sataZro arqiteqtura

3. qristianobis Semosvla da sataZro arqiteqtura

axali welTaRricxvis pirveli saukuneebi dedamiwis umetesi nawilisaTvis da, maT Soris, Cveni qveynisaTvis axali, didi movleniT iyo aRsaniSnavi. yvelasaTvis gasagebia, rom saubari aris axali sarwmunoebis _ qristianobis _ aRmocenebaze. ra iyo manamde, jer kidev sacilobelia, safiqrebelia. vgoneb, eWvgareSea, rom mociqulTa qadageba Cvens qveyanaSi namdvilad iyo. saqarTvelo moiares wm. andria pirvelwodebulma, wm. svimon kananelma, SesaZloa mataTa mociqulmac. amaze sxvadasxva gardamocema arsebobs, xolo, ramdenad SerCa maTi naqadagevi, ramdenad moikida man fexi, es ukve sxva sakiTxia, romelsac imaze meti rkveva unda, vidre dRemde Catarebula. SesaZloa, gamoCndes arqeologiuri monapovari, romelic Cven gagvarkvevs. Tumca calkeuli miniSnebebi, raRac qristianuli Temebi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, codna qristes qadagebisa da saxarebis Sesaxeb Cvens qveyanaSi TiTqos aris. da mainc, wm. ninos qadageba aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi is niSansvetia, romlidanac sakuTriv saqarTvelos eklesiis istoria iwyeba. gasagebic aris. maSindeli eklesiis struqtura iseTi iyo, rom ragind yofiliyo manamde, saubari rogorme SekavSirebul, ierarqizebul struqturebze albaT mainc ar SeiZleba. swored konstantine didis zeobis Semdeg ikveTeba sabolood miwieri eklesiis is saxe, romelic man dRevandlamde SeinarCuna.

Cven dRes kargad ar gvesmis, ras niSnavda axali sarwmunoebis gavrceleba. bolomde ar gvesmis, ras niSnavs, aRiaro axali rwmena. dRes eklesia Zalian bevr adamians warmoudgenia, rogorc raRac ucnauri wesdebis mqone sazogadoebrivi organizacia, erTgvari klubi an politikuri partia, xolo rwmenis aRiarebas ise uyureben, TiTqos axali astronomiuli Teoria waekiTxoT, romelsac daeTanxmebian, nawilobriv daeTanxmebian an uaryofen. arada, sinamdvileSi, aseTi ram dauSvebelia. warmarTi RvTaebis rwmenac ki niSnavs Tavis migebas

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am arsisadmi, arsebebisadmi, romlebzec wm. daviT winaswarmetyveli ambobs: `RmerTni warmarTTani eSmak arian~. es Zalian kargad Cans Tundac qarTul gadmocemebSi nadirT RvTaeba dalis Sesaxeb. gadmocemis Tanaxmad, is iTxovs erTgulebas masze gamijnurebuli monadirisagan, romelic mkacrad isjeba, Tuki aRTqma daarRvia. es ar aris marto CvenSi. magaliTad, ase daisaja berZnul miTosSi Wabuki ipolite imis gamo, rom man qalRmerT afrodites Zala ar aRiara. afroditem mas saSineli, ukuRmarTi mijnuroba Sehyara da ipolite daRupa. igulisxmeba, rom Tqven raRacanairad am RvTaebis mokavSire, mis mimarT garkveuli movaleobis mqone xdebiT da am movaleobis darRveva ar SeiZleba. miT umetes, Zalian rTulad aris saqme, roca saubaria monoTeistTa RmerTze, bibliuri RmerTis aRiarebaze. es nebismier monoTeistur religias exeba. saqme is gaxlavT, rom warmarTi RvTaebebi, ase Tu ise, saaqaos, wuTisofels ekuTvnian da maTTan urTierToba, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, wuTisoflis cnebebiT warmoebs daaxloebiT ase: vTqvaT, me mogeci Sen qaTami, Sen momeci me mosavali. ufro sworad ki _ ai, ase: Sen miiRe Cemgan, davuSvaT, 15 iremi, keTili inebe da Cemi erTguli iyavi. es yvelaferi miwier sibrtyeze xdeba. sul sxvaa, rodesac adamiani dgas RmerTis pirispir da swored es aris bibliuri RmerTis rwmena, mudmivi gancda imisa, rom Sen yvela Seni saqmiT, mTeli cxovrebiT RvTis pirispir dgaxar. es Zalian rTulia. albaT Zalian cota iyo adamiani, romelmac mTeli am saukuneebisa da aTaswleulebis ganmavlobaSi ase icxovra, magram viRac uTuod iqneboda. iyo garkveuli raodenoba adamianebisa, romlebsac Cven wmindanebs vuwodebT. Tumca maT Sorisac arian sxvadasxvanairebi _ sxvadasxva Zalis, siRrmisa Tu simaRlis. gwamdes qveynis Semoqmedi RmerTisa, garda yvelafrisa, niSnavs, sul sxvanairad warmogedginos Seni cxovreba. SevadaroT Tundac is, Tu rogor wamoudgenia saiqio cxovreba nebismier warmarTsa da bibliuri religiis mimdevars. warmarTisaTvis warmoudgenelia sxva ram, garda miwieri cxovrebis ase Tu ise gagrZelebisa. magaliTad, aris aseTi Ci-

