9. XI saukunis arqiteqtura

albaT SeuZlebelic ki aris, dRevandeli Cveni sasaubro vinmem Sesabamisi TvalsaCinoebis gareSe gaigos. ras vizamT, mogviwevs sakmaod abstraqtulad visaubroT da vinc mowadinebuli iqneba, gadaSalos wigni da Sesabamis suraTebs Sexedos, sxvanairad ar mgonia, rame gamovides.

Cven XI saukunis zRurbls gadavabijeT. X-XI saukuneebis mijna sxva TvalsazrisiTac mijna aris. es swored is xanaa, rodesac X saukunis Sua xanaSi yalibdeba erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifo jer cnobierad da amis gamoxatuleba aris yvelasaTvis cnobili formula giorgi merCulisa qarTlze, romelic didi qveyanaa, `sadac Jami qarTuliTa eniTa Seiwirvis~, xolo Semdeg ukve nel-nela _ politikurad. raRac Jams, bagrat III-is mefobis bolos, saqarTvelo, Tbilisis gamoklebiT, marTlac erTiani saxelmwifoa, Tumca mere es ukve ase aRar iqneba. amaze Cven mgoni kidec visaubreT. rogorc ukve vTqviT, kaxeTi giorgi I-is dros isev damoukidebel saxelmwifod gadaiqca da saboloo gaerTianeba xdeba ukve XII saukuneSi, rodesac daviT aRmaSenebelma, wmindanad Seracxulma Cvenma didma xelmwifem, Tbilisi aiRo da mahmadianTa batonobis TiTqmis 400 weli dasrulda. maS, ra xdeba XI saukuneSi? zogadad rom vTqvaT, am dros mTavrdeba, gansruldeba is xangrZlivi Zieba, romelic, IV saukunis dasasrulidan Tu ara, yovel SemTxvevaSi, V saukunis dasawyisidan am dromde qarTul qristianul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi warmoebda. erTgvari damasrulebeli nageboba, romelic 1030 wels marTlac samanis qvasaviT aRimarTeba, gaxlavT samTavisis kaTedrali. ra aris aq miRweuli? Seqmnilia garkveuli tipi xuroTmoZRvruli kompoziciisa da dekorisa, romelic arsebrivad Semdeg ar icvleba. moxda ise, rom es forma, romelic moZebnilia samTavisSi, Semdegi Taobis qarTvelma xuroTmoZRvrebma XI saukunis Sua xanebidan XIX saukunemde savaldebulod CaTvales. mravlis cnobierebaSi es, ase vTqvaT,

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kanonikuri formaa da amas marTlac xSirad gaigonebT. mgoni, ukve momixda amis xseneba, Tu arada axla vityvi, rom qristianulma xelovnebam araviTari kanonikuri forma ar icis, man icis kanonikuri sazrisi. vTqvaT, eklesia rom uflis saxlia, locvis saxlia, es gaxlavT misi ucvleli sazrisi. es, Tu gnebavT, aris misi kanonikuri mniSvneloba, magram rogori iqneba es uflis saxli, amis Sesaxeb sityvac ar Tqmula odesme da, miT umetes, araferi dawerila. uflis saxlis ieri cvalebadia imisda mixedviT, Tu romel xalxs romel dros rogor urCevnia locva da sad eadvileba ziarebisaTvis, uflis mistikur sxeulTan Seziarebis saswaulisaTvis momzadeba. ai, ra gaakeTa samTavnelma xuroTmoZRvarma, romelic SesaZlebelia iqauri episkoposic yofiliyo _ yanCavel erisTavTa STamomavali ilarioni: is aSenebs gumbaTovan eklesias, romelic axali ram ar aris da VI saukunidan CvenSi bevri aSenebula, irCevs ukve VII saukunidan cnobil erT-erT formas, oTxburjiani Cawerili jvris tipis eklesiis gegmas da qmnis mis SemWidroebul versias. saqme is gaxlavT, rom aq burjebis aRmosavleTi wyvili, faqtobrivad, afsidis kuTxeebs Seerwya. isini jer kidev burjebad aris agebuli, magram afsidis kuTxemde dacileba imdenad mcirea, rom Tvali maT aRiqvams, rogorc erTs. daaxloebiT amave xanaSi mcxeTis samTavros taZarSi, romelic aseve qarTlis mTavarepiskoposis kaTedra iyo, es Serwyma moxda. Tumca Cven viciT, rom aseTi Semoklebuli redaqciebi ufro adrec arsebobda, oRond maSin es marTlac gamartivebuli oTxburjiani taZari iyo. adrindel xanaSi es oTxburjiani kompoziciebia, romlebsac erTi wyvili amoacales. aq es ukve ase ar aris _ es aris kompoziciuri principi, romelsac gegmis asimetriuloba urCevnia. rodesac SuaSi oTx burjze gumbaTi dgas, bunebrivia, es centri ramdenadme avtonomiuria da danarCeni elementebi mis garSemo jgufdeba. rodesac burji oria, Tqven aRar iciT, es afsidis kuTxe ra aris _ sagangebo sabjenia Tu danarCeni sivrcis nawilia, Tan mklavic aris, sabolood, sakurTxeveli iq ukve mklavs uigivdeba da iqmneba asimetriuli kompozicia.

