formation of Pokja Bandung Pokja is literally translated as working group established in national, provincial, and local level. Currently, there are some national Pokjas for housing and settlements and one provincial Pokja for settlements. However, Bandung does not have Pokja yet although it has been encouraged by national and provincial policy regulations. 64 | Improvement Program

Meanwhile, local government is the key actor in slum improvement within the city. Therefore, having Pokja Bandung in city level focusing on kampung improvement is crucial. This Pokja Bandung could have direct communication to Kampung Braga Committee which will improve the coordination with higher scale institutions. 3.4 Planning Framework Integration Integration between kampung improvement framework with local planning framework is imperative. The local planning document should refine the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;slumâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; label for kampung and incorporate the improvement framework.

Kelurahan Braga

RW3

RW4

RW7

RW8 Kampung Braga

PKK

LPM

Stage 1

Kampung Braga Committee External (NGO, private sector, expert, universities)

National

National Pokja

West Java Province

Provincial Pokja

City of Bandung

Pokja Bandung

Kelurahan Braga

Kampung Braga Committee

Stage 2

Stage 3

One PKK, KT, and LPM for Kampung Braga. Reduce the number of community associations into three to increase the development focus for Kampung Braga. It will create stronger community alliance and simplify channel of communication.

Establish Kampung Braga Committee as neighbourhoodlevel Pokja comprising internal and external groups such as NGO, private sector, professionals, and educational institutions for continuous development.

Advocate the establishment of city-level Pokja as a connection between higher-level Pokja and Kampung Braga Committee. Improvement Program | 65

Bina Ruang . Goal 4. Access Point Activation The current access points in the perimeter of Kampung Braga have signified the existence of the kampung but they do not stand out. Access points could improve the visibility of Kampung Braga. It becomes the first element to interconnect the urban production. 4.1 Designate the Main Access Points The current four main access points will be strengthen by designating them into different themes. Access points in Braga Street will have heritage character while those in Banceuy Street will have commercial character. Residents are also advocated to specify new main access in north and south side of kampung. 4.2 Redesign the Access Points Both main and secondary access points are encouraged to be redesigned based on the character from Goal 4.1. The priority lies on the main access points. The design process must involve the residents through public meeting or workshop. Access point in Apandi Alleyway must be carefully created because it is located in disputed land and under heritage building. Therefore, assistance from Society for Heritage Conservation and local government is needed. 4.3 Refine the Quality of Transition Zone Access point improvement includes the transition zone used as economic activity. Replacing the worn-out building material will be the priority.

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4.4 Advocate for Additional Informal Sector Another priority is to advocate the private sector, in this case Gino Feruci Hotel, to open its blank wall for informal traders. It will accommodate the desire of the residents and widen the transition zone. According to Bandung Spatial Plan 20112031, private sector must provide 10% of the area for informal sector. However, the clause is vague and further assistance from local government is needed. 4.5 Involve the Media for the Opening of New Access Point Media plays pivotal roles in framing and portraying Kampung Braga to public gaze. Thus, by inviting media during the opening, more people will realise and recognise Kampung Braga. The local media or bulletin could be potentially engaged with.

Key RW Boundary RW Office Active Space Vacant Land Residential Area New Access Point

Private land accommodates informal traders

Gate that signifies Kampung Braga

Improvement Program | 67

Goal 5. Street Network Improvement It aims to improve spatial connection and flow of distribution in Kampung Braga. Since streets, or alleyways, are used for multiple activity by different groups, improving the their quality is essential. 5.1 Identify Potential Alleyways for Main Street Network Extension The residents are encouraged to map the street network and identify the most desired pathway for futureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s main street network, mainly in northern and southern part. It involves the advocacy to the affected residents as some part might need to get widened. 5.2 Advocate for Alleyways Greening Currently, RW8 has started the idea from the program of Ecovillage. This could be expanded into the whole kampung mainly the main street networks. The greening could utilise the blank walls. 5.3 Place Wayfinding Since the alleyway network in kampung is meandering, and since one of the RW has been selected as Tourism Kampung, wayfinding can help people circulate the kampung more easily. 5.4 Advocate for Additional Footbridge The most ambitious idea is to create additional footbridge between RW4 and RW7. Based on the interview, some residents wish to have the connection, but they are sceptical about the land availability, resources, and safety. They believe the connection could better mobilise the residents within the kampung and increase flow of interaction.

