15. XIX saukunis arqiteqtura

dRevandeli saubris Tema, XIX saukunisa da XX saukunis pirveli 15-16 wlis arqiteqtura, sakmaod rTuli da mZimea. rTulia, radgan ara mxolod arqiteqturaze, aramed mTlianad XIX saukuneze, sazogadod, am epoqaze Cveni dRevandeli codna, rbilad rom vTqvaT, naklulia da, naklulobis garda _ araCveulebrivad calmxrivic, Tumca es epoqa qronologiurad Cvengan arcTu Sorsaa. esa Tu is avtori, istorikosi, mwerali am drois sazogadoebriv, politikur, kulturul da a.S. cxovrebas SesaZloa mravali kuTxiT kidec ganixilavs, magram ganxilva yovelTvis imdenad calsaxaa, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, brtyelia, rom sxvadasxva waxnagis SeerTeba raime mTlianobad Zalze Wirs. amas obieqturi mizezi aqvs _ is winaaRmdegobrivia, marTlac, ar aris calsaxa da ar aris erTmniSvnelovani. SeiZleba, amdenad urTierTgamomricxavi movlenebiT aRsavse xana Cvens istoriaSi sxva arc ki iyos. simZime arc wina saukuneebs aklda, mZime iyo XVIII saukunec, XVII saukunec, XV saukunec, gindac arabobis xana da bevri sxvac. Tumca XIX saukunis winaaRmdegobebi ufro TvalsaCinoa da, me vityodi, sxvagvari simZafriTac Cans albaT imitomac, rom masala metia da mowadinebuls SeuZlia metis naxva, metis mosinjva, ufro axlos misvla XIX saukunis adamianTan da misi cxovrebis wesTan Tu TavgadasvlebTan. rodesac epoqas ecnobiT, kiTxulobT istorias qarTvelobis erTian daqveiTebaze, gadagvarebaze, gansakuTrebiT, saukunis pirvel naxevarSi an, piriqiT _ mudam SemarTebiT mebrZol saqarTveloze. asevea calkeuli adamianebis SemTxvevaSic. magaliTad, dimitri yifiani viRacisTvis susti da damyolia, sxvisTvis ki _ rusul reJimTan sal kldesaviT mebrZoli. es viRacisTvis mxolod erovnuli brZolis epoqaa, viRacisTvis ki isev mxolod _ socialuri brZolis epoqa. viRacisTvis yvelafers ucxo Zala _ Tundac rusuli xiSti da somxuri fuli _ gansazRvravs, viRacisTvis es faqtori saerTod gam-

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qralia. magaliTad, kiTxulob qarTuli mwerlobis istorias da saerTod ar Cans, rom gverdiT arsebobda vinme sxvac, davuSvaT, Tundac daviT erisTavi, Tumc gadmokeTebuli, magram Cveni Teatris istoriisTvis esoden mniSvnelovani piesis, `samSoblos~, avtori, romelic TanamSromlobda rusul presasTan da wlebis ganmavlobaSi iyo ara mxolod Jurnalisti, aramed karikaturistic. simarTle giTxraT, ver movixelTe, ver vnaxe, rogor karikaturebs xatavda, magram faqtia, rom rusul presaSi aqveynebda. iyo, magaliTad, daviT kezelic da isic rusul presaSi ibeWdeboda, Tundac niko nikolaZe, romelic qarTuladac werda, magram raRac xani ufro metad – rusulad. arada, es yvelaferi TiTqos ar iyo. me vfiqrob, mTeli saqme isaa, rom aseT viTarebaSi verc klasebs gamijnav, verc wodebebs, verc adamianebs dahyof banakebad da verc am banakebs daapirispireb. dramatulad winaaRmdegobrivia es xana da dramatulad winaaRmdegobrivia adamianic. erTma da imave ilia WavWavaZem Tavis lelT Runias isic aTqmevina, rom Cveni Tavi Cvenadve unda gveyudnodes da dadebiTi movlenaao, saqarTveloSi rusuli jaris Semosvlis asi wlisTavze esec dawera _ gana imitom, rom man lelT Runia daiviwya, aramed imitom, rom hqonda am movlenas sxva mxarec.

TviTon rusuli mmarTvelobis Sefasebac ase martivad ar xerxdeba. vTqvaT, Cven vambobT, TiTqos mas araferi gaukeTebia da maSinve ismis pasuxad, rom rkinigzac gaiyvana, gzebic moawesriga, avazakobac mospo da lekianobac Sewyvita meore naxevarSi mainc saukunisa. qalaqebic xom gaSenda? amis uaryofa sisulele iqneba iseve, rogorc Tqma imisa, rom dRevandeli axalgazrdobis sasaxle TbilisSi rusi mTavarmarTeblis sasaxle arasodes yofila. misgan vimemkvidreveT, faqtia. rogor vTqvaT, rom saqarTvelos muzeumi gagrZeleba ar aris rusuli xelisuflebis mier daarsebuli kavkasiis muzeumisa? Tundac ukanasknel magaliTSi Zalian mkafiod Cans araTu orsaxovneba, aramed mravalsaxovneba am movlenebisa. sinamdvileSi, kavkasiuri muzeumis arsebobis dasawyisi unda veZeboT ori qarTvelis _ yvelasTvis cnobili poetis,

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rafiel erisTavisa da erT-erTi qobulaSvilis _ kerZo koleqciebSi. maT rafiel erisTavis saxlSi, aleqsandre WavWavaZisa da griboedovis quCebis gadakveTaze, gamofena moawyves an namuSevrebs Tavi mouyares. es ambavi, ramdenadac vici, dazustebiT cnobili ar aris. Semdeg es namuSevrebi kavkasiis muzeumis koleqciaSi Sevida, oRond ise, rom amis Sesaxeb piradad me marto kote ColoyaSvilisagan msmenia. arada, rogorc wesi, dResac ise iwereba da iTqmis, TiTqos es marto gustav radem gaakeTa. cxadia, gustav rade Zalian mniSvnelovani moRvawe iyo, Tumca esec ar aris erTmniSvnelovani. magaliTad, mis mier aRmoCenili yvelaze efeqturi eqsponati _ qarTveli meomris sruli aRWurviloba raxtian-muzaradian-yvelafrianad, romlis Sesaxebac ambad vici, Torem TvaliT is me arasodes minaxavs, radem Tavis samSobloSi, berlinSi gaagzavna, ruseTSic ki ara. SeiZleba, sruliad gulwrfelad fiqrobda, modi, gamoCndes kavkasia germaniis muzeumSi, sadac bevri xalxi dadis da iqneb vinme kidec dainteresdeso. SeiZleba asec iyo, magram man xom berlinis muzeumi gaamdidra da ara Tbilisisa. rade saqarTveloSi rusuli xelisuflebis mier iyo dapatiJebuli. is aq atarebda rusul politikas, romelic Zalian saintersoa TavisTavad. 1918 wlamde kavkasiis muzeums qarTveli TanamSromeli ar hyolia, somexi ki, mgoni, erTi hyavda. wesdebaSi albaT mTlad sityvebiT ar dawerdnen, magram gansazRvruli iyo, rom adgilobrivi, rogorc administratorebi ityodnen, `tuzemeci~ aq ar unda hyolodaT. da mainc, gana kavkasiis muzeumma dadebiTi araferi moitana? moitana, magram arsebobs sxva mxarec _ is koloniuri dawesebuleba gaxldaT. gavixsenoT Tundac didebis taZari, sadac 1920 wlidan erovnuli galereaa. albaT, es iyo kidev erTi saintereso muzeumi sakmarisad mdidari koleqciiT da am SenobaSi gamofenebi imarTeboda. es kavkasiis dapyrobis muzeumi iyo, magram iq gigo gabaSvilis gamofenebi ewyoboda. sxvac ifineboda, sagamofeno sivrce iyo da, am mxriv _ dadebiTi movlena. Tumca, amave dros, es Senoba da mis mopirdapired mdgomi, aw ukve didi xania ararsebuli,