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nuri religia daosi. am religiis Tanaxmad, wmindanebi, romlebic ukvdavebi xdebian, cxovroben mTaze da srulebiT miwier cxovrebas ewevian. ubralod, es droSi gangrZobili miwieri cxovrebaa. ukidures mistikosebsac ki, magaliTad, piTagorelebs (piTagoraze metad mistikosi antikur religias ar hyolia), sulebis cxovreba warmoudgeniaT varskvlavebze da es xilul caze xdeba (Tavis droze, rodesac wavikiTxe, me es Zalian meniSna). am xiluls, nivTiers, TviT usulieresi warmarTic ki eTayvaneba. me Zalian Sors var im azrisagan, rom warmarTobaSi saerTod araviTari suliereba ar aris. rogor ar aris, Tuki gvyavda platoni, iyvnen indoeTis brZenni?! es garkveuli tipis sulierebaa, magram ingliseli mwerlis, Cestertonis, ar iyos, yovelgvari suliereba rodi gulisxmobs suliwmindas, srulebiT gansxvavebuli ram SeiZleba iyos. sxvaTa Soris, arsebobs suliereba, romelic Zalian axlos aris mSvinvierebasTan, mSvinvier gancdebTan, vnebebTan. qristianma icis maradisi cxovreba, rogorc xorcielad aRdgomis CvenTvis miuwvdomeli Sedegi, oRond es srulebiT sxva qveynierebaSi aRdgomaa. is wuTisofeli, romelic Cven viciT, ki ar grZeldeba, aramed icvleba srulebiT sxva ramiT, rac ar viciT, rogori iqneba. Cven SeiZleba mxolod vigumanoT ise, Zalian Soreulad. codvisa da sikvdilis Semosvlamde arsebul im sxvanair qveynierebaSi SesaZlebelia erTaderTi, ase vTqvaT, saqmianoba da es isev RvTis pirispir dgomaa. am SemTxvevaSi, is gulisxmobs sruli cnobierebiTa da sruli sicxadiT yofnas maradisobaSi, es ki CvenTvis Zalian rTuli gancdaa, radgan yvela droiT ganzomilebas moicavs. erT-erTi, rac adamians RvTaebis winaswar gangebulebaze saubrisas Zalian abnevs isaa, rom igi sakuTar Tavs warmoidgens Tojinad, romelsac RvTaeba Tavis nebaze daatarebs. aris religiebi, romlebsac ase swamT, magram ase ar swams qristianobas. qristianoba aRiarebs adamianis Tavisufal nebas da mxolod amas gulisxmobs, Tumca ukve daviT winaswarmetyvelma icoda, rom ufalma Sesaqmis dros yoveli Cvenganis wuTisofe-

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li, yoveli Cvenganis nabiji uwyoda. Cven es nabijebi CveniT gadavdgiT, ubralod misTvis, yovladmecnierisaTvis, isini cnobilia. axla nu mkiTxavT, rogor Seefardeba amas saswauli, rogor Seefardeba amas xsna da saswaulTagan umTavresi _ uflis gankaceba, raTa Cven kvlav gagvexsnas samoTxis daxSuli karibWe. es me, bunebrivia, ar vici da, cota ar iyos, mecineba, roca vinme Cemulobs, rom icis. mgoni, Zalian sasaciloa, rom adamiani, romelsac Tavisi mezoblisa veraferi gaugia, qveynierebis Semoqmedis saidumlos amocnobas Cemulobdes. Tu vinmes aseTi saidumlo gaexsna, Zalian kargia, magram meeWveba. ubralod, ar mgonia, adamianma amgvari codna daitios da Tu daitia, gamoTqma SeZlos, Tumca es ise vTqvi, sxvaTa Soris.

Cven unda gavigoT, rom, rodesac qristianoba Semovida, adamianebma dainaxes srulebiT sxvanairi qveyniereba. maT dainaxes srulebiT sxvanairi saiqio, maT dainaxes sruliad sxvanairi RvTaebrioba, romelzec manamde miaxloebiTi warmodgenac ki ar gaaCndaT. es marTlac sruli ganaxleba iyo, TiTqmis iseTive, rogorc gamocxadebis boloSia naTqvami wm. ioane RvTismetyvelis mier: `da vixile caÁ axali da queyanaÁ axali, miwaÁ axali“. rodesac adamianebma es axali sarwmunoeba miiRes da gareT gavidnen (albaT ase xdeboda, rom sadRac sivrceSi an Tugind baRSi iqadageboda, vTqvaT wm. ninos usmendnen da iwames), zecas rom axedes, rasakvirvelia, sul sxva ram dainaxes, TiTqosda igive sruliad sxvagvarad warmoudgaT. sulac ar iyo advili amis miReba, ar iyo advili axali sarwmunoebiT cxovreba. isic unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom IV saukunisaTvis eklesias ukve bevri ram gadaxda _ dawyebuli devniT (romelic, I saukunis Sua xanebidan moyolebuli, ar mTavrdeboda) da dasrulebuli qristianuli xelovnebis SeqmniT. es yvelaferi am axalnergi qristianobis qveyanas erTianad unda mieRo. warmosadgenadac ki Znelia, Tu rogor moaxerxa es kacobriobam. qristianuli xelovnebis Seqmna vaxsene. saqme is gaxlavT, rom qristianuli xelovneba umalve ar gaCenila. mociqulTa