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ratom aris es upriani? saqme is gaxlavT, rom axla mTavari Sida sivrceSi aris erTi ram: Tqven unda xedavdeT interieris yvela ZiriTad Semadgenels. sxvagvarad iyo gardamaval xanaSi. davuSvaT, rodesac gurjaanis yvelawmindaSi SediodiT, xedavdiT bazilikas, magram meore sarTulze rom sameklesiiani bazilikaa, es ar icodiT. aq ase ar aris, rac ki taZars aqvs, yvelafers xedavT, oRond xedavT yvelafris fragments. ar aris erTi wertilic, saidanac Tqven dainaxavT (rogorc es mcxeTis jvris, wromisa an samwevrisis SemTxvevaSia) taZris naxevars, TiTqos naxazzeao. aseTi wertili ar aris _ Tqven yvela wertilidan xedavT fragments. Tanac rac metia erTmaneTis gadamkveTi forma, am arqiteqturisaTvis ufro mxatvrulia, mas es ufro moswons. bunebrivia, rom erTmaneTze gadasuli bevri formis Semcveli amgvari sivrciTi suraTi gamodis maSin, roca kompozicia asimetriulia. amave dros, Cvens arqiteqtors aRar unda fizikuri zoma, dinamikis misaRebad aRar sWirdeba, vTqvaT, grZeli dasavleTi mklavi. ase Rebulobs, mcire sivrceSic axerxebs amas elementebis simaRleebis, siganeebisa da moyvanilobis gardasaxviT. Tumca saqme is aris, rom samTavro da samTavisi qmnian sivrciT models, romelic TavisTavad aRar Seicvleba. Tuki manamde ramdeni arqiteqtoricaa, ramdeni taZaricaa, imdenive gansxvavebuli sivrciTi warmonaqmnia, aqedan moyolebuli, XVIII saukunis bolomde da, warmoidgineT, XIX saukuneSic, rodesac eklesiebi Zvel yaidazec jer kidev Sendeboda, es ase ukve aRar iqneba. qarTulma arqiteqturam, Cvenma arqiteqturulma azrovnebam miiCnia, rom aq raRac sayovelTao formula naxes. mere amaze kidev mogviwevs saubari da axlave vityvi, rom universaluri forma SeuZlebelia arsebobdes, sazrisi da idea ki universaluri SeiZleba iyos. forma yovelTvis kerZoobiTia, materialuri yovelTvis calkeulia, is verasodes iqneba yovladi _ yovliereba formis maxasiaTebeli ar aris. raki asea, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, XI saukunis am monapovarma _ da samTavisis taZari namdvilad monapovaria _ gawira danarCeni saukuneebi qarTuli saqristiano xuroTmoZRvrebisa, erTgva-

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ri mimbaZvelobisa. Tumca axlave unda vTqva, rom erT xans, XIII saukunis daaxloebiT 20-ian wlebamde, am formaSi jer kidev imdeni ram iyo mosaZebni, rom yoveli arqiteqtori raRacas Tavisas ambobs. ukve mere, XIII saukunis Sua xanidan, iwyeba an pirwminda gameoreba, an elementebis cvlileba ise, rom principi ar Seicvalos da rodesac principis datovebisas elementebs, ubralod, anacvlebT, aklebT an umatebT, Tqven qmniT ara axal formas, aramed amosaval formas mxolod amaxinjebT. es ar niSnavs imas, rom XIII saukunidan moyolebuli, XIX-is CaTvliT, mxatvrulad Rirebuli nawarmoebebi ar Seqmnila. ra Tqma unda, iqmneboda, oRond Zalian Znelia, am vrceli epoqidan daasaxelo nageboba, romelsac aqvs im tipis mxatvruli srulyofileba, imgvari mxatvruli sisrule, rogoric Tundac samTaviss an bevr winamorbed nagebobas. XII saukuneSi ramdenime Senoba jer kidev aris. mere, praqtikulad, Tqven yovelTvis raRac gaqvT kargi _ fasadi, fasadis romelime nawili, interieris romeliRac nawili an mTlianad interieri, magram raRac aucileblad naklulia. samwuxarod, asea. maSasadame, Cven SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom daaxloebiT XIII saukuneSi iwyeba krizisi, xangrZlivi krizisi, romelic ar SeiZleba yofiliyo mxolod xuroTmoZRvruli da me mgonia kidevac, rom es msoflmxedvelobiTi sirTuleebis, msoflmxedvelobiTi gasaWiris gamovlineba iyo, im gasaWirisa, romelic, sxvaTa Soris, dRevandlamde ar damTavrebula _ Cven kvlavac im krizisSi vimyofebiT da SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom ganaxlebuli qarTuli saeklesio xuroTmoZRvreba ase xSirad emgvaneba swored im, dacemis xanis, nagebobebs da, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom arasodes _ ufro winandels. marTali giTxraT, yvelaze xSirad rasac vuyureb, XIX saukunisa mgonia xolme _ XIX saukunisa, romelic hbaZavs raRacas, xolo is, rasac, vTqvaT, aweria 2010 weli, Tavisuflad SeiZleba iyos 1892 _ Cven iqve varT sulierad, Cven jer iqidan ver gamovediT. Tu ra unda am gamosvlas... ra vici, albaT yvelam Tavisi icis. me rasac vfiqrob, Tavis droze Sevecdebi, ganvmarto.

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aseTive damaboloebeli gaxlavT samTavisis taZris gare ieri. erTi, rac yvelaze TvalSisacemia, is aris, rom aq sabolood Camoyalibda safasado TaRnaris sistema. is nel-nela ikvreba. Cven vTqviT, rom oSkSi is mxolod mklavebis pirebze aris da gverdiT kedlebze aRar gvaqvs. Semdeg gadadis gverdiT kedlebze ukve e.w. bagratis taZarSi, sveticxovelSi, magram am or taZarSi Tqven ver naxavT erTmaneTze gadabmul TaRnars _ es aris TaRebis jgufebi, romlebsac, rogorc erTian Tanmimdevrobas, Tvali ki xedavs, magram fizikurad, nivTierad isini SeuRlebulni ar arian. asevea sveticxovelSi da aRar aris alaverdSi. Tumca, ai, ra iyo mTavari sirTule, rodesac alaverdelma xuroTmoZRvarma TaRnari kuTxeebze Sekra: erTi mxridan modis TaRi, misi lilvi svetad Camodis qvemomde, cokolamde da meore kuTxidanac modis. da kuTxe? axla ukve alaverdeli xurTmoZRvari igonebs (da amas Semdeg samTavneli arqiteqtoric agrZelebs) iseT Sefardebas, rodesac lilvebi imdenad axloa mitanili kuTxesTan, rom, faqtobrivad, marto erTi wibo rCeba da is xdeba nawili konisa, romelSic aqeT-iqidan lilvebi Sedis, SuaSi ki Camodis erTi xazi, ufro sworad, wvrili samkuTxa moculoba da Tqven xedavT amas, rogorc erTian formas. samTavnelma ostatma esec ar ikmara, aiRo da zeviT SeaerTa lilvebi _ ori kauWi gadmodis lilvebidan, kuTxeze modis da Semdeg zed am kuTxeze ekideba vazis mtevani. TiTqos pirdapir giTxraT: ai, batono, Tu aris gansxvavebuli, ager Sevkari, RiliviT Sevabnie. amas garda, sarkmelTa sapireebi da sxva elementebi _ vTqvaT, safasado jvari, romelic alaverdis taZars sakurTxevlis fasadze aqvs da alaverdSi jer kidev cal-calkea _ samTavnelma xuroTmoZRvarma aiRo da TaRnars SeaduRa. sarkmlebi ki aq ganier sapireebSia _ aseTi sapire momdevno xanis xuroTmoZRvrebisaTvis, XIII saukunis CaTvliT, garduvali kanoni gaxdeba. mere sapireebi ukve sakmaod Sesustebuli, dauZlurebuli keTdeba, magram TavisTavad sarkmlis moCarCoebaze momdevno xanis arqiteqtura (Tu saerTod amkobs, rasakvirvelia da ar