68 | Improvement Program

Collaboration between Kampung Braga Committee, Pokja Bandung, and provincial government is needed because it will need large financial resources and be constructed on top of natural significance of Bandung and West Java. 5.5 Incorporate the Alleyways into Mapping Service As part of acknowledgement to Kampung Braga, street network in Kampung Braga needs to be mapped and incorporated to mapping service such as Google Maps, at least for the main street networks that connect to outer area. The current situation does not include large proportion of kampungâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s street network into mapping service thus it becomes more invisible from public gaze. Having the streets mapped can improve the orientation, strengthen the existence of the kampung, and support the future program and centre of activity. 5.6 Advocate to Name the Streets Currently, only the main street networks have legal street name. It is encouraged for the residents and local government to collaborate in naming the alleyways as part of kampung acknowledgement.

Key RW Boundary Active Space Main Street Network Proposed Street Network Main Access Point New Access Point

Greening and wayfinding for incremental street improvement Improvement Program | 69

Goal 6. Social Node Upgrading

6.3 Creation of Urban Design Framework

With the proposed recommendation, the social node activity is expected to expand in the future. Since all the social nodes are located near vacant lands, the development of vacant lands is encouraged to accommodate the expansion. An urban design framework must be developed for each future social node as each character will be specific.

Urban Design Framework is critical in this process to spatialise how the space is utilised. This framework is useful to provide different scenarios from the top-down planning to the incremental development. Moreover, as gentrification from new development is unavoidable, the framework could help suggest the most possible development with the least gentrification effect.

6.1 Identify Communityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Interests Meeting the communityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s needs are always important. Workshop and public meeting should be organised to list down what the residents wish in the new social nodes. 6.2 Advocate for Land Renting The National Medium-Term Development Plan 2015-2019, National Law No. 1/2011, and Government ordinance No. 14/2016 strongly underlines the importance of utilising the vacant land owned by government, private, or individual. The government had attempted to buy the vacant land next to RW3 office but the landownerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s offer was too high, hence the government cancelled the intention. Based on the National Law No. 5/1960 regarding Agrarian Basic Regulation, land could be rented for 30 years and up to 20 years extension. Kampung Braga Committee, Pokja Bandung, and local government could offer the scheme to lease the land to the landowner in longterm basis. The space could be used for economic production, learning hub, rented housing, and public space. The landowner will get the incentives from providing the land for public benefit.

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6.4 Advocate the Building and Environment Plan As part of the incorporation to local planning system, local government is encouraged to finalise the Building and Environment Plan particularly for Alun-Alun Activity Centre.

Key RW Boundary RW Office Active Space Vacant Land Main Street Network Proposed Street Network Future Social Node

Urban Design Framework Example (Valverde, 2019) Improvement Program | 71

72 | Improvement Program

Implementation . Funding Scheme The project budget will be divided into three categories, low budget, medium budget, and high budget. Therefore, the potential funding scheme have been mapped from local level to national level. Local Level (Low budget) Community investment Kelurahan budget

In 2017, World Bank through Regional Infrastructure Development Fund granted USD 100 million to Ministry of Finance Republic of Indonesia for enhancing access to infrastructure finance in regional and local level. The grant was under the practice area os social, urban, rural, and resilience. The Bank has granted another USD 216.5 million to support National Slum Upgrading Program of Indonesia (RIDF, 2017)

City budget Public-private partnership Grant Provincial Level (Medium budget) Provincial budget Municipal bond Public-private partnership National Level (High budget) National budget Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Grant