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wm. aleqsandre nevelis taZari iyo simbolo imisa, rom rusuli Zalaufleba movida da wasvlas ar apirebs. sainteresoa isic, rom taZaris saxelwodeba amgvarad JRerda _ samxedro taZari kavkasiis dapyrobis xsovnaze. rogoria, eklesia viRacis dapyrobis aRsaniSnavad Sendebodes, magram es taZari aseTi iyo. sxvaTa Soris, SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom 19902000-ian wlebamde am taZris dangrevas sinanuliT aravin ixsenebda. Cemi bebia da papa, romelic samxedro iyo, am taZarSi daqorwindnen, jvari iq daiweres. miuxedavad amisa, bebiaCems srulebiTac ar anaRvlebda misi dangreva. Tu dardobda, mxolod im saflavebs, romlebic iq iyo, pirvel yovlisa ki, 1921 wlis brZolaSi daRupuli qarTveli samxedroebisas. iq iyo ara mxolod iunkrebis cxedrebi, rogorc momabezreblad laparakobs Cveni media, aramed, zogadad, qarTveli samxedroebis _ jariskacebisa da oficrebis neStebic. nuTu imaT xsovnas rame daakldeba, Tuki gavigebT, rom iqve samiode rigiTi da ramednime oficeric marxia. Tumca Cven xom ar SegviZlia, vilaparakoT is, rac sinamdvilea. virCevT raRac ambavs, vaqcevT mas srulebiT uazro lozungad da mere amiT vamaxinjebT movlenebis realur mimdinareobas. saqme is gaxlavT, rom, Tu gvinda, sworad davinaxoT, rac Cvens qveyanaSi xdeboda, unda gaviTvaliswinoT vaxtang kotetiSvilis araCveulebrivi fraza. vaxtang kotetiSvili XIX saukunis saqarTveloze ambobda, rom es iyo ruseTis ori gubernia, romlebsac qarTveli mwerlebi saqarTvelod moixseniebdnen. es Zalian zustad asaxavs namdvil viTarebas _ saqarTvelo ar gamqarala, magram aRar Canda rukaze, aRar iyo administraciulad, aRar arsebobda mmarTvelobiTad, gindac iuridiulad da socialuradac mxolod nawilobriv rCeboda imitom, rom imdroindel saqarTveloSi arsebuli wesrigi arc is iyo, rac saqarTvelos manamde hqonda da arc is, rac winandeli sazogadoebis bunebriv ganviTarebas Sedegad mohyva. arada, amgvari ganviTareba, rogorc Cans, isaxeboda. simarTle giTxraT, ar vici, es mosazreba ramdenad dasabuTebulia, magram arsebobda istorikosebis mTeli jgufi _

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b-ni irakli anTelava da misi mowafeebis mTeli dasi, eTer orjonikiZe, ediSer xoStaria da albaT kidev sxvanic _ romelic muSaobis dawyebisas Tvlida, rom XVIII saukuneSi saqarTvelo erTgvar kapitalizmze bunebrivad gadadioda. isini, magaliTad, ambobdnen, rom Tavdaxsna anu memamulisagan sakuTari Tavisa da ojaxis gamosyidva XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi metad gavrcelebuli movlena iyo da Tuki ase gagrZeldeboda, daaxloebiT, XIX saukunis Sua xanisaTvis yma aRar iqneboda an iarsebebda viRac bogano da umiwawylo, romelic memamules msaxurad eyoleboda. kidev vambob, me ar vici, es simarTlea Tu ara, magram aseTi Tvalsazrisi arsebobs. eseni ar iyvnen fuqsavati mkvlevrebi da raki ambobdnen, saamiso argumentebic hqondaT. es mosazrebebi albaT kvlavac gadasaxedia, magram maTi arseboba ukve migviTiTebs, rom XVIII saukune martivi periodi ar aris, am dros sxvadasxva tipis movlenebi xdeba. mxolod imaze ver visaubrebT, rom lekianobaa, mosaxleoba katastrofulad iklebs da marTlia, dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesiac da xelisuflebac devnis, magram mainc ver moviSoreT tyveTa syidva, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSic mudmivi wiokia. marto es ar aris is, rac xdeba, xdeba kidev raRac sxva. rogorc mogaxseneT, piradad CemTvis suraTi naTeli ar aris, Tumca srulebiT araswori mgonia, rodesac Zalian kargi istorikosebi acxadeben, rom aq movlenebi ise ar warimarTa, rogorc dasavleT evropaSi. ra savaldebuloa, Cvens qveyanaSi yvelaferi ise xdebodes, rogorc safrangeTSi? CvenTan monarqia imgvarad, rogorc prusiaSi iyo, ar arsebobda da sociumi ratom unda ganviTarebuliyo maTi TargiT? gana ar SeiZleboda, gardasaxva migveRo, oRond gansxvavebulad da sxva gziT? CemTvis amgvari logika gaugebaria. gegoneba, arsebobs raime savaldebulo modeli. Tuki, magaliTad, SvedeTi im models sul ar misdevs, maSin ra vTqvaT? iqneb is qveyana ar aris an Tundac evropis erT-erTi umdidresi saxelmwifo? aseTi primitiuli sqemebiT msjeloba ar SeiZleba. dResac gamoudmebiT ismis amgvari laparaki. amas winaT movismine, saqarTveloSi Teatris esa da is formebi ar gan-

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viTardao. ratomaa savaldebulo, rom ganviTardes? gana ar SeiZleba, CvenTan raRac sxva ganviTardes? ratom aravin ikvirvebs, rom indoneziaSi, davuSvaT, marionetebis Teatri ar aris, feradi Crdilebis Teatri ki aris? maS, es naklia? ar aqvs ufleba, rame sxva hqondes? CemTvis sruliad gaugebari survilia, iyo an raRac sruliad sxva, rac imTaviTve SeuZlebelia, radgan nebismier adamians aqvs ori fexi, ori xeli da erTi Tavi, an iyo zustad iseTi, rogoric... vin? erTs ingliseli moswons, meores _ germaneli, mesames _ amerikeli da vis emsgavsos es ubeduri qarTveli, vis? xan erTi niRabi unda movirgoT, xanac meore, imis mixedviT, Tu gulze vis ra exateba? ar vici, rodis damTavrdeba msgavsi sisuleleebi, magram jerjerobiT amas piri ar uCans, piriqiT, ufro Rrmad mivtopavT. am SemTxvevaSi, vgulisxmob sazogadoebas da ara politikas. amas winaT b-nma giorgi niJaraZem Zalian kargad Tqva, rom politika mxolod asaxavs imas, rasac warmoadgens sazogadoeba. roca rame ar mogvwons xelisuflebis, CavixedoT sarkeSi da davinaxavT, rom TviTonve varT yovelive imis mSobeli, rac CvenTvis amdenad miuRebelia. veraviTari mteri ver gvizams imas, rasac sakuTar Tavs vuSvebiT Tundac imiT, rom Cvenive sisuleleebiT avis mosurnes vaxeirebT.

