XIV saukunis arqiteqtura

13. XIII saukunis meore naxevrisa da

XIV saukunis arqiteqtura

rogorc adreve mogaxseneT, XIII saukunis pirveli meoTxedis miwuruls, zustad 1225 wels, daiwyo, Cemi azriT, principulad axali epoqa ara mxolod qarTuli xelovnebis, aramed mTlianad saqarTvelos istoriaSi. gaTavda aswliani mSvidobis xana da amis Semdeg XIX saukunis karamde Cveni qveynis xvedri gamudmebuli omianoba Seiqna. ra Tqma unda, ama Tu im mxares Cveni qveynisas hqonda xolme met-naklebad mSvidobiani periodebi, magram mTlianobaSi SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qveyana mosvenebuli aRarasodes yofila. Tu ra iyo mosveneba, romelic mogvitana XIX-XX saukuneebma, kidev sxva sakiTxia da es cneba am SemTxvevaSic friad pirobiTia. asa Tu ise, xvarazmelebis gamoCena saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze, Tbilisis aReba da rusudan mefis quTaisSi gadasvla is movlenebia, romlebmac Cveni qveynis cxovrebis wesi arsebiTad Secvala. amas mohyva monRoloba, romelic TiTqmis 100 weli gagrZelda. mere iyo giorgi brwyinvalisa da misi memkvidreebis mefobis TiTqosda met-naklebad warmatebuli xana, magram, saboloo jamSi, esec saSineli omianobiT moTavda. Temur lengma, koWlma samaryandelma xelmwifem, mTeli azia yiraze daayena da Cvenc mogvwvda. saqarTveloSi man ramdenjerme ilaSqra. Semosavebi aRar gaTavda da, bolos da bolos, rodesac is gardaicvala, lixs aqeT saqarTvelo gaoxrebuli da aklebuli darCa, magram es ar iyo mTavari. swored Temur lengis laSqrobebi fsiqologiurad da moralurad ratomRac gansakuTrebiT mZime aRmoCnda da, ramdenadac vxvdebi, es sakiTxi jerjerobiT ar gaanalizebula. ver vityviT, rom amis msgavsi manamde araferi gvenaxa. manamdec iyvnen murvan yru, sparseTis Sahebi, Tundac TiTqosda qristiani mokavSire herakle keisari, romlis laSqrobac Cvens qveyanas Zvirad daujda. da mainc, Tuki termins fsiqologebs davesesxebiT, Cvens istoriis travma aris Temur lengi _ sa-

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qarTvelos mouSuSebeli iara. me Tu mkiTxavT, elda, romelic qarTvelobam maSin ganicada, bolomde gamonelebuli dResac ar aris. sakuTari Tavis undobloba, bedsSeguebuloba, erTgvari uimedoba _ Temur lengis Semosevebma moitana raRac iseTi, rac Semdeg qveynis moSlaSi gamoixata. iqneb saqarTvelo xelmeored aRarc daSliliyo, rom ara udidesi dartyma, romelmac, cxadia, saxeli mefesac gautexa da mis xelisuflebasac. mudmivad gaqceul-gaxiznuli xelmwife sruliad uZluri aRmoCnda _ ver sakuTars qveSevrdomebs icavda da verc qveyanas. Tanac amas bolo ar uCanda. yvelaferi es, aki vambob, Seetyo nebismier sferos da, maT Soris, xelovnebasac.

XV saukune, Temur lengis laSqrobaTa Semdgomi periodi, mgoni, erTaderTi aswleulia, rodesac qarTul xelovnebaSi katastroful dacemas vxedavT. es gansakuTrebiT SesamCnevia arqiteqturaSi, TiTqmis asevea WedurobaSi, Tumca mxatvrobaSi mTlad aseTi savalalo viTareba albaT mainc araa. XVI saukuneSi TiTqos ostati aRar darCa, adamianebs daaviwydaT, rac icodnen da axla yvelaferi Tavidan unda eswavlaT. ra Tqma unda, sinamdvileSi ase rom yofiliyo, oqromWedloba XVI saukuneSi am saxiT ver aRdgeboda. Tumca arqiteqturuli Zeglebi, romlebic XV saukunem dagvitova, wmindad teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT, uaRresad dabali donisaa da Zalauneburad gafiqrebinebs, rom mcodne xalxi an sul aRar darCa, an imdenad cota iyo, rom amden uswavlelsa da uxelTurs veRar ereoda. Temur lengamdel istoriaSi aseTi ram marTlac ar meguleba. manamde ki, 1225 wlis Semdeg, ai, ra xdeboda: mogaxseneT, rom xuroTmoZRvrebaSi krizisis niSani, erTgvari gaxleCa, ukve Tamaris mefobisas da giorgi-laSas zeobis xanaSic SeiniSneboda. arqiteqturas surda axali, magram formebs CaebRauWa. minda, Zalian naTlad vTqva: msoflmxedvelobriv krizisze saubrisas ar vgulisxmob, rom TavisTavad qristianul msoflxedvas sWirdeboda gaumjobeseba. bevri ase fiqrobs, me ki _ ara. saqme isaa, rom warmarTuli religiebisgan, iudaizmisgan, islamisgan gansxvavebiT, qristianoba Tavisi

