5. VI saukunis arqiteqtura

xana, romelic mohyveba wm. vaxtang gorgaslis zeobas, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, VI saukune, Cveni qveynis istoriaSi sakmaod rTuli gamodga, rac didad ucnauri ar aris, radgan sxvagvarad Cvens istoriaSi iSviaTad xdeba. Tumca amjerad viTareba marTlac lamis uimedo aRmoCnda, yovel SemTxvevaSi, pirvel xanebSi ase unda yofiliyo, vinaidan qarTuli saxelmwifoebrioba moispo dasavleT saqarTveloSi _ is pirdapir SeierTa bizantiis imperiam, xolo raRac dros _ aRmosavleT saqarTveloSic. me ramdenadac mesmis, es rogor moxda, sabolood garkveuli ar aris imitom, rom mefeebis saxelebi erTmaneTs ar emTxveva. Cvens wyaroebSi Cndeba farsman mefe, sxva wyaroebiT ki, TiTqos mefoba am dros ukve aRar aris, magram SesaZloa farsmani ukve Zalauflebadakarguli mefe yofiliyo an vinme amdagvari. yovel SemTxvevaSi, daaxloebiT VI saukunis pirvel mesamedSi sparselebmac moaxerxes aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi mefobis gauqmeba. iseTi viTareba Seiqmna, rom erovnuli saxelmwifoebrioba TiTqmis mTel qveyanaSi gamqrali iyo. sabednierod, arc bizantielebs da arc sparselebs azrad ar mosvliaT, qveynis Sida wyoba