XIX saukune aris aseTi: aris saqarTvelo da qarTuli sazogadoeba. axla ki warmoidgineT Cinuri spilos Zvlis burTebi, rodesac did burTSi Cadebulia erTmaneTSi Calagebuli patara burTebi. amis msgavsad, qarTul sazogadoebas gars artyia rusuli administracia, sxvaTa Soris eTnikurad, didwilad, ararusuli. am rusis CinovnikebSi marTlac uamravia germaneli da poloneli. maTgan viRac, rogorc Cans, qarTvels TanaugrZnobs, viRac – ara, viRac sxva ki, ubralod, Wkviania da esmis, rom qarTvelobis amoZirkviT saqme ar gakeTdeba. magaliTad, evgeni vaidenbaumi werda, rom samxreT-aRmosavleT saqarTvelos TurqTagan CamorTmeul provinciebSi qarTuli elementi unda gaaZliero, Tu imperiis sikeTe ginda. arada, rusuli administracia sulac sawinaaRmdegos akeTebs _ cdilobs, es elementi yovelnairad Seasustos, radgan am-

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jobinebs, rom mteri sazRvarze hyavdes, oRondac nair-nairi qarTuli kuTxeebisa da tomebis konsolidireba ar moxdes. ar vici, vaidenbaums ra alaparakebda, ubralod, gamWriaxoba Tu adamianoba. iqneb marTlac adamianurad ar esmoda, Tu ratom unda daqsaqso eri, romelic isedac Sens morCilebaSia, ratom ar unda Seuwyo mas xeli da ratom unda gaacamtvero is. SeiZleba, is ase gansjida, magram iyo iseTic, vinc rusuli xelisuflebis Zalian xist kolonialur direqtivebs sruliad brmad asrulebda. aseTi iyo, magaliTad, nikolai Sopeni, saxelganTqmuli poloneli kompozitoris Zma, warmoudgeneli Savrazmeli, iseTi, rogoric TviTon rusebSic ki ar meguleba. sxvaTa Soris, ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom qarTul cnobierebaSi aseT ucnaur, saorWofo figurad darCa mixeil voroncovi. rasakvirvelia, is zrunavda ruseTze, magram, obieqturad rom vTqvaT, qarTuli Teatri misi xelSewyobiT Seiqmna. marTalia, dasi Semdeg daiSala, magram mainc voroncovis daxmarebiT gamarTuli speqtaklebi iyo is, razec hqondaT sworeba da ramac bolos profesiuli qarTuli Teatri kidec Camoayaliba. voroncovma daaarsebina aseve qarTuli Jurnali. sxvaTa Soris, dimitri yifiani aseT ambavs hyveba: rusul samsaxurSi axlad gadmoyvanili germaneli baroni, vinme fon rozeni, voroncovTan misula da SeuCivlia, Cemi qaliSvilebi keTilSobil qalTa saswavlebelSi swavloben, iq ki qarTuli iswavleba, iqneb gaaTavisuflon, rakiRa sxva qveynidan Camovidnen, qarTuli raSi sWirdebaTo. marTali giTxraT, me aqedan pirvelad gavige, rom am dros qarTuli swavleba jer kidev aris da saintereso aris voroncovis pasuxic: am qveyanaSi xom cxovroben da sanam aq arian, keTili inebon da iswavlono. am saubars dimitri yifiani Seeswro. ar gamovricxav, rom es erTgvari Jesti yofiliyo mis dasanaxad. Tumca voroncovs is mainc esmoda, rom aseTi Jesti saWiro iyo da qarTuli sazogadoeba, yovel SemTxvevaSi, misi ufro gamWriaxi da windaxeduli nawili, amas sasikeTod gamoyenebda. isic ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom, magaliTad, akaki wereTlisTvis mixeil voroncovi bolomde aseT pozitiur figurad darCa. iyvnen istorikosebic, romle-

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bic bolomde ase fiqrobdnen. giorgi CubinaSvili, magaliTad, daaxloebiT, 1930 wlamde ase fiqrobda. rogorc Cans, papamisisgan, daviT CubinaSvilisgan, gagonili ambebisda mixedviT, aseTi warmodgena hqonda. mere Tvalsazrisi mkveTrad Seicvala, magram raRac xani aman mainc gastana da, savaraudod, aseTive ram sxvebisganac esmoda, Torem ase ar ifiqrebda. amaT garda, saqarTveloSi iyvnen Camosaxlebuli ucxotomelebic. srulebiT aSkaraa, rom rusuli administracia yovelnairad xels uwyobda am Camosuli elementis gaZlierebas, wmindad raodenobrivi TvalsazrisiT. arsebobs statistikis monacemebi: rogorc ki TbilisSi qarTuli mosaxleoba mTliani macxovreblebis naxevars Seadgenda (es orjer moxda _ daaxloebiT 1828 wlisTvis da, mgoni, 1860-ian wlebSi), imwamsve Camoiyvandnen TurqeTidan iqaur somxobas. amasTanave isic unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom axlad Camosuli adgilobriv pirobebs srulebiT ar iyo SeTvisebuli. aq, vTqvaT, Tbilissa Tu gorSi XVI-XVII saukunidan mosaxle somxebis didi nawili asimilirebuli iyo, xolo nawili somxobas Tu inarCunebda, aqaurobas imdenad iyo Seguebuli, rom sasaubrod da saurTierTod, magaliTad, mimowerisa da sabuTebis enad, qarTuli hqonda da ara somxuri. maT somxuri saerTod ar ician. gorSi es asec darCa, magram TbilisSi ase ukve aRar iyo. aq daiwyo erTgvari rehaizacia imaTic ki, vinc Tavs qarTvelad miiCnevda. iyo, magaliTad, vinme arRuTaSvili, romelmac 1830 wels Tbilisis erT-erTi gimnaziis JurnalSi fsevdonimad aiRo `qarTveli~, xazgasmulad _ `qarTveli~. viRac albaT wamoaZaxebda xolme, somexi xaro da aman `qarTveli~ dairqva. XIX saukunis bolosken arRuTaSvilebi ukve arRuTinski-dolgorukovebi gaxdnen da marto Tavisi somxoba axsovdaT. es ar Seexo yvela grigorians, magram iyvnen aseTebic. TurqeTidan Camosulebi osmalebisagan daCagrulni arian da aq maT upiratesobas aniWeben, yovelnairad xels uwyoben da uRviveben imis gancdas, rom isini unda iyvnen amierkavkasiaSi umTavresni. rusuli politika dResac aseTia. Cvens samxreTel mezoblebs ar esmiT, rom rusuli saxelmwifo maT sasikeTod arafers akeTebs, maT qarTvelisa da