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xanaSi da, rogorc Cans, kidev didxans ar arsebobda Sinagani moTxovnileba arc xuroTmoZRvrulad gaformebuli sivrcisa, sadac morwmuneebi Seikribebodnen da, miT umetes, arc imgvari saRvTo gamosaxulebisa, rogoric marTlmadidebluri eklesiis xatia. bevri SeiZleba vimkiTxaoT imis Sesaxeb, ratom iyo ase Tu ise, magram faqtia, aseTi moTxovnileba ar yofila. yvelaze martivi axsna is aris, rom eklesias, qristianTa salocavs, romelic Tavdasxmebis pirdapiri samizne iqneboda, ver aSenebdnen. rogorc Cans, III saukunemde aseTi Senobebi ar arsebobda an, Tu arsebobda, es iyo sadme kerZo saxlSi gamoyofili oTaxebi, sadac qristianTa Sekrebebi uCumrad imarTeboda. amgvari sivrceebi, marTalia, mcire raodenobiT, magram SemogvrCa. es arafriT gamorCeuli odnav mozrdili oTaxebia, romlebsac adamianTa garkveuli raodenoba unda daetia. maTSi gamoyofili unda yofiliyo adgili, sadac moZRvari, presviteri, mRvdeli saqadagod da ziarebis Casatareblad dajdeboda an dadgeboda. amis meti saWiroeba ar arsebobda. gamosaxulebebic ar sWirdebodaT. metsac getyviT, albaT maTi ridic hqondaT, vinaidan gamosaxuleba, romelic idga da ambobda, rom es RmerTia, morwmuneebs warmarT RvTaebebs metismetad cxovlad agonebda. qristianebma albaT moZRvarTagan miRebuli pirvelive gakveTilidan icodnen, rom kerpi usulo gamosaxulebaa, romelic cocxal RmerTobas ibralebs. bunebrivia, aseTi kerpis gamoCena TavianT salocavSi maT srulebiTac ar undodaT. saWiro iyo, gasuliyo dro, Camoyalibebuliyo sxvanairi rwmeniTi damokidebuleba da migveRo is, rasac xats veZaxiT. es gamosaxuleba, TavisTavad, ar aris RvTaebrivi, xelqmnilia, magram garkveuli TvisebebiTa da kurTxeviT, romelic adasturebs, rom mas es Tvisebebi marTlac aqvs. mas aqvs unari, Cveni azri da gancda mimarTos imisaken, vinc am xatzea gamosaxuli an masze gamoxatuli ambisaken, vTqvaT, lazares aRdginebisaken. SevxedavT da TiTqosda swored im maradisobaSi gadavdivarT, sadac warsuli agreTve awmyoa da sadac Cvenc varT da is amba-

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vic. nu mkiTxavT axla, es rogor xdeba. marTlac, Cven erT wamSi SevabijebT im mdgomareobaSi, rodesac varT iqac da aqac, dRevandel dRes da kidev romeliRac dRes, romelic 3 000 wlis Semdeg iqneba. aseTi cnobiereba umal ver gaCndeboda. amas dasWirda dro. dro iyo saWiro aseve imisaTvis, rom Camoyalibebuliyo qristianuli taZari, romelic ver iqneboda uflis saxli warmarTuli gagebiT. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom jer wm. stefane pirvelmowamem da Semdeg wm. mociqulma pavlem Tqves zustad erTi da igive winadadeba: `RmerTi, romelma igi Seqmna cani da qveyanaÁ, ara xeliTqmulTa taZarTa Sina cxovrobs~. es SemTxveviTi naTqvami ar aris. es aris ara mxolod erTgvari gamowveva warmarTobisa, aramed TviT Zveli aRTqmisac, imitom, rom Zveli aRTqmis RmerTic evlineboda iudevelebs erT adgilze. iudevelebmac ician, rom RmerTi araviTar kedlebSi ar aris momwyvdeuli. Tumca, rogorc Cans, warmarTuli cnobierebis gavleniT, raki RmerTi erTi iyo da ar arsebobda bevri RvTaeba (gansxvavebiT warmarTuli Sexedulebisagan), warmoidgines, rom unda yofiliyo erTi taZari da erTi adgili, sadac is Cndeba. saWiro iyo macxovris mosvla, raTa Tqmuliyo, rom ase brZanebs ufali: is iqneba maTTan ara am mTaze, ara sionze an kidev sadme sxvagan, aramed nebismier adgilas, sadac ori, gindac sami Seikribeba. ar aqvs mniSvneloba adgils, yvelgan SeiZleba RvTis Tayvaniscema, Tu Sen Tayvanisscem suliTa da WeSmaritebiT. maSin ra aris qristianuli taZari da ra saWiroa misi ageba? swored es gaxda erTgvari lodi sacduri. SeiZleba amgvari msjeloba gadaWarbebulia, magram es sakiTxi, rogorc Cans, ukve III saukuneSic sakamaTo da saCoTiro iyo. magaliTad, arsebobs teqsti, romelSic naTqvamia, rom taZari igeba ara qvebiT, aramed sulebiT. sinamdvileSi, ukve igulisxmeba ara is taZari, romelSic Cven SevdivarT, aramed _ eklesia, rogorc erTiani taZari. da ra aris eklesia? SemTxveviTi xom ar aris, rom nagebobasa da morwmuneTa krebuls erTi da igive saxeli hqvia? Tavidan es saxeli erqva swored morwmuneebis erTobas,