Improvement Program | 73

Action Plan No Actions

Stakeholders

Time Frame Budget

Upscaling

1.1 Review Current Policy Framework

Planners, Residents, Governments

Short

Low

1.2 Advocate the Residents for Community Profiling

Residents, RW

Short

Low

Out

1.3 Identify the Participants for Shared Vision Development

Planners, KBC

Short

Low

Out

1.4 Articulate Vision Ideas

All relevant stakeholders

Short

Low

Deep

1.5 Create Consensus for Shared Vision

KBC, Residents

Short

Low

Deep

1. Shared Vision for All Up

2. Pilot Program and Knowledge Sharing Platform 2.1 Assign One RW for One Pilot Program

RW, Kelurahan, KBC Medium

Medium

2.2 Create Scheduling for the Program

RW, KBC

Short

Low

2.3 Organise Mentoring and Training NGO, RW, KBC Program

Long

Medium

2.4 Establish Community Bank

RW, Kelurahan, KBC, Residents

Long

Low

2.5 Organise regular event and competition

RW, Kelurahan, NGO

Short

Medium

2.5 Open Access to Cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Event

Kelurahan, KBC, Local Government

Medium

Low

3.1 Advocate for One PKK, KT, and LPM for Kampung Braga

RW, Kelurahan

Short

Low

3.2 Advocate for the Establishment of Kampung Braga Committee

RW, Kelurahan

Short

Low

3.3 Advocate for the Formation of POKJA Bandung

Local Government

Medium

Low

Long

Medium

Out Out Deep Deep Out Out

3. Governance Structure Reform

3.4 Planning Framework Integration Planners, Local Government, KBC

74 | Improvement Program

Up Up Up Up

No Actions

Stakeholders

Time Frame Budget

4.1 Designate the Main Access Points

Residents, Planners, RW

Short

Low

4.2 Redesign the Access Points

KBC, Residents, Architects

Medium

4.3 Refine the Quality of Transition Zone

Architect, KBC, Local Government

Medium

4.4 Advocate for Additional Informal Architect, KBC, Sector Local Government, Provate Sector, Planners

Long

High

4.5 Involve the Media for the Opening of New Access Point

Short

Low

Residents, RW, KBC Short

Low

Upscaling

4. Access Point Activation

KBC, Media

Out

Out Up Out

Out

5. Street Network Improvement 5.1 Identify Potential Alleyways for Main Street Network Extension

5.2 Advocate for Alleyways Greening Residents, RW, KBC Short

Medium

5.3 Place Wayfinding

Urban Designer, RW, Residents

Medium

5.4 Advocate for Additional Footbridge

Local & Provincial Government, RW, KBC, Residents, Architects

Long

High

5.5 Incorporate the Alleyways into Mapping Service

Residents, RW, Local Government

Medium

5.6 Advocate to Name the Streets

Residents, Local Government

Short

Low

6.1 Identify Communityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Interests

Residents, RW, KBC Short

Low

6.2 Advocate for Land Renting

Local Government, KBC

Long

High

6.3 Creation of Urban Design Framework

Urban Designer, Residents, KBC

Long

Medium

6.4 Advocate for The Building and Environment Plan

Local Government

Medium

Out Out Out Up

Out Out

6. Social Node Upgrading Out Up Deep Up

Improvement Program | 75

Possible Outcome

76 | Improvement Program

Performing arts in RW8

Transition area as economic space

Street network incorporation

Learning hub in RW7

Commercial precinct in RW3

Street greening and naming

Cultural node in RW8

Mural on blank walls Improvement Program | 77

78 | Improvement Program

Key Streetscape improvements Access point interventions Potential social nodes Community landmarks Public usable space New development opportunity Neighbourhood trading character Braga shopping character Environment significance Plantation opportunity Kampung Braga Arterial road Alleyway Pedestrian bridge Improvement Program | 79

Conclusion . Bina Braga Development Framework provides supplementary recommendations to complete the loophole in local planning system regarding slum improvement in Bandung. Key to the framework is to develop the capacity of the community and improve the physical infrastructure by using upscaling process. Investing to the community is imperative to generate a longterm change not only for the community but for institutional level. As kampung has been treated as autonomous region, handing back the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;autonomyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; to the community in kampung development is essential. Having inclusive community engagement, involving the community in decision-making process, and applying Indonesian traditional community value to collaborate with other stakeholders are the key value. In general, Bina Warga and Bina Ruang have covered social, political, economic, and spatial aspect that is essential for planning framework. However, there are some issues that need to be further examined. In project financing, although the potential funding scheme has been mapped, there is need to specify the number and allocation for each action within the time frame. In institutional issues, as community associations has long been practiced, the feasibility of simplifying them needs to be further analysed and discussed. Moreover, unique to kampung context, there are other community associations exist, for instance religious group associations and cultural group associations. Therefore, this framework provides the opportunity for further research on the effectiveness of local governance system in kampung. This book is context specific to Kampung Braga, however it sets up a general framework for kampung development in Bandung by looking at historical context, significance of the area, assets, and main 80

