12. Tamaris xanis arqiteqtura

XII saukunis meore naxevari da, daaxloebiT, XIII saukunis pirveli meoTxedi qarTul cnobierebaSi ukve karga xania Tamaris epoqasTan aris gaigivebuli, rac istoriulad, rasakvirvelia, arazustia, radgan es xana itevs demetre mefis zeobis dasasruls, giorgi III-is mefobas, Tavad Tamarisa da Semdeg _ giorgi-laSas mbrZaneblobas. Tumca aris amaSi simarTlec, radgan es erTiani epoqaa, rodesac qarTuli saxelmwifo gansakuTrebiT Zlieria. ZlierebasTan erTad Tavi iCina Tvisebebmac, romlebic Zlevamosilebis Tanmxlebia da es giorgisa da Tamaris xanis zogierT did moxelesTan gansakuTrebiT SeimCneva. gaCnda dampyrobluri survilebi da iyo viTomda dapyrobiTi omebis warmoebis mcdeloba, Tanac ver ipyrobdnen _ mividiodnen, miarb-moarbevdnen da ukan brundebodnen. erT-erTi mizezi Tundac xvarazmelTa laSqrobisa swored amgvari srulebiT moufiqrebeli, viRacisTvis mosaCvenebeli qmedebebi iyo da es ivane javaxiSvilis Sexedulebaa, Cemi azri ar gegonoT. sxva mxriv, amasTan erTad, ra Tqma unda, igrZnoba ekonomikuri cxovrebis aRmavloba da, Cemi azriT, mxolod garkveuli TvalsazrisiT _ sulierisac. ase vfiqrob, radgan am dros Zalian TvalsaCinoa, ase vTqvaT, msofliuri, saero sawyisis moZaleba. Tumc xSirad ase amboben, magram, cxadia, es renesansi ar gaxlavT. renesanss sxva niSnebi aqvs, romlebic, mgoni, aq ar SeimCneva, miuxedavad imisa, rom marTlac TvalsaCinoa saero sawyisi momZlavreba, erTgvari gamsofliureba. es ufro imas Camohgavs, rac evropaSi goTikur-rainduli idealis, rainduli literaturis aRzevebis xanad iwodeba. msgavsi procesi SesamCnevi iyo bizantiaSic. XI saukunis bolos da XII saukuneSi iqac xdeba saero literaturis moRoniereba. sasaciloc ki aris, rom lamis pirveli gamokvleva bizantiur saraindo romanze qarTvelma mecnierma aleqsandre aleqsiZem gaakeTa. es SemTxveeviTi araa. rasakvirvelia, qarTuli kulturis gadmosaxedidan

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man ukeT SeniSna is, rac Cveulebrivi bizantinistisaTvis an romelime rusi mkvlevrisaTvis sagulisxmo SeiZleba sulac ar yofiliyo, Cven ki gvaqvs `vefxistyaosani~, genialurad galeqsili saraindo romani da bunebrivia, rom am movlenebs yuradReba mivaqcioT. saero kulturis aRmavlobaSi, mas rom ar axldes sakmaod saxifaTo gamovlinebebic, TavisTavad cudi araferia. odesRac `vefxistyaosanSi~ SemTxveviT TvalSi momxvda sityva `gulmxeci“. es sityva damowmebulia istorikosebTanac da Tan sxvadasxva epoqaSi, oRond dadebiTi mniSvneloba mas mxolod am dros, XII saukuneSi, aqvs. albaT sakamaTo ar aris, rom TavisTavad adamianis gamxecebaSi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, qristianuli msoflxedvelobiT, kargi araferia, magram Tu ideali aris meomari _ ratomac ara?! brZolis velze angelozi veravin iqneba da gasagebia, rom meomris Sinagani isari gadaixreba iqiTken, sadac kargi, wesiT, araferi moiZebneba. amitom, mgonia, rom es rTuli movlenaa da erTmniSvnelovnad amis gmoba iseTive gaumarTlebelia, rogorc misiT aRfrTovaneba. amgvari midgoma araistoriulia da amas dafiqreba unda. piradad me mgonia, rom es epoqa bolomde gaazrebuli ar aris. samwuxarod, ar gagrZelda ivane javaxiSvilis xazi, romelic istorias diferencirebulad afasebs da xedavs rogorc saxelmwifos Zlierebas, aseve amis Tanmdev saxifaTo movlenebsac. 1980-iani wlebisaTvis Cvens istoriul cnobierebaSi mkvidrdeba ondav saxecvlili, TiTqos Coxagadacmuli rusuli imperiuli idea. idealad cxaddeba agresiuli, Semtevi, dampyrobeli saqarTvelo, rasac, cxadia, cudis meti arafris motana SeuZlia, radgan, pirvel rigSi, es ar aris simarTle, amasTanave, saxifaToa da Tanac amgvar miswrafebas mxolod saboloo marcxi mohyveba. asea Tu ise, es rTuli da sagulisxmo epoqaa. Teoriulad, mas unda daetovebina didi qalaqebi, uSvelebeli sasaxleebi da Senobebi, satriumfo TaRebi. Cveulebriv, ase gamoiyureba xolme moZlierebuli saxelmwifoebis aRmSenebloba. Zalian ucnauria, magram ase ar moxda. arsad Cans, rom Tamar mefes,

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magaliTad, aeSenebinos sasaxle. wyaroebSi am sakiTxze araferi aris, Tumca weria, rom man aaSena varZia. arada, viciT, rom, magaliTad, XVIII saukuneSi axal-axal sasaxleebs lamis yvela mefe iSenebda. rogorc Cans, Tamar mefe sjerdeba imas, rac aSenebulia demetre mefisa Tu giorgi III-s dros TbilisSi, quTaisSi, sadac albaT ufro Zveli sasaxle idgeboda an kidev sadme sxvagan. CamoTvlili aris cixeebi, sadac is Cerdeboda xolme, Tumca misi sakuTari ar Cans. qalaqebSic araferia iseTi, rasac gansakuTrebulad monumenturi ieri iqneboda. marTalia, Cveni qalaqebi Zalian daingra da dairba, magram didi Senobis SemTxvevaSi, amdenadve didia albaToba, rom misi nawili, Tundac erTi TaRi, kedlis naxevari an raime sxva, sadRac mainc SemorCeboda. roca sul araferia, giCndeba eWvi, rom an arc yofila, an iyo raRac erTi, romelic iolad moispo da misi nakvalevi aRar gadarCa. TvalsaCinoebisTvis, gavixsenoT romi, romelic saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi bevrma angria, magram saimperatoro qalaqis fragmenti mainc uamravi gvaqvs. gavixsenoT Tundac samaryandi, sadac sabWoTa dros Zveli qalaqi marTlac mTlianad ganadgurda, magram gadarCenili nagebobebi, gindac veeberTela, kolosaluri misgiTi, romlis msgavssac sxvagan albaT ver ipoviT, gviCvenebs, Tu rogori iyo saxelmwifo, romelmac samaryandi dedaqalaqad gadaaqcia.

CvenTan aseTi aRmSenebloba ar Cans. saerTodac, rom daviTvaloT, ra dagvitova Tamaris xanam, gancvifrebiT aRmovaCenT, rom es bevrad naklebi aris, vidre, vTqvaT, X saukunis danatovari. Tumca unda gaviTvaliswinoT isic, rom SesaZlebelia, vxedavdeT mxolod gamorCeul nimuSebs, arada, iyos rigiTi Senobebi, romelTac am xanasTan jerjerobiT ver vaigivebT. aseT eWvs miCens piradad me ramdenime moxatuli eklesia, romelTa mxatvrobac namdvilad XII saukunis meore naxevris an XIII saukunis dasawyisaa, xolo arqiteqtura, SemaSineblad cudi xarisxis, ufro Zvelia, oRond es ar aris gardamavali xana, es X saukune araa. gaugebaria, Tuki am rigis mxatvari gyavs an amgvaris mowvevas apireb, ratom ar wuxxar imaze, rom nageboba mainc raRacas unda hgavdes?! erTaderTi

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axsna isaa, rom SeiZleba, SenobaTa kedlebi garedanac ixateboda, magram Semdeg gare-Signidan ileseboda an raime imgvari xdeboda, rasac Cven dRes, ubralod, ver vxvdebiT. cxadia, gamoricxuli ar aris, arsebobdes nageboba, oRond cudi xarisxis da Cven Tamaris xanas ver vkadreT, gvefiqra, rom is am drois aRmonaSobia. es samuSaoa, gasarkvevia da SeiZleba, davinaxoT raime sxva movlena, romelic CemTvis iseTive gaugebaria, rogorc XI-XII saukuneebSi gamoqvabul soflebSi mosaxleobis dabruneba. marTlac gaugebaria, vinme sxvis gamoTxril qvabebSi ratom unda Sediodes, iq ratom unda iwyebdes cxovrebas, Tuki qveyana nivTierad Zlierdeba. Tumca aseTi movlena arsebobs da, Sesabamisad, mas unda gaazreba. TavisTavad faqti, rom CvenTvis amdeni ram gaugebaria, maniSnia imisa, rom Cvens istoriul ganazrebas, istoriul cnobierebas mravali ukve Znelad misatevebeli xarvezi aqvs da saWiroa muSaoba, radgan ase aRar SeiZleba.

