4. V saukunis arqiteqtura

mogaxsenebdiT, rom qristianuli xuroTmoZRvruli Semoqmedebis sawyisebi CvenSi jerjerobiT TvalnaTlivi ar aris, maT jer cxadad ver vxedavT. samagierod, sakmarisad kargad ikveTeba, Tu ras eZebdnen qarTveli ostatebi ukve V saukunis Sua xanebidan, rogori iyo maTi mxatvruli idealebi da, Tu gnebavT, sulieri mdgomareoba. ras vxedavT Cven am dros? ra Tqma unda, am periodSi jer kidev cota aris nagebobebi, romelTa zusti daTariRebac xelgvewifeba. am TvalsazrisiT, dRevandel dRes saxelmZRvanelod, arsebiTad, orad ori eklesia gvaqvs. erT-erTia bolnisis sioni, romelsac, mogexsenebaT, samSeneblo warwera aqvs. misi qronologiuri miTiTebebis erTmniSvnelovnad wakiTxva ver xerxdeba da amaze dava mimdinareobs, Tumca erTi cxadia _ warwera ixseniebs peroz mefes da, Sesabamisad, eklesia V saukunis miwurulisTvis unda iyos aSenebuli. amis garda, me vgulisxmob nagebobebs, romlebic ama Tu im saxiT mainc dgas. magaliTad, gvaqvs anCisxatis taZari, romlis agreTve dazianebul warweraSi sakmaod maRali (TiTqmis 80-85%-iani) albaTobiT ikiTxeboda daCi mefis saxeli. saqme is gaxlavT, rom iq amomtvreulia maincdamainc saxeli, Tumca `mefe“ weria da aris kidev oTxi asos adgili, sxva oTxasoiani saxeli ki am epoqaSi mefes ar hqvia. amasTanave, `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs“ cnobac Tbilisis daarsebis xanaze migviTiTebs da sakmarisad naTelia, rom es swored daCi mefe unda iyos. bolnisis sioni da anCisxati aris is ori mosaWidi, romlebic ase Tu ise ukve sxva nagebobebis dasaTariRebladac gvaZlevs gasaRebs. aq, ra Tqma unda, 100%-iani sizuste SeuZlebelia, magram zogierTi maTganis daTariReba sakmarisad didi dabejiTebiT SegviZlia. modiT, vnaxoT ra Cans aq. qarTveli ostatebi, ZiriTadad, iziareben im umTavres amocanas, romelic saamdrood jerac aqvT xuroTmoZRvarT qristianobis TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi. es iTvaliswinebs salocavi sivrcis Seqmnas, Seqmnas mravali adamianis damtevi in-

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terierisa, romelSic locva aRevlineba da amocana, rogorc mogaxseneT, is aris, rom yvelaferi, rasac Tvali xedavs, qmnides ganwyobas, sivrce ki Tavisi mxatvruli zemoqmedebiT exmarebodes adamians, moemzados ziarebisTvis, locvisTvis. am taZrebSi Sesul adamians, sul mTlad RvTis garegansac, mgoni, dResac ki eufleba erTgvari ganwyoba, romelsac is saxels ver uZebnis, Tumca visac met-naklebad esmis, ra xdeba da risTvisaa es arqiteqtura, mas yovelive amisaTvis saxelis darqmeva SeuZlia. rogoria ganwyobileba, romelic sufevs am taZrebSi? pirvel yovlisa, es aris gancda erTgvari sidiadisa da sakmao simkacrisa, ara sikuStisa, aramed raRacnairi sisadagisa, zedmetobisgan gantvirTulobisa, Tu ase SeiZleba iTqvas, arafufuneulobisa. ratom vambob amas sagangebod? imitom, rom ase aris Tanadrouli italiis nagebobebsa da im SenobebSic, romlebic ukve aRmosavleT saqristianos maSindel dedaqalaqs, konstantinopols, met-naklebad ukavSirdeba. asevea Tundac antioqiisa da misi mimdgomi qveynis arqiteqturaSi (Tumca darwmunebuli ar var, rom es arqiteqtura _ siriisa, CrdiloeT siriisa _ maincdamianc asaxavs antioqiurs, magram masTan raRacanairad albaT mainc aris dakavSirebuli). italiaSi, saberZneTSi, konstantinopolSi, ZiriTadad, Zalian mdidruli interieria. sxvagvaradaa siriaSi, mcire aziis nawilSi, sadac fasadebsac rTavdnen da interiersac, ufro metad _ qvaze kveTilobiT, Tumca iyo mozaikebic. Tanac imdenia es mosarTavi (pirvel SemTxvevaSi _ SigniT, meore SemTxvevaSi _ SigniTac da gareTac), rom es arareligiuri ganwyobaa-meTqi, ra Tqma unda, ver vityvi. Tumca es sul sxva aris. iq Sen TiTqos sasufevlis sidiades materialurad giCveneben. Cveni arqiteqtura, romelic ufro miniSnebiT, ganwyobilebismierad Segiyvans im samyaroSi, sxva gancdaSi, cdilobs, sxvanairad aRamaRlos adamianis suli, ara fizikuri brwyinvalebis gamo gancvifrebiT. gana amas cudad vambob, is Zalian mniSvnelovani arqiteqturaa. aia sofiaa masze odnav gviani da misi brwyin-