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aris mxolod qvis natexi, aseTi eklesiebic arsebobs), uars mainc ar ambobs. samTavneli arqiteqtori sapireebs iseTnairad anawilebs, rom isini TaRnaris lilvebs Soris Tavsdeba da maT zeviT aucileblad aris raRac, rac TaRs bolomde Seavsebs. man sakurTxevlis fasadze jvari da sapire vertikalurad zemoT wasul erT lilvze wamoago da qvemoT amas gamoaba e.w. rombebi, romlebic sinamdvileSi kuTxiT dayenebuli kvadratebia, magram dedamiwaze vinc ki dadis, yvela rombad xedavs da amitom rombs veZaxiT. rogorc Cans, mas rombis simbolikac aqvs Cadebuli. rombi maradisobis erT-erTi niSania da hgavs kidec, rom iq maradisobis, ukvdavebis niSani unda iyos. asea, rakiRa didi jvari, romelic aseve am lilvze aris agebuli, erTi mxriv, aSkarad golgoTis jvaria da, meore mxriv _ xe cxovrebisa, radgan gverdiT gamobmuli aqvs kidev TaRebi, romlebzec mtevnebi hkidia. es namdvilad samoTxis, edemis baRia, misi wiaRi da jvari iq mxolod da mxolod xe cxovrebisas SeiZleba niSnavdes, araviTari sxva sazrisi mas ar SeiZleba gaaCndes. Tumca aq, rogorc Cans, rTuli SeTavsebaa, romlis msgavsi jer kidev bevrad adre garejis erT-erT moxatulobaSia TeTr udabnoSi, sadac aris jvari _ didebiT mosili, Saravandiani jvari _ da aweria zed qristes saxeli, anu golgoTis jvaria, Tumca is namdvilad samoTxea _ kviparosebi aqvs aqeT-iqiT mixatuli. ai, daaxloebiT aseTive ram aris aqac, samTavisis fasadzec. es jvari zeviTac TaRs ebmis _ mTlianad es yvelaferi gadabmulia. mere, sakmaod male, mova dro, rodesac TaRnari aRar iqneba, magram cnobierebaSi formis Sekvra moxda _ formis yvela elementi aris erTiani. es metaforaa, rasakvirvelia, magram amis mere ostatebi TiTqosda ase fiqroben: es elementebi xom movarjuleT, erTianobaSi moviyvaneT da raxan ukve moTvinierebuli gvyavs, modi, axla es gamaerTianebeli elementic movaciloT da isini mainc dalagdebian ise, rom erTmaneTs daukavSirdnen. yvelaze saintereso is aris, rom marTlac ase moxda da XII saukunis Tamaris xanis arqiteqturaSi, garda er-

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Ti-ori gamonaklisisa, sruli TaRnari ar aris da Cven vxedavT am TiTqosda gancalkevebul elementebs, rogorc erTmaneTSi Sedinebuls. es, ubralod, zomaTa SefardebiT miiRweva, rasakvirvelia, magram sul mgonia _ Tu ara es TaRnari, Tu ara gamocdileba imisa, rom SeiZleba, yvela elementi erTis nawilad aqcio da srulebiT ganuyofeli erTi miiRo, iqneb es arc gamosuliyo. es TiTqosda Semdegi safexuria amave formis Ziebisa da amave formis gancdisa. erTi elementia mxolod, romelic samTavisSi, momavlis TvalsazrisiT, rogorc Cans, bolomde miyvanili ar iyo. minda, kidev erTxel SegaxsenoT, rom istoriulad win waweuli ar niSnavs aucileblad mxatvrulad ukeTess. samTavisis gumbaTis yeli, istoriuli TvalsazrisiT, ar iyo yvelaze progresuli da ar amzadebda uSualod momdevno etaps, rac sul ar niSnavs imas, rom is rameze uaresi iyo. ubralod, aRmoCnda sxva, sadac Semdgom TaobaTa arqiteqtorebi pirdapir naxaven models, Tu rogori unda iyos gumbaTis yeli, rogor unda iyos is morTuli da Tqven warmoidgineT, rom am gumbaTis yelis morTuloba 16 Tu meti wliT adre gakeTda raWaSi, nikorwmindaSi. marTali giTxraT, ar vici, iqidan rogor gavrcelda _ marTla gadmoiRes Semdeg qarTlis ostatebma Tu paralelurad midioda Zieba, romelic imave Sedegamde mivida. Tumca cota meeWveba, rom am tipis paralelizmi SesaZlebeli iyos. axla ki vTqvaT, ratom meeWveba: rogori aris gumbaTis yeli nikorwmindaSi? erTi, rom nikorwmindis taZari aris yvelaze uxvad Semkuli eklesia saqarTveloSi, meti raRa _ iqac aris lilvovani TaRnari da am TaRebs kidev Signidan Cafenili aqvT CuqurTmiani arSiebi. aseTi ram TavSi azrad sxvas aravis mosvlia. Tumca am uxvadmkul taZarze bevri reliefia _ amdeni arc erT taZars ar hqonia arc manamde, arc mere, magram gansakuTrebuli mainc gumbaTis yelia. ai, ra gaakeTa ostatma: pirveli, rac man moimoqmeda _ sapireebis zoma gazarda da sarkmlis sapireebi imxelaa, rom TaRnars avsebs. TaRnari iseTia, rogoric X saukuneSi dakanonda, magram, realurad, es