threat that the kampung has experienced. Knowing the kampung is critical because each kampung has its own geographic condition, social value, economic activity, and internal and external pressure, therefore one-size-fits-all approach will never work. To implement the actions, collaboration between stakeholders in different level is highly fundamental. This includes the importance of having motivated and devoted leadership starting from neighbourhood level to at least city level to continuously nurture and develop kampung. Overall, Bina Braga Development Framework is hoped to become the example of kampung development program in Bandung. It is envisioned that Bandung could incorporate kampung development framework into local planning policy and regulatory framework. Thus, kampung will not be simply seen as slums and the improvement will not be generalised and based on the binary of legality and illegality.

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Legislations

Websites

Indonesia National Medium-Term Development Plan 2015-2019

Cityplan. (2019). Build for Bandung. Retrieved from https://build.cityplan.id/ bandung/peta_rdtr/index

Indonesian National Law No. 1/2011 regarding Housing and Settlements Indonesian National Law No. 23/2014 regarding Local Governance Ministry of Agrarian and Spatial Planning on Draft of National, Provincial, and Local Zoning Regulation Guideline Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing Ordinance No. 2/2016 regarding Quality Improvement of Slum Housing and Settlements Indonesia National Government Ordinance No. 14/2016 regarding Implementation of Housing and Settlements Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing Document regarding Urban Slums Alleviation and Quality Improvement Guideline (RP2KPKP) from West Java Provincial Medium-Term Development Plan of West Java 2018-2023 West Java Provincial Ordinance regarding Draft of Housing and Settlement Area Development Plan 2019-2039 West Java Governorial Ordinance No. 46/2015 regarding Uninhabitable House (Rutilahu) Improvement Guideline Bandung Local Medium-Term Development Plan of Bandung 2018-2023 Bandung Spatial Plan 2011-2031 Bandung Detailed Spatial Plan 2015-2035 Bandung Local Ordinance No. 01/2013 regarding Mater Plan of Local Tourism Development 2012-2025 Bandung Mayoral Decree of Bandung No. 648/2010 regarding Stipulation of Slum Housing and Settlement Location 84

Leiden University. (2019). Dutch Colonial Maps. Retrieved from http:// maps.library.leiden.edu/cgi-bin/ iipview?krtid=9690&name=03844-1. JPG&marklat=-6.90786&marklon=107.6028 1&sid=4259644896203&seq=2&serie=1&la ng=1&ssid=&resstrt=0&svid=409343&dispx =1622&dispy=959 The Noun Project. (2019). Icons for Everything. Retrieved from https:// thenounproject.com/ Sudiarno, T. (2015). Kampung code: A colorful urban corner. Retrieved from https://www.thejakartapost.com/ news/2015/08/11/kampung-code-acolorful-urban-corner.html Pertamina. (2019). Pertamina RU VI Latih Warga Mendaur Ulang Sampah [Pertamina RU VI Trained the Community on Waste Recycling]. Retrieved from https://www. pertamina.com/en/news-room/csr-news/ pertamina-ru-vi-latih-warga-mendaur-ulangsampah Hasmawati. (2012). Potret Braga Festifal 2012 [Portrait of Braga Festival 2012]. Retrieved from http://penaasma.blogspot. com/2012/10/potret-braga-festival-2012. html

2019

Bina Braga: A Community and Place Development Plan for Kampung Braga

Articles inside

Reference Lists

Bina Ruang

Bina Warga

Conclusions

Bina Braga Framework

Slum Level of Kampung Braga

Improvement Approach

Policy Alignment

Historical Context

Issues

Preface

Governance Hierarchy

Introduction

Acronyms

Terminology

Story of Kampung Braga