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valeba sruliad aramiwier STabeWdilebas qmnis, magram sxva gasaRebSi xdeba es, sxva tonalobaSi, sxva pirobiTobaSi. Cvens mlocvels amdeni, rogorc Cans, ubralod, ar sWirdeba da Zalian sagulisxmoa, am mxriv, rogor SevyavarT ostats bolnisis sionSi: iq mTavari Sesasvleli, mogexsenebaT, CrdiloeTiTaa. aqve iyo xuTi TaRiT gaxsnili galerea. nebismieri TaRidan rom SesuliyaviT, Tqven win iyo ori kari, karis Tavze lunetebiT (sasinaTlo naxevarwriuli xvrelobebiT) da Canda mopirdapire kedlis pilastrebi moCuqurTmebuli, ufro swored, daqandakebuli kapitelebiTa da maTze gamosaxuli nairgvari mcenareebiT. mcenareebs Soris erTgan jvaric aris. me darwmunebuli var, rom es samoTxis xati aris da gamoyvanilia ara oqros mozaikiT, aramed taZris saSen ulamazes mwvane qvaze ase sadadaa gamosaxuli. ai, warmoidgineT gansxvaveba TvalsaCinod: Tuki, ra Tqma unda, wagikiTxavT wm. ioane oqropiris qadageba _ da Tu ar wagikiTxavT, iqneb dasawyisi mainc waikiTxoT _ poetikis TvalsazrisiT SeadareT is iakob xucesis `SuSanikis wamebas~ da kargad gamoCndeba orives suliskveTeba, Tu raoden momWirnea iakob xucesi literaturuli samkaulebis mxriv da ramdenad enawylian-samkaulmravalia ioane oqropiri, udidesi xelovani. es gana cudia, gana aklebs mis naubris sulier simaRles, ubralod, miuTiTebs sxvagvar adamianebze, romlebsac am WeSmaritebis aRsaqmelad aseTi forma sWirdebodaT. isini aseTs elodnen, sxva maT ar daakmayofilebda. am mxriv, Zalian sainteresoa, ratom iTargmna meored laTinurad saRvTo werili. wm. ieronime Targmnida da pirdapir ganmartavda, aqamde uwignurTa wignad miaCndaT, radgan cudad iyo laTinurad dawerili, me ki axla ise vTargmni, rogorc saRvTo werils ekadreba da ufro miiReben, rodesac dainaxaven, literaturulad rogori gamarTuliao. gana saintereso ar aris?! saRvTo werili, faqtobrivad, esTetikuri RirsebiT Sefasda _ ase fiqrobs wm. ieronime da man xom albaT Cemze ukeTesad icoda Tavisi xalxis ambavi. fasdeboda teqstis mxatvruli Rirseba da ara is, rac mas mohqonda. yovel SemTxvevaSi, viRac ase afasebda.

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Tumca yvelas rom ase Seefasebina, ar iqneboda albaT ukve I saukunis bolos mTeli mcire azia gavsebuli qristianebiT. da mainc, iyo sazogadoebis garkveuli Sre, romlisTvisac saWiro iyo garegnuli brwyinvaleba, CvenTan ki es naklebad aris. iTqva, rom siriul aRmosavleTSi fasadebsac rTaven. es mniSvnelovani ambavia, radgan nebismier wignSi qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis Sesaxeb waikiTxavT _ qarTuli xuroTmoZRvreba wminda bizantiurisagan (pirobiTad rom vTqvaT, konstantinopolur-aTenur-Tesalonikurisgan) imiT gansxvavdeba, rom CvenTan adre wamoiWra da mudam Zalian mZafrad idga fasadis problema. fasads Suabizantiuri xanis, X saukunis mermindel, bizantiur arqiteqturaSic amkoben, magram is fasadi, Cvens eklesiebTan SedarebiT, ra Tqma unda, Semkulad ver CaiTvleba. kontrasti Sida sivrcesa da fasadebs Soris, CvenTan SedarebiT, iq gacilebiT didia. warmoidgineT Cveni X saukunis ubralod moxatuli eklesiebi da moCuqurTmebuli fasadebi da iq is mozaikebi da mxatvroba (romelic dRes, umravlesad, aRar aris bizantiur eklesiebSi), is aguris kedlebi, Tundac saxianad gawyobili, Tundac aqa-iq ferweris laqebiT. iq iyo xolme fasadze raRaca mxatvroba, rogorc Cans, TaRebSi moTavsebuli xatebiviT. Tumca ar aris TvalnaTlivi, SemorCenili ar aris da literaturuli teqstebiT kargad ar Cans. mTlianad rom ar iyo dafaruli, mgoni, es aSkaraa. aba risTvis akeTebdnen am saxian wyobas?! magram saqme is gaxlavT, rom amgvari sxvadasxvaoba Cveni da bizantiuri arqiteqturisa maSinve ar isaxeba. CvenSi, zrunvas ver vityvi, magram garkveuli gaTvaliswineba imisa, rom fasadic mniSvnelovania, ukve V saukuneSi Cans. da mainc, fasadi, rogorc mxatvruli ragvaroba, rogorc erT-erTi arqiteqturuli amocana, erT-erTi aucilebeli piroba taZris arsebobisa, xuroTmoZRvruli myofobisa, ufro VI saukunis bolodan imkvidrebs Tavs. bizantiur samyaroSi ase ar aris. samagierod, siriul aRmosavleTSi IV saukunidan cot-cota, xolo V saukunis Sua xanebidan ki ukve uxvad amkoben.