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TaRedi Tqven SegiZliaT iqidan amoxatoT Tavisi kapiteliT, Tavisi fuZiT, magram Tvali mas TaRebad ver xedavs. is xedavs erTian talRovan reliefur formas. es TaRi gadaiqca TiTqosda damatebiT lilvad da ara damoukidebel moculobad, rogorc es X saukuneSi iyo da, rogorc Cans, samTavisis gumbaTsac hqonda (aq sapires mTlianad TiTqos ar unda Seevso). amas garda, gumbaTis yels agvirgvinebs rTuli moxazulobis, rTuli kveTis mTlianad moCuqurTmebuli karnizi (da es Tavdapirvelia, Tumca iq aris mogviano aRdgenebic, romlebic kveTas imeorebs, magram aRar aCuqurTmebs). karnizsa da sarkmlebs Soris moTavsebulia kidev erTi CuqurTmiani arSia da kidev erTi CuqurTmian-profiliani arSia sarkmlebis qveSaa, e.i. gumbaTis yelis sul ZirSi. gumbaTis yeli mTlianad dafarulia am morTulobiT. rac ver gabedes qarTlelma ostatebma, gaakeTa raWvelma xuroTmoZRvarma. raWvels roca vambob, es SeiZleba misi gamomkveTis kuTxobrivi warmomavloba ar iyos, magram tradicia, romelsac Cven nikorwmindaSi vxedavT, mgonia, rom adgilobrivia. yovel SemTxvevaSi, amdagvari CuqurTma Cven jerjerobiT mxolod raWaSi vnaxeT erT naeklesiarze, romelic cota unda uswrebdes nikorwmindas da sxvagan ar aris. raRac sxva buneba aqvs mas _ isic samxreTqarTuli nimuSebidan modis, mas ukavSirdeba, magram sxvanairi sisxo da sizrqe aqvs, gansxvavebuli bunebisaa. rogorc Cans, es aris adgilobrivi skola. amas kidev unda muSaoba, unda vipovoT kriteriumi, romliTac ufro zustad ganvsazRvravT. axla me zogad frazebs vambob, amas ki aso-aso unda naxva _ ra iwvevs gansxvavebulobas am raRac sxvanairi plastikurobisa, romelic ar aris, vTqvaT, qarTlis, imereTis eklesiebSi. kacxSi, magaliTad, gareTa mopirkeTeba mTlianad Secvlilia XIX saukuneSi da Tumca ostatma gaimeora ZiriTadi elementebi _ didi jvrebi, TiTqosda sapireebic, TaRnari _ es uxarisxoa, uRonoa, guls gareTaa gakeTebuli. man, ubralod, icis, rom aq iyo raRac amdagvari. rasakvirvelia, veranair warmodgenas im Tavdapirvelze amiT ver miviRebdiT, rom ara

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karibWeze SemorCenili imdroindeli ramdenime mosarTavi da imas rom vuyureb, sul mTlad guli mikvdeba imitom, rom warmomidgenia, es rogori iqneboda da axla ra aris. Zalian dasaRonebeli suraTia. Tumca isic, rac SerCa, ase vTqvaT, Zalian mowinave aris da iqiTken mimavali, rasac mere gaakeTeben, XII saukuneSi. aseTive unda yofiliyo aq samkauli. tipi aqac eqvsafsidiania, pirwmindad imeorebs X saukunis taour eklesiebs, isev mravalwaxnags akeTebs, oRond xuroTmoZRvarma rogorRac Tavis Wkuaze gaaerTiana da gaukeTa garSemosavleli, rac iq ar aris. gvyavs kidev erTi gamokveTili, absoluturad genialuri dekoratori. es gaxlavT swored amas winaT naxsenebi samTavros taZris xuroTmoZRvari. axla bevr laparaks ar daviwyeb, visac gnebavT, CadiT, naxeT, oRond moaxerxeT ise, rom jer samTavisSi waxvideT da Semdeg samTavroSic an piriqiT, SeadareT interierebi da naxavT, rom samTavros interieri aseTi STambeWdavi ar aris, arc aseTi mravalferovania. Tumca, samagierod, gansakuTrebiT, samxreT da CrdiloeT fasadebze rogor CuqurTmas akeTebs! iq akeTebs sarkmlebisa da CuqurTmis, dekoratiuli TaRebis kompozicias, romlis msgavsi arc manamde, arc mere, arc sadme sxvagan aravis Seuqmnia. srulebiT warmoudgeneli dekoratiuli fantaziebia, TiTqos kaci xaraCoze damdgara da iqve Txzavs. es namdvili ornamentul-plastikuri fantaziebia da araCveulebrivia srulebiT. ai, asec aris xolme da rodesac uyureb amas, rogorc istorikosi, rogorc analitikosi, kargad xedav, Tu ramdennairi SeiZleba arsebobdes niWiereba. aris aseTi Sexeduleba _ da Zalian Wkviani xalxisganac msmenia _ rom adamiani, romelic raRacaSi niWieria, yvelaferSi niWieria. aha, batono, uniWieresi iyo plastika-dekorSi da sivrciTi ki... ra giTxraT?! cudi ar aris, ra Tqma unda da Tavlas ar hgavs, namdvilad hgavs taZars, magram aRmafrena, romelsac aq xedav, iq ar aris. samTavneli arqiteqtori sxvanairia _ mas srulebiT warmoudgeneli ostatebi hyavs,