Tumca modiT, mivubrundeT imas, rac Tamaris xanad viciT. erT aTeulze cota meti nageboba Tu iqneba da, ZiriTadad, gumbaTiani eklesiebia. aris ramdenime calnaviani taZaric da maT Soris yvelaze cnobilia marTlac Zalian lamazi, koxta maRalaanT eklesia. yvela es nageboba, daaxloebiT, erTi yaidisaa, erTgvarovania, kompoziciurad mravalferovni ar aris. es ar niSnavs, rom isini erTnairni arian, magram mravalferovani SesaZleblobebi da ostatis arCevani ar Cans. ukve iTqva, magram gavimeoreb, rom gumbaTovani nageboba orburjiani Cawerili jvris tipis eklesiaa. rogorc wesi, mas aqvs egvteri, romelic an marto samxreTiTaa, an samxreTiTa da dasavleTiTaa, Tumca samxreTiT, sadac mTavari Sesasvlelia, egvteri aucileblad aris. mTavari kari qarTul taZarSi, ukve karga xania, swored samxreTidanaa. magaliTad, oSkis taZarSi es pirdapir gacxadebulia _ iq arsadaa karibWe, midgmulia mxolod patara, svetebze Seyenebuli bWe, romelic mTavar kars moniSnavs. axlac asea, Tuki bWe erTia, is aucileblad samxreTiTaa da xSiria, rom mxolod samxreTis karia da sxva ki ar aris. rogorc wesi, es eklesiebi Tlili qviTaa mopirkeTebuli da

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Zalian mdidruladaa morTuli qvaze kveTilobiT. am nakveTi samkaulis _ sarkmlis sapireebis, karnizebis, karis moCarCoebisa Tu Tavad CuqurTmebis _ motivebi isev isaa, rac XI saukuneSi iyo. araferi maxsendeba iseTi, rac specifikurad am droisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. SeiZleba, gaCndes mxolod umniSvnelo detalebi, vTqvaT, iyos moxrili an Semokecili karis CarCo. axtalis taZarSi, magaliTad, aRmosavleTidan somxeTis gavliT SemoJona seljukurma motivebma da vinaidan somxeTi maSin zed sazRvarTan iyo, amaSi gaugebari araferia. aris aseTi niuansebi, magram is umTavresi, rasac am epoqaSi vxedavT, mainc nacnobia. teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT, Sesrulebis xarisxi yovelTvis Zalian maRalia. rogorc wesi, nagebobebi koxta, daxvewili, sufTad Sesrulebuli da teqnikurad gamarTulia, magram erTi ram aris yuradRebamisaqcevi: am elementebis gamaerTianebeli, Semkvreli sistema aRar arsebobs da misi aucilebloba aRarc aris. marTlac, taZrebi SedarebiT mcire zomisaa da CemTvis vambob xolme, rom am erTiani TaRnariT moTvinierebulma arqiteqturam icis, rogor gaakeTos ornamentuli maxvilebi, raTa, ase vTqvaT, daiWiros kompozicia da Tvals sicarielisa da ukmarisobis gancda ar gauCndes. Tumca aris Senobebi, ufro zustad, SenobaTa fasadebi, sadac es ver moxerxda. Cemi fiqriT, magaliTad, ver moxerxda beTaniis aRmosavleT fasadze an Tundac TbilisSi, luj monasterSi, wm. andria pirvelwodebulis eklesiis sakurTxevlis fasadze. uyurebT da geCvenebaT, rom raRac rigze ver aris, TiTqos naklulia. raSia saqme? mizezi martivia _ ostati, romelic muSaobs da akeTebs beTaniaSi jvars an aq sarkmlis sapires, ar aris STagonebuli imdenad, rom misma naxelavma kedlis mTeli zedapiri moicvas (zemoqmedebis Zalas vgulisxmob, cxadia da ara fizikur ganfenas). ra xdeba aq? ostatebi kargad, sufTad muSaoben, magram uyureb da ostatobis meti araferia. mecnierulad amis damtkiceba gaWirdeba, magram ar meguleba adamiani, visac es kedlebi sxvanairad aReqvas _ vinc amdroindeli xelovneba icis, yvela erTnairad xedavs.

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aqedan vaskvni, rom amdroindel arqiteqturas swored detalis xarisxis mimarT aqvs gansakuTrebuli mgrZnobeloba. magaliTad, X saukunis parxlis eklesiis fasadze gvaqvs Zalian kargad naxelavi sarkmlis TavsarTebi, oRond oriode iseTi detalia, rom verc ki mixvdebi, vin gaakeTa: zemoT talRovannapiriani CarCoa moxatuli, SigniT urTierTgadamkveTi xazebi faravs da raRac gamosaxulebacaa, oRond imdenad uxarisxo, rom ver gaigeb, es ra aris. Tumca detalis uxarisxoba mainc ar azaralebs mTliani zemoqmedebis Zalas _ fasadis mTliani kompozicia iseTia, rom es swored detalia. Tqven xedavT TavsarTs, cxadia, xvdebiT, rom sxvaze uaresia, sxvas didxans SexedavT, amas ki _ ara, magram aq detals imdeni ar SeuZlia, rom Secvalos mTliani STabeWdileba. axla ase aRar aris, SeiZleba imitom, rom momcro nagebobebia da detalebi TvalTan sakmaod axlosaa, Tumca arc parxalSia sadRac caSi gamokidebuli. faqti isaa, rom am arqiteqturaSi odnav modunebuli CuqurTma niSnavs vergamosul kompozicias, romelic gamocarielebulia. mas dakarguli aqvs gamomsaxvelobac da Zalac. aranakleb mniSvnelovania isic, rom es am erTi modelis SigniT varirebaa. igulisxmeba, rom aRebulia sqema, romelic nikorwmindasa da samTavisSi Seiqmna. es niSnavs, rom ufro xSirad aRmosavleT fasadze SuaSi gvaqvs erTi vertikaluri RerZi, romelzec asxmulia rombebi, e.w. sarkmlis sapire da jvari. SeiZleba, danarCeni elementebi ar iyos, magram eseni, metwilad, aris da warmodgenilia ornamentuli aqcentebis Tanmimdevroba imgvarad, rogorc im taZrebSia: yvelaze uxvad morTulia gumbaTis yeli, Semdeg _ aRmosavleTi, samxreTi, dasavleTi, CrdiloeTi fasadebi. rakiRa gaqra TaRnari, ra darCa? darCa Riobebis moCarCoeba, SeiZleba, gaCndes jvari da kidev raRac, Tundac reliefebi frinvelebisa da cxovelebis simboluri gamosaxulebebiT, rogorc fitareTis fasadze an, vTqvaT, kopi, magram ZiriTadi, rac am arqiteqturas awesrigebs, swored esaa. am droisaTvis arsebobs erTgvari formula, romelic aseve mniSvnelovania: Sewyvilebuli sarkmlebi da maT Soris moqceu-

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li jvari, romelic gvxvdeba gverdiT fasadebze, oRond aRmosavleTiT –ara. ra Tqma unda, am gamosaxulebas unda hqondes raRac simboluri sazrisi da mas sxvadasxvanirad xsnian, Tumca piradad me sarwmuno interpretacia ver vnaxe, es sakmaod rTuli gamodga. da mainc, epoqis gamocnoba iolia, Tuki zemoT naxseneb formulas naxavT. am tipis taZrebi qronologiurad XII saukunis Sua wlebidan XIII saukunis Sua xanebamde Tavsdeba da, ai, sad _ es ukve sxva ambavia. am SemTxvevaSi, saqme mTlad martivad ar gvaqvs. Cven gvegona, rom gvaqvs qronologiuri mijnebi. maTi gansazRvris safuZvels gvaZlevda Semdegi garemoeba: gvqonda ikorTis taZari, romelic 1172 wliT TariRdeba. es taZari odnavi saxecvliT pirdapir imeorebs samTavisis mTel morTulobas, mas ki mosdevda beTania, romelic freskiT TariRdeba. yvela danarCeni nageboba am qronologiur sazRvrebSi lagdeboda. Tumca aRmoCnda, rom beTaniis arqiteqtura am drois ar aris. Tuki beTania ikorTaze adrindelia da masSi ikorTaSi ukanve dabrunebuli TaRnari ratomRac ukve moxsnilia, gamodis, rom es Cveulebrivi ambavi araa da raRac sxva xdeba. es raRac sxva piradad CemTvis lagdeba amgvarad: arsebobs XI saukunis modeli da elementebs iqidan irCeven. magaliTad, qvaTaxevis ostati erT-erT fasadze akeTebs TaRs, mets arafers _ mxolod cal TaRs. misTvis es erT-erTi elementia, rogorc sityvebi poetebisTvis, romlebic xSirad ukve arsebuli leqsikiT an saxeebiT ifarglebian. Zvel dros es metad miRebuli iyo. gavixsenoT Tundac yvelasTvis cnobili bulbuli da vardi, TiTqosda gacveTili, magram poetTaTvis kargad mosaxmari saxeebi, romlebic 2 000 wlis ganmavlobaSi sad aRar meordeboda. amdroindeli ostatebisTvis XI saukunis xuroTmoZRvrebaSi moZebnili ornamentuli da sxva mamkobi elementebi aseT saxeebs emsgavseba. amitomac meCveneba, rom am drois arqiteqturuli Semoqmedeba uwindelisagan ramdenadme gansxvavebuli iyo. CemTvis amis asaxsnelad aseT Sedarebas viSvelieb xolme, Tumca es mxolod Sedarebaa da ara zusti analogia: Tuki XI saukunem-

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de moRvawe xuroTmoZRvrebi kompozitorebs hgavdnen, am epoqis arqiteqtori ufro Semsrulebeli musikosia. Tumca maT Sorisac SeiZleba iyvnen genialuri da saSualo donis Semsruleblebi, xan erTi gvxvdeba, xanac meore. unda gaviTvaliswinoT isic, rom zogjer Senobebs axal droSi Cvenive RonisZiebebiT vamaxinjebT. magaliTad, qvaTaxevis taZris Sida sivrce dRemde ver Semifasebia. gareTa mxares rac Seexeba, iq araCveulebrivi meCuqurTmeebi muSaoben, SesaniSnavi ostatia, vinc gumbaTis yels aCuqurTmebs. aq yvelaferi gasagebia, gare moculobaTa Sefardebebic koxtaa da moxdenili. SigniT, Cemi azriT, sruli gaugebrobaa, Tumca mere mizezs mivxvdi. amis mizezi Selesvaa _ carcSereuli baTqaSis gamo, Tanabrad areklili Suqi da gamqrali Crdilebi. Crdilebi ar gvaqvs da masTan erTad gamqralia yvelaferi, riTic es arqiteqtura unda metyvelebdes _ Suq-Crdilis mravalferovnebiTa da gadadena-gadmodeniT. es ganadgrebulia da SeuZlebelia, mixvde rogoria interieri. vnatrulob im dros, roca am kedlebs an SevRebavT, an movxatavT, an kidev im sazizRar baTqaSs CamovyriT. ase ar SeiZleba, raRac unda gakeTdes, radgan Cven am arqiteqturas vamaxinjebT, arqiteqtorebs ki saxels vutexT da cils vwamebT. yovel SemTxvevaSi, sxva taZrebSi, sadac mxatvrobis fragmentebi mainc aris SerCenili, interierebi sul sxvanairad gamoiyureba. virtuoz SemsrulebelTa arqiteqtura _ ai, rogoria CemTvis Tamaris xanis ZiriTadi nakadi. kidev erTi ramaa, rac saintereso meCveneba: am epoqaSi ar Cans didi nagebobebi an qalaqis nagebobi, ar Sendeba Tundac sakaTedro taZrebi. TiTqos rac iyo, isic sakmarisad miiCnies, rogorc daxvdaT, iseve toveben da rame rom Sematon, arc imas cdiloben. Tamaris karis didebulebi iSeneben monastrebs da, ufro xSirad, iq maTi gansasveneblebia. yovel SemTxvevaSi, im cnobebis mixedviT, romlebic Cven mogvepoveba, warwerebi ki sakmaod bevria, iq sul samefo karis moxeleebi Canan. es arqiteqtura specifikuria, daxvewili da zogjer imdenad kameruli, rom badebs SegrZnebas, TiTqos esa Tu is eklesia erTi kacis dasadgomadaa aSenebuli. ai,