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azerbaijanelis winaaRmdeg iaraRad iyeneben, meti araferi: javaxeTSi _ qarTvelis winaaRmdeg (TbilisSi, jerjerobiT, ar gamosdiT, magram SeiZleba aqac scadon) da yarabaRSi _ azerbaijanelis winaaRmdeg. sxva ambavia, rom yarabaRis problema Zalian rTulia, gacilebiT ufro rTuli, vidre javaxeTis, radgan iq somxuri elementi yovelTvis iyo da, yovel SemTxvevaSi, nivTieri Zeglebis mixedviT, sakmaod Zlieric. javaxeTSi aris XIX saukunis somxuri eklesiebi da Tanac, rogorc axla gairkva, berZeni ostatebis aSenebuli. es aris da es! Tuki manamde iq saerTod rame iyo, iqneboda Zalian susti, yarabaRi ki sxvaa. ubralod, politikuri TvalsazrisiT, iq somxuri avtonomiis Seqmna ruseTis interesia da ara somxeTis. somxeTisaTvis es mxolod imis sawindaria, rom gadamterebuli hyavdes ori Zalian Zlieri mezobeli _ azerbaijaneli da Turqi. Tu ra sikeTes moutans es somxeTs, rogorc saxelmwifos, srulebiT gaugebaria. saqarTveloSi iyvnen germanelebic, romlebsac agreTve aZlierebdnen, magram rogorRac ise moxda, rom germanelebsa da qarTvelebs Soris urTierToba kargad aewyo. sxvaTa Soris, es gansakuTrebiT kargad gamoCnda saqarTvelos samwliani damoukideblobisas, rodesac germanelebi qarTvelebs yovelnairad mxarSi edgnen, imdenad, rom germanuli nawilebi Seqmnes, viTomda germanuli jaris danayofebi. sinamdvileSi, es aqauri germanelebi iyvnen, aleqsanderhilfidan da elizabetTalidan mosuli macxovreblebi. saqarTvelos dacvas maT veravin daavalebda, TviTon moindomes amis gakeTeba, TviTon isurves, yofiliyvnen damoukidebeli saqarTvelos maSenebelni. mgoni, Zalian madlierni unda viyoT am xalxisa. magaliTad, barbare jorjaZis siZe iyo fon gehtmani. misi Svili da SviliSvili qarTvelebi iyvnen, maT yvela qarTvelebad icnobda. leila gehtmani, bunebrivia, qarTul skolaSi, mgoni, mamaCemis klasSic ki swavlobda. aravin fiqrobda, rom maT sxvanairi gvari aqvT. es yvelaferi Zalian rTul suraTs qmnis: mimdinareobs qarTuli kulturuli cxovreba, paralelurad _ rusuli da

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paralelurad kidev _ somxuri, imavdroulad, gamodis germanuli gazeTic. Tanac es yvelaferi erTmaneTisgan kedlebiT gamoyofili xom ar aris?! yvelam, vinc aq cxovrobs, icis rusuli. yvela rusul saswavlebelSi swavlobs. maT Soris inaskveba megobruli urTierToba da es mere sxvadasxvanairad iCens Tavs. ai, magaliTad, iyo cnobili smirnovebis ojaxi. erT-erTi maTgani, Tu ar vcdebi, giorgi smirnovi, ivane javaxiSvilis klasSi swavlobda da masTan megobrobda, bebiis bebia ki qarTveli hyavda. sxvaTa Soris, garegnobiT es smirnovebi sul kavkasielebs hgvanan. ratom rCebian saqarTveloSi? ratom utoveben Tavis qonebas saqarTvelos da ara ruseTs, romelic mTel maT avejs, wignebsa da suraTebsac namdvilad iyidda? ratom akeTeben amas? srulebiT gaugebaria, magram ratomRac aq aseTi kavSiri gaiba. aris sxva aseTi rusuli ojaxebic. me naTesavebi myavda aseTi (myavs axlac, ubralod, im gvarisa aRaravin darCa), nikitinebi. yvelaze didi Seuracxyofa maTTvis is iqneboda, Tuki etyodi, rusi xaro. arc minda warmovidgino, amis mTqmels ra mouvidoda, albaT cocxali ver gaaswrebda. es rom Cemi molandeba araa, amis mowmobad `iveriaSi~ rac wavikiTxe, isic gamodgeba: quTaisis gimnazia ama da am wels daamTavra aman, aman da aman _ Satilovi, rusi. vkiTxulob amas da vfiqrob, Satilovi rusis meti aba vin iqneba-meTqi. uceb striqongamoSvebiT isev Satilovia, oRond _ qarTveli. warmogidgeniaT, erTi gvaris ori adamiani, savaraudod, biZaSvilebi _ erTi rusia, meore qarTvelia. aseTi ucnaurobaa. es Zalian ucnauria imitom, rom yovelnairi logikiT, yvelafris mixedviT, imas, rac maSin Cvens qveyanaSi trialebda, qarTvelebis erTmniSvnelovani asimilireba unda mohyoloda da es ki sulac ar moxda. ufro sworad, aseTi SemTxvevebi Zalian iSviaTi iyo da isic, umTavresad, imaT Tavs, vinc ruseTSi gadasaxlda. Tumca, sumbaTov-iuJini, XIX saukunis bolosa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi rusuli Teatris erT-erTi yvelaze saxelganTqmuli warmomadgeneli, sicocxlis bolomde qarTvelobda, qarTuli saTvistomos Tavmjdomare iyo. me TviTon vicnobdi da vici, rom iyvnen enobrivad srulebiT garusebu-

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lebic. maTi rusoba daujerebeli gaxldaT, magram vinme Tu agrZnobinebda, rom maTi rusuli ar moswons da Tavisianad ar Tvlis, Seuracxyofa iqneboda. am dros borjomis xeobasa da guriaSi xdeba ukrainuli da kazakuri mTeli soflebis gaqarTveleba, qalaqSi _ rusuli ojaxebis gaqarTvelebac. aseve, grZeldeba, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, adgilobrivi somxobis qarTul kulturaSi Semosvla da zogjer sulieri gaqarTvelebac. es solJenicinis terminia, romelic Zalian momwons. magaliTad, aseTi iyo artem axnazarovi. misi polemikuri werilebi nacionalisturi somxuri burJuaziis mimarT, romelic TbilisSi iyo da, faqtobrivad, Tbilisi Tavisad undoda, iseTi simZafrisaa, rogoric me qarTvel mwerlebTan ar meguleba, saerTodac qarTuli gvaris mqone arc erT avtorTan ar minaxavs. SeiZleba, baCanasTanaa, Tumca ar mgonia. imis Tqma minda, rom es aris araCveulebrivad rTuli qsovili, sadac yoveli movlena, yoveli nabiji, yoveli naweri, yoveli naTqvami _ yvelaferi unda iyos ganxiluli Zalian mravalmxrivad da yovelTvis unda miakvlio imas, Tu ratom iTqva esa da es, ratom gakeTda esa Tu is. am SemTxvevaSi, Cven ufro farTod unda SevxedoT TiTqosda aSkara rameebsac. yvelas, vinc ase Tu ise dainteresebulia XIX saukunis saqarTveloTi, axsovs ilia WavWavaZis `gamocanebi“, romlebiTac man miwasTan gaaswora lamisaa yvela, vinc ki imdroindel qarTul sazogadoebaSi rames warmoadgenda. Zalian xSirad hgoniaT, rom es iyo ise, ubralod, dawerili epigramebi an sulac, me mgoni, 1860-ian wlebSi mis enobriv polemikas ukavSireben. arada, aq aris erTi Zalian konkretuli ambavi da me arc var darwmunebuli, rom ilia bolomde marTali iyo. misi survili gasagebia da gamarTlebuli, magram ucnobia, eqneboda Tu ara keTili dasasruli mis mondomebas. ambavi iyo aseTi: Camodioda aleqsandre II da misTvis rame unda eTxovaT. ilia da misi momxreebi fiqrobdnen, rom qarTvelma Tavadaznaurobam TbilisSi universitetis gaxsna unda iTxovos. gasagebia, ratomac _ raTa qarTveli axalgazrdebi ar wasuliyvnen ruseTSi, sadac, garda yvelafrisa, siciveebs