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bunebiTa da raobiT is sarwmunoebaa, romelic saero sferos ganwmends, magram gzas uTmobs da, vTqvaT, medicinasa an kanonmdeblobaSi ar ereva. magaliTad, Tuki iudevelTaTvis aTi mcneba kanonmdeblobaa, qristianobaSi es sxvagvaradaa. WeSmaritebisa da zneobis kriteriumebs, cxadia, is gansazRvravs, magram adamianis Semdgom cxovrebaSi aRar ereva. warmarTobisagan gansxvavebiT, qristianoba is religiaa, romelsac arc sakuTari kosmogonia gaaCnia da arc uSualo kavSiri meurneobasTan. amitomac umniSvnelovanesi iyo am msoflmxedvelobisTvis adgilis sworad miCena. rogorc ki irRveva odindeli (ara absoluturi) wonasworoba, adamianis yuradReba nivTierisaken, amsofliurisaken inacvlebs da veRar xerxdeba xelaxali wonaworobis damyareba. axlad mopovebul codnas, gansxvavebul saamsoflo gamocdilebas Tavis etalonad da mzomad kvlavac qristianuli msoflxati da xedva eguleboda da saamqveynos qristianuli TvalsazrisiT Sefasebis survilic ar neldeboda. absoluturi es yvelaferi arasdros yofila, qristianebs xom svimon mogvica da anania qrTamisamRebic jer kidev mociqulTa xanaSi SeeparaT da vnebebs ayolili, beci adamiani, cxadia, qristianobisTvis Seufereblad xSirad moqmedebda. da mainc, sarwmunoeba iyo is, rac, Teoriulad mainc, jerac mTavar sazomad rCeboda. axla es sayrdeni iryeva da dRevandlamde, faqtobrivad, darRveuli wonasworoba ver aRdga. dResac Zalian Wirs am msofliuri siWrelis erT sazomamde miyvana da es mzomi, qristianuli TvalsazrisiT, unda iyos qristianuli xedva. qristianobasac rom Tavi davaneboT da ufro farTod vTqvaT, saamsoflom dakarga absoluturi safuZveli, axla is araferze dgas, sicariele ki isev mxolod sicarieles daamkvidrebs. am procesebis Sedegia dRevandeloba _ dafaruli an daufaravi sasowarkveTa. viRac pirdapir ambobs, rom qveyniereba qaosia, romelsac araferi eSveleba, viRac sxva amas ucnauri lozungebiT alamazebs, TiTqos magrebi varT da mainc yvelaferi gamogviva, magram safaneli amgvari isteriuli silaRisa maleve ileva.

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saqme isaa, rom, Cvens SemTxvevaSi, qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi da, zogadad, aRmosavleT qristianuli samyaros formamqmnel xelovnebaSi ver moiZebna iseTi sawyisi, romelic sarwmunoebis waruval ganzomilebebs axal enas Seufardebda. sityvieri ena xom mudmivad axldeba da icvleba, gana SesaZlebeli iqneboda XVIII saukunis qarTuliT qadageba, Tundac imitom, rom adamianebi, Tuki rames gaigebdnen, daiZabebodnen, azrs veRar mihyvebodnen da wavidodnen?! zustad asevea saxviTi xelovnebac, radgan isic enaa.