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warmoudgeneli meCuqurTmeebi. roca uyureb, geeWveba, rom saerTod SesaZlebelia, adamianma gaakeTos is, rac iq aris. gegoneba, rom viRac sxva exmareba, TiTqos feriebi dafrinavdnen Tu ra vici, kidev _ vin. Tumca TviTon arqiteqtori erTianad iazrebs amasac da Sida sivrcesac. samTavroSi es ar aris, sxva raRacaa. samagierod, ostati interierSic ki plastikas axerxebs, magaliTad, afsidis kuTxeebs gaakeTebs ise, rogorc burjebs. aseTi profilireba saerTod warmoudgenelia. vinmes azrad rogor unda mosvloda, rom aseTi dasafexurebuli kuTxe gaekeTebina, ase daewvrilebina. Tanac gamosdis, SigniT yvelaferi imdenad plastikuria. sarkmlebsac ki ukeTebs Signidan lilvebs, raTa kidev raRac gamoZerwos _ rogorc moqandake, ise muSaobs. q-ni asmaT oqropiriZe ambobs xolme, qandakeba rad gvindoda, taZrebi gvaqvs plastikurio. es swored is SemTxvevaa, rodesac taZris moculoba, rogorc qandakeba, marTlac ise keTdeba. rodesac yuradReba gavamaxvile kacxsa da nikorwmindaSi raRac elementTa winwasulobasa da sxvaTa ukuSTenaze, erTgvar retrospeqtulobaze, es SemTxveviTi ar gaxlavT, vinaidan aqac Zalian kargad Cans, rom mxatvruli Semoqmedeba martivi ambavi ar aris. sityva `amocana“ Zalian gviyvars xelovnebis istorikosebs da iseTi suraTi isaxeba, TiTqos dajda viRaca da Tqva, axla me goTikur taZars avaSenebo. arada, vinc XII saukuneSi sen-denis sakurTxevels aSenebda, sulac ar fiqrobda, rom goTikur taZars aagebda. is fiqrobda, rogor aeSenebina lamazi, SuqiT savse taZari. aseTi dakveTa hqonda _ unda yofiliyo bevri Suqi, romelic ganasaxierebda RvTaebriv naTels. amaze fiqrobda da rodesac mere sxvebma es forma aitaces da iqidan sakuTari kompoziciebi gaakeTes, isinic fiqrobdnen, Tu rogor aeSenebinaT mjobnis mjobni taZari. amocanebi, im azriT, rogoriTac gvesmis, Cveni abstraqciaa. saubedurod, es TviTon xelovanTac SemoesmaT, dRes isinic amocanebze laparakoben da raRacas iseTs akeTeben, rac xelovneba ar aris. magaliTad, amas winaT wavikiTxe, rom vi-

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Racas hqonda amocana, eCvenebina... ra unda aCveno? davuSvaT, unda aCvenos, rom qva aris mZime. es ar aris xelovnebis amocana, ar aris mxatvruli Semoqmedeba, es saerTod araferi ar aris. qvas, minda giTxraT, wona isedac aqvs, TavisTavad da Sen Tu ginda, raRac warmoaCino, raRacisTvis unda gWirdebodes. vTqvaT, Tuki gindaT, SeqmnaT dramatuli kompozicia da iq aCvenebT qvis simZimes, romelic sadRac Sekidula da axla gadmovardeba, es gasagebia, gamomsaxvelobas emsaxureba. TavisTavad, Tuki momindeba mZime da saSiSi kldis Sexedva, waval darialis xeobaSi da gadmokidebul kldes Sevxedav, aseTs adamianis xeli mainc ver Seqmnis da imas xom ver gaejibrebi, rad minda me es Seni simZime?! an vTqvaT aseTi amocana _ vaCvenoT, rom feri arsebobs TavisTavad. feri TavisTavad, unda giTxraT, ar arsebobs. rogorc amboben, is saerTodac ar arsebobs _ es aris zedapiris Tviseba, romelsac Cven vxedavT, rogorc fers. ras niSnavs _ TavisTavad arsebobs? ginaxavT sadme haerSi moriale feradi laqebi? mgoni, aseTi ram jer aravis Sexvedria. es ar aris SemoqmedebiTi amocana. ai, isev sityva `amocana“ wamomcda! ase ar unda fiqrobdes xelovani, es ar aris xelovanis safiqrali, es saerTod ar aris safiqrali! rodesac Cven sityva `amocanas~ vxmarobT, es mxolod imis asaxsnelad gvWirdeba, rom gansxvavebuli formebi SeiZleba Tanabari Rirebulebisa iyos da `amocanas“ mizandasaxulebis nacvlad, mis sinonimad viyenebT, SemoqmedebiT process ramdenadme varacionalurebT. Tumca es Teoriuli ganzogadebaa da ara imis axsna, rogor moqmedebs xelovani. RmerTma daifaros, xelovani aseTi racionaluri iyos. suraTebis, qandakebebis da simfoniebis Seqmna ar gaxlavT orTqlis qvabebis konstruireba an ufro gamZle tafis modelireba _ ar aris es igive. TavisTavad xelovneba Tavisi arsebiT mravali da mravali aTasi wlis ganmavlobaSi erTaderTs emsaxureboda da RvTaebis sadidebeli iyo _ an romelime kerZoobiTi RvTaebis, an CvenTvis, monoTeistebisTvis, erTiani transcendenturi RmerTis. es iyo erTgvari, rogorc xatovnad ity-

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vian, Teologia an himnografia, oRond sxvadasxva saSualebiT _ sityvieriT, bgeriTiT, plastikuriT, feriTiT. namdvilad ase iyo! rac undaT, ilaparakon, magram es iyo ase da amas veravin uaryofs. mere es aris xolme sxvadasxvanairad warmosaxuli, gonebaSi sxvadasxvanairad gatarebuli, magram kvlavac raRacisadmi mowiwebis, krZalvis, aRfrTovanebis gamoxatvis saSualebaa. magaliTad, XIX saukunis bevri xelovanis gonebaSi es CamoinakvTa, rogorc aRfrTovaneba xiluli bunebiT. bevri maTgani morwmune iyo _ maTTvis es Sesaqmis kvalia, RvTaebis Semoqmedebis gamovlinebaa, ase xedaven. viRac deisti iyo, viRac _ panTeisti, magram visac saerTod aRaraferi eguleboda iq sulieri, is peizaJs veRar xatavda.

SeadareT peizaJi Teist sezanTan, romelsac swamda RmerTi da RvTaebrivi Sesaqme da aTeisti pikasos peizaJi. pikasos peizaJebi, jer erTi, cota aqvs imitom, rom guli ar misdis da, meorec, yvelaferi daWyletili TunuqiviT gamoiyureba. amiT imis Tqmas srulebiT ar vapireb, rom pikasos cudi mxatvroba aqvs. ase SeiZleba Tqvas mxolod Zalian gauTviTcnobierebelma istorikosma da, imedi maqvs, rom aseT zomamde uvici ar var, magram misi damokidebuleba qveynierebisadmi, rasakvirvelia, srulebiT sxvaa, araa iseTi, rogoric wina Taobis xelovanT hqondaT. misTvis sinamdvile, upirveles yovlisa, qaosia da aseTi damokidebulebisas mSveniereba SeuZlebelia, is xdeba mxolod garegnuli, vulgaruli silamaze, rogoric, magaliTad, XX saukunis Zalian bevr kinovarskvlavs aqvs (ar minda, konkretuli saxelebi vTqva). ver gamigia, ratom ukidia vinmes im dedakacTa portretebi, romlebsac rigian ojaxSi, me rom mkiTxoT, sarecxs Tu daarecxinebdnen, Torem samzareuloSic ar SeuSvebdnen. Tumca maSin, X Tu XI saukuneSi, cxadia, ase ar iyo. amocana maSin swored es aris, adamianebi mxolod amaze fiqroben _ isini qmnian RvTis sadidebels. es ar aris advili. arc is aris swori, rom adamianis ganwyobilebam, vTqvaT, misma aRfrTovanebam, SeiZleba pirdapiri gamoxatuleba naxos.