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ver uZlebdnen da xSirad avaddebodnen, Wleqi emarTebodaT. amisi ara erTi, ori da sami SemTxveva iyo da srulebiT axalgazrda, saR-salamaTi adamianebi iRupebodnen. sxva arasasurveli SemTxvevebic iyo. amaze TiTqos SeTanxmden kidec, magram bolo wams Tbilisis guberniis qarTvelma Tavadaznaurobam TbilisSi kadetTa korpusis gaxsnis Suamdgomloba Seitana da es korpusi gaixsna kidec. amas mohyva ilias aRSfoTeba da `gamocanebi“ daiwera. kidev vambob, es gasagebia, magram erTi wuTiT SevxedoT movlenebs im Tavadaznaurobis TvaliT. qarTveli Tavadaznauroba, ZiriTadad, xelmoklea. skolebSi, sadac gadasaxadia Sesatani, isini TavianT Svilebs Znelad abareben, Rarib moswavleTa Semwe sazogadoeba ki, romelic jer kidev ar aris Zlieri, fuls ver uxdis. sxvaTa Soris, yvelas merec ver uxdida. kadetTa korpusi aris saswavlebeli, sadac maT Svilebs ufasod aswavlidnen. isini isedac iZulebulni arian, vaJebi iq miabaron da abareben ruseTis saswavleblebSi. TbilisSi kadetTa korpusi, darwmunebuli var, maT mxolod imitom undodaT, rom vaJebi Sors ar gaestumrebinaT. ai, es iyo am ambis Tavi da bolo da is CemTvis absoluturad gasagebia. marTalia, aman ar uSvela da viRacas ruseTSi mainc waiyvandnen xolme, magram aq darCenis SesaZleblobac gaCnda. viRac gadarCa voroneJSi, vladikavkazSi Tu kidev sadRac gaSvebas. sxva mxriv, warmovidginoT, rom aq universiteti gaixsneboda, is ki rusuli iqneboda. rogor unda momxdariyo 1918 wels am universitetis gaqarTuleba? iqneb ufro advili iyo, qarTuli universitetis gaxsna mere, Tundac 30-40 wliani dagvianebiT, vidre ukve arsebuli da Camoyalibebuli rusuli saswavleblis gadakeTeba. es ras gamoiwvevda, rogor dapirispirebas, Zalian Zneli saTqmelia. sainteresoa, magaliTad, rogor warimarTa tartus universitetSi igive procesi, Tumca tartus universitets is Sveloda, rom germanuli winaistoria hqonda _ dorpatis universiteti iyo, misi Ziri germanuli mecniereba gaxldaT da rusuli iyo mxolod Txeli zeda fena. CvenTan ki, sadac Ziri rusuli iqneboda, ras vizamdiT? ra

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vici, rogorc xedavT, pasuxi ar maqvs. me mxolod vambob, rom es movlena aqedanac unda ganvixiloT da iqedanac da ase unda SevxedoT saerTod yvelafers, rac im dros xdeba. dimitri yifiani vaxsene. dimitri yifiani fiqrobs, rom rusuli saxelmwifo saqarTvelosTvis sikeTis momtania. Tumca, amave dros, cdilobs rusuli xelisuflebis gacurebas, raTa dadianebs, fulis sanacvlod, mamulebi ar CamoarTvan. ekaterine dadianis memkvidreebs, arasrulwlovan bavSvebs, amas sTavazoben, dimitri yifiani ki afrTxilebs maT, rom ar daTanxmdnen, radgan maTi meurvea. am dros is jer kidev rusul samsaxurSia, Tumca Semdeg, rodesac aseT moRvaweobas Seudga, samsaxuris datoveba mouxda. arada, igi srulebiT gulwrfelad uWers mxars rusul xelisuflebas, radgan imJamad ver xedavs saqarTvelos politikuri arsebobisTvis sxva gamosavals, sxva gzas, romelic saqarTvelos arsebobis gagrZelebas uzrunvelyofda. vin aris is _ ruseTis msaxuria Tu saqarTvelosi? saqarTvelos msaxuria, ra Tqma unda! ruseTis msaxureba aris Seqmnil viTarebaSi misi swori Tu araswori taqtika. me meCveneba, rom arasworia, magram Tavad sxvanairad fiqrobda. man jer ar icoda Zalian bevri ram, rac Cven dRes viciT, rasac dRes vxedavT, rac mere moxda. yvelaferi es aisaxeba imdroindel xuroTmoZRvrebaSic. qarTulma xuroTmoZRvrebam TiTqmis mTliand dakarga sazogadoebrivi asparezi. yovelgvari sazogadoebrivi nageboba, albaT qarTuli Teatris Senobis garda _ sasamarTlos Senobebi, Teatrebi, klubebi, sxvadasxva sauwyebo nageboba _ Sendeba ruseTis xelisuflebis mier ise, rogorc mas unda. es yvelaferi Sendeba ise, rogorc rusi romelime Tavis sagubernio qalaqSi aaSenebda. faqtobrivad, qalaqebSi saeklesio mSeneblobac rusebis xelSia. Tumca aq yovelTvis mTlad ise ar gamodis, rogorc maT undaT. magaliTad, Sendeba mama-daviTis eklesia, raRac ucnauri hibridi qarTuli Sua saukuneebis arqiteqturisa. roca axlos mixval, TiTqos fsevdogoTikuric aris da slavuric. saboloo jamSi, risi nazavi iyo ar vici, qarTveli

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qtitorebi ki hyavda _ mRvdlebi da levan meliqiSvilis ojaxi. asevea Tundac wm. nikolozis eklesia CuRureTSi, wm. samebis eklesia, e.w. patara sameba erovnuli biblioTekis ukan, romelic mTlad qarTul yaidaze Sendeba. aqac qarTveli qtitorebi arian _ mRvdlebi, vaWrebi da aznaurebi.