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Tundac fitareTSi sul ase mgonia, rom vinc is aaSena, TavisTvis sadRac kuTxeSi myudrodaa mimdgari. zogjer warmoudgenelsac warmovidgen, rom savarZelic iqvea da im savarZelSi mokalaTebuli moxucic. egebada qaCibaisZe miyuJula, romelic moxucebulobaSi iqneb iqve berad Sedga. SeuZlebelia, amgvari gancda gagiCndeT X saukunisa an XI saukunis Tundac yvelaze patara eklesiaSi. iq yovelTvis grZnobT raRacnair aqtivobas. rogorc Cemi kolega b-ni iuza xuskivaZe ambobs, es daRlili adamianebis arqiteqturaa. TiTqos unda Sevidnen, raTa daisvenon, Tvals asiamovnon, Semdeg gamovlen da uyureben, rogor ixlarTeba es lamazi CuqurTmebi. piradad CemTvis sainteresoa isic, SerCaT Tu ara am CuqurTmebs, rogorc calkeul saxeebs, raime semantikuri mniSvneloba. absoluturad darwmunebuli var, rom XI saukunis ostatebisTvis, yovel SemTxvevaSi, maTTvis, vinc samTavissa an ikvSi muSaobs, TiToeul saxes Tavisi semantika aqvs. iq nebismieri foToli, yvavili Tu geometriuli figura imgvarad aris gamoqandakebuli, rom es namdvilad ase unda yofiliyo. SeuZlebelia ase akeTo romeliRac rigiTi arSia, es raRac iseTia, rasac gamkeTeblisaTvis Rrma mniSvneloba aqvs. Tamaris xanaSi ukve iSviaTia, rom CuqurTmovani saxe muSaobdes, rogorc gamosaxuleba _ rodesac TiToeuli foToli, yvavili Tu elementi gelaparakeba da TiTqos geubneba, rom masSi aris raRac sazrisi. raRac msgavsi SeiZleba xdebodes mxolod saorbisis sarkmelze, romelsac srulebiT genialuri ostati akeTebs, oRond es meCuqurTmea, romlis msgavsi, arc ki vici, dedamiwaze rodesme kidev vinme Tu dadioda. saerTodac, saorbisis eklesiis Semxedvare ifiqreb, rom taZari aSenda am erTi sarkmlisTvis, sadac es sruliad wamoudgeneli datalRuli, uSvelebeli foTlebiT daCuqurTmebuli moCarCoeba unda gakeTebuliyo, danarCeni yvelaferi ki ise aris, sasxvaTaSorisod. Zalian STambeWdavia, namdvilad raRacis moubari. jerjerobiT ver davikvexniT, rom misi ena kargad gvesmis, magram cota Tu daviZabebiT, SeiZleba gavigoT, ras ambobs. Tu-

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mca sxvagan veranair pasuxs ver miviRebT _ ilaparakeben ara calke saxeebi, aramed mTlianobaSi elementebi. piradad CemTvis, SeiZleba mcdarad, es imis axsnasac iZleva, Tu ratom SeiZleba, CuqurTma modundes. Tuki TqvenTvis is mxolod samkaulia, Tu fiqri sxvagan gaiqca, xeli ki samkauls akeTebs, mxolod arSias qargavs, es arSia mniSvnelovania mTlianobaSi, calkeuli foToli ki arc arSiisTvis da arc misi mkeTeblisTvis maincadamainc sayuradRebo araa. Tumca, Tuki fiqrobT, rom yoveli foToli samoTxis mcenarea da am mcenareSi kidev rame gansxvavebul sazrissac xedavT, SeuZlebelia, an Tqven moeSvaT, an xeli miuSvaT, am procesSi adamiani CarTulia goneba-yuradReba-emociuroba-yvelafrianad. me mainc vfiqrob, rom raRac moxda da es raRac, swored TiRvasa da gelaTTan dakavSirebiT rac mogaxseneT, is unda iyos: albaT daviT aRmaSeneblis karze TavisTavad CuqurTmis saxes damoukidebeli Sinaarsi aRar aqvs, is damoukideblad metyveli aRaraa. ase rom, marTlac, Tamaris xanis eklesiebi daqarguli taZrebia. kidev vambob, yoveli elementi semantikas ar kargavs, magram Semadgenlebi am elementebisa ukve sakuTari saTqmelis uqonelni arian, amitomac zogjer es aris brwyinvaleba, zogjer kidev _ ara uSavs ra, magram naklebad metyvelebs. amas iolad warmoidgens adamiani, romelsac mousmenia, Tu rogor asruleben erTsa da imave nawarmoebs Zalian kargi pianisti da, vTqvaT, mxolod Zalian kargi teqnikis mqone pianisti. erTTan yvelaferi aris musika, meoresTan aris musika da am musikis fragmentebs Soris ki _ TiTqos gamebi, Zalian efeqturi da absoluturad arafris mTqmeli araCveulebrivi akordebis gruxun-griali. TiTqos musika Sewyda da daiwyo imis Cveneba, rom mas es yvelaferi SeuZlia. Tumca, rodesac mxolod vaCvenebT, ramdenad swrafad SegviZlia dakvra an, Cvens SemTxvevaSi, ra sufTad vTliT, es ukve Semoqmedeba aRaraa da Sedegic gansxvavebuli aris. namdvili Semsrulebloba (da amis magaliTebi Cven am dros gvaqvs) is aris, rodesac nawarmoebi, am SemTxvevaSi, ukve arsebuli sqema, am adamianis xelSi Tavidan ibadeba, cocxldeba. rodesac karg Semsrulebel musikoss

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usmen, ggonia, rom man musika es-esaa Seqmna. ai, aseTi aris am epoqis zogierTi taZari, zogierTi ki, samwuxarod, ar aris. aqedan SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom xuroTmoZRvrebis xelovnebaSi da ara marto aq garkveuli krizisia. krizisi srulebiT aSkarad Cans WedurobaSic, romelic Tamaris epoqaSi TiTqmis srulad ornamentulia da kvlavac brwyinvale, magram zogjer eWvi gepareba, aqvs Tu ara raime datvirTva am brwinvalebas. amas ver ityvi xaxulis xatze, romelic namdvilad samoTxis saxea da Cans, rom es gancdilia. ai, kidev saintereso detali: gare pirzec da SigniTac udavod samoTxea, oRond gareTa pirze TiTqos daWdeuli xeebia, imdenad warmoudgeneli silamazis, rom analogs ver mouZebni, dedamiwaze aseTi araferi ar aris. Tu ram SeiZleba met-naklebad miamsgavso, IV saukunis mozaikebia romis santa-konstancas mavzoleumSi. ar mgonia, xaxuleli ostati im xeebis sanaxavad romSi wasuliyo, raRac sxva aris aq gadamwyveti da, pirvel yovlisa _ Sinagani damokidebuleba. xaxuleli ostati pirdapir samoTxes gamosaxavs. TiTqos samoTxesve saxaven Sida piris ostatebic, romlebic daviT aRmaSeneblisa da demetre mefis Tanamedroveebi arian, magram aq ukve ornamentuli ylortis gauTavebeli xlarTvaa. es ylorti sacnobia, mas aqvs dinamikac, gamomsaxvelobac, magram samoTxis pirdapiri gamosaxvidan igavur miniSnebaze gadasvla Cans. mere da mere Zalian kargi naxelavebic gvxvdeba, magram rodesac uyureb beqa da beSqen opizrebis Tundac oTxTavis ydebs an Zalian kargad Sesrulebul sxva figurul gamosaxulebebs, xvdebi rom kargi namuSevaria, magram aris ki gamomsaxveloba?! Tu aris, mainc ufro naklebia, vidre XI saukunis msgavs gamosaxulebebSi. Zalian STambeWdavia, vTqvaT tbeTis oTxavze gadaqanebuli mociqulebi, magram es mainc ufro ferweris zemoqmedeba mgonia da ara skulputurisa. ufro silueti moqmedebs, gakeTebulia moculobebic, magram es moculobebi naklebad gamomsaxvelia, naklebad gamomTqmelia da metyvelebs is, rac sibrtyiTia. am SemTxvevSic, gaurkvevlobaa _ figurul gamomsaxvelobas TiTqos vinarCunebT, magram mas Zala aRar mosdevs. maS, raSia saqme? es imas niSnavs,