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romlis Tavi ars qriste. es iyo eklesia. axla kidev es saxeli Seerqva taZars da yvela enaSi asea. yvela enam Seinaxa amgvari viTarebis mexsiereba. ratom gvWirdeba Cven eklesia? imitom, rom morwmune aris ara is rCeuli 10 kaci, romelTac gansakuTrebuli sasoeba aqvT, aramed bevri iseTi adamianic, vinc RmerTi guliTa da gonebiT _ an naxevari guliTa da naxevari gonebiT, an mTlianad guliTa da gonebiT, an mTeli arsebiT, an naxevari arsebiT _ aRiara da yvela maTgans unda gauadvildes RmerTTan misvla, locvis aRvlena, im Sinagani mdgomareobis Seqmna, romlis gareSe religiuri Tanamsaxureba, Tundac msaxurebaze daswreba SeuZlebelia. amitom aris saWiro gansakuTrebuli adgili. sxvaTa Soris, amitomve xdeba, rom adamians sxva aRmsareblobis taZarSi, cota ar iyos, uxerxuloba ipyrobs. magaliTad, Cven marTlmadideblebi varT, magram rusul marTlmadideblur taZarSi Sesuli qarTvelic ki cota uxerxulad grZnobs Tavs da darwmunebuli var, qarTul taZarSi Sesuli rusic. igive moxdeba, Tu berZnul taZarSi SevalT, radganac is sxvanairia. aq ukve saubaria ara sarwmunoebaze, aramed sarwmunoebis gancdaze. qarTvelTagan erTs SeiZleba samTavisis taZarSi Sesvla erCivnos, meores _ mcxeTis jvarSi. orive marTlmadidebelia, orive qarTvelia, magram, ase vTqvaT, sulieri agebulebiT erTi midrekilia Tavisi religiuri gancdis erTgvari gamovlenisaken, erTi rigis gancdebisaken, meores ki, romelic sxvanairad ganicdis, Sesabamisad, garemoSic raRac sxva sWirdeba. amis msgavsad, viRac salocavad xaxulis RmrTismSobelTan miva da viRac _ anCisxatTan. yvelas romeliRac wmindani uyvars. gana is sxvaze ukeTesia, magram adamiani Sinagan kavSirs amyarebs ratomRac swored masTan da ara romelime sxvasTan. pirveli qristianuli taZrebisaTvis amoirCies mSeneblobis imgvari tipi, romelic warmarTul taZars SedarebiT naklebad hgavda da es iyo ugumbaTo xuroTmoZRvrebis tipebidan erT-erTi, e.w. bazilika, aseve _ nair-nairi mrgvali da mravalafsidiani, mravalkuTxa Senobebi, romelTac gum-

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baTi hqondaT (aseTebi icoda elinisturma qveynebma, icoda romis imperiis sxvadasxva centris aRmSeneblobam). saqme is gaxldaT, rom es nagebobebi sxvadasxva funqcias asrulebda. Tqven SeiZleba naxoT warmarTuli periodis mrgvali Senoba (da aris aseTi Senoba), vTqvaT, panTeoni, romelic taZari iyo, magram es mainc iSviaTia. roca adamiani Sexedavda mrgval Senobas, pirveli, rac axsendeboda, warmarTuli taZari ar iyo. asevea bazilika. arsebobda bazilikebi, romlebic taZris msgavsia, magram swored RvTis saxlTan erTmniSvnelovnad ar asocirdeboda. amgvarad, aseTi arCevani gakeTda, moxda konstruqciuli gamartiveba. Zalian ucnauria, magram faqtia, rom saqristianos umetes nawilSi aRar aSeneben kamarebs, romelTa Senebac romaelebma Zalian kargad icodnen. ratomRac gadadian xiT gadaxuruli Senobebis agebaze. magaliTad, dasavleT saqristianoSi gadaxurvis amgvarma xerxma fexi imdenad moikida, rom XI saukuneSi iq kamaraTa mSeneblobis Seswavla lamis axlidan mouxdaT. pirvel xanebSi Zalian uWirdaT kamaris amoyvana, imdenad, rom, rodesac did samnavian nagebobas aSenebdnen, gverdiT navebs kamarebs ukeTebdnen da Sua ganier navebs xiT xuravdnen. ar iyvnen darwmunebulni, rom iseT kamaras aaSenebdnen, romelic ar Camoingreoda. marTlac, iyo SemTxvevebi, roca afsidebi Camongreula. nel-nela xelaxla iswavles da SeimuSaves kamarebis amoyvanis sando meTodebi da ukve Semdeg goTikuri xuroTmoZRvreba mTlad uSecdomo ara, magram bevrad gabeduli iyo, vidre romanuli arqiteqtura. saqarTvelo im mcirericxovan qveyanaTa Sorisaa, sadac kamarovani mSenebloba ki ar gaqra, piriqiT, damkvidrda da Tanac damkvidrda swored saeklesio mSeneblobaSi, saidanac sxva qveynebSi qristianobam is gandevna. ratom moxda ase, Zneli saTqmelia. ar aris advili asaxsneli kidev erTi ram: Cveni qveyana adre gaqristianda, aq axali sarwmunoeba mosaxleobamac aRiara da saxelmwifomac. qristianoba fexmokidebuli iyo aRmosavleTSic da, Tumc Riad ar Tqmula, dasavleT saqarTveloSic, radgan berZnebisa da, ufro metad, romaelebis