TiTqosda Cveni sazogadoebis asparezi sabinao xuroTmoZRvrebaa, magram qalaqebSi aseTi suraTia: uamravi saxli ekuTvnis sxvas _ russ, germanels, somexs. yvelaze saintereso aq swored amis gamo xdeba. ara marto qarTveli iSenebes saxls, romelic rusuls mTlad ar hgavs, aramed, magaliTad, guSin saidanRac Camosaxlebuli germaneli generali an rusi moxele iSenebs saxls, romelsac quCisken da, ukve srulebiT aucileblad, ezosken aivnebi aqvs. ratom? es srulebiT ar aris bunebrivi maTi Cveuli yofisTvis, magram uceb iTviseben amas da es Zalian sainteresoa. fotoa aseTi, Cveneburi mxatvris, klara kveesis, estonur-germanuli ojaxis sasadilo oTaxis, sadac dgas evropuli aveji da kedelze iseTi kavkasiuri fardagi hkidia, nebismier qarTul ojaxSi rom naxavdiT. ras niSnavs es? faqtobrivad, yvela saxlSi, albaT iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda da amgvari gamonaklisi qarTul ojaxebSic iqneboda, Tqven naxavdiT ara erTmniSvnelovnad aRmosavlur, erTmniSvnelovnad evropul an, vTqvaT, erTmniSvnelovnad Suasaukunovan qarTul nivTebs, aramed raRacanair nazavs nivTebisas _ iranuls, adgilobrivs, evropidan Camotanils, iqve rusul samovarsac da yvelaferi es iyo erTi da qmnida erTian yofas. rom ar viyo tendenciuri, davimowmeb somexi poetis, hovanes Tumanianis, naTqvams, romelic Cemi megobrisgan, giorgi marjaniSvilisgan, msmenia. ar vici saidan aris, albaT miTxra kidec, sad waikiTxa, magram am xnis manZilze damaviwyda. hovanes Tumaniani Tbilisze ambobs, es erTi sufraa, romelsac bevri tomis xalxi Semosxdomia, magram Tamadad qarTveli ziso. swored es iyo qarTvelis gancdaSi. riT iyo gamowveuli mdidari somxebis mudmivi survili, xelSi CaegdoT Tbilisis qalaqis mmarTveloba? swored imiT, rom isini aq Tavs bolomde laRad mainc ver grZnobdnen. maT hqondaT samasi saxli,

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qarTvels ki _ mxolod sami. da mainc, am sam saxlSi qarTveli grZnobda Tavs qalaqis patronad, romelic Seviwroebulia, magram patroni mainc TviTonaa da ara viRac sxva, vinc mdidaric aris, mravalricxovanic, magram mainc mosulia. ai, aseTi ucnauri viTarebaa. daaxloebiT, 1920-iani wlebis bolodan 1960-iani wlebis Sua xanamde TbilisSi kidevac arsebobs saxlis tipi, romelic dedamiwaze sxvagan marTlac arsad aris. es aris aivnebiani saxli, romelic aq Seiqmna rusebisgan SemoTavazebuli evropuli fasadebis elementebisa da lojia-aivnebis SeTavsebiT. srulebiT sxvanairi ram aris. aseTive sruliad Taviseburi da arcTu Tbilisis msgavsi saxlebi Seiqmna TelavSi, siRnaRSi da naklebad _ quTaisSi. quTaisSi amgvari tipuri evropuli yaidis qalaquri saxlebi cota ufro gvian Sendeba, magram am saxlebis is mxare, romelic rionisa da ezoebisken iyureba, iqac srulebiT sxvanairia. XIX saukunis meore naxevridan xdeba aseTi ram: aq ukve Canan kargi evropuli ganswavlis arqiteqtorebi, ufro metad _ polonelebi da germanelebi, ramdenime rusic (magaliTad, ozerovi), romlebic aq muSaoben da Tanac kargad muSaoben, profesionalebi arian. aSeneben kargi donis ekleqtikas, gemovnebiansac da, rac mTavaria, isini TiTqosda profesiulad iTvaliswineben qarTul garemos, ar vici imitom, rom zogi maTgani aq aris dabadebuli an imitom, rom es garemo Zalian Zlieri zemoqmedebis mqonea, is sazogadoeba mainc, romlidanac ver gamotoveb manana orbelians. tolstoimac ki, romelic Zalian cdilobs, Tavis `haji muratSi“ saqarTveloSi qarTveli ar dainaxos, manana orbeliani ver gamotova imitom, rom es qali Tundac voroncovis gverdiT metismetad Cans. marTalia, tolstoi masze wers, pirferiao, magram es ukve misi sindisis saqmea. Zalian didi mwerali iyo, magram, erovnul sakiTxs rac Seexeba, zustad iseTive Sovinistia, rogorc uamravi sxva Zalian kargi rusi mwerali, dawyebuli puSkiniT da damTavrebuli visiTac ginda, albaT eseniniT an ara rusi, magram mainc didi Savrazmeli mandelStamiT. Zalian kargad Cans mis nawerebSi amgvari kolonialistoba.

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es garemo, sadac qarTveli mainc pirvel adgilzea, etyoba, moqmedebs. aseTi ram ar aris umagaliTo. aseTi ram Cans, Cemi azriT, poloneTSi, magaliTad, XVI-XVII saukuneebSi. raRac amdagvari unda yofiliyo saerTod Sua evropaSi, Tundac serbeTSi, xorvatiaSi. ucnauri ram xdeba iq, ucnauri xelovneba iqmneba. arada, xSirad es Camosuli adamianebis nakeTebia. gavlenas axdens raRac, oRond yvelgan _ ara. magaliTad, praRis arqiteqturaSi me amas ver vxedav. me meCveneba, rom iq italieli, germaneli Tu frangi rogoric Camovida, iseTi rCeboda. poloneTsa da albaT ungreTSi ase ar aris, iq raRac sxvanairia. ar vici, ratom. amas sxva kvleva unda. sxvaTa Soris, es SeiZleba racionalurad verc aixsnas. ubralod, unda davadasturoT, rom es asea da ratom da rogor _ ar viciT, romeliRac faqtorebis Tanxvdenis gamo.

XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi Telavsa da siRnaRSi ucnauri, Zalian sada arqiteqturaa, romelsac evropul ekleqtikasac ver daarqmev, sada aguris fasadebia da ezosken isev aivnebia. Tumca Tbilissa da quTaisSi Cven vxedavT evropul fasadebs da ezosken ki raRacas, srulebiT gansxvavebuls. yvelaze saintereso isaa, rom TbilisSi dabadebulma germanelma albert zalcmanma es aivani (sxvaTa Soris, quCiskenac) Tavis sakuTar saxls gaukeTa. namdvilad ver ityvi, damkveTma uTxrao, Tavad aiSena, TavisTvis da sakuTari SvilebisTvis aseTi saxli moindoma. quTaisSi, sxvaTa Soris, fasadebic ucnauria. Cemma kolegebma _ q-nma marine buliam, q-nma mzia janjaliam, b-nma daviT xoStariam da b-nma daviT cxadaZem _ quTaisze wigni gamosces da masSi aseTi saintereso ram aris: SemorCenilia naxati da gverdiT ki fotoa. zustad ise, rogorc `araCveulebriv gamofenaSi~ yvela elementi erTmaneTs hgavs, mTlianobaSi Sexedav da _ araferi msgavsi. xdeba aseTi ram: vTqvaT, raRaca elementi gadiddeba an, piriqiT, dapataravdeba, carieli areebi, vTqvaT, sarkmlebis sapireebs Soris, gaizrdeba an daviwrovdeba da gamodis absoluturad sxva plastika, sul sxva kveTa. adgilobrivi ostatebi muSaoben da Tanac qvaze. TbilisSi mainc ufro metad naZerwobaa, iq ki fasadebze qva

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aris da am kveTaSi, gamoTlaSi, iseTi cvlilebebi Semodis, rom verafriT veRar ityvi, es isaa, rac naxazze iyoo. arada, im ostatma yvelaferi Seasrula, oRond Tavis gemoze Seasrula da fasadebic ucnauria. ar vici, vis TvalSi rogoraa. viRacisTvis es albaT ubralod provincializmi iqneba, me kidev meCveneba, rom es aris im SemoqmedebiTi ZarRvis feTqva, romelsac veraferi ereva da romelmac SeiZleba Zalian ucnaur adgilebSi iCinos Tavi. magaliTad, e.w. zeda beTlemis eklesiisaken kibe adis da misi proeqti SemorCenilia. saSinlad xisti geometriuli konstruqciaa, romelsac svetnari misdevs. cnobilia, rom mere mSenebelTa hamqarma gaakeTa. proeqts gadauxvies da gaakeTes araCveulebrivi mixveul-moxveuli kibe. gamoiyenes Zveli galavnis naSTebi, Zveli wyaro. me meCveneba, rom is Zvelia an SeiZleba Zvelis mibaZviT TviTonve aaSenes, ar vici. arc ki gagaxsendeba is proeqti da, miT umetes, misi sakmaod uniWo avtori. azradac ar mogiva, rom es misia da namdvilad arc aris, im ostatebma Tavis gemoze gaakeTes ise, rogorc TviTon moindomes. igive aris quTaisSic _ es aris ara raRacis gatlanqeba, aramed sakuTar Wkuaze gakeTeba. sxvaTa Soris, aseTi ram aris CrdiloeT ruseTSi XVIII saukuneSi – iq samoqalaqo arqiteqturaSi xalxuri xeze kveTilobis mexsierebiT akeTeben evropuli barokos elementebs. es iseTi saocari sanaxaobaa, iseTi sxvanairobaa, sulac ar aris tlanqi da primitiuli, ubralod, gadasxvaferebulia. ase moindoma im kacma da organulad gaakeTa, Tavidan bolomde gaakeTa, romeliRac calkeuli elementebi ki ar gaafuWa, axali mTlianoba Seqmna. me vfiqrob, rom es, yvelgan ara, magram quTaisSic aris. iqve araCveulebrivi xarisxis, srulebiT evropuli nagebobebicaa. erT-erTia gimnaziis Senoba. saocari neoklasicizmia. TbilisSi, dRevandel mayaSvilis quCaze kidev ori amdagvari saxlia. aRmoCnda, rom es peterburgidan Camosuli arqiteqtor leontievis saxlebia. gasakviri, Zalze maRalxarisxovani neoklasicizmia. sadac ginda, waiRe. momwons, Tumca is, magaliTad, ufro meaxlobleba. es Zalian kargia da unda iyos,

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rasakvirvelia, unda SevinarCunoT, rom vaCvenoT _ esec SegviZlia, roca movindomebT, amasac miviRebT, amasac Cvens qalaqs SevuxamebT, Tu gamkeTebeli rigiani iqneba. es leontievi, Cvenda bedad, kargi profesionali gamodga. imavdroulad, xdeba aseTi ram _ soflis mSeneblobaSi saeklesio Senobebic inarCunebs erTgvar tradiciul iers, Tumca maTi didi raodenoba, romelic XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi Sendeboda, sakmaod ulazaTo da ugemuria, TiTqos standartizebuls hgavs, Zalian usicocxloa. ufro metad aguris Senobebia. samwuxarod, albaT umniSvnelovanesi am nagebobaTagan _ Cveni saxelganTqmuli gabriel episkoposis mier baxvSi aSenebuli taZari _ ganadgurebulia. aseve ganadgurebulia quTaisis soboro, romelic agreTve qarTul Targze aSenebuli nagebobis Zalian adreuli magaliTia, Tumca rusi avtori hyavs. Cemi kolega b-ni valeri kalandaZe fiqrobs, rom es SeiZleba e.w. qarTuli stilis pirveli mercxali iyos, marTalia, Semdgom gunds cota daSorebuli, magram mainc. SeiZleba asec iyos, ar vici, dafiqreba sWirdeba. asea Tu ise, Cven isev yuradRebiT unda SevxedoT da vifiqroT. zogi maTgani iseTi usiamovnoa, magaliTad, atocis eklesia, rom ar vici, ra unda gavakeToT. Tumca eseni, romlebic rusul yaidazea aSenebuli, albaT unda darCes. sxvebsac dakvirveba unda. romeliRaca mniSvnelovania, romeliRaca _ umniSvnelo. magaliTad, sainteresoa qarTveli ostatebis _ berekaSvilebisa da fxalaZeebis _ naxelavi. qarTlSic unda vnaxoT. b-ni vaxtang jobaZe ambobs, rom suramis erT-erTi eklesia jobaZeebis aSenebulia. unda inaxos, romelia, ranairia. eseni unda SevinaxoT, Tundac imisTvis, rom gaverkveT, qarTveli ostati axal viTarebaSi ras akeTebs. Tumca vfiqrob, rom iqneba iseTebic, romlebic SeiZleba gadasakeTeblad, iersacvlelad davTmoT. ratomac ara, Tu mas mxatvruli Rirebuleba ar gaaCnia da Tanac Cveni peizaJisTvis, im garemosTvis ucxoa? me ar mgonia, is xelSeuxebeli iyos mxolod imitom, rom eklesiaa. Cveni winaprebi, roca raRac ar moewonebodaT, moSlidnen da axals aSenebdnen. me vfiqrob, rom unda viqceodeT ise, rogorc bunebrivia.