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rom raRac xdeba, raRacam iklo, modunda ZarRvi. dacemas amas ver vuwodebT, radgan ar gamqrala, magram erTgvari krizisis moaxloeba TiTqos sagrZnobia. Tuki SevxedavT am epoqis TviT ubrwyinvales, erTmniSvnelovnad umaRlesi mxatvruli donis moxatulobebs, imaTac ki aqvT raRac, rac adamians daafiqrebs. niSandobliv ra? rasakvirvelia, es Rrmad religiuri xelovnebaa, magram rogoria es religiuroba _ ai, raSia saqme. rodesac, davuSvaT, XI saukunis Sua xanis atenis freskebs uyurebT, maTSi, pirvel yovlisa, Txrobas xedavT, miuxedavad araCveulebrivi esTetikurobisa, mainc figurisa da ambis gamomsaxvelobas amCnevT. yinwvisis genialuri moxatulobidan yvelaze saxelganTqmulia aRdgomis maxarebeli angelozia da es SemTxveviTi ar aris. jer erTi, es kompoziciis Sua nawilia. TavisTavad kompozicia sarkmlebiT gayves, SuaSi angelozi moaTavses da aqeT-iqiT ki meomrebi da menelsacxebleebi arian. kideebi dazianebulia, magram dauzianebelic rom iyos, viTom adamiani amas ase uceb waikiTxavda? sxva mxriv, rodesac angelozs uyureb, xedav, rom wmindad ferweruli gamomsaxvelobis wili Zalian didia. Tanac rogori gamomsaxvelobaa _ baci mwvane, laJvardisferi, Zalian rbilad dawerili saxe da xelebi, sadac arc Crdili Cans, arc aTinaTi, romelic, vTqvaT, atenSi Zalian TvalsaCinoa. Tqven pirdapir miyvebiT siluets, xazis denadobas da TiTqos marTlac gesmiT Cumi melodia. Tumca ratom unda usmino am melodias, kacma rom Tqvas? Semodis saocari lirizmi, mxatvrul saSualebaTa TviTkmaroba da es, kvlavac vityvi, ZiriTad saTqmels ar arRvevs, mxolod amCnev, rom maxvilebma gadainacvla da ara Tavad moxatulobaSi, aramed am gadanacvlebaSi aris xifaTi. Tu Cven warmovidgenT amis gagrZelebas, SeiZleba wminda formalizmi miviRoT da Znelia, adamianma es erTgvar gamsofliurebas marTlac ar daukavSiros. me cota gadaWarbebuli meCveneba, roca am moxatulobebSi pirdapir saero sawyisze laparakoben da, Cveulebriv, berTubnis moxatulobaze giorgi CubinaSvilis naTqvams imowmeben. giorgi CubinaSvils ar uTqvams, rom berTubnis moxatuloba renesansulia.

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rogorc yovelTvis, igi frTxilad da mozomilad mxolod imas ambobs, rom aq Cans raRac iseTi, rasac SeiZleba raime italiuri duCentos msgavsi moetanao. vfiqrob, rom es ufro sworia. es marTlac tendenciaa, romelsac SeeZlo moetana, magram ar moutania. Tu ratom ar moutania, es ukve sxva sakiTxia. mxolod imis Tqma mindoda, rom am xelovnebaSi aris erTgvari moRla (Tumca SeiZleba, es gadaWarbebuli naTqvamia), survili, ufro xmadabla wamikiTxon oTxTavis ambavi, daindon Cemi yuri da TiTqos Tavze xeli gadamisvan. es ar aris xelovneba, romelic Sengan raRacas moiTxovs. is did saidumloebebze TiTqos dayvavebiT gelaparakeba. es lirikuloba piradad CemTvis kvlavac imis maniSnebelia, rom raRac xdeba. es aris xelovneba, romlis gagrZeleba Zalian rTulia da am gagrZelebiT Cven SeiZleba arcTu sasurveli movlenebic miviRoT. raRac unda moxdes. ra? ai, amaSia mTeli ambavi. Cven viciT, rom es raRac ar momxdara, viciT, rom mere aris erTgvari SeCereba, TiTqos Seyovneba, arqiteqturaSi _ sruliad erTmniSvnelovani, mxatvrobaSi ki pirvelad Cveni qristianuli xelovnebis istoriaSi moxda bizantiuri modelis pirdapiri gadmotana. rasakvirvelia, siaxle adrec yovelTvis Cndeboda da qarTveli ostati brma ar iyo, gadmohqonda xolme Tavisi mosawoni xerxebi, magram aseTi SemTxveva, rom pirdapir gadmoetanaT mTeli mxatvruli sistema, TiTqos ar aris. SeiZleba naxoT romelime erTi xelnaweri, romelic konstantinopolSi gadaiwera an sulac berZens moaxatines, SeiZleba minanqari ipovoT da mixvdeT, rom Zalian moindomes gakonstantinopolureba, magram es yovelTvis calkeuli SemTxvevaa xolme da mainc aris raRac sxvaoba. aseTi ram ki, roca mxatvruli Semoqmedebis mTel sivrces saidanRac pirdapir gadmotanili modeli ikavebs, Cvenma qristianulma Sua saukuneebma ar icis. es pirvelad XIII saukunis bolos moxda. ras niSnavs es? piradad CemTvis es mainc imas niSnavs, rom aris krizisi, raRac gamoilia, raRacas ganaxleba sWirdeba, rogorc fsalmunSia naTqvami: `ganaxldes, viTarca orbisa, siWabuke Seni~. rogorc Cans, orbsac ki sWirdeba ga-

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naxleba. raRac unda momxdariyo. ra? SeiZleboda Tu ara, rom ar gvqonoda erTgvari daqveiTeba? is saboloo katastrofa, romelzec xSirad laparakoben, CvenTan arasdros momxdara, amgvari sulieri wyvetili Cvens istoriaSi ar aris, mxolod aRmaval-daRmavali ganviTarebaa. cxadia, kulturul cxovrebas vgulisxmob da ara politikurs. maS, SeiZleboda es daRmasvla rogorme agveridebina? amboben xolme, rom istoriasTan mimarTebaSi aseTi SekiTxvebi uazrobaa. ra Tqma unda, rac moxda, moxda imitom, rom ase unda yofiliyo da sxvagvarad raRacam albaT Cven gza ar mogvca, magram SesaZlebloba Tu arsebobda, ai, es aris sakiTxavi. piradad me meCveneba, rom aseTi SesaZlebloba namdviladac iyo da Tu ra iyo es, amazec mogaxsenebT.

Cven ukve visaubreT, Tu raoden Taviseburi viTareba Seiqmna qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi epoqaSi, romelsac xan rusTavelis xanas uwodeben, xan Tamarisas da, zogadad, XII saukunis meore naxevarsa da XIII saukunis pirvel meoTxeds moicavs. sirTule am droisa is gaxlavT, rom is paradoqsulia. siZlieris mwvervalisa da morWma-simdidris xanaSi arqiteqtura araTu monumentalizdeba, zomiT izrdeba, aramed, piriqiT, pataravdeba. epoqis gemovneba Cans mxolod mdidar daCuqurTmebaSi, magram iqac Tavs iCens ucnauri movlena _ erTsa da imave nagebobaze Tqven SeiZleba naxoT Zalze artistuli, Zalze STambeWdavi da iqve ucnaurad duned Sesrulebuli saxeebi. es gansakuTrebiT TvalSisacemia iseT eklesiaze, rogoric beTaniaa, sadac erTi xani SeiZleba marTlac mogeCvenos, rom iq sxvadasxva droa. ar mgonia, es ase iyos, magram aseTi STabeWdileba rom SeiZleba gaCndes, namdvilia. ra SeiZleboda yofiliyo am movlenis mizezi? erTi-erTi mizezi, vfiqrob, ase vTqvaT, Sidamxatvruli xasiaTisaa. is ena, is mxatvruli saSualebebi, romlebsac imdroindel xuroTmoZRvrebi floben, ukve didi xnisaa, daaxloebiT, V saukunidan modis. misi Sida SesaZleblobebi _ gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebaTa amgvari zRvruli maragi ki yvela mxatvrul enas aqvs _ rogorc etyoba, iwureboda, Tumca

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bolomde daSretili ar iyo da, rogorc Semdeg gamoCndeba, misi potenciis monarCenebi sakmaod didxans kvlavac asazrdoebs qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebas. Tumca ZiriTadi, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, gadmosaRvreli ukve gamoyenebuli iyo _ winamorbed Taobebs, rac ki SeiZleboda epovaT am mxatvrul metyvelebaSi, rogorc Cans, ukve aemetyvelebinaT kidec.

Cven davinaxavT, rom es mdgomareoba arc mere icvleba. piriqiT, XIII saukunis Sua xanebsa da meore naxevarSi is srulad gamovlindeba da Semdeg, rac kidev ufro ucnauria, arsebiTad, mTeli 500 weli qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis winaSe sul dgas sirTule mxatvruli enis ganaxlebisa da iseTi saSualebebis mopovebisa, romlebiTac mas SeeZleba, Tavisi saTqmeli sxvanairad gamoTqvas. es sxvanairoba TviTmizani ar gaxlavT. es aris mxolod gamovlineba imisa, rom erTisa da imaves gameoreba Zalian male xdeba meqanikuri da meqanikuroba ki xelovnebaSi yovelTvis iZleva met-nakleb usicocxlobasa da met-nakleb uxarisxobas. ratom SeiZleboda ase momxdariyo? aq, rasakvirvelia, TiTqmis SeuZlebelia zusti diagnozis dasma da imis Tqma, Tu rasTan gvaqvs saqme. yovelTvis iqneba varaudi da interpretacia, romelic mosalodnelia, rom nawilobrivi iyos. vfiqrob, rom saqme msoflmxedvelobiT sirTuleebSia. yovel SemTxvevaSi, bevri wlis ganmavlobaSi sxva axsna me ver mipovia.