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winaTac iTqva, rom Cveni xuroTmoZRvreba, gansxvavebiT araerTi sxva qveynis arqiteqturisagan, winare xanisas pirdapir ar mieba. siriul aRmosavleTSi ukve gvian antikur xanaSi, II-III saukuneebSi, Zalian aSkarad Cans e.w. gvianromauli baroko da swored rom gamokveTilia siuxve xuroTmoZRvruli samkaulisa. am gaqristianebulma arqiteqturam cota xans TiTqosda Tavi Seikavao, magram Zalian male is kvlav am ukve gamzadebuli xuroTmoZRvruli eniT iwyebs metyvelebas. CvenTan ase ar momxdara. am mxriv, uaRresad sainteresoa akaurTis eklesia qvemo qarTlSi, samwuxarod, Zalze dazianebuli, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, nabazilikari, radgan bazilikuroba axla iq naklebad SeimCneva. mas Semkuli fasadebi hqonda _ kars aqvs moCarCoeba (samxreTi karia SerCenili) da, amas garda, rogorc Cans, sarkmlebsac hqonda TavsarTebi. sarkmelebi uzarmazaria. cxadia, es mTlad siriuli arqiteqtura ar aris, magram aris siriul aRmosavleTTan pirdapiri kavSiri. igrZnoba garkveuli muxti, erTgvari mcdeloba, raRac iqauris gamoyenebisa _ rac iq minaxavs da gamigia, modi, aq gamomadgeso. es aSkaraa, Tumca ratomRac mere es aRar grZeldeba. amis Semdeg Cven gvaqvs (mainc mgonia, rom amas mosdevs) bolnisis sioni, sadac fasadebi srulebiT Seumkobelia. iseTi STabeWdileba mrCeba, rom es gadmoRebuli elementebi ar iyo damakmayofilebeli. TiTqosda ostatisaTvis es mainc ucxoa. TiTqos moitana, moargo, magram Tavisad ver aRiqvams. rogorc Cans, ar eTavisaT da raRac droiT xeli aiRes. Semdeg VI saukunis Sua xanebisaTvis isev aris Semkobis mcdeloba, savaraudod, wilknis taZris arqiteqturaSi, saidanac Cven agreTve mxolod fragmentiRa gvaqvs SemorCenili. mere isev uars amboben da mcxeTis jvris (ra Tqma unda, mcxeTis jvris didi taZris) ostati ukve qmnis VI saukunis marTlac safasado arqiteqturul kompozicias, Semkobis sistemas, sxva adgilidan motanils ki ara, Tavisas, Seqmnils mTel aRmosavleT saqristianosTan saziaro elementebiT (vgulisxmob kar-sarkmelTa boloebSi gakecil TaRovan TavsarTebs). am elementebidan qmnis is Tavis sistemas, ro-

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melsac ganicdis, ara rogorc mosesxebuls, aramed sakuTars. rogorc Cans, es ase iyo. yovel SemTxvevaSi, adreuli taZrebi rom umkobia, es mxolod gveubneba, rom saqarTvelos kavSirebi gare samyarosTan martivi ar aris. raRac TvalsazrisiT, Tu Cven siria-palestinas ufro metad vuyurebT, am SemTxvevaSi, sakuTriv bizantiasTan ufro meti kavSiri gvaqvs. SeiZleba ase iyo, radgan Cvens qveyanaSi, Cvens kulturaSi iyo elementebi, romelTagan zogi Tavisi ZiriT midioda im samyaroSi, zogi ki amas ebmoda, am samyarosken modioda Tavisi boloTi. yovelgvari kultura rTuli naTxzia da CvenTan es sirTule, rogorc Cans, arqiteqturaSi amnairad aisaxa. axla vnaxoT rogor sivrces vqmniT. jer erTi, umTavresi eklesiebi, romlebic gvaqvs da romlebsac V saukunis meore naxevriT vaTariRebT, mainc bazilikuri eklesiebia. SeiZleba, romelime erTi calnavianic iyos, magram jerjerobiT es cxadi ar aris. SeiZleba, Weremi iyos amdroindeli, wm. barbares eklesia, ase mgonia, magram axla amis dasabuTeba ar gamomiva. bazilikebi da garSemosavliani darbazuli eklesia (albaT VI saukunis dasawyisisa) imave WeremSi ugumbaTo sivrceebia. aris kidev Zveli gavazis eklesia. vfiqrob, isec V-VI saukuneebis mijnisaa, magram faqti arc es aris, jerjerobiT varaudia. esa Tu is argumenti maqvs, magram Tqma imisa, wyali ar gauvao, zedmeti siTamame iqneba. amitom gumbaTovnebs jer Tavi davaneboT da sxva sakiTxs mivxedoT. rogoria es sivrceebi? bazilika aris sivrce, sadac sworkuTxa sadgomi sabjenebis ori an oTxi wyebiT, Sesabamisad, samad an xuTad iyofa. sabjenebze anu svetebsa da burjebze (iqiTa samyaroSi ufro xSirad svetebze, aqeT ki, aRmosavleT saqristianoSi, Zalian xSirad boZebzec) gadebulia arqitravebi an gadayvanilia TaRebi. Tumca qarTul sinamdvileSi gvxvdeba mxolod TaRebi, arqitraviani bazilika Cven ar gagvaCnia. SeiZleba, aseTi iyo biWvinTis V saukunis wmindad bizantiuri bazilika, magram Cven es ar viciT. yvelaferi dakargulia da araferi gveubneba, zeviT rogori arqiteqtura iyo. sivrce unda viTardebodes dasavleTidan aRmosavleTi-