Tuki dRevandeli adamiani Tanamedrove eklesiis danaxvisas, amjobinebs, zurgi ibrunos da ZvelSi wavides, aman ukve unda migvaxvedros _ saqme Zalian cudadaa, radgan normaluri ar aris, rom 15 saukunis winandeli upirobod gverCios. aseTi ram arasodes yofila da Tuki rame iqmneboda, mxolod imitom _ rom adamianebs es moswondaT. xelovneba, romelic dRes iqmneba, momxmarebels, rogorc wesi, sul araferSi sWirdeba an yvelaferze naklebad sWirdeba. amgvari gaoreba swored im epoqaSi iwyeba. cxadia, ar mgonia, rom XIII saukunis adamianebi wuxdnen, Tuki CuqurTma 50 wlis winandelze uaresi iyo, magram Tvali ratomRac Zvelisaken gaurbodaT, rac mafiqrebinebs, rom raRacaSia saqme. swored XIII saukuneSi jer kidev laSa-giorgis droindel xuroTmoZRvrebaSi fitareTis mSvenier taZarze uceb Cndeba samkauli, romelic X saukunis taour mosarTavebs Zalian hgavs. aq uceb gamoCnda raRac iseTi, rac manamde sxvagan ar aris _ X saukunis elementi ar SegxvdebaT XI saukuneSi anda XII saukuneSi. mere es ukve xdeba xolme da Cemma kolegam, b-nma nikoloz vaCeiSvilma, daajgufa kidec XIII saukunis iseTi Zeglebi, romlebic ratomRac jiutad baZaven swored X saukunes da ara romelime sxvas. aris SemTxvevebi, roca wyobis suraTs imeoreben, magram gviandeloba icnoba imiT, rom X saukuneSi didi qva sisqiTac didia, aq kidev TiTqosda uSvelebel qvas xedav, arada irkveva, rom mxolod filaa. es 300 wlis winandeli monumenturi wyoba ki ar aris, mxolod TvalisaT-

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vis dasanaxi vizualuri minabaZia, rac SemTxveviTi ver iqneba, rasakvirvelia. ai, kidev erTi ram da Tanac umTavresi, radgan es Tviseba Semdgom saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebaSi, swored saeklesioSi, XVI-XVIII saukuneebSic da TviT XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSic ki mudam gveqneba: arsebobs sruliad aSkara miswrafeba, gamovlenili romeliRac elementSi da iqve, gverdiT, ostati akeTebs raRac iseTs, rac am miswrafebas ewinaaRmdegeba. Zalian sagrZnobia erTgvari gaoreba da amitomac, Tumc amdroindel xelovnebas verc uvargiss vuwodebT da verc xelaRebiT movisvriT, aSkaraa, rom mTlianoba, uwin miRweuli ara mxolod genialur, aramed Zalian karg nawarmoebSi, axla ukve ar aris. genialurze arc vlaparakobT, amgvari srulmqmnileba am droSi ar gvaqvs, magram im Zalian karg nimuSebSic sul Sinagani winaaRmdegoba da bzaria. mTliani forma rom gangacdevinebT, es is winaaRmdegobrioba ar aris. arada, SeiZleba arsebobdes aseTi xelovnebac, romelic yofnis dramatulobas giCvenebT, TviTon ki mxatvrulad mTliania. ara, saqmec isaa, rom swored mxatvrulobaSia aq bzari, romelic gaCnda msoflxedvaSi da vlindeba gamoxatvis formebSic. magaliTad, gavixsenoT Tundac bosxi, romelsac amqveynad sikeTis gamarjvebis ar sjera da keTilisa da borotis mudmiv Widils xedavs. Tumca forma, romliTac is amqveyniuri arsebobis dualizms gviCvenebs, mxatvrulobis TvalsazrisiT, srulebiT mTliania. Cvens arqiteqturas XIII saukunis Sua xanebidan swored amgvari mTlianoba aklia. isic unda iTqvas, rom pirvel xanebSi, XIII saukunis bolomde da SeiZleba cota iqiTac (ramdenime naostatari XIV saukunis dasawyisSic gvxvdeba), es uSualod Sesrulebis xarisxze naklebad aisaxeba _ Zalian kargad kveTen CuqurTmas, kargad Tlian qvas, magram ase mxolod erTi SexedviTaa. rogorc ki Tvals axlos miitan, aRmoaCen Zalian dawvrilmanebul naxats, romelic cota mocilebiT, ubralod, ar Cans. amas advilad SeamowmebT, Tu Tbilisis metexTan, XIII saukunis 80-iani wlebis nagebobasTan, mibrZandebiT da sakurTxevlis sarkmlebis sapi-