Tvals Tu gadavavlebT am epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebel zogad viTarebas, yvelgan erTnairi suraTia. yovel SemTxvevaSi, saqristianoSi _ konstantinopolSi, berZnulenovan qveynebSi, laTinur dasavleTSi Tu CvenTan _ yvelgan erTi da igive problemebi Cndeba. amboben, rom asevea samahmadianoSic, oRond amaze msjeloba me ar xelmewifeba. am movlenas Tavis droze Salva nucubiZem, Cvenma uniWieresma moazrovnem da mkvlevarma, `aRmosavluri renesansi~ daarqva da masSi daaxloebiT XIV-XV saukuneebis italiaSi arsebuli viTarebis analogi dainaxa. Tumca me vfiqrob, rom simarTlesTan ufro axlos aris sxva formulireba da, miuxedavad b-ni Salvas brwyinvale naazrevisa, SesaZlebelia dazustdes saboloo definicia imis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu ras ambobdnen giorgi CubinaSvili,

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ivane javaxiSvili da Tundac niko mari, romelic am sakiTxze mxolod gakvriT saubrobda. isini yuradRebas aqcevdnen msgavsebas ufro goTikuri xanis suliskveTebasTan, ara goTikur xelovnebasTan, aramed laTinur dasavleTSi arsebul zogad viTarebasTan, romelsac agreTve mivyavdiT im movlenamde, Semdeg aRorZineba da renesansi rom daerqva. es gaxlavT gamsofliureba _ ara warmarTobis aRorZineba, romlis elementi (ra Tqma unda, mxolod elementi) italiur xelovnebaSi, XIV saukunidan moyolebuli, marTlac aris, aramed kulturaSi msofliuri elementis moZliereba da moWarbeba. dasavleTSi es kargad Cans imiT, Tu raoden didi wili daiWira saero poeziam, saraindo romanebma. igive xdeba bizantiaSi. iqac Cans, rom iwereba saraindo romanebi, romlebic xan elinistur Targzea aWrili, xan kidev raRac sxva ieris mqonea, magram mainc saero aris. filosofiis istoriisaTvis cnobilia iqauri ambebi, ucnauri platonisturi mimdinareoba, romelic gaCnda da, marTalia, maleve gaqra, magram danarCen kulturaze es movlenebi aisaxa. magaliTad, XIV saukunis bizantiaSi warmarTuli religiis ganaxlebas moiTxovda filosofosi gemistos pleToni, romelsac platonis `saxelmwifos~ modeli hqonda momarjvebuli, qristianobisaTvis warmarTobis Canacvlebaze laparakobda da iseT rameebs amobda, rogorsac, mgoni, romsa da florenciaSic ki aravin qadagebda.

CvenTan saqme aqamde ar misula, magram ukve ramdeni welia sul erTi da igive SekiTxva miCndeba _ ratom aris, rom, erTi mxriv, X saukunis yvelaze didi prozaikosi hagiografosi giorgi merCulea da yvelaze didi poeti ki himnografosi ioane zosime, XI saukuneSi yvelaze didi movlena wm. giorgi mTawmindelis prozaa da wm. efTvime aTonelis Targmanebi anda Targamanebi wm. giorgi aTonelisa, romelsac sruliad araCveulebrivi sakuTari prozac aqvs, Tundac wm. giorgi aTonelis hagiografosi giorgi mcire da misi SesaniSnavi Txzuleba, sxva mxriv ki, XII saukuneSi ra gvaqvs? dasawyisSi kidev aris wm. mefe daviT aRmaSeneblis `sinanulis galobani~ da misi ori anderZi, romlebic, me Tu mkiTxavT, agreTve literaturaa da

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mere ukve, meore naxevrisken, win modis saero sakiTxebi. ra Tqma unda, saeklesio literatura agrZelebs arsebobas, magram is aRar aris warmmarTveli, rac ioane SavTelis Semoqmedebis magaliTze Zalian TvalsaCinod Cans. roca ioane SavTels axseneben, yvelas Tamar mefisa da daviT soslanis `xotbani~ axsendeba, xolo misi sxva, agreTve vrceli, nawarmoebi `galobani varZiisa RmrTismSobelisani~ oriode filologma Tu icis. sad aris es yvelaferi? ratom gaxda umniSvnelo, Tuki 100 wlis win sxvanairad iqneboda? da marTlac, am epoqis e.w. Tavi Txzuleba `vefxistyaosani~ aris. ar mgonia, kvlav sadavo iyos, rom `vefxistyaosani~ qristianobaze dgas. es, ra Tqma unda, asea, bolos da bolos, iq winaTqmaSi pirdapir samebazea laparaki, Tanac Zalian mkafiod, magram es mainc saero Txzulebaa. Zalian xSirad davobdnen xolme, sad aris iq qristianoba da kiTxuloben, gana avTandilisa da tarielis morali qristianuliao. gaaCnia, ras vadarebT _ Tu meudabnoeebs vadarebT, cxadia _ ara, magram Tu dasavlel raindebs gavixsenebT, marTlac avTandilisa da tarielis morali ufro qristianulia. magaliTad, iq, dasavlur literaturaSi, mijnuroba, TumcaRa platonuri xasiaTis, gulisxmobs raindis gamijnurebas, rogorc wesi, gaTxovil qalze. CvenTan sul sxva suraTia, aris mijnuroba, romelsac garkveuli mizani aqvs, ase vTqvaT, moraluri mizani. Tuki mizans miaRweven iq, dasavlur literaturaSi, moxdeba is, rac qristianul moralTan srulebiT Seusabamoa. qorwineba qristianul zneobas ar ewinaaRmdegeba, magram is, rasac rusTaveli Caadeninebs Tundac avTandils, cxadia, uzenaes qristianul moralTan Sexmatkbilebuli ar aris. am epoqaSi, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, saero cxovrebis legitimacia xdeba sxvagvarad da ara ise, rogorc uwin iyo. saero cxovreba arc TviT macxovars uaruyvia da, miT umetes, arc eklesias. Tundac wm. ioane oqropiri jer kidev rodis wers darigebas qristiani meomrisaTvis, anu meomroba, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, kaciskvla, daSvebulia, oRond garkveul zomamde. Tumca, ra Tqma unda, es ar gulisxmobs imas, rac aRwerilia rusTavelTan an sxva Txzu-

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lebebSi am drois mTel saqristianoSi. rodesac amboben, rusTavelis epoqa ver ganviTardao, es marTlac asea. diax, man ver pova iseTive uSualo gagrZeleba, rogorc dasavleTSi an Tundac aRmosavleT saqristianoSi, magram ar mgonia, swori iyo imis Tqma, rom zogadad gamsofliureba, rogorc movlena, xvarazmelTa SemoseviTa da monRolebis mosvliT Sewyda. am SemTxvevaSi, Zalian niSandoblivia Cveni mwerlobis gza. gana XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi warmmarTveli isev saero mwerloba ar aris?! xolo Tuki is religiuria, vTqvaT, Tundac daviT guramiSvilTan, xom subieqturi religiuri lirikaa da araviTar SemTxvevaSi _ himnografia. araCveulebrivad sainteresoa gviani xanis hagiografia. am drois arcTu mcirericxovani hagiografiuli TxzulebebiT zogjer verc ki mixvdebiT, ras kiTxulobT da romeliRac omebis qronika gegonebaT. aseTia Tundac `qeTevan wamebulis cxovreba~. Tuki naxavT, rogor weren kaTalikosi besarion orbeliSvili da anton kaTalikosic ki, faqtobrivad, aRmoCndeba, rom mTeli teqsti, garda Teologiuri boloTqma-winaTqmisa, saero prozaa. zogjer marTla ver amoicnob, saero nawarmoebia Tu sasuliero Txzulebaa. mifiqria kidec, rom amomeRo romelime monakveTi da `qarTlis cxovrebis~ teqstSi sadme Camesva, radgan darwmunebuli var, veravin gaarCevda. yovelive es ar aris SemTxveviTi, aramed zogadi movlenaa, romelic aRmosavleT da dasavaleT saqristianoSi, ubralod, sxvadasxva siswrafiT ganviTarda. dasavleTi swrafad wavida win, aRmosavleTi _ ufro Senelebulad, magram TviTon gza erTia. TavisTavad gamsofliureba an, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, saamqveynos codnis mopovebis ufro meti survili, vidre XI saukuneSia, ubedureba araa. magaliTad, Tu viRacam Seityo, rom kompasi Seiqmna an mineralTa Tvisebebi Seiswavla da imaze meti gaigo, vidre antikurma mecnierebam icoda, amiT araferi daSavdeba. manamde, faqtobrivad, mTeli Sua saukuneebis ganswavluloba antikuri codnas emyareboda. es iyo antikurobidan miRebuli maragi cnobebisa bunebaze, astronomiaze, botanikaze, zoologiaze, anatomiaze, romelsac drodadro xan sparsi, xanac arabi Seavsebda. da mainc,

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codna samyaroze, misi zogadi suraTi XIII saukuneSi jer kidev iseTivea, rogoric ax. w. IV saukuneSi. Semdeg ukve nel-nela iwyeba Sevseba sxvagvari monacemebiT, romelTa msgavsi berZnebsa an laTinebs manamde ar gaaCndaT. kidev vambob, amaSi TavisTavad cudi araferi ar aris, magram moxda ise, rom qristianul msoflxatSi axlad mopovebuli warmodgenebi ver Caewera da ara imitom, rom es, zogadad, SeuZlebeli iyo, ubralod amis gamkeTebeli arvin aRmoCnda. ar gamoCndnen iseTi mamebi, rogorebic iyvnen didi kapadokielebi. ra Tqma unda, iyvnen mniSvnelovani moRvaweebi, oRond maTi satkivari sxva iyo. aseTi iyo Tundac wm. grigol palama, romelsac srulebiT sxva safiqrali hqonda, axali xedvis marTlmadidebluri sinTezi ki amocanad arc mas da arc sxva vinmes dausaxavs. Tu xdeboda raime SeTanadeba, iqve Cndeboda dapirispireba. aman Zalian reliefuri saxe miiRo, rodesac qristefore kolumbma moindoma, indoeTisken axali gza epova. mogexsenebaT, igi sul sxva adgilas mivida, magram mniSvnelovani iyo TavisTavad idea, rom dedamiwa mrgvalia da mas SeiZleba Semouaro. mis sawinaaRmdegod netar avgustines imowmebdnen. netari avgustine ambobda, rom ar SeiZleba, ase iyos, Tumca is werda TeologiasTan mimarTebaSi da ar saubrobda geografiaze, romelsac raime religiuri datvirTva ar aqvs. Cemi azriT, moxda amgvari ram: kolumbma daadastura raRac iseTi, rac ar uTqvams netar avgustines, Tanac ar uTqvams geografiaze, romelsac raime religiuri datvirTva ar gaaCnia da ara Teologiaze, aman ki gaaCina gancda, TiTqos simarTlis Tqmas eklesia abrkolebs. aseTive konfliqti iyo jer kidev marko polosTan da saerTodac xSiri iyo kamaTi religiurad absoluturad neitralur sakiTxebze, magaliTad, iseTze, Tu rogor brunavs romelime cdomili. ra religiuri mniSvneloba aqvs amas? cxadia, araviTari, religiurad mniSvnelovani mxolod erTi ramaa _ qveyniereba TviTmarTia Tu Semoqmedis Seqmnili. ai, es aris Tavi da bolo, rac SeiZleba sakamaTo iyos. danarCens, rasac Cven qveynierebis Sesaxeb SevityobT, religiur msoflmxedvelobasTan araviTa-

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ri kavSiri ar aqvs. Cven SeiZleba mxolod vTqvaT, rom uflis, ase vTqvaT, SemoqmedebiT samzareuloze ufro meti gavigeT, vidre aqamde vicodiT. es aris da es, meti araferi.