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saken, dasavleTiT gaWrili mTavari karidan aRmosavleTiT mdebare sakurTxevlisaken. aseTi aris qristianuli taZris, bazilikuri taZris, normaluri struqtura. yovel SemTxvevaSi, am wess icavs qarTuli bazilikebi V saukunis Sua xanebidan. Tumca Tavidan, rogorc Cans, CvenTan cota raodenobis _ oTxi _ sabrjenia. Semdeg raodenoba izrdeba da ukve ara oTxi (anu ori wyvili) boZi, aramed rva (anu oTxi wyvili) an aTi (anu xuTi wyvili) boZi gvxvdeba. Semdeg gegma isev mokldeba. TavisTavad simokle gegmisa ar aris maincdamainc gasakviri, radgan damoklebuli bazilikebi konstantinopolmac da siriamac icis. Tumca maTi mokle bazilikebis Wrili, rom SexedoT, Zalian gegrZelebaT. saqme isaa, rom mniSvnelovania, rogori sivrciTi STabeWdileba iqmneba da ara is, fizikurad ramdenad grZelia an, vTqvaT, ramdeni sabrjeni aqvs. amgvari surTi iqmneba: iq SeiZleba xuTi TaRi iyos (aris aseTi bazilikebi), magram ise Sori-Sors, rom mainc grZiv sivrces xedavT. CvenTan kidev Zalian grZeli urbnisic ki, rodesac dasavleTi karidan SexvalT (aqvs mas aseTi), grZlad ar gamoiyureba. raSia saqme? vfiqrob, CvenTvis gasaRebad gamodgeba, erTi mxriv, bolnisis sioni, meore mxriv ki, anCisxati. bolnisis sioni gveubneba, rom mTavari Sesasvleli dasavleTisa ar aris. dasavleTi kari, rogorc cnobilia, bolnisis sions saerTod ar hqonia, is iq mxolod XVII saukuneSi aRdgenisas gaiWra. maSin aRadgines kamara. dasavleTi kedeli, rogorc Cans, Zalian dangreuli, didwilad, SeakeTes da karic maSin moawyves, manamde namdvilad ar yofila. Sesasvleli iyo gverdebidan, am SemTxvevaSi, CrdiloeTidan, xolo anCisxats samxreTidan hqonda karibWe (jvris amaRlebis Zalian dazianebuli reliefi, romelic dRes dasavleT fasadis wyobaSia, Tavidan samxreTis karis arqitravi iyo), anu mTavari Sesasvleli aqac samxreTidan iyo mowyobili. Cven dRes anCisxatSi dasavleTidan SevdivarT, isini ki samxreTidan Sediodnen. ratom? imitom, rom SediodiT taZarSi, gaivlidiT or boZs Soris da pirvelad xvdebodiT oTxi svetis mier mo-