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Cven xSirad gvaviwydeba _ xelovnebaze Tu ram viciT, es misi nivTieri garsi aris. raRac TvalsazrisiT, bgerac nivTieria, radgan talRebi vrceldeba haerSi. am garsis saSualebiT modis Cvenamde is, risi Tqma da gadmocemac xelovans surs. es, sxvaTa Soris, ar udris xelovanis Sinagan mdgomareobas, Tumca is raRacis keTebas garkveuli ganwyobilebiT iwyebs. davuSvaT, sami dRe xatavs suraTs. Teoriuladac ki SeuZlebelia, is sami dRis ganmavlobaSi sul erTnair xasiaTze iyos. ukve Semdeg, rodesac muSaobas agrZelebs, is Tavisive nakeTebiT xelaxala iqmnis, iRvivebs im ganwyobilebas, Torem sxvanairad mas ver miaRwevs. arqiteqturas Tu warmovidgenT, vin daijerebs, rom SeiZleba ostats 25 wlis ganmavlobaSi erTnairi ganwyobileba hqonoda?! cxadia, ase araa, magram isini gamoxataven raRac erTs, erT emociur damokidebulebas, Cadebuls CanafiqrSi, romelic Semdeg SeiZleba xorcs didxans isxamdes. ase rom, xelovanis subieqturi, emociuri mdgomareoba da is, rac man nawarmoebiT gamoxata erTmaneTSi ar unda avurioT _ nawarmoebi mis ganwyobas pirdapir ar gadmoscems, is maSualebelia da, raki maSualebelia, iq Cndeba Zalian bevri ram da es Cven yvelam viciT. yvelas dagvmarTnia, rom raime Zalian piradi ganacadis (Tundac xelovnebisagan miRebulis STabeWdilebis, raRaciT an viRaciT aRfrTovanebis) sxvisTvis axsnas vcdilobT da ver vpoulobT sityvebs, romlebic zustad gadmoscems, ratom varT ase aRfrTovanebulni. veZebT sityvebs da sanam im zust sityvas vipoviT, vaSvelebT xel-fexs, saxis gamometyvelebas, egebada mosaubre migvixvdes. mere vipoviT im sityvas, magram amas xom dro unda. zustad asevea xelovnebaSic. arian Seumcdari xelovanni, magram, rogorc wesi, es Seumcdaroba am geniosebisTvisac ki uiSviaTesi gamonaklisia. es xdeba gamocdilebis dagrovebis Semdeg. ubralod, ar arsebobs xelovneba, romelic pirdapir, pirveli mosinjviT aris srulyofili. jerjerobiT dedamiwaze ar arsebula xelovani, romlis pirvelive nawarmoebi Sedevri iqneboda. Sedevri yovelTvis iqmneba odesRac mere. Teo-

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riulad, roca is ufro uSualoa, misi nawarmoebi ukeTesi unda iyos, magram es uSualoba, rogorc wesi, gamoixateba xolme sxvaTagan gadmoRebuli ukve cnobili da gacveTili formebiT. mere is xvdeba, rom es is ar aris da, ra Tqma unda, im Zveli, wina TaobaTa, gamocdilebis gamoyenebiT, gaTvaliswinebiT, masze dayrdnobiT raRacas Tavisas poulobs. sruli iluziaa imaze fiqri, rom vinmes SeuZlia, rame Seqmnas yvelafris gareT. TviTnaswavl xelovnebaze laparakoben xolme, rogorc srulebiT uSualoze. es xom iluziaa, is ostatebic xom raRacas xedaven?! isini xedaven suraTebs, nivTebs, vTqvaT, Zvelad kedlis mxatvrobas xedavdnen. Zalian kargi magaliTia Tundac firosmani, romelTanac naxavT raRac iseTs, rac mas nanaxi aqvs da Semdeg gadaqceuli Tavis srulebiT individualur xelovnebad. uwanamZRvro arc is aris, imasac aqvs wanamZRvrebi. sxva ambavia, rom firosmanTan ar aris imdeni racionaluri fiqri, ramdenic, davuSvaT, daviT kakabaZesTan. es ukve sxva sakiTxia. Semoqmedeba yovelTvis agrZelebs raRacas, rac winamorbedebma dautoves da Semdeg amas irgebs an mTlianad gardasaxavs, Tu misi saTqmeli principulad gansxvavebulia. amas bevri sirTule aqvs da aqve dgeba xelovanis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi. XVIII saukunidan xelovanma moixsna yovelgvari pasuxismgebloba imaze, rasac akeTebs. davuSvaT, daxatavs, gadaiRebs an Teatris scenaze gaiTamaSebs raime uzneos, uxamss da Semdeg ki xSirad gaigoneb: mere ra, rom Tqven ar mogwonT, rasac me gaCvenebT, aseTia sinamdvile. mniSvnelovania ara is, Tu rogoria sinamdvile, aramed _ Sen ras poulob am sinamdvileSi, asaxvisa da damaxsovrebis Rirsad, CemTvis Cvenebis sakadrisad ras miiCnev da ras gamoiwvev. dRes xelovani fiqrobs, rom is Tavisas ambobs da danarCens ki TavSi qva uxlia. arada, ase ar aris, xelovneba viRacisTvis iqmneba, is ar arsebobs ise, uarvisod. ar mgonia, marTebuli iyos daufiqrebloba imaze, Tu ras gamoiwvevs Seni nawarmoebi. es xSirad gamimeorebia: gardacvalebamde cota xniT adre saxelganTqmulma reJisorma bergmanma Tqva, Cems filmebs ar vuyureb, cud gunebaze maye-