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mier pyrobil biWvinTa-picunda-pitiuntsa Tu noqalaqevSi, romelic, rogorc Cans, egrisis mefeTa erT-erTi samyofeli mainc iyo, napovnia namdvilad IV saukunis ramdenime uZvelesi eklesia. Cven ar viciT, egriselebTan rogor iyo, Tumca samefo saxli, TviTon Tu ar aRiarebda, hguobda mainc Tavis gverdiT axal sarwmunoebas. maS, ratom moxda, rom aseT qveyanaSi orad ori nagebobaa, romelzec dRes Cven SegviZlia dabejiTebiT vTqvaT, rom IV saukunisaa? gaviTvalisiwinoT isic, rom es aris mxolod kvali miwaze. faqtobrivad, saZirkvels odnav amocdenili gadarCenili nagebobebi imdenad dabalzea, rom Tqmac ki ar SegviZlia, sad iyo kari da sad _ sarkmeli. mxolod moxazuloba viciT: martivi, sworkuTxa darbazi momrgvalebuli aRmosavleTis kedliT, ara gamoyofili afsidiT, aramed swored momrgvalebuli kedliT. sul es iyo. yvela niSniT, is xiT unda yofiliyo gadaxuruli. isic saTqmelia, rom, garda calnavianobisa (calnaviani eklesiebi CvenTan bevri iyo yvela dros da SigadaSig dResac ki Sendeba), danarCeni niSnebi CvenSi ar damkvidrda. amgvarma arqiteqturam _ aseTi proporciebiT, xiT gadaxurulma, momrgvalebulkedlebianma _ CvenSi fexi ar moikida. CvenSi aseTi arc aRmosavleTSi damkvidrda da arc dasavleTSi. Semdgom ukve sul sxva arqiteqturaa. Sesabamisad, es ori nageboba ar udebs saTaves qarTul qristianul arqiteqturas. maS, saidan modis is? dabejiTebiT raimes Tqmas dResac ver vaxerxebT. erTaderTi, rac SegviZlia vivaraudoT, is aris, rom Cvenma qveyanam, bevrisgan gansxvavebiT, ar gaagrZela imgvari mSenebloba, rogoric manamde hqonda. gasakviria, Tu raoden ar hgavs Cveni qristianuli taZrebi, romlebic danamdvilebiT adreulia da V saukuniT TariRdeba, imas, rac antikur dros unda yofiliyo _ araviTari antikuri profilebi, kapitelebi, wyoba, araferi, garda kamarisa, romelic, zogadad, romaul wess misdevs. Tumca axlaxan xom mogaxseneT, rom taZrebs kamariT romis kultris uSualod gamgrZelebel qveynebSic ki ar xuravdnen. Sesabamisad, mTlad tipuri arc es unda iyos. raSia saqme?