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farglul sivrceSi, romelic, pirvel yovlisa, aRiqmeba, rogorc maRali da mere, roca sakurTxevlisaken mibrundebiT, raoden grZelic unda iyos sivrce, Tqven mas grZivad mainc ver aRiqvamT. ar ifiqroT, rom es viRac erT adamians moelanda. yvelas SeuZlia Seamowmos, es rogor xdeba: SedixarT da mere, roca mibrundebiT, oTx burjs Sua mainc vertikaluri sivrce gaqvT aRqmis wertilad. amitom geCvenebaT, rom mTeli sivrce aseTive centruli sivrceebisagan aris Sedgenili. asevea bolnisis sionSi, ase aris kawareTis samebaSi. meore xerxi kawareTis samebamde swored anCisxatma Semogvinaxa. anCisxati imitom vaxsene, rom is CvenTvis qronologiuri sayrdenia. anCisxatSi Zalian didi sakurTxevlis sarkmelia. marTalia, Sua navis Tavdapirveli zeda sarkmlebi ar gagvaCnia, magram samagierod gverdiTi navebis sarkmlebi gvaqvs. isini pataraa da kawareTis sameba pirdapir gveubneba, rom am taZrebs erTi didi sarkmeli hqonda, xolo danarCenebi patara iyo. amiT xorcieldeboda saocari ram: ragind grZeli yofiliyo sivrce, SexvidodiT da, Tundac dasavleTis karidan (romelic, rogorc Cans, mTavari arasdros yofila), dainaxavdiT sakurTxevlis uzarmazar sarkmels, magram raki iqve, gverdiT, xedavdiT patara sarkmlebs, isic axlos geCvenebodaT da Sori sakurTxevlis sivrce, TiTqosda, pirdapir karTan iyo motanili. Tqven, bunebrivia, xvdebiT, rom is Sors aris, magram gancdiseulad is Zalian axlosaa. Tavs uflebas mivcem da vityvi, rom metaforulad Tu warmovidgenT, aq TiTqos JRers fsalmunis sityvebi: `axlosve xar ufalo“. ase ambobs daviT winaswarmetyveli erTgan. es aris sasufeveli, romelic Tan Zalian Sors aris da Tan, imavdroulad, aqvea. macxovarmac xom uTxra mociqulebs: `TqvenTana viyo yovelTa dResa“. ranairad iqneba CvenTan, roca iq aris, marjveniT mamisa? magram CvenTanac aris. es aris paradoqsi siSorisa, romelic, amave dros, sul axlosaa. sasufeveli, romelic Zalian Sors aris, imavdroulad Tqven Soris ariso, esec uTxra macxovarma mowafeebs. srulebiT idumali sityvebia da ar mgonia, vinmem

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SeZlos, am sityvebiT gamoTqmuli saidumloebis bolomde gageba an srulad gancda. Tumca metaforad es SeiZleba wamovidginoT: ai, sakurTxeveli, samoTxe, romelic Soria, magram Sen, amave dros, aqve xar, masTan xar da misi karic aqvea. me vfiqrob, rom sxvadasxva kulturis warmomadgenlebs qristianul-eklesiuri WeSmaritebis sxvadasxva aspeqti eaxlovebaT. ar vici, ratom aris didi codva, gveaxlovebodes sasufevlis swored aseTi gancda. Cven xom viciT _ is Soria, magram meore saidumlo, rom es Sori axlosaa, CvenTvis ufro mniSvnelovania, metad Zvirfasia. saerTod, qarTvelis emociuri damokidebuleba zogadad yvelafrisadmi da, maT Soris, sarwmuneobisadmi sxvaTa damokidebulebisagan, ra Tqma unda, gansxvavdeba da zemoTqmulic amis erT-erTi gamovlinebaa. arqiteqtura, am TvalsazrisiT, saSualebas gvaZlevs, davfiqrdeT imaze, rogori iyo qarTvelis wuTisofeli. Cven ver CamovayalibebT amas, cxadia, zustad V saukunis enaze. es arcTu myari niadagia, radgan yovelTvis iarsebebs eWvi, egebada raRac gamovigoneT. Tumca faqtia, rom ar arsebobs romelime, Tundac imdroindeli, qarTuli taZari, romelSi Sesvlisas adamiani imwamsve zeviT ar aixedavs, arada es aucilebeli sul ar aris. amis magaliTi aris rusuli taZrebi. maTSi Sesuli adamiani iyureba win, daaxloebiT im simaRleze, sadac xatebi iqneboda. amgvari taZrebi dResac aris, magram Zvelebs vgulisxmob, iseTebs, romlebSic imdroindeli mowyobiloba SemorCenili ar aris. Cven zeviT viyurebiT, Cveni mzera sxvagan aris, sxvanairad aris mimarTuli. rogorc gairkva, es gamoixateboda locviT mdgomareobaSic da amas sxvadasxva teqstSi sruliad SemTxveviT gadavwydi. qarTveli xelebapyrobiT loculobda jer kidev 1920-ian wlebSi (mas aqeT 100 weli ar aris gasuli) da Tu locvad aRmarTul xelebs gaaCerebT mcire orantiT, anu mkerdis win, veranairad ver dadgebiT, rogorc amas rusul saeklesio saxelmZRvaneloebSi gvTavazoben, qeddadrekiT. es, ubralod, SeuZlebelia. Sesabamisad, gasagebia, rom mzera am viTarebaSi aucileblad zeviTken unda yofiliyo mipyrobili. amgvaradaa erTmaneTSia SemsWvaluli Cveni reli-