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reebs naxavT. aTi nabijis daSorebidan Tu SexedavT, marto Sav wertilebs dainaxavT da qvaze krazanis bude gegonebaT. axlos misuli CuqurTmas gaarCevT, magram Zalian dawvrilmanebuli iqneba da imasac SeniSnavT, rom ostats raRac epareba _ xan gadabrica, xan gadmobrica, xan rigianad ver gadaaba. xdeba xolme aseTi ram _ davuSvaT, Camovida vertikali, amyols Camohyva, axla ki unda gauyves Zirs Tarazulad, saxe unda moabrunos da ver moifiqra, amitom raRac miWylita da moWylita. XI-XII saukuneebis ostatebi ase ar muSaoben, isini yovelTvis raime xerxs agneben da gardamaval elements igoneben. axla es ukve iSviaTaia da rakiRa laparakia mxolod zogad STabeWdilebaze, rogorc Cans, moTxovnilebac gamqralia. zogjer saerTodac geeWveba, saWiro aris Tu ara CuqurTma. maxsovs, mravali wlis win zarzmis taZars vuyurebdiT, XIII saukunis meore naxevrisas. samxreT fasadis CuqurTmiani sarkmlis Tvalierebisas q-nma asmaT oqropiriZem Tqva, ase mgonia, suls Tu Sevuberav, es CuqurTma mtveriviT gaqrebao. marTlac ase gegoneba, imdenad uRonoa. arada, Sexedav zarzmas _ koxtac aris, kargi Sefardebacaa, samxreTidan orTaRediT gaxsnili karibWe aqvs da, XI saukunis dasawyisis mere rom aRaraa, esec imgvari arqauli motivia. uceb 200 wlis mere gaixsenes. Tumca iq Zveli taZari namdvilad idga da SeiZleba, misi bWe gaimeores, aseTi arqeologiuri kvleva iq ar Catarebula. samreklosa da eklesiis Tanafardoba udavod kargad aris moZebnili da mTlian garemoSic araCveulebrivad ewereba. es sul ase iqneba merec, XIV saukuneSi, roca ukve Sesrulebis xarisxi gagviWirda. es Zalian kargad emCneva gergetis samebas. gagikvirdebaT, zogjer iseT raRacas naxavT da es mxolod CuqurTmas ar Seexeba. gumbaTiani taZaria, mogexsenebaT. erTi naxviT, TiTqos yvelaferi gamarTulia, magram, SexedavT gare da Siga saxes da ras xedavT _ garedan sakmaod dabali gumbaTis yeli Signidan Zalian maRalia. kamarebs raRac daSenebuli sadgomebi hqonia da maTma simaRlem gumbaTis yeli ise CamoagrZela, rom zemodan Camomxobil Was daamsgavsa. ganaTeba, romelic sarkmlebSi Semodis, samyofi araa da bnela. amitom interieri

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srulebiT areulia, TiTqos zemodan didi simZime awveba. arada, misma ostatma taZarica da samrekloc garemoSi ise araCveulebrivad dadga, rom zomiT bevrad ufro patara myinvarwversac ki epaeqreba. Tumca es araswori sityvaa, aq ar aris gamowvevis an damarcxebis mcdeloba, magram taZari mwvervalTan SepirispirebiT Cans da amitomac maxvils emsgavseba. qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis principia, rom arqiteqtura ar unda ewinaaRmdegebodes bunebas. xuroTmoZRvarma, erTi mxriv, am principis SenarCunebac moaxerxa da, amave dros, kavkasionis qedebis fonze taZris gamoCenac. es ioli amocana ar iyo da gergetis taZari, am mxriv, uzadoa. amitom aris, rom, mcxeTis jvrisa ar iyos, gergetis samebis Sori xedic lamis saqarTvelos erT-erTi simboloa. gamoqveynebuls roca naxav, marTlac araCveulebrivia, axlos mixval da gagikvirdeba, ramdeni ram ver moisazres, ver gaakeTes an sulac SeeSalaT. ras vxedavT aq mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT? sruliad mkafio suraTia, romelic gamokveTilad Cans samcxeSi, sadac eklesiaTa sakmaod mozrdili jgufia, Tumca saqarTvelos sxva nawilebSic asevea. imdroindel xuroTmoZRvars aSkarad moyirWda bevri samkauli da mobezrda isic, rom Tvali sul samkauls miaqvs. es marTlac aSkaraa: amcireben samkaulis odenobas; TiTqmis aRar akeTeben xveul, grexil an cremlebian, wveTebian lilvebs; cdiloben, rom sqeli lilvi sada iyos; sapireTa SemTxvevaSi, ormxriv lilvebs Sua CuqurTmian zolsac xSirad apataraveben. Tumca, amave dros, akeTeben burcvil profils da es marTlac gasaocaria. risTvis? risTvis akeTeben, Tuki ar undaT Suq-Crdili da, piriqiT, cdiloben, is maqsimalurad daacxron? Tuki izrdeba lilvi, raTa burcvili zedapiri mcire iyos, raRa saWiroa? ratom akeTeben mosarTavs, romelic aSkarad aRar undaT da xels uSliT? ai, kidev sxva magaliTi, romelic meordeba XVIII saukunemde: gaakeTeben burcvil profils da kedlis sibrtyeSi CakveTaven. saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, es burcvili kedlis zedapirs uswordeba da misi plastika ki ar Cans. is srulebiT zedmetia, mainc aRar aRiqmeba. risTvis akeTebs mas ostati? an kidev: aSkarad undaT, rom propor-