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pirvel yovlisa, unda vTqvaT, rom jerac aris imedi (sul ufro sustdeba, magram mainc aris) _ albaT vipoviT naSTebs, mcired namusrevs uZvelesi eklesiebisa, romlebic werilobiTi wyaroebis wyalobiT, viciT, IV saukuneSi namdvilad aSenda. aris ori eklesia mcxeTaSi, eklesiebi eruSeTSi, manglisSi, wilkanSi, nekresSi. daaxloebiT, 330-iani wlebidan saukunis bolomde es eklesiebi namdvilad aigo, magram sadaa?! yvela am adgilze dgas eklesia, magram rasac Cven vxedavT, IV saukunisaa. is naSTebic, romlebic aRmoCenilia, vTqvaT, mcxeTis samTavros taZarSi da isic, rasac wilkanSi vuyurebT, namdvilad IV saukunisaa. manglisSi gaTxrebi ar Catarebula. SesaZloa, dRevandeli eklesiis qveS rame iyos. mikvleulia aseTi naSTebi sveticxovelSi, magram im masalis damuSaveba, romelic 2006 wlis arqeologiuri gawmendisas moipoves, samwuxarod dRemde ver moxerxda. ramdeni dro gavida (TiTqmis 8 weli) da kidev ar viciT, iq ra aris. dResac verafers vambobT yvelaze qveda fenis Sesaxeb, romelic namdvilad mignebulia da romlis qveSac, niadagis garda, araferia. ra aris uSualod mirianis xanisa, Cven ar viciT. imedia, male gairkveva, Tumca, yvela niSniT, es is ar aris, rac mere iqneba. rom gvqonoda raime im eklesiebis msgavsi, romlebsac vicnobT, sxvanairi kvali darCeboda, es ki raRac gaugebaria _ raRacnairi iataki, ucnauri moxazulobebi, romlebic, kargad ar gvesmis, rad SeiZleba Seikras. moZebnilia erTi kapiteli, romelic antikur mcxeTur kapitelebs hgavs. SesaZloa, is marTlac mirianiseuli taZrisaa. ase varaudobs qalbatoni qeTevan abaSiZe, romelic sruliad marTebulad ambobs, rom adreqristianuli da gvianantikuri, drois TvalsazrisiT, zustad erTi da igivea. ubralod, gvianantikuria is, rac am periodSi, III-V saukuneebSi, agrZelebs warmarTul tradicias, xolo adreqristianulia is, rac saTaves udebs qristianul kulturas, am SemTxevaSi _ xelovnebas. rasakvirvelia, xelosanma, romelic mirian mefem moiyvana, gamoTala is, rac icoda. samuSaod dauZaxes da sxvas verafers izamda. Tumca dabejiTebiT raimes saTqmelad es jerjerobiT ar kmara. SeiZleba mxolod vivaraudoT, rom

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aSendeboda raRac imdagvari, rac wm. ninos palestinaSi enaxa da, savaraudod, konstantines ostatebis mier sxvadasxva qristianul (ufro zustad, axlad gaqristianebul) qveyanaSi Sendeboda. Tu es asea, maSin albaT xiT daxuruli svetebiani bazilikebi an ugumbaTo nagebobebi iqneboda, sam navad gayofili svetebisa an boZebis rigebiT. Tumca jerjerobiT es mxolod zepiri naTqvamia, radgan amis msgavsi Cven araferi viciT. ratom ambobs saqarTvelo ase kategoriulad uars antikur memkvidreobaze? aseTi ram arc roms, arc ierusalims, arc antioqias da arc aleqsandrias uqnia. raSia saqme? kavSirs antikur memkvidreobasTan ase radikalurad TiTqos Cveni mezobeli somxebic ki ar wyveten. rogorc Cans, ase moxda imitom, rom CvenSi TviT Zala antikuri tradiciisa, misi danaSrevi, gacilebiT ufro susti iyo, vidre sxvagan. es martivad aixsneba siSoriT: Cven ufro Sors varT antikuri kulturis centrebisagan, vidre, davuSvaT, romelime mcireaziuri, siriuli an palestinuri qalaqi. CvenSi kamarisa da gumbaTis ase Camkvidreba SeiZleba imiTac aris Sepirobebuli, rom gverdiT aris iranuli samyaro, sadac kamarebi da gumbaTebi Sendeba (sasanianTa arqiteqtura, didwilad, kamarovan-gumbaTovania). SeiZleba asecaa, Tumca Cveni nagebobi didad arc am arqiteqturas hgavs. raRac saerTo elementebis moZebna SesaZlebelia, magram imis Tqma, rom pirdapiri msgavsebaa, usamarTlo iqneba. ase ar gaxlavT. msgavsebas vpoulobT, magram es sworedac rom mxolod elementebis msgavsebaa. maS, raSia saqme? isev da isev mxolod Teoriulad SeviZlia vifiqroT, rom qristiani mSeneblebi CvenTan marTlac eZeben raRac formas, romelic kargad TviTonac ar ician. ician mxolod erTaderTi: is, rac zereled daefina qarTul kulturas, maT ar undaT. ragind uyurebdnen konstantine didis mier gamogzavnil qviTxuroebs (mirian mefem qviTxuroebi iTxova da imperatorma isini marTlac gamogzavna), berZnebis, romaelebisa Tu asurTa naSenebi eklesia, etyoba, is ar aris, rac qarTvel ostats an qarTvel damkveTs unda. undaT raRac sxva (terenti granelisa ar iyos, Cvenc xSirad dagvmarTnia, rom arc