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giuri grZnoba da Cveni esTetikuri ideali. es kvercxisa da qaTmis dilemaa _ romelia pirveladi da romelia meoradi. erTad aris da visac rogor unda, ise ganixilos. piradad me amas sazogado sityvas vuwodeb da RvTismosaobis formas veZaxi. masSi nagulisxmevia emociuri momentic, Tu rogor gamoxatav sakuTar sarwmunoebas, Sens locviT damokidebulebas. zeviT axedva SemTxveviT rodi vaxsene. am eklesiebSi, sadac, faqtobrivad, gauqmebulia sigrZivoba, SeiZleboda yofiliyo, magaliTad, siganivre. ase aris siriul eklesiebSi. mTavari Sesasvleli xSirad iqac gverdiTaa. roca Sedis, adamiani mis win dabal svetze gadayvanil Zalian ganier, moCuqurTmebul TaRebs xedavs da es sivrce ganivad iSleba. ufro zustad, Tqven ganicdiT sigrZiv RerZs, rogorc gans da sakurTxevlisaken Semdeg mobrundebiT. CvenTan ase ar aris. CvenTan, gverdidan rom Sedixar, pirvel yovlisa, Tvali isev zeviT midis da Cven aRviqvamT ara sigrZes, ara siganivres, aramed eklesiis simaRles, rogorc eklesiuri sivrcis mTavar ganzomilebas. CvenTan yvelanairi sivrce, calnaviani eklesiisa iqneba, bazilikisa Tu, miT umetes, gumbaTuri eklesiisa, ganicdeba, pirvel yovlisa, rogorc vertikalurad aziduli. aris SemTxvevebi, roca uyurebT gegmas da xedavT sigrZivad gaSlil sivrces. SedixarT SigniT da, ra Tqma unda, Tu windawin ar daisaxeT miznad, rom es sigrZivoba rogorRac igrZnoT, azrad ar mogivaT, rom is sigrZivia _ pirvel yovlisa, xedavT simaRles, asvetilobas. aseTi gaxlavT qarTuli taZris esTetika da mniSvnelovania kidev sxva ram _ Cveni taZrebi arc sxvafriv iyo Semkuli. mdidruli mozaikebi xom ar gvqonda, magram, rogorc Cans, arc mxatvroba iyo. Tu iyo, albaT _ mxolod sakurTxevelis konqSi. aseTi wesi SemorCa CvenTan XI saukunis karamde da merec, XI saukuneSi, sakmaod didi wvalebiT ikafavs fexs taZris srulad moxatva, is, rac saqristianos zogierT regionSi imTaviTve aris. magaliTad, romsa da italiis sxva mxareebSi mTlianad yvelafers gamosaxulebebiT faraven. adreve, IV saukunis bolos, IV saukunis Sua xanebSi, vrceli ciklebia Zveli

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aRTqmis, axali aRTqmis, wmindanTa cxovrebebis. CvenTan Zalian didxans ase ar aris. kidev ra iyo? namdvilad arsebobda sanaTurebi, Cven ki, samwuxarod, ar viciT, ra raodenobiTa da sixSiriT iyo, sad idga an ekida da rogor Tavdeboda. aucileblad iqneboda kandelebi. ar vici, iqneboda Tu ara, vTqvaT, V saukuneSi sanTeli, radgan am dros eklesiebSi bizantiur samyaroSic zeTis sanaTebia. SeiZleba, CvenTanac kandelebia. warmovidginoT bevri kandeli (faqtobrivad, ase naTdeba eklesia) anda qorkandeli _ WaRi, romelSic aseve kandelebia Calagebuli. erTi SemorCenili qorkandeli napovnia afxazeTSi, magram, iqauri viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT, SeiZleba berZnebis eklesias ekuTvnodes an sulac Camotanili iyos. aqeT jerjerobiT Cven aseTi nivTi mopovebuli ar gvaqvs, magram es arafers niSnavs, radgan saeklesio arqeologiis ganviTareba CvenSi, faqtobrivad, win aris. odesme, didi imedi maqvs, samonastro arqeologiis ganviTarebasac veRirsebiT da is ras mogvitans ase windawin Zneli saTqmelia. magaliTad, sul raRac 20-22 wlis win, rodesac nekresis naqalaqari da bazilika gaiTxara, iq albaT swored V-VI saukuneTa mijnis ulamazesi sanaTurebi aRmoCnda. Cven ar viciT, SeiZleba kidev aRmoCndes sadme CvenTvis mniSvnelovani nivTebi. gvqonda Tu ara xati am dros? Zalian Zneli saTqmelia. wminda nawilebi? Zalian Zneli saTqmelia. samRvdelmsaxuro wignebi? ra Tqma unda, gvqonda, Tanac albaT Semkuli, moxatuli, magram rac mogvepoveba, mxolod e.w. palimfsestebia, meored gamoyenebuli furclebi, sadac qveda fenad aris V-VI saukuneebis samRvdelmsaxuro wignebi da dasuraTeba ki ar Cans SemorCenilSi. SeiZleba, sadme calke Seinaxes, es aravin icis. rac darCa, msxvilad naweri asomTavrulia, meti araferi da Tavad asoebis moxazuloba, maTi ganTavseba, Tu ar vcdebi, singuris CanarTebi _ mTeli esTetika es aris. ase rom, me mainc vfiqrob, esTetikuri TvalsazrisiT, didad ar gvatyuebs ase ganZarculi, ase gaubedurebuli Cveni eklesiebi. esTetikuri zemoqmedebis faqtori, rogorc Cans, iyo Zalian sufTa, Zalian kargad Sesrulebuli wyoba, albaT