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ciebi daacxron. amitom amcireben gumbaTis simaRles, arada akeTeben isev orburjian gumbaTian kompozicias (Tuki saubari gumbaTian eklesiebs Seexeba), romelic asimetriulia da gaTvaliswinebulia ara zomieri, damSvidebuli formisTvis, aramed sul sxva ramisTvis. cdiloben, Suq-Crdilis kontrasti daacxron, magram TavisTavad kontrastuli Suq-Crdilis princips, romelic garkveulma mxatvrulma gemovnebam moitana, ver elevian da sruli gaugebroba gamodis. saboloo Sedegi ra aris? kontrasti dacxra, magram, principSi, mainc darCa. amitomac viRebT umetyvelo Suq-Crdils, romelic arc zomieria, arc Tanabaria, arc kontrastulia, aramed uRono kontrastia anu naklia. me mainc mgonia, amgvarad imitom xdeba, rom yovelive es _ ori burji, sapire, romelic konkretuli formis unda iyos, kari, romelsac unda hqondes, ai, aseTi moCarCoeba _ erTgvari receptia da ostats hgonia, Tu mas ar misdia, marTlmorwmuneobas dakargavs da vaiTu, veRarc taZari aaSenos. etyoba, igi veRar grZnobs sakuTar TavSi sarwmunoebis simyaresa da simtkices, romelic mas Semoqmedebis Tavisuflebas miscems. Tvali sul warsulisken epareba, xavsi mosaWidad iq eguleba. TiTqos wuTisoflis nakadi es-esaa gaitacebs da iq ipova raRac xelis CasaWidi. unda iTqvas, rom myari aRmoCnda mosaWidebeli, karga xans eyoT, magram Cven mainc sul am umweobas vxedavT. samcxe vaxsene. samcxis xuroTmoZRvruli Zeglebi marTlac erT did jgufs qmnis da gagania monRolobaSi, XIII saukunis meore naxevarSi, amgvar gacxovelebul aRmSeneblobas imiT xsnidnen, rom jayelebma, samcxis aTabagebma, monRolebisgan Seuvaloba miiRes, sxvagvarad Tu vityviT, sakuTar miwa-wyalze monRolTaTvis xarks TviTon krefdnen da ara monRolebi. Tumca amgvari mSenebloba sxvaganac aris. Tuki gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos xanaSi kaxeTic da dasavleTi saqarTveloc TiTqmis dadumebulia, axla mSenebloba yvelganaa da Tanac sakmaod intensiuria. es uaRresad saintereso movlenaa. rogorc Cans, amgvar Cagvras, zewolas, mudmiv Semotevas, yofiT da cxovrebiseul gasaWirs, Tundac imas, rom yovel qarTul ojaxs

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monRolebis laSqarSi axalgazrda vaJi unda gaeSva, qarTveloba SemoqmedebiTi mxneobiT, mSeneblobis gamravalkecebiT upasuxebs. amgvari Zalian ucnauri logika aqvs am movlenas. uamravi ram Sendeba. imdenia XIII-XIV saukuneebis eklesia da imdenia kidev, romelsac myarad ver vaTariRebT, Tumca, savaraudod, am epoqas unda miekuTvnebodes, rom marTlac paradoqsad gamoiyureba. amgvaria Cveni istoriis morigi paradoqsi _ Tuki arabobas SemoqmedebiTi aRmavlobiT vupasuxeT, monRolobas vexmianebiT ara SemoqmedebiT, aramed qmedebis gamravalkecebiT, energiis gamovlinebiT, aRmSeneblobis matebiT. rogori iyo amgvari aRmSeneblobis zoma-wona, advili warmosadgenia iqneba, Tuki gavixsenebT, Tundac rodis aSenda metexi. metexis taZari demetre mefis dros igeboda, demetre II ki, romelic mowameobrivad aResrula, is mefea, romelsac gamudmebiT Tavs dastrialebs jalaTi. mefobisas mis zurgs ukan sul landad dgas romeliRac monRoli mxedarTmTavari, romelic yovel wams SeiZleba Semovides da qveyanaSi ubedureba daatrialos. misi armoSveba, am safrTxis SeCereba aris demetre II-is mudmivi safiqrali da am dros erT eklesias xom aSenebs da mopirdapired, nariyalaSi, Sendeba kidev sxva sakmaod mozrdili eklesia. erTdrouli mSeneblobaa, SeiZleba erTi da igive ostatebic ki arian. Tundac miyolebiT yofiliyo mSenebloba da ara erTdroulad, es mainc imis niSania, rom SeZleba ar ileva maSinac ki, roca monRolTa batonoba mZime tvirTad awevT. am TvalsazrisiT, es Zalian mniSvnelovania. rodesac Sexedav, vTqvaT, safaras, Sexedav imave zarzmas, Tundac imereTSi mRvimevis eklesias, romelic albaT cota axirebulis STabeWdilebasac tovebs, magram cal-calke Tu daaTvaliere elementebi, ostats xelgawafulobas rom ver dauwuneb, iseTia. aris moZebnili saintereso gadawyvetebi. mRvimevis eklesia, mogexsenebaT, mRvimeSi dgas da mis verc erT fasads ver dainaxavT erTianad, Tqven maT aTvalierebT svlisas. amitom srulebiT sxvadasxva suraTia, roca mas aRiqvamT TvaliT da rodesac uyurebT naxazs. naxazze ayiravebuli, gaugebari kompoziciebia da roca iq xarT, ase ar aris.