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nebso. nuTu zneobrivia, amoiRo gulidan is, rac Sen gawuxebs, sxvebs ki guneba gaufuWo da Tavi moakvlevino, roca TviTon amas aRar uyureb? es ukiduresi upasuxismgeblobaa da ar mgonia, zrdasruli adamianisTvis sakadrisi iyos. aq Cven Zalian rTul zRvars gavdivarT _ rodesac surT, rom imoqmedon idealis saxeliT (da amis uamravi magaliTia, gansakuTrebiT, XVII, XVIII, XIX saukuneebSi), adamianebi sakuTar Tavs aZaleben formebs. iwyeba laparaki imaze, rom romeliRac forma kargia da romeliRac sxva ki _ cudi. arada, saubaria ara formebze, aramed ama Tu im formiT motanil sazrisze. marTalia, me aseTi ar meguleba, magram Tuki TavisTavad forma aris uzneo da saxifaTo, maSin, modiT, am formazec uari vTqvaT. magram gana amazea laparaki?! samwuxarod, yovelTvis ase iyo _ iyo kamaTi, davuSvaT, imaze, rom zneobrivi aris doriuli sveti da uzneoa, vTqvaT, goTikuri TaRi an piriqiT, goTikuri TaRi aris RvTissaTno da naxevarwriuli TaRi _ warmarTuli. yvela es debuleba aris sisulele! nebismier am formas SeuZlia gamoxatos RvTaebrivi an Zalianac araRvTaebrivi, gaaCnia, Sen mas rogor gamoiyeneb da rogor mTlianobaSi, rogor mxatvrul mTelSi moaqcev. vinaidan formebze kamaTobdnen, Semdeg viRac, vinc icavda ideals, daivalebda, rom raRac forma akeTos, Tumca mere irkveoda, rom es forma gulTan ver miaqvs. amisi tragikuli magaliTi aris Jan ogiust dominik engri, romelic uniWieresi mxatvaria da SegiZliaT TvalnaTliv naxoT, Tu rogor araCveulebriv portretebs xatavs. Tumca rogorc ki koncefciuri suraTebis keTebaze gadadis, TiTqos cvilis Tojinebis ugemuri, mosawyeni gamofena gamosdis, radgan iq daiZala raRaca, sxvanairi xazi moswons da ZaliT akeTebs imas, rac misi bunebisa ar aris. ase ar SeiZleba da amaze arc aris laparaki. Tu adamians eTqmevineba maincdamainc Tavisufali leqsi, ar unda movklaT da ZaliT ar unda vawerinoT soneti. es ki ar aris problema, laparakia sxva rameze, rom Tqven SeiZleba daweroT gamarTuli soneti da adamianebs kac-

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Ta kvla uqadagoT. marTla aris aseTi leqsi, me axla arafers vigoneb. germanuli leqsia, vinme georg hervegis, sadac pirdapir naTqvamia, axla siZulvili gvsurso. leqsad cudad albaT arc ki aris agebuli, magram nuTu SeiZleba, rom es Sinaarsi mosawonad CaiTvalos? SeiZleba, rom siZulvilisadmi mowodeba raimenairad iyos gamarTlebuli? ai, magaliTad, uniWieresi versifikatori haine, romlis msgavsad germanuli leqsis melodiurobisaTvis Znelad Tu vinmes miuRwevia, mouwodebs, rom gadaaqcion kelnis taZari Tavlad da sicil-kiskisiT gviyveba, tiuilris sasaxleSi TavmokveTil sefeqalTa aCrdilebi rogor dadian. mas es axalisebs, Tavad ecineba, Tumca me mgonia, rom amas mxolod erTmniSvnelovani Sefaseba SeiZleba mieces _ es aris uzneoba! es ar SeiZleba da piradad CemTvis araviTari melodiuroba leqsisa amis gamarTleba ar aris. is, ra Tqma unda, Zalian karg versifikatorad rCeba, magram amgvari leqsebi, rogorc moraluri movlena, Cemi azriT, absoluturad erTmniSvnelovnad fasdeba. amas mxolod imitom vlaparakob, rom Cven unda ganvasxvaoT mxatvruli formebis mier wamoWrili amocanebi (da Cven mogviwevs amaze saubari XII saukunis, gansakuTrebiT ki, XIII saukunis xelovnebasTan dakavSirebiT) da is, rac am formebiT gamoiTqmis. ai, magaliTad, formis uzogadesi tipis TvalsazrisiT, aTenis akropolisi da mcxeTis jvari erTi da igive aris, Tumca konkretuli formebi ar emTxveva. nuTu SesaZlebelia, vinmes azrad mouvides Tundac wamiT, rom sulieri Sinaarsi parTenonisa, romelic mSvenieri xelovnebaa, igive aris, rac jvris sazrisi, romelic agreTve mSvenieri xelovnebaa? maT aqvT srulebiT gansxvavebuli msoflmxedvelobiTi saTqmeli. Tumca, Tu vilaparakebT mxolod da mxolod formis enaze, iq aris saerTo niSnebi, magram es srulebiT sxvadasxva ramaa. samwuxarod Tu sabednierod, amis garCeva arc ise iolia: sabednierod imitom, rom xelovnebis bedniereba es aris _ gveZleva, rogorc mTeli da Tavs Zala unda davatanoT, raTa is komponentebad davyoT. sxva mxriv, ubedureba

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isaa, rom swored am mTlianobiT vaiTu isargeblos arakeTilsindisierma adamianma, gindac borotma Zalam, lamazi niRabi moirgos da SemogvasaRos mere Sxami da samsala, romelze uaress verc ki warmoidgens kaci. es araerTxel momxdara da, samwuxarod, dResac Zalian xSirad xdeba. sxva ubedureba kidev isaa, rom dRes adamianebi, ar vici ratom, Sxams sakmarisad Seuracxi, arafrad Rirebuli formebiTac siamovnebiT ylapaven. SeiZleba arsebobdes marTlac maRali donis mxatvruli Semoqmedeba, romelsac Zalian arasasurveli da, xSir SemTxvevaSi, ubralod damRupveli ideur-sulieri saTqmeli moaqvs. es gasaTvaliswinebelia _ gasaTvaliswinebelia Sefasebisas da, saerTod, xelovnebis istoriaze fiqrisas. xelovnebis istoria ar aris nagavsayreli, sadac yvelaferi erTi Rirebulebisaa anu Rirebuleba dakargulia. xelovneba adamianebisagan modis, xelovnebaSi adamianebi esaubrebian erTmaneTs da gvesaubrebian Cven. me absoluturad darwmunebuli var, rom Cven, am SemTxvevaSi, sruli ufleba gvaqvs, moviTxovoT rogorc gamonaTqvamis mowesrigebuloba, aseve gamosaTqmelis sulieri simaRle. mgonia, rom dRevandel dRes es, ubralod, aucilebelia, miuxedavad imisa, rom Znelia povna adamianisa, romelic isurvebs, itvirTos maRalsulieri saTqmelis Semosva dRevandeli adamianisTvis misaReb materialur garsSi. es marTlac Zalian rTulia, vinaidan dRevandeli adamiani aris, ase vTqvaT, avadmyofi cxoveli. da mainc, ar SeiZleba, ar vTqvaT is, rac simarTlea. ar SeiZleba, gavagrZeloT laparaki imaze, rom xelovneba aris gasarTobi, romelic adamianebisagan, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, saerTod arafers iTxovs. swored piriqiT, didi xelovneba jer Cvengan iTxovs yuradRebas da Semdeg Cven vivsebiT imiT, rac man mogvca. es SeiZleba amaRorZinebelic iyos da gamanadgurebelic da, sxvaTa Soris, ar aris ganmsazRvreli, moTxrobil ambavs bolo keTili aqvs Tu ara. berZnul TeoriaSi SemTxveviT ar iyo damkvidrebuli cneba kaTarsisisa, ganwmendisa, romelic moaqvs sworedac rom tragediis