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qvis feric da mas rom sagangebod arCevdnen, amaze metyvelebs mwvane qviT aSenebuli bolnisis sioni da yviTeli qvis anCisxati. feri rom SearCies, aSkaraa. SeiZleboda, sxva arCevanic hqonodaT. ramdenime arqiteqturuli detali _ magaliTad, kar-sarkmlebis TaRebis moxazuloba, moxazulobaTa sisufTave _ aris is, riTac am dros muSaoben. kaxeTSi gvaqvs uTleli wyoba. etyoba, iq qva amoileseboda _ an riyis qvebia (ZiriTadad, karg naSenSi), an natexi qva, ufro sworad, arazusti, mosworebuli moxazulobis qvebi, romelTa Soris RreCoebi rCeba da maT amolesavdnen. rogorc Cans, duRabSi qvis fxvnils urevdnen. nalesoba qvis pirze ar gadmodioda da amitom Tqven uyurebdiT jaWvis perangiviT naqsov zedapirs, romelic erTi-organ aris SerCenili da Zalian lamazia. samwuxarod, dRes ar gvyavs ostati, romelic aseTi tipis restavracias SeZlebda. arada, Rirs, radgan arqiteqturul tyuils vaCvenebT adamianebs, romlebic wyobis daglejil suraTs uyureben. sinamdvileSi, amgvari unda iyos mTeli zedapiri, Tumca cudad gadadRabnas jobia, jerjerobiT isev ase iyos. iqneb odesme gaizardon iseTebic, romelTac gauCndebaT Sinagani moTxovnileba, kedels Tavadac ase moesiyvarulon. Tu Signidan ar wamovida, amas ver ubrZaneb, Torem simaxinjis mets verafers miviRebT. es is mijnaa, sadac xelosani Tavs Semoqmedad unda ganicdides, sadac qvis qvaze dadeba Semoqmedeba aris da aseTi unda iyos namdvili mSenebeli. gvyavs ki aseTebi? me ver vxedav. RmerTma inebos, sadRac iyvnen CemTvis uCinrad, maSin saqme ukeTesadaa da ufro adre SevZlebT, im uZveles arqiteqturas Tavisi saxe davubrunoT. ra SeiZleba iTqvas dajamebad? V saukunis bolosTvis qarTvel xuroTmoZRvarT SeuZliaT, ganaxorcielon zogadqristianuli arqiteqturuli programa _ is, rasac eklesia mSenebels saqristianos nebismier wertilSi mosTxovda da ganaxorcielon ise, rom Seqmnan sxvagvari mxatvruli ragvaroba, iseTi mxatvruli xati qristianuli WeSmaritebisa, romelic swored am xalxisaTvis aris axlobeli. SeiZleba asec iTqvas: saimdrood, rodesac qarTulad iTargmna saRvTo werili

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da, rogorc Cans, saRvTo werilis bevri ganmartebac, ukve V-VI saukuneebSi (bevri Targmani xom swored am epoqiT TariRdeba), qarTuladve iTargmna qristianuli taZris uzogadesi struqtura _ Tuki viRac beri qarTulad wers, vTqvaT, locvans, qarTveli xuroTmoZRvari qarTulad aSenebs zogadqristianul taZars. me mgoni, es Zalian kargi modelia imis gasaxseneblad, rom uazrobaa, erTmaneTs davupirispiroT universaluri da erovnuli. universaluri swored imitomaa universaluri, rom mas SeiZleba hqondes uamravi gamovlineba, xolo erovnuli, Tuki faseulia, naziarebi unda iyos universalur Rirebulebas. gana SeiZleba, Rirebuleba kerZo iyos? sruli sisulelea laparaki aRmosavlur, samxreTul an romeliRac mazris Rirebulebebze. Rirebuleba SeiZleba iyos erTaderTi _ mxolod universaluri. SeuZlebelia, is iyos dasavluri, Crdilouri, evropuli, aziuri, afrikuli, antarqtiduli. SeuZlebelia, calke Rirebuleba hqondes pingvins da calke Rirebuleba _ irems. es uazrobaa. visac ra unda, is ifiqros. yovel SemTxvevaSi, qristianuli Rirebulebebi namdvilad universaluria da mTeli istoria qristianuli xelovnebisa imis samtkicia, rom universaluri SeiZleba gardaiqmnas uamrav kerZo saxebad, oRond, is marTla universaluri unda iyos. amxanagma stalinma, romelmac odesRac seminariaSi iswavla, mogexsenebaT, Seqmna formula (misi xelmZRvanelobiT Seiqmna), rom xelovneba unda iyos formiT erovnuli da SinaarsiT socialisturi. es sxva ramaa. socializmi aris sameurneo ekonomikuri mowyobis srulebiT konkretuli, Zalian viwro modeli, romlis mixedviTac, sakuTreba unda iyos ara kerZo, aramed sazogado. es ar aris universaluri idea, mas namdvilad ver eqneba erovnuli forma an saerTod ramenairi forma sadme xelovnebaSi. am, ase vTqvaT, ideis gamoxatva saerTodac SeuZlebelia. ra Sinaarsi aqvs mas? ra Rirebulebaa? is SeiZleba saintereso iyos ekonomikis saxelmZRvanelosaTvis, magram mas adgili ar moeZebneba xelovnebaSi. magaliTad, adamiani, romelic krefs Cais da ratomRac, iRimis, gabadrulia, zogjer kidec mReris, aseT