Tumca, samwuxarod, sul sxvagvarad moxda. XIII-XVII saukuneebSi msgavs dapirispirebas bolo ar uCanda da, saboloo jamSi, rakiRa TavisTavad es monacemebi tyuili ar iyo, maTi aRmofxvra, ra Tqma unda, ver moxerxda da aRmoCnda, rom eklesia, swori codnis sapirispirod, araswor codnas icavs. unda vTqva, rom sabolood daZleuli es dResac ki ar aris. me Tu mkiTxavT, dRevandeli marTlmadidebeli Teologiis win kvlavac mwvaved dgas sakiTxi, Tu rogor SeiZleba moxdes saboloo SeTanadeba, radgan is gzebi, romlebic zogjer iZebneba xolme, bolomde damajerebeli ar aris. kidev vimeoreb, ase xdeba ara imitom, rom raRac mosazrebebi ver Tanxmdeba, aramed imitom, rom Cven ver vaTanxmebT _ es Cveni azrovnebis naklia da ara Sesaqmis, miT ufro, eklesiuri an religiuri swavlebis xarvezi. kidev vambob, miwier mecnierebasTan mas kavSiri ar gaaCnia, is sul sxva rames qadagebs. amgvari msoflmxedvelobrivi cvlileba, pirvel yovlisa, aisaxa aRmosavleT qristianul xelovnebaze. rogorc iTqva, poeziaSi, literaturaSi gamsofliureba grZeldeba. Tuki mwerlobaSi SeyovnebasaviT rame mainc SeimCneva, es gamowveulia gareSe movlenebiTa da, rac mTavaria, Zalian didi danakargebiT. realurad, Cven ar viciT, Tu ra iwereboda XIV saukuneSi. iqneb Cven ar gvipovia, Torem kidec daiwera romelime SesaniSnavi poema?! am periodSi bevri ram amovardnilia, ubralod, daRupulia. vin icis ra daiwva da daibuga Temur-lengis SemosevaTagan aklebul da aoxrebul qveyanaSi. Tundac mere, rodesac osmalebma 1510 Tu 1512 wels quTaisi gadawves, iq mefeTa wignsacavSi ra daiwva, Cven amis Sesaxeb araferi viciT. ukve Semdeg, XVII saukunidan, sakmaod bevri literaturuli Zegli gvaqvs SenarCunebuli. ase moxda imitom, rom isini amdenad aRarc nadgurdeboda da Tanac viRacasTan kidec inaxeboda. Tundac qarTvel emigrantebs, romlebic ruseTSi iyvnen wasulni, Tan hqondaT waRebuli wignebi. `arCiliani~ rom

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ar waeRoT, vin icis, gadarCeboda?! ra garantia gvaqvs, rom ar ganadgurdeboda iseve, rogorc sxva Txzulebebi, romelTa mxolod saxelebiRa viciT. ai, magaliTad, sargis Tmogvelis `dilargeTiani~ _ saxelwodeba viciT da vxvdebiT rom mas viRac dilargeTze leqsi hqonia. es wigni rusTavels gvian gamgrZelebels jer kidev xelSi uWiravs, Cven ki ukve aRar gvaqvs. amitomac vfiqrob, rom maSinac, XIV-XVI saukuneebSi, rodesac marTla urTulesi viTareba iyo, cxadia, naklebi, magram raRac ueWvelad iqneboda. rac Seexeba saxviT xelovnebas, aq Cven vxedavT erTgvar Seyovnebas, Zalian did SemoqmedebiT sirTuleebs da aseTia viTareba ara marto CvenTan, aramed yvelgan. oRond xdeba ise, rom saxviTi xelovneba CvenTan da bizantiuri saxviTi xelovnebac gaCerdeba SedarebiT gvian, daaxloebiT, XV saukunidan, arqiteqtura ki _ gacilebiT adre. Tundac paleologosuri arqiteqtura, romelic mTlad Rirsebas moklebuli ar aris, didwilad, ukve gakeTebulisa da Suabizantiur xanaSi miRweulis gameorebaa. ase ar aris slavur qveynebSi, magram ar unda gvaviwydebodes, rom slavuri qveynebi (RmerTma icis, rom damakninebels amaSi arafers vdeb) qristianul nawarmoebTa Seqmnas ufro gvian Seudgnen. Cven da Tundac berZnebma qristianuli xelovnebis qmna V saukuneSi daviwyeT, imaT _ X-XI saukuneebSi, es ki Zalian didi sxvaobaa. erTgvari gaxleCa iqac xdeba, oRond _ XVII saukuneSi, rodesac msofliuri xedva Zalian momZlavrda da ruseTSi srulebiT katastrofuli saxe miiRo. sxvagan, imave saberZneTSi, bulgareTSi, es procesi ufro TandaTanobiT midis da iq ver vxedavT iseT mZime Sedegebs, rogoric rusul kulturas petre didis cnobilma reformebma moutana. marTlac, am reformebiT ruseTi or sxvadasxva erad daiyo _ qalaqSi mcxovreb, evropulad moazrovne adamianebad da xalxad, romelic soflad cxovrobda da TiTqos Sua saukuneebSi CarCa. didxans, XIX saukunis Sua xanebamde, maT Soris enobrivi sxvaobac ki iyo. marTlac, XVIII saukunesa da XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi ganaTlebuli rusi frangulad laparakobda, radgan, ase vTqvaT, ganaTlebis ena franguli

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iyo. viRac SeiZleba rusulad maSinac werda, magram faqtia, rom rodesac 1812 wels napoleoni ruseTSi Sevida, rusi aristokratebi mSobliuri enis swavlas axlidan Seudgnen, radgan erTmaneTs sakuTar enaze veRarc ki esaubrebodnen, araTu werilebs werdnen. vTqvaT, bulgareTSi an kidev CvenTan aseTi ram ar momxdara, magram saxviT SemoqmedebaSi viTareba yvelgan msgavsia _ raRac dros xdeba erTi da imave formebis gayinva. gavrcelebulia mosazreba, rom arsebobs raRac e.w. kanonikuri xelovneba da, am SemTxvevSi, sxva gza ar maqvs, es Tvalsazrisi unda uarvyo. iqneb adrec miTqvams, magram es imdenad saWirboroto sakiTxia, rom yvelam unda CamovayaliboT, Tu ras vfiqrobT amis Sesaxeb. kanonikuri xelovnebis cneba, romelic manamde ar arsebobda, mxolod XX saukuneSi Cndeba da es avangardistuli SexedulebaTa Camoyalibebis process droSi ucnaurad emTxveva. faqtobrivad, es kanonikuri marTlmadidebeli xelovneba, romelic ruseTSi, saberZneTSi Tu sxvagan 1910-iani wlebidan ikrefs Zalas, aris iseTive pasuxi renesansuli msoflmxedvelobis krizisze, rogorc avangardi, oRond es aris konservatiuli gamovlineba da renesansis uaryofa raRacisken dabrunebiT, xolo avangardi renesanss srulad uaryofs sxva gzaze wasvliT. saqme isaa, rom religiuri cxovrebis gadasarCenad istoriul formaTa momarjveba ukve momxdari faqtia _ kaTolikur samyaroSi es ukve moxda. iq ubrundebodnen xan goTikas, xan adre renesanss, magram es XIX saukuneSi iyo da es procesi, sxvaTa Soris, kidec gaCerda. Tuki naxavT kaTolikur eklesiebSi ra dgas da ra ixateba, mixvdebiT, rom es aris XV saukunisa da XVII saukunis erTgvari nazavi, romelic XVII, XVIII, XIX da XX saukuneebSi stabilurad meordeba _ rasac saxelosnoebSi awarmoeben sul erTi da igivea. Semdeg es procesi ukve samarTlmadidebloSic iwyeba. ra aris amis Sinagani mizezi? me mgonia, rom viTareba iyo amgvari: vinaidan aRmosavleTqristianuli xelovneba ufro metad, vidre dasavleTis saeklesio xelovneba, atarebda sakralurobis niSans, misi gamsofliureba ufro Zneli iyo. ratom?

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nu dagvaviwydeba, rom dasavleTis saeklesio xelovneba ambavs hyveba. es Teologiurad ase aris _ misi erTaderTi movaleobaa, mohyves, Tu rogor moxda is ambebi, romlebsac Zveli da axali aRTqmis wignebi an wmindanTa cxovrebebi mogviTxrobs. es xelovneba am ambebs hyveba da monaTxrobi unda JRerdes damajereblad. ase rom, rodesac amgvari gamsofliureba iwyeba, adamianebi ufro metad uyureben xilul, nivTier samyaros. Sesabamisad, albaT gaCnda moTxovnileba, rom esa Tu is ambavi, davuSvaT, moses saswauli, daixatos da gamoqandakdes ara ise, rogorc X an XI saukuneebSi, aramed ufro mimsgavsebulad imasTan, rasac SemTxveviT iq Cavlili dainaxavda. meti damajerebloba bunebasTan met siaxloves niSnavs. Tuki XI saukuneSi mose upirveles yovlisa anu Tavis adamianur gamovlinebamde iyo winaswarmetyveli da es gaxldaT mTavari, axla, adamiani ukeT ixsenebs, rom is iyo realuri adamianic. axla ukve win modis adamianoba, yvelaferi adamianismieri. es Zalian kargad Cans axali aRTqmis ambebis gadmocemisas, rodesac, magaliTad, macxovris vnebebSi yuradReba maxvildeba swored vnebul sxeulze. es asea ara imitom, rom maT aRar swamT qriste, rogorc RmerTi, ubralod, imisaTvis, rom es namdvili iyos maT gancdaSi, igi unda warmoCindes mTeli Tavisi adamianur-nivTieri sisruliTa da Tundac simZafriT. garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, aRorZinebis xelovneba ufro pirobiTia, vidre goTikuri. CrdiloeT evropaSi gansakuTrebiT xSirad SegxvdebaT jvarcma an datireba, romelic iseTia, rom SegaSinebs. es SeRebili qandakebebia da Tqven xedavT, rogor Camosdis sisxlis wveTebi daseril sxeuls. erT-erT jvarcmaSi eklebic ki aris Casobili. germanuli naxelavia. sxvaTa Soris, STambeWdavia, magram mZimea sayureblad da sxeulebriv tkivils warmoaCens. kidev vimeoreb, es ar niSnavs, rom aviwydebaT srulad Tanayofna RvTaebis, magram emociurad mainc win modis adamianuri. aRmosavlur qristianul samyaroSi, sadac qristianuli xelovneba, ra Tqma unda, aris mTxrobeli, Semaxsenebeli, magram