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midixarT da, ubralod, xedavT erTs, meores, mesames _ Tqven maTi erTad ganxilva ar SegiZliaT. amgvari TandaTanobiTi gamoCena elementebisa, ver vityvi, rom Zalian cudad iyos mofiqrebuli. dasavleT fasadze, magaliTad, moCuqurTmebuli ori badroa cal mxares gagorebuli. Zalianac kargia, me Tu mkiTxavT da sakmarisad saxalisod aris es yvelaferi moxerxebuli. mTlianobaSi, ra Tqma unda, es uwindels ver Seedreba, magram, aki vambob, es SenarCunebuli done mainc Tavisas Sveba. erTi mxriv, giorgi brwyinvalem marTlac paradoqsulad gaamyara sakuTari xelisuflebac da saerTaSoriso asparezze qarTuli saxelmwifos poziciebic. mogexsenebaT, qarTvelebi ierusalimSi gaSlili droSebiT Sediodnen da Tu egvipteli sulTnebi amas sxvas yvelas ukrZalavdnen, isini ase mamlayinwobdnen. sxva mxriv, arqiteqturaSi Zalian mZime mdgomareobaa. Tu, vTqvaT, 1333 wels aSenebuli dabas eklesia an cota mogviano xanis bieTi, samcxis eklesiebi, gindac amas win naxsenebi gergetis sameba xelosnurad kargia, iq Semawuxebeli donea. gagikvirdeba, es yvelaferi rogor moxda. aRarc proporciebi varga da aRarc mosarTavebi. ukve XV saukuneSi xdeba xolme, rom pirdapir da aSkarad SemoiWreba xalxuri xeloba da, sxvaTa Soris, zogjer es saqmes Svelis kidec. TiTqos adamiani dedaboZs akeTebda an romeliRac skivrs aCuqurTmebda, axla ki aSenebs likanisa an CiTaxevis monastris samreklos da aseTive gamosaxulebebsa da ornamentebs qmnis. sakmarisad saxaliso sayurebelia, magram Tu seriozul arqiteqturul sazomebs miuyeneb, gagiWirdeba imis Tqma, rom nagebobaze aseTi ram SeiZleba iyos. ver vityvi, rom es cudi aris, piradad me gulze kargad mxvdeba, magram mkacri kriteriumebiT Tu vimsjelebT, es, cxadia, Zalian didi ukusvlaa. ase vTqvaT, am ostatebis didi babua im Zveli taZrebis gverdiT araviTar SemTxvevaSi amisTanas arafers dauSvebda. magaliTad, likanSic da CiTaxevSic IX saukunis Zveli taZari dgas da bavSvuri saTamaSos msgavs aseT gamosaxulebas eklesiis sxeulTan zaris Camosakideblad isini albaT ar gaakeTebdnen.