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SegviZlia, dRes ukeTesi taZari avaSenoT? avaSenoT! Tu ar varT amaSi darwmunebuli, maSin, gindac ugvani, Zveli idges. me vfiqrob, ase unda vimoqmedoT. rodesac davrwmundebiT, rom Cvens dRevandel xuroTmoZRvars SeuZlia, margaliti Seqmnas, davuTmoT adgili margalits. davafiqsiroT, SevinaxoT _ es momavalma gadawyvitos, es Cemi saqme ar aris. amas garda, Zalian mniSvnelovania soflis binaTmSenebloba dasavleT saqarTveloSi, sadac XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi odasaxli yalibdeba. amasTanave, qalaquri arqiteqturisa da aristokratiuli saxlis elementebis SerTviT Cndeba yvela wodebisa da socialuri fenisTvis misaRebi da mosargebi saxlis tipi, romelic, mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT, araCveulebrivia. rogorc Cans, sabolood is raWaSi yalibdeba, Semdeg mTel dasavleT saqarTveloSi vrceldeba da misi adgilobrivi nairsaxeobebi iqmneba imereTSi, aWaraSi (aWaraSi Zalian Zlieri lazuri mSeneblobacaa da odaSic Cans lazi ostatebisgan mosesxebuli elementebi) da, gansakuTrebiT, samegrelosa da afzaxeTSi. swored es saxli aris erT-erTi mowmoba imisa, rom CvenTvis viTomda srulebiT ucxo afxazeTi, `im~ afxazebiT dasaxlebuli soflebic ki, qarTuli kulturuli sivrcis nawilia da araviTari siucxove ar aris. ar vici, rodis Camosaxldnen X saukuneSi, Zv.w. XXXII saukuneSi Tu saerTodac ax.w. XIX saukuneSi. ar aqvs amas mniSvneloba. es mosuli XIX saukunis Sua xanisTvis gaxda qarTuli kulturuli sivrcis nawili da giorgi SarvaSiZe, afxazeTis patrioti da qarTveli poeti, SemTxveviTi movlena ar aris. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom afxazTa mTeli aristokratia Tavis tomobriv TavmoyvareobasTan qarTul patriotizms aTavsebda, ufro sworad, maTTvis es erTi da igive iyo. es ase aris kulturul-istoriulad. Tavi davaneboT ucnaur kvlevas, TiTqos cxenebis jiSebze vlaparakobdeT. Cven vlaparakobT adamianebze, adamianebs kidev suli aqvT da es suli, mgoni, adrec vTqviT, ufro Zlieria, vidre yvelaferi sxva _ mas yvelaferi SeuZlia, im jiSis gardasaxvac SeuZlia. SemTxveviT ar ambobs grigol robaqiZe Zalian Wkvianurad _ jiSi mxolod mocemulobaa da mere imis wvrTna ariso.

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es wvrTna gonebisa da sulisgan modis da ara sxva ramisgan. is qmnis adamians da ara biologiuri monacemi, romelic sakmaod susti ramea. aris, ra Tqma unda da Tavisas akeTebs, magram ver Seedreba im sxvas, yovel SemTxvevaSi, ver unda edrebodes. odasaxlis mniSvneloba marto is araa, rom man Seqmna dRes arsebuli ulamazesi dasavleTqarTuli soflebi, sadac jer kidev dgas es saxlebi. rogorc Cans, raWveli ostatebis monawileobiT nel-nela xdeba aRmosavleTqarTuli soflis gardasaxva da midis manamde arsebuli darbazi. es procesi, savaraudod, XIX saukunis miwuruls daiwyo da XX saukunis pirvel aTwleulebSi gagrZelda. darbazis gaqrobas bevri sxvadasxva mizezi aqvs _ socialuri, kulturuli, bevrnairi, magram is midis da misi wasvliT qarTuli soflis ieris damaxinjeba jer ar xdeba. Zalian dasanania, rom Zalian bevri lamazi darbazi albaT ise davkargeT, rom arc viciT. da mainc, is, rac aSenda Tundac 1930-ian wlebSi jer kidev ar aris simaxinje. gaubedureba qarTuli soflisa, Cemi azriT, 1950-iani wlebis bolodan iwyeba. yovel SemTxvevaSi, me rac vici, asea. manamde swored am dasavleTqarTulma formulam, romelic saxes icvlis qarTlSi, kaxeTSi, TuSeTamde aaRwia. iq aris aivnebi, namdvilad uSualod raWveli ostatebis gamoTlili. is minabaZic ar aris, ubralod, raWvelma gaakeTa. es dasavleT saqarTveloSi SemuSavebuli saxe saxlisa, yvelgan morgebuli garemos, axal saxes qmnis, oRond, jer kidev qarTuli soflis axal saxes da ara raRac gaurkvevlobis, rogorc es bolo dros, samwuxarod, xSirad aris xolme. es, rasakvirvelia, agreTve SemoqmedebiTi potenciis maCvenebelia da Zalian damaxasiaTebelia, rom man amoxeTqa soflad, sadac wnexi rusuli administraciisa naklebad iyo. es qarTuli sacxovreblebi rusi axalmoSeneebis saxlebze axdens zegavlenas da isinic iSeneben iseT aivnebs, rogoric odas aqvs. eWvi maqvs, rom germanul axalSenebSic aris es elementi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, ase Cans da albaT ufro Rrma kvleva aCvenebs, iq rame sxva Tu xdeba. me vfiqrob, yvelaferi, rac mogaxseneT, imis dasturia, rom, miuxedavad ukiduresad araxelsayreli viTarebisa, qar-

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Tuli kultura marto iq ki ar aris cocxali, sadac es cxadad Cans, vTqvaT, mwerlobaSi, sadac es nakleb aSkaraa, magram dadasturebulia, rogorc saxviT xelovnebaSi (mas Zalian gauWirda, magram Tavi mainc gaitana da XIX saukunis bolosa da XX saukunis damdegisTvis Cven ukve Zalian mniSvnelovani movlenebis momswreni varT), aramed iqac, sadac saxelmwifo- da eklesiadakargul qveyanas TiTqosda yvelaze naklebad SeeZlo, rame eRona. Tqven gaxsovT, rom saqarTvelos eklesiam avtokefaliac dakarga, is ruseTis eklesiis nawili gaxda. idevneboda qarTuli ena, uuxeSesi formebiT idevneboda qarTuli galoba. imereTSi galobis viTarebas amowmebdnen da rusi Semmowmebeli romeliRac dokumentSi wers, erT-erTi lotbari uvicia da aba, ra gasakviria, imaTi Txebis kikinis msgavsi galoba sxvas ras iTxovso. es laparakSi ki ar wamocda, oficialur dokumentSi weria. amis daweras rom ikadreb da amas Sebedav, sul cota, aTaswlovani tradiciis mqone mgaloblebs, ubralod uzrdelobaa, sxva Tu araferi. sxva forma mainc naxe, is mainc Tqvi, rom moZvelebulia da dRes raRac sxva ufro kargia. am viTarebaSi, arqiteqturas TiTqos yvelaze metad unda gaWirveboda da gauWirda kidec, magram im Zalian Zlierma kulturulma muxtma mainc naxa Tavisi gamosavali, Tavis Wkuaze atara Camosuli arqiteqtori, rasakvirvelia, is, visac guli, Tvali da Wkua mosdevda. adgilobrivadac, sakuTar ostatebSic, xan ra saxiT da xanac ra saxiT iCenda Tavs da namdvili SemoqmedebiTi monapovrebic dagvitova rogorc am ucxoelebis Seqmnili, iseve adgilobrivi soflis maSeneblis naxelavi. amitomac aris, rom miuxedavad yvelafrisa, miuxedavad imisa, rom XIX saukune pauzaa Cveni saxelmwifoebrivi arsebobis istoriaSi, Cveni kulturis istoriaSi is rCeba, rogorc dramatuli, magram lamazi furceli qarTveli eris, qarTuli sazogadoebis Semoqmedebisa.

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