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amas garda kidev _ makavSirebeli, is unda iyos imgvari Tvisebriobis, rom ar gagiZneloT misvla pirvelarsTan, pirvelxatTan, sulier arsTan, romelic samoTxis wiaR aris. es xatovani gmoTqma mama pavle florenskis ekuTvnis da XX saukunisaa, magram me vfiqrob, kargia: is unda iyos sarkmeli, romliTac Tqven xedavT samoTxeSi damkvidrebul wmindanT. amitomac aq msofliuri ase martivad ver Semovidoda. aRmosavleT qristianuli samyaros adamiani grZnobs, rom am sakralurs ase iolad ver miekareba. es fsiqologiurad aRmosavleTs gacilebiT ufro eZneleba, vidre dasavleTs. maSinac ki, roca dasavluri xelovneba pirdapir Semodis XVI saukuneSi saberZneTSi, XVII saukuneSi ruseTSi, XVIII saukuneSi sxva slavur qveynebSi, vTqvaT, bulgareTSi da Semodis CvenTanac, is Zalian didxans inarCunebs raRac sxva iers. bevri xati, romelzec dRes vambobT, rom dasavluria da aRaraferia masSi kanonikuri, Tuki Sedardeba mis dasavlur nimuSs, aRmoCndeba srulebiT Suasaukuneobrivi. aseTi ram marTlac moxda, rodesac Cemma kolegam, q-nma mzia janjaliam bodbis mxatvroba Seiswavla. pirvelad, rodesac SevxedeT, vifiqreT rom aSkarad dasavluri graviurebia. rodesac man ipova dasavluri naxatebi, romlis mixedviTac bodbeli ostati qmnis Zveli da axali aRTqmis siuJetebs, uceb davinaxeT, rom mas es graviura Turme xatad gadauqcevia. amitomac, Tu aTvlis wertili, vTqvaT, yinwvisis moxatulobaa da am gadmosaxedidan uyureb, is marTlac Zalian realisturia, magram Tuki TviTon im dasavluridan Sexedav, absoluturad pirobiTia da gaugebari. es nimuSebi holandiuri graviuris damxatavs an italiel mxatvars rom enaxa, gaogndeboda, saerTod ver icnobda Tavis naxelavs, ifiqrebda, rom saSinelebaa da ver mixvdeboda, saidan movida es Maniera Graeca, srulebiT autaneli, gayinuli, mkvdari xelovneba. saidan uyureb, mniSvnelovani marTlac es aris. sxvaTa Soris, CvenTan es grZeldeba XIX saukunis Sua xanebamde grZeldeba da asevea bulgareTSic, sadac dasavleTi evropa fizikurad ufro axlos iyo. Cvensa da evropas Soris

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mainc iyo ruseTi, is ki uSualod emezobleboda dasavlur samyaros, yovel SemTxvevaSi, mimosvla mas pirdapiri hqonda. miT umetes, rom osmaleTSi, romelSic maSin bulgareTi Sedioda, dasavluri xelovneba XVIII saukuneSi niaRvrad Semovarda da srulebiT waleka yvelaferi islamuri. Tqven rom naxoT, rogori arqiteqtura aqvT XVIII saukuneSi konstantinopolSi, stambolSi, es rom aRmosavleTia, uceb verc mixvdebiT. me, magaliTad, pirvelad vifiqre, rom raRac ameria, radgan Zneli warmosadgenia Tundac aseTi baroko, absoluturad dasavluri, naxo aRmosavleTSi. marTali giTxraT, asociacia gamiCnda Sua evropis barokosTan germaniaSi, CexeTSi, iq cota meti siWarbea, vidre, vTqvaT, safrangeTsa an italiaSi ician. asea Tu ise, aRmosavleT saqristianos gauWirda, gadaedga nabiji xiluli samyarosken ise Tamamad, rogorc es dasavleTma gaakeTa. rogorc Cans, gaCnda SegrZneba, TiTqos xelovani movalea, daxatos, aaSenos raRac saeklesio da, misi gancdiT, xiluli qveyniereba mis sakuTar samyaroSi, Sinagan me-Si iseT zomamdea ukve Semosuli, rom man SeiZleba am saRvTo nagebobas Tu saRvTo gamosaxulebas metismeti msofliuroba SesZinos. amitomac RuzasaviT aris es Zveli formebi. imdroindeli ostati da mxatvari, rogorc etyoba, maT mimarTavs imisTvis, rom darwmunebuli iyos _ rasac is akeTebs, sworia. mas aRar aqvs imedi, romelic XI saukunis ostats hqonda, XII saukunis Suaxanis ostats jer kidev hqonda da gelaTis mSenebelsac hqonda. mas dakarguli aqvs gancda imisa, rom rasac ginda akeTebdes, is WeSmaritebaSi myofobs da veraviTari CuqurTma, veraviTari misi monafiqri am WeSmaritebas ver SebRalavs. ai, es Sinagani rwmena, rogorc Cans, dakargulia. yovel SemTxvevaSi, sxvanairad SeuZlebelia, gaigo es vermocileba formebisa, romlebic am adamianebs srulebiT aSkarad aRar moswonT. es Cans imaSi, Tu rogori cvlilebebi SemoaqvT maT. Tumca isini cvlian imas, rac ar SeiZleba amgvarad Seicvalos. rogorc ki Tqven am arqiteqturas, XII saukuneSi Camoyalibebul arqiteqturul saxes, waiyvanT gasadavebisken da datovebT iq

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mTavar nakvTebs, ubralod, moacilebT, vTqvaT, CuqurTmas da datovebT im amoburcul sapires, araferi gamogivaT. es sapire unda iyos morTuli, is amisTvisaa Seqmnili, amisTvis aqvs mas es momrgvalebuli zedapiri, rom iq intensiuri CuqurTma kidev ufro plastikuri da STambeWdavi Candes, metad moiyaros Tavi Suqma da Crdilma da ufro TvalsaCinod daupirispirdes erTmaneTs. Tuki gindaT, rom es iyos sada, tovebT fuZes da, ubralod, aSorebT zedapirs, ra Tqma unda, mxatvrul Sedegs ver miiRebT da Tqven xedavT sul gaRaribebul formas an SeuTavsebeli elementebiT Sedgenils. es ar niSnavs imas, rom mTeli am 500 wlis ganmavlobaSi niWieri xelovani ar arsebula Cvens qveyanaSi. ra Tqma unda arsebobda, oRond, es niWieri adamiani Tavis qmedebaSi Tavisufali ver aris. amitom Cven sul vxedavT, rom ostats gamosdis raRac da sxva ram _ ara. davuSvaT, mSvenivrad akeTebs interieris nawils, magram garedan Sexedav da SegeSindeba. ai, TiTqos mSvenieri silueti gaukeTa, SigniT ki Seusabamo sivrcea. aris erTmaneTTan Seusabamo formebi _ vTqvaT, Zalian daxvewili da uceb ratomRac gamsxvilebul-gadidebuli. am yvelaferze Cven kidev mogviwevs saubari. es ar gaxlavT dawunebis safuZveli. Cven araviTari ufleba ar gvaqvs, ar davinaxoT is, rasac XV-XVIII saukuneebis ostatebma SemoqmedebiTad miaRwies, rac maTi monapovari aris. Tumca, samwuxarod, veRar vnaxavT imgvari dasrulebulobis, Sinagani logikurobis mqone xelovnebis nimuSs, rogorsac SeveCvieT V saukunidan da XIII saukunis pirveli aTwleulebis eklesiebSi jer kidev vxedavT. miuxedavad amisa, me vfiqrob, rom aRmosavleTqristianul xelovnebas sxva gza hqonda. istoriasTan mimarTebaSi uazrobaa sakiTxis amgvarad dasma: ra iqneboda, Tuki... rac moxda, moxda da raki moxda ase, albaT, sxvanairad ver moxdeboda. Tumca xandaxan SeiZleba sakiTxi amgvaradac ganvixiloT, rodesac aris gzagasayari da sazogadoebas an romelime erT adamians SeeZlo, ori gzidan erTi aerCia. ai, magaliTad, nikoloz II-s,