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viTarebaSi Cais ki ar Seagrovebda, im buCqs albaT saerTodac Zirfesvianad amoiRebda. es sruli sisulelea. marTlac, SeuZlebelia, aqedan raime Rirebuli gamovides. qristianuli WeSmariteba swored imiTaa faseuli, rom is absoluturad universaluria da mas uTvalavi ena SeiZleba hqondes. oTxTavs albaT marsuladac ki Targmnidnen da arafers daaklebdnen, Tuki marselebi iarsebebdnen. zustad asevea nebismieri sxva gamovlinebac am rjulisa _ asevea qristianuli galoba, yovelanairi qristianuli Semoqmedeba da, Tu arsebobs, qristianuli meurneobac. darwmunebuli iyaviT, rom norvegieli morwmune qristiani an vinme bolivieli sruliad sxvadasxvanairad ganaxorcieleben am erT ideas. da ra iqneba safuZvelSi? adamianis urTierToba RvTivmocemul bunebasTan, romelic ar unda gaanadguro, Tu ginda, raRac Tavadac miiRo. masTan damokidebuleba ar iqneba qristianuli, Tuki momxmareblurad moekidebi (arada ase xdeba XIX saukunis Semdeg), gaaCanageb, radgan qristiani miwaTmoqmedi ver iqneba gamveranebeli. is ver gakafavs, magaliTad, mTel tyes. man SeiZleba puris mosayvanad gakafos monakveTi, magram ar gaanadgurebs mTel mTas. Tumca aqac aqtivobis uamravi forma SeiZleba iyos. me vfiqrob, rom qarTuli xelovneba saerTod da am sawyisi etapis xelovnebac amis Zalian kargi warmomCeni da damsuraTebelia. amitom erT-erTi mniSvneloba, garda esTetikurisa, romelic mas namdvilad moeZebneba, universaluri Rirebuleba, garda erovnul-kulturulisa, garda erovnul-istoriulisa, romelic Cvens uadres xuroTmoZRvrebas, zogadad Cvens xelovnebas agreTve aqvs, aris is, rom igi araCveulebrivad TvalnaTeli modelia. iSviaTia xelovnebis istoria, sadac movlenebis Tanmimdevroba ase Seurevnelad da naTlad Cans. aTasnairi ram CaexlarTeba xolme da qarTuli xelovneba ki rogorRac naTel suraTs iZleva. sxva ambavia, rom es naTeli suraTi, sinamdvileSi, Zalian rTulia, magram misi zogadi msvleloba, bevri sxva qveynis mxatvrul SemoqmedebasTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT araorazrovania. masSi ar aris erTma-

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neTze daSrevebuli urTierTgamomricxveli movlenebi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, Zalian iSviaTia. ai, rogor aris, magaliTad, dasavleTisa da sakuTriv bizantiis xelovnebaSi: metismetad xSiria antikuri, elinistur-romauli formebis pirdapiri mibaZva. es nebismier dros SeiZleba moxdes da amocnoba imisa, vTqvaT, X saukunis nimuSia Tu XIV saukunisa, zogjer Zalian rTulia. CvenTan aseTi magaliTi piradad me marto erTi vici _ frTebi martvilis enkolpiumisa, Tanac mxolod Sida piri, sadac naWedi gamosaxulebebia, ukve danarCeni gamosaxulebebi ki aseTi ar aris da Tavisi drois sakmaod zusti mowmobaa. iqiT kidev _ xelnawerebi, qandakebebi... magaliTad, germaniaSi, kelnSi, aris qandakeba (jvarcmisa), romelsac XIII saukuniT aTariRebdnen, arada, aRmoCnda, rom X saukunisaa. rogorc etyoba, ostatma, romelic antikur models uyurebda, is imdenad zustad gadmoiRo, rom qandakeba lamis gviangoTikurad miiCnies. amgvarad, qarTul mwerlobaSic, qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebSic da, didwilad, qarTul qvaze kveTilobaSic ukve V saukunis miwurulisaTvis SegviZlia davadasturoT SemoqmedebiTi simwife. es imas ar niSnavs, rom manamde es xelovneba saerTod umwifari iyo. laparaki aris qristianul sataZro xelovnebaze, romelic CvenSi saukune-naxevriT an erTi saukuniT adre Semovida. kidev erTxel minda gavimeoro, rom es ar aris didi dro, rodesac aseT rTul viTarebaSi qmni, rodesac ukve sadRac sxvagan Camoyalibebuli ideebi Seneburad unda ganaxorcielo. es mcire droa da qarTvelma ostatebma am urTules SemoqmedebiT amocanas Tavi gaarTves _ sxvadasxva warmomavlobis arqiteqturuli formebi da elementebi gadaaqcies sakuTar sametyvelo enad, romelsac ukve maSin sruliad Tavisuflad flobdnen. es maT gzas ukafavda ufro rTuli, ufro mravlismomcveli amocanebis gadasaWrelad, Tumca es ukve VI saukunis xvedri iyo.

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