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xilvas, rodesac Tqven xedavT bedisweris aRsrulebas da am saSinel ambebSi damalul uzenaes sazriss. gavixsenoT Tundac antigone. sinamdvileSi antigones tragediaSi, oidiposis ojaxis tragediaSi, mTavrdeba, amoirwyveba is Sxami, romelic daTesa papamisma, rodesac mglebs Cvili Svili sajijgnad miugdo. Tqven xedavT, rom am saSineli tragediiT, udanaSaulo adamianis gawirviT, aRsruldeba bediswera, romelic amyarebs erTgvar wonasworobas qveynierebisa. srulebiT sxva sakiTxia, gvwams Tu ara Cven bedisweris, viziarebT Tu ar viziarebT amas. me, magaliTad, ar mwams aseTi fantomis, fatalisti ar gaxlavarT da, mgonia, rom qristiani fatalisti saerTodac ver iqneba. Tumca TavisTavad is, rom Tqven xedavT raRac dids, badebs marTlac amaRlebul ganwyobilebas, TiTqos raRac Zala geZlevaT da iqidan gamodixarT ara aRnavlebuli, aramed ganaxlebuli. Tumca SeiZleba iyos xelovneba, romelic giCvenebs mxolod abibinebul mdeloebs, magram moaqvs raRac iseTi, ris Semdegac xarT moRuSuli, gejavrebaT yvelaferi da gZulT is lurji cac, is yvavilic da masze damjdari pepelac. esec garkveuli saTqmelia da, Sesrulebis TvalsazrisiT, esec SeiZleba maRali donis nawarmoebi iyos. aseTi nawarmoebebi, kidev vimeoreb, aris. asea Tu ise, me mxolod imis Tqma mindoda, rom XI saukuneSi Cven gvaqvs garkveuli tipis arqiteqturuli Semoqmedeba, romelmac ipova Tavisi saboloo forma. saboloooba, erTi mxriv, aRmafrTovanebelia, Tumca SeiZleba dRevandel adamianamde es uceb pirdapir arc mivides. maxsovs Cemi piradi STabeWdileba, romelic samTavisis pirvelad naxvisas miviRe _ saerTod ver gavige es ra aris da mxolod mere, meored misvlisas, mivxvdi, rom damabnia swored misma zedmiwevniTma srulyofilebam. me ver davinaxe masSi gamomsaxveloba, TiTqos mTeli emociuri muxti gaiyina am srulyofil formaSi. rasakvirvelia, sinamdvileSi, Zalian cocxalia, ubralod, Tvali unda SeaCvio. Cemi maswavlebeli, b-ni leo rCeuliSvili, aseT ambavs miyveboda: roca drezdenidan moskovSi gadmotanili rafaelis `siqstes

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madona~ unda gamoefinaT (oriode Tve unda yofiliyo da Semdeg germaniaSi abrunebdnen), Cveni xelovnebaTmcodneebi wavidnen. giorgi CubinaSvils uTqvams, icodeT, ar CauaroT, dadeqiT da didxans uyureTo. saimdrood, rodesac b-nma leom es miTxra, me ukve vicodi, rom swored aseTi aris italiuri renesansis xelovneba _ es aris xelovneba, romelsac, Tu ar Seyovndebi, ver aRiqvam. rafaelis xelovnebaSi Tqven unda ganicadoT misi Sewonasworebuloba. siqstes madonas SemTxvevaSi, es aris Sewonasworeba materialuri sxeulisa, romelic Rrubelze dadis. Tqven ar gaqvT gancda, rom is Camovardeba, radgan mas zustad is wona aqvs, ramdenic Rrubels SeuZlia zidos. rogor gaakeTa es rafaelma? ai, es unda SeigrZnos adamianma da amisTvis saWiroa dro. samTavisis arqiteqturac am tipisaa _ cota masac unda acalo, raTa Semovides SenSi da maSin xedav, ramdenad mdidaria is SigniT, rogori datvirTulia, rogori sicxovliT aris gajerebuli.

Tumca aris sxva Taviseburebac dasrulebulobaSi _ mogexsenebaT, dasrulebuloba yovelTvis raRacis daboloebaa. daboloeba SemoqmedebaSi SeiZleba gaCereba, SeCereba aRmoCndes. arada, adamianis Semoqmedeba isea mowyobili, rom SeCereba ar SeiZleba. sxvaTa Soris, ase aris mowyobili ara mxolod Semoqmedeba. yvelam viciT, rom adamiani, rogorc ki gaCerdeba, CamorCeba, TiTqos adgils ar icvlis, magram sinamdvileSi iq ki aRaraa, sadac fiqrobs, rom aris, aramed sul sxva adgilas aRmoCndeba. ase xdeba imitom, rom CamorCa _ ase aris mowyobili wuTisofeli da asea mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSic. Tu rogor ganviTarda Cvens saeklesio arqiteqturaSi, ase vTqvaT, dasrulebis mermindeli movlenebi, ra axsna, gindac gamarTleba SeiZleba amas moeZebnos an ra samomavlo gakveTili unda miviRoT, ukve Semdeg saubrebSi mogaxsenebT.

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