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ruseTis imperators, SeeZlo, I msoflio omSi monawileoba ar mieRo, amis aucilebloba ar arsebobda. es misi karis, ministrebis aCemeba iyo, romlebsac undodaT daemtkicebinaT, rom mZleTamZleni arian. albaT, undodaT poloneTis meore naxevari da kidev ram mopovebinaT, magram, realurad, omi am qveynis interesebSi ar iyo. ruseTi I msoflio omSi rom ar Cabmuliyo, Zalian didi albaTobiT ar iqneboda oqtombris revolucia, Tu ar iqneboda oqtombris revolucia, yovel SemTxvevaSi, ar iqneboda nacizmi da Tu raRac mainc moxdeboda, II msoflio omi iqneboda sruliad sxvagvari. yvelaferi sxvanairad warimarTeboda da gansxvavebuli iqneboda Cveni qveynis bedic. 1918 wels Cven albaT damoukideblobas ver movipovebdiT, albaT mas mainc movipovebdiT oRond 1940-ian wlebSi da ise, rom avcdebodiT am saSinel katastrofebs. ruseTis imperia albaT ufro nela, vidre, vTqvaT, britaneTis imperia, magram aucileblad mividoda im martiv WeSmaritebamde, rom imperiis Senaxva ufro Znelia, vidre erTguli da Sendami kargad ganwyobili mravalricxovani mokavSireebis yola Senive sazRvarze. iqac Seiqmneboda raRac msgavsi britaneTis Tanamegobrobisa, sadac kanadur da avstraliur markebs, mgoni, dResac dedoflis portreti amSvenebs, Tumca isini damoukidebeli qveynebia. TviTon britaneTs (inglis-Sotlandias) srulebiT araferi daukargavs, roca ar ioma, ar atexa erTi ambavi da am qveynebs damoukidebloba, zogjer daxanebiT, magram SedarebiT martivad misca, radgan mas gasavali aRar aqvs da Semosavali ki meti gauxda, vidre im koloniebidan hqonda. raRac amdagvari moxdeboda, aseTi arCevani arsebobda. me vfiqrob, rom garkveuli arCevani arsebobda qristianuli Semoqmedebis winaSec, oRond, aq ukve Zalian Zneli saTqmelia, ratom ver gadaidga es nabiji. es niSnavs, rom rac mas ewinaaRmdegeboda, metismetad mniSvnelovani iyo. amis safuZvels me maZlevs yinwvisis wm. nikolozis taZris xuroTmoZRvreba, romlis Sesaxebac bevri sxvadasxva azri arsebobs. piradad me mgonia, rom es Zalian kargi arqiteqturaa. aris sxva Sexedu-

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leba. pirvel yovlisa, Zalze mosawoni mgonia is, Tu rogor moaxerxa ostatma, sruliad mwiri saSualebebiT mieRo sxvanairi STambeWdaoba, magram aranaklebi imaze, rasac aRwevdnen misi meCuqurTme Tanamedroveni. ar vici, iqneb Tavad yinwvisis ostatma an iqneb sulac misma damkveTma anton glonisTaviZem airCia aguri. aguriT garkveuli dekoris Seqmna SeiZleba da man gumbaTze kidevac gaakeTa TaRnari, CuqurTmian zedapirsa da amoburcul sapireebsac raRacanairad miiRebT, magram es im Rirsebisa ver iqneba, aucileblad meqanikuri da tlanqi gamova. amitomac yinwviselma ostatma sxva gza airCia. man sxvanairad gardasaxa sivrce _ ori gumbaTqveSa burji odnav ufro dabali da viwro TaRebiT, vidre sxva eklesiebSia, kedlebs gadaaba, xolo mklavTaSorisebSi gaakeTa ara paraleluri, aramed perpendikularuli kamarebi. amitom gamovida, rom es mklavTaSorisebi ki ar aris, aramed dasavleTi mklavis ubeebia da miiRo gumbaTovani darbazis, e.w. kupelhales da Cawerili jvris tipis sivrcis nazavi. Sedegad isic miiRo, rom dasavleTi mklavi aris sul sxva bunebis, vidre danarCeni sami mklavi. es TiTqos winkaria, romelSic Tqven SedixarT. iq sxvanairi formebia, yvelaferi mrgvalia, xolo roca zeviT aixedavT, dasavleTi mklavis kamara waisrulia, aRmosavleT nawilSi ki ukve yvelaferi waisrulia. amitom kamaris doneze dasavleTi mklavi erTvis sivrciT jvars, xolo qveda nawili, sadac yvelaferi ganieria da, rac ki rkaluri unda iyos, naxevarwriulia, proporciebiT modabloa, TaRebs kidev SemaRlebuli proporciebi aqvs. amgvarad, man erT sivrceSi ori kontrastuli sivrce miiRo da, Sesabamisad, srulebiT gansxvavebuli gamomsaxvelobac. aRmosavleTi nawili, romelic SeiZleboda sxva SemTxvevaSi kargad nawyobi, magram sruliad Cveulebrivi yofiliyo, axla gamoiyureba Zalian msubuqad, Zalian haerovnad, Zalian zeswrafulad da sruliad sxvagvarad swored imitom, rom mas dasavleTi mklavis sivrce upirispirdeba. garedan ostatma umartivesi ram gaakeTa: sarkmlebis

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Riobebi siganesa da, gansakuTrebiT, simaRleSi odnav gazarda da fasadze gaSala. gverdiT mklavebze sami sarkmlis motivi gamoiyena da Tuki, Cveulebriv, sarkmlebi aris xolme axloaxlo, man isini mklavis mTel sibrtyeze gaanawila. es Riobebi zedapirs ukve imdenad anawevrebs, rom aRarafris damateba aRaraa saWiro da xedavT dinamikurad danawevrebul sibrtyeebs, romlebic sruliad sadaa. rogorc etyoba, arsebobda aseTi gza _ gza kvlav namdvili arqiteqturisaken, wmindad arqiteqturuli formebiT metyvelebisaken, romelic raRac xnis Semdeg kvlavac srulebiT gansxvavebul samkaulsa da dekors dabadebda, Tumca masze warmodgena ver gveqneba, radganac am mxares qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebas aRarasdros Cauvlia. swored am bilikze Sedga fexi am Zalze Tamamma da niWierma xelovanma, sxvam ki veRaravin gabeda an SeiZleba verc SeniSna. Cemma kolegam, b-nma nikoloz vaCeiSvilma, XIII saukuneSi daadastura sxva SemTxvevebic, rodesac arqiteqturuli formis meSveobiT raRac cvlilebebi, erTgvari sxvanirobisa da axleburi emociurobis Semotana aris nacadi. amis magaliTad gamodgeba Tundac e.w. ruispiris wm. Sios monasteri. sinamdvileSi, es artozanis wm. Sio aris, radgan is adgili artozans ekuTvnis. kidev aris ramdenime momcro eklesia, magram TiToeuli maTgani mainc calkeuli Zalisxmevaa, romelic arasdros gadazrdila mravalTa erTian, mizanswraful Ziebad, es mainc calkeuli adamianebis gabedulebaa da sxva araferi. cota ufro gvian, XIV saukuneSi, mxatvrobac aseve SeCerda. Tumca, rogorc Cans, qarTul mxatvrobas XIII saukuneSic gauWirda. yovel SemTxvevaSi, adre Cveni saxviTi xelovneba bizantiidan raRacas rom Semoitanda (vgulisxmob sakuTriv bizantias anu konstantinopols, saberZneTsa da mcire aziis berZnulenovan nawils), sxva formad misi gardasaxva umal xdeboda. swored amisi formulaa oSkis taZris samxreT fasadze gamosaxuli vedreba _ RmrTismSoblis aw ukve dakarguli an, ufro zustad, gatacebuli gamosaxuleba. istoriuli kuTxiT

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Tu Sexedav, maSinve mixvdebi, rom misi Semqmneli bizantiuri spilos Zvlis figuras uyurebda. Tumca es figurebi bizantiaSi pawawinaa, sul raRac 5 santimetri, aq kidev TiTqmis adamianisxela, 80-ode santimetri simaRlis gamosaxuleba gvaqvs. am pawawina gamosaxulebis monumentalizeba imdenad ucabedad xdeba, rom Tqven araviTari uxerxulobis gancda ar giCndebaT. wesiT gamosaxuleba unda dawvrilmanebuliyo, daSliliyo, Tqven ki uyurebT absoluturad mTlian, monumentur formas, romelic spilos Zvlis figuris yurebisas daibada. es ufro meti sakvirveleba mgonia, vidre ostats naturidan rom gadmoeRo TvaliT nanaxi qsovilis nakecebi. gasaocari gardasaxvaa. Cvens mxatvrobaSic ase iyo _ Semodioda raRac da myisve sxva xdeboda. Tumca XIII saukunis Sua xanebidan kedlis mxatvrobaSi ukve sruliad pirdapiri citirebis magaliTebi gvaqvs. magaliTad, SiomRvimis jvarTamaRlebis eklesiis mxatvrobaSi bizantiuri nimuSebis imgvari zegavlenaa, romlis msgavssac verc yinwvisSi ixilavT da verc berTubanSi.

Tuki adre amgvari ram iSviaTad xdeboda, isic mxolod mokrZalebulobisa an moSiSobis mizeziT, radgan zogjer damoukideblad mignebuli forma afrTxobdaT, axla ukve es movlena epoqalur mniSvnelobas iZens. es yvelaferi sruldeba imiT, rom, Cemi fiqriT, pirvelad qarTuli qristianuli xelovnebis istoriaSi qarTuli mxatvroba mTlianad aris gadasuli bizantiur enaze _ is axla ukve pirdapir berZnulad laparakobs. rogorc Cans, aq berZeni ostatebic muSaoben. danamdvilebiTaa cnobili, rom walenjixaSi XIV saukunis bolos konstantinopolidan mxatvari moiwvies. albaT aris ramdenime sxva SemTxvevac, rodesac viTareba amgvaria, Tumca gvaqvs namdvilad qarTveli ostatebis xelidan gamosuli moxatulobebi da bizantiuri berZnuloba maTSic mkafiod Cans. mgoni, amgvari magaliTi adrec moviyvane, magram es movlena SeiZleba enas Sedardes. Tuki adre gakrTeboda xolme qarTuli, romelSic berZnuli sityvebi Warbobda (vTqvaT, XI saukunis romelime minanqarSi), axla ukve damtvreuli berZnuliT vlaparakobT. da

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Tu `damtvreuli~ gvexamuSa, radgan am moxatulobaTa mxatvrul Rirsebaze sxvadasxva azri arsebobs, es aris berZnuli moxatuloba, romelic qarTuli aqcentiT laparakobs berZnulad. es kvlav qarTuli xelovnebaa, rasakvirvelia, aqcenti Cvenia, magram Sinagani Tavisuflebis is xarisxi, romelic WeSmaritebis ziarebas moaqvs, aq gacilebiT naklebia. es is xvedria, romelic wilad xvda Cvens saeklesio xelovnebas da asevea, faqtobrivad, dRevandlamde. XX saukunis damdegs SeimCneoda erTgvari Zvra da TiTqos raRac unda dabadebuliyo, magram kvlavac gareSe garemoebebi Caeria da es SesaZleblobac gaqra. Tu rogor xdeboda es niSandobliv, amaze ukve Semdeg visaubrebT.

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