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Tumca niSandoblivia, rom swored am dros, XIII saukuneSi, iqmneba samreklo, rogorc arqiteqturuli tipi. ver getyviT, am samrekloebze ra ekida. samreklo rekvas gulisxmobs, magram saqme isaa, rom adre Zels rekavdnen. es iyo sqeli Camokidebuli ficari, romelsac CaquCisnair sarekelas urtyamdnen xolme. dResac SeiZleba naxoT saberZneTSi, zogierTi SemTxvevisaTvis aseTive mowyobilobebi jer kidev aqvT. ar vici, iqneb am samrekloebSic ekida aseTi didi dafebi, Tumca, sxva mxriv, im dafis Camokideba aranakleb advilia _ raRac patara xarixa unda da eklesiis karTan SeiZleba daayeno. arsebrivad, imas nageboba maincdamainc ar sWirdeba. ase rom, SesaZlebelia, am dros zari ukve Semosulia. ubralod, yvela is zari, romlebic viciT an me romlebic meguleba, mxolod XVI saukunisa unda iyos, ufro adreuli ar aris. asea Tu ise, samreklos tipi, daaxloebiT, XIII saukunis meore naxevarSi Cndeba. Cndeba raRac iseTi, risi mza nimuSic ostats ar gaaCnia da ver ifiqrebs, axla imas gavimeoreb, Tu arada daviRupeo. ra qnas ostatma, Tuki samreklo ar arsebobs da araviTari magaliTi amisa mas ar aqvs? aseTi gamosavali ipoves: nimuSad samreklos fanCaturisTvis, sadac ficari Tu zari unda Cakidon, iReben gumbaTs Tavisi morTulobianad, magram aq xom TaRebia da ara sarkmlebi, ar arsebobs sapireebisa Tu CuqurTmebis valdebuleba, amitomac irjebian gacilebiT ufro Tavisuflad da am fanCaturs, rogorc undaT, ise akeTeben. sabolood, rCeba daaxloebiT imgvarive forma, daaxloebiT imdenive TaRi, ramdeni sarkmelic hqondaT (Tumca aq ufro xSirad 8 aris xolme) da kvlav konusuri gadaxurva, rac kargad esityveba gverdiT mdgom gumbaTur taZars, xolo Tu gverdiT calnaviani eklesiaa, imasac arafers ufuWebs, piriqiT, vertikalur maxvils uCens. zogadad ki, mTel am epoqaSi bazilikebi da sameklesiiani bazilikebi sul raRac xuTi an eqvsi calia. es samrekloebi, romlebic gvaqvs, erTi meoreze sainteresoa yvela. zogadad Tu vityviT, zemoT fanCaturia da qvemoT raRac sxeuli unda iyos. Tumca ostats mosafiqrebeli aqvs es sxeuli ranairi iqneba, rogori iqneba fanCaturTan

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Sefardeba an sulac misi Semadgenloba. zogjer erTi sarTulia da, ubralod, gasasvlelia, zogjer gasasvlelsa da fanCaturs Soris Sualeduri sarTuli rCeba (pirvel samrekloSi, gudarexis monastrisaSi, romelsac TariRi aqvs, aseTi mowyobilobaa). vTqvaT, karibWea, SeiZleba gverdiT hqondes didi da mcire sibrtye, xandaxan aris ori Tanabari sibrtye, SeiZleba, is daZruli iyos simetriis RerZze, mniSvnelovania, kibe rogoraa moTavsebuli, meore sarTulze asasvleli kedelSia Tu garedan moyudebuli. es yvelaferi Zalian nairgvaria da ase gagrZeldeba. XVI-XVII saukuneebSi da, mgoni, XIX saukuneSic ki SeiZleba vnaxoT Zalian koxta samrekloebi, gansakuTrebiT, dasavleT saqarTveloSi. SeiZleba, ugemovnobad CamiTvalon, magram me Zalian mekoxtaveba, magaliTad, nikorwmindis samreklo. momwons da mgonia, rom kargad aris mofiqrebuli, raRac yelyela, msubuqi nagebobaa. sxva tipis nagebobebi Cven cota gvaqvs. aris xidebi, magram ver gaigeb, XII saukunisaa Tu XIII saukunisa. me ratomRac meeWveba, rom xidebi sagangebod eSenebinaT, raTa monRolebi masze ukeTesad gadmosuliyvnen. SeiZleba, ukve arsebuls ar angrevdnen, magram maTTvis gaemzadebinaT, ar mgonia. vTqvaT, aris qarvaslebi, magram isinic TiTqos ufro gviandelia. aris iseTebic, romlebSic Cans am epoqis, XII-XIII saukunis, fragmentebi, magram mTlianobaSi isini mainc ufro gviani periodisaa. kidev aris erTi saxli gudarexSi, magram saxlia da Tanac erTaderTi. rac SeiZleba vTqvaT, isaa, rom am saxlis amSenebelma SesaZleblad CaTvala, saxisa Tu Sesrulebis TvalsazrisiT, sacxovreblis karisaTvis daaxloebiT iseTive CuqurTmovani arSia gaekeTebina, rogorsac eklesias gaukeTebda. amis meti bevri veraferi iTqmis. Tumca samrekloTa xuroTmoZRvreba erTmniSvnelovnad gveubneba, rom SemoqmedebiTi energia ar daSretila da es, rac ukve CamovTvale, imaTSic SeiZleba vipovoT. bevri saintereso ram scades, magaliTad, kaxeTSi. iq axlac bevrs aSeneben Sirimis qviT Semosils da, vinaidan aseTi Semosili arqiteqtura maT adre ar hqondaT, erTgvar eqsperimentebs atareben da sakmaod sainteresoc gamodis. magaliTad,