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is gvinda, arc es gvinda, mTlad kargad arc viciT, ra gvinda da mainc gvinda raRac sxva). is sxva ki, romlis ZiebaSic arian, V saukunis Sua xanebSi gamoCnda, rac, me rom mkiTxoT, Zalian sakvirvelia. wesiT, amas meti dro unda dasWirveboda. Tanac Cven garkveuli wesebi unda davicvaT: eklesia aRmosavleTiT unda iyurebodes da iyofodes orad _ unda arsebobdes sivrce, sadac mrevli ganTavsdeba da sivrce, sadac mRvdelmsaxuri dadgeba. Tavis mxriv, es ukve gulisxmobs garkveul konstruqcias, Tundac Zalian zogads, magram sqemas. am sqemis Sesabamisi nageboba, bazilika, gindac is mravalwaxnaga, mrgvali Tu gumbaTiani nageboba garSemosavlelebiT arsebobs, magram, etyoba, Cven maTi msgavsis an zustad amgvaris aSeneba ar gvinda. bazilikebs mimsgavsebuls vaSenebT, Tumca iq misuli italieli an berZeni dResac ver mixvdeba, rom es bazilikaa da im dros xom sul mTlad gaikvirvebda, es xalxi ra ucnaur adgilas loculobso. ratom vambob, rom es sakvirvelia? imitom, rom Cven gvaqvs, Cemi azriT, Zalian mniSvnelovani magaliTi britaneTis kunZulebze, norTamberlendsa da irlandiaSi, sadac kelti berebis namonastralebia SemorCenili. es irlandiurad moubari kelti berebi iyvnen iSviaTad gansawavlulni _ maT, rogorc Cans, wminda miwasTan hqondaT mWidro kontaqti da icodnen laTinuri, zogjer _ berZnulic. isini xatavdnen araCveulebriv xelnawerebs da qmnidnen Zalze saintereso CuqurTmebsa Tu naqandakev jvrebs. Tumca dainaxavT raRac Zalze ucnaurs, Tuki SexedavT am SesaniSnavobaTa Tanadroul eklesiebs. veravin warmoidgens, rom es aris qoxi, romelsac aqvs oTxi kedeli da momrgvalebuli saxuravi. ori qanobi da gamouyofeli kexi _ sul esaa, amis mets arafers aSenebdnen. SigniT, am dros, hqondaT araCveulebrivi xelnawerebi. raki xelnawerebi aseTia, cxadia, aseTivea Sesamoslebi, samRvdelmsaxuro nivTebi, Tavad eklesia ki araferi ar aris. es aixsneba im martivi mizeziT, rom qveyanas hqonda mxolod xiT mSeneblobis tradicia. amitomac, daaxloebiT, IX-X saukuneebamde, vidre gaiTavises, gana ubralod iswavles, maTTvis ucxo arqiteqtu-

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ruli amocanebi, ucnobi arqiteqturuli formebi, am qoxebis mets verafers aSenebdnen. rogorc Cans, xis eklesiebi ufro mdidruli iyo, qvisa ki _ aseTi.

CvenTanac iyo xis nagebobebi. Cven arasworad vafasebT, rodesac gvgonia, rom saerTod ar arsebobda xis saeklesio nagebobebi. namdvilad arsebobda da, etyoba, arc ise cota. Tumca faqtia isic, rom mniSvnelovan adgilebze, mniSvnelovan kerebSi, garda pirveli sveticxovlisa, romelic ratomRac Zelis iyo, eklesiebi imTaviTve qviT igeba. isev qeTevan abaSiZes davimowmeb. mas aqvs saintereso varaudi, rom sveticxoveli, nawilobriv, swored xis unda yofiliyo. SeiZleba, antikuri mcxeTis msgavsad, aq saSenad gamoeyenebinaT qva da alizic. SesaZloa, ase yofiliyo, magram gavimeoreb, rom, vidre ar davdebT kargad gaazrebul naxazs, romelic rames mainc gamoaCens, es iqneba mxolod varaudi da dabejiTebiT verafers vityviT. mere yvelaferi qviT Sendeba da, rogorc etyoba _ kamara-gumbaTiT. Tumca napovnia erTi eklesia sakmaod ganviTarebuli gegmiT (gegmis mixedviT, is daaxloebiT V saukunis bolos unda iyos agebuli), romlis samSeneblo masaladac, arqeologebis rwmunebiT, gamoyenebuli iyo alizi. es, Cemi azriT Zalian ucnauria. ratom moundaT aliziT aSeneba, verc amas getyviT, magram aris aseTi monacemi. da mainc, es erTeuli SemTxvevaa. ZiriTadad, yvelaferi, rasac vpoulobT, qviTaa nagebi. winare saukuneebSi Cven gvqonda qviT mSeneblobis tradicia (gamoviareT Tundac qvis Tlis an antikuri formebisa Tu sparseTidan motanili samSeneblo elementebis aTvisebis etapi da es yvelaferi zurgs gvimagrebs). etyoba, es gvaZlevda saSualebas, am formaTa aTvisebisaTvis mogvendomebina 100 weli an naklebi da ara 300 Tu 400, nagebobebi ki ar SemogvrCa. dResdReobiT aris sul ramdenime pawia nageboba, romelic IV saukunis miwuruliT an V sakunis dasawyisiT TariRdeba. maTze sagangebod saubari axla ar minda. mxolod vityvi, rom isini Zalian aRizianebs Cveni sazogadoebis garkveul nawils, romelic fiqrobs, rom qarTvelebs ar SeeZloT didi nagebo-

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bis aSeneba da es aris maTi uniWobis maniSni. ar SeiZleba arSeZlebaze laparaki. savsebiT dasaSvebia, rom sadRac gverdiT idga didi eklesia, romelsac Cven ubralod ver vxedavT imitom, rom is miwis qveS aris. es marTlac SesaZlebelia, magram is, rac SemogvrCa, aseTi aris. arc is iqneboda gasakviri, rom didi ar aeSenebinaT, Tu ar iyo bevri mlocveli. Zveli drois qarTveli Zalian racionaluri arsebaa, araa racionalisti an angariSiani, am sityvis uaryofiTi gagebiT, magram aris gonieri. is 500 000 adamianis damtev nagebobas ar aaSenebs, Tu hyavs mxolod 5 mlocveli, arc 15 kacis samyofs aagebs, Tu hyavs 500 morwmune. dRes es xSirad sxvanairadaa, roca uSvelebl saxlebs Soris Cadgmulia pawawina eklesia, sadac erTi sadarbazos mosaxleobac ki ver daeteva. Zvel dros qarTveli amas ar izamda. am mxriv, Cven winaprebs, samwuxarod, Zalze davcildiT. davijereT, rom giJvracuebi varT, Citirekiebi da ras vakeTebT, TviTon ar viciT. es ar gaxlavT qarTuli xasiaTi. mTeli Cveni istoria mowmobs, rom es Tviseba avadmyofobaa, romelic XIX saukuneSi Segveyara, manamde ki ar gvWirda. esec ganviTarebaa, oRond im erTi Zalian kargi Tvisebis ukuRmarTi ganviTareba, rom qarTvels unari aqvs, nivTiersa da materialurze ar gagiJdes da is gverdiT gadados. Tuki arCevani nivTiersa da suliers Sorisaa, mas SeuZlia, nivTiers cota msubuqad da ironiulad Sexedos. SeeZlo odesRac, Tumca es Tviseba gadavida daudevrobaSi, uTavbolobaSi, sisuleleSi, es ki namdvilad avadmyofobaa, romelic gamosanelebelia. rac male moxdeba es, miT ukeTesia. amisaTvis sakuTar warsuls cota ukeTesad unda davakvirdeT, iq ra aris, cota ukeT unda davinaxoT da ara mruded, radgan aq arc mxolod samoTxea (samoTxeSi myofni xom am dReSi ar CavcvivdebodiT) da, raxan dRevandlamde movediT, arc mxolod qaosia. erTic tyuilia da meorec. unda davinaxoT realoba, sadac bevri marTlac amaRlebulia, namdvilad saamayoa, sasixaruloa, bevric naklulovania da nakli unda moviSoroT. xarvezi, romlis gamosworebasac suli ver SeZlebs, ar arsebobs, mas Zalian bevri SeuZlia.

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im adreulze jer raRac kidev ar viciT da me vfiqrob, es mxolod ori ramis maniSnia: jer erTi, meti unda veZioT da, amas garda, vicodeT _ saqme gvaqvs iseTgvar istoriul ganviTarebasTan, romelic sxva qveynebSi ar iyo. Cven sxvanairad vcxovrobdiT da ara imitom, rom viRacaze ukeTesebi varT an viRacaze uaresebi. ubralod, Cven varT Cven. qarTveli ise ver icxovrebs, rogorc egvipteli, arc egvipteli cxovrobda ise, rogorc berZeni da arc berZeni _ rogorc romaeli. yvela Tavis rigze cxovrobda da Cvenc gvqonda Cveni rigi. amitom gvindoda Cven sxvagvari saxli RvTisa, sxva locvis saxli, sxvanairi sivrce, rom CvenTvis gulmisavali yofiliyo, iq wynarad gavCerebuliyaviT, RvTis siaxlove gvegrZno. amas veZebdiT, CvenTvis axlobels, aseTi ki sxvas ar hqonda da mzas versaidan movitandiT (davuSvaT, ise, rogorc Sandals, WaRs an raime sxvas, rac CamovitaneT da risi aslic SevqmeniT). raki aseTi Senoba ver vipoveT, amitom veZebdiT da amas dro dasWirda. amasac unda meti fiqri. me, yovel SeTxvevaSi, vfiqrob, qarTveli ostatebi am xnis ganmavlobaSi erTmaneTs uxameben formebs, romlebic antikuri xanidan wamoiRes da im Zveli droidanve momdinare teqnikur codnas, fesvi rom RmerTma uwyis, sad aqvs. SesaZlebelia, isini iyurebian xalxuri Zirebisken, sadac iseTi saxlebi da sacxovreblebia, romlebic qarTvels siamovnebs, qarTvels pirobiTad vambob, Torem _ kolxs, ibers, mesxs, kuxs _ ra vici, rac gindaT, is uwodeT. ai, am viRac adamians siamovnebs da SeiZleba iq eZebs. marTalia, locvis saxlia, magram xom aris saxli? SeiZleba, yvelaferi es raRac erT SemoqmedebiT qvabSi duRs da xan xelebis cecebiT, xanac mosinjviTa da Semdeg uaryofiT TandaTan iZebneba is sataZro forma, ufro zustad ki, is uzogadesi modeli taZrisa, romelic qarTvels TavisTvis mounda da mravali saukune merec undoda.

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