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wm. marines eklesia aris matanTan (aseTi monasteria). sakmaod saintereso nagebobaa. SigniT maicadamainc didi veraferia, magram garedan Zalian sagulisxmoa. aseve Zalian sainteresoa artozanis (dRes ruispiri hqvia im ubans, Zvelad ki artozani erqva) wm. Sios monasteri, romelic XIII saukunis Sua xanisaa da zustad TariRdeba. rogorc b-nma giorgi leJavam daadgina, daviT ulu iq daviT narinTan erTad xatia, ase rom, dazustebiT 1240-50-iani wlebia. sakmaod sainteresoa abelia, squri, aris kidev sxvebic, sadac aSkarad Cans azris feTqva. Tumca, samwuxarod, is ver aRwevs srul mxatvrul sisavses, srul mxatvrul dasrulebulobas, rac srulebiT ar niSnavs, rom am dros zurgi unda vaqcioT, yuradReba movakloT da ar movindomoT masze fiqri an, miT umetes, zrunva.

Cvens sazogadoebaSi krTeba xolme aseTi azri, rom raRac XIX saukunis Tu aris, gviandelia da maSin raRad gvinda. imad gvinda, rom oTxi saukunis Semdeg XIX saukunis nimuSi ukve 500 wlis iqneba da ratom ar unda davutovoT Tavisi warsuli momavals?! ase rom, Tuki raRac TvalSi naklebad mogvdis, es imas ar niSnavs, rom mas ar vupatronoT da pativi ar mivagoT. albaT, piriqiTac, SemoqmedebiTobis naperwlebi msoflmxedvelobrivi da garegnuli gasaWiris epoqaSi ar unda davafasoT ufro naklebad, vidre yovelnairad xelsayrel garemoSi didi niWis gabrwyineba _ ara metad, magram arc naklebad. iqneb es aranaklebia? axla rasac mogiyvebiT, es ambavi Zalian miyvars da amiT minda davamTavro. es gaxlavT qarTuli xelovnebis istoriis institutis folklori. diax, mxolod 70 welia, rac varsebobT, magram ukve sakuTari gadmocemebi gvaqvs. 1960-ian wlebSi Zalian cnobilma qarTvelma mecnierma, q-nma rene Smerlingma, raWaSi eqspedicia waasxa. ase mihyavda xolme bevri xalxi, ara marto institutis TanamSromlebi _ nacnobebi, studentebi, peterburgidan Tu sxva adgilebidan Camosuli stumrebi. axlac, rogorc yovelTvis, amaliT wavida. q-ni rene arasodes yofila pedagogi, arc leqtori, magram gamoirCeoda imiT, rom codnis gaziarebis survili hqonda. sadac ki dainaxavda

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dangreul eklesias an CuqurTmian karnizs, dadgeboda da mohyveboda yvelafers, rac ki am CuqurTmas saqarTveloSi gadaxdenia. mere meore qvasTan gadainacvlebda da ase agrZelebda xolme. erTi sityviT, raWaSi arian da mividnen barakonSi. am eqspediciaSi monawileobda, samwuxarod, Zalian adre wasuli da Zalian niWieri xelovnebaTmcodne q-ni jilda iosebiZe, Cemi Taobis xelovnebaTmcodneebis ufrosi megobari, maSin institutSi sul axlad mosuli. etyoba, manamde sadRac ukve iyvnen namyofi, amitomac eklesia daaTvaliera da daRlili dasasveneblad ratomRac eklesiisaken zurgiT Camojda. q-nma renem dainaxa da dainteresda, zurgSeqceviT damjdarxarT, ratom ar uyurebTo. jildamac ar daayovna _ bolos da bolos es xom gvianiao. gvianiao?! dasWyavla q-nma renem, romelic miuxedavad germanuli gvarisa, emociuri adamiani iyo bunebiT da Seudga CamoTvlas yvela im ubedurebis, romelic dasavleT saqarTvelos am eklesiis aSenebis xanaSi daatyda, mohyva yvela SimSilobas, avadmyofobas, oms da vin icis, ras aRar. mere ki piriT miiqca, rusuli wesiT miwas xeli dahkra, eklesias Tayvani sca da warmoTqva: Кланяюсь тебе, Баракон!* me vfiqrob, rom is sruliad marTali iyo. yvelgan da yovelTvis Semoqmedebis, Tavdadebis, erTgulebis dafasebis da ara mxolod esTetikuris, aramed eTikuris danaxvis unari Zalian mniSvnelovani ram aris. es isaa, rac samwuxarod, xSirad minavlulia da rac ar unda davTmoT, raTa mis gareSe garegnuli zizil-pipiloebis zerele damfaseblebad ar gadaviqceT, Torem mere, didi albaTobiT, gemovnebac male gvimtyunebs.

* Tayvans gcem Sen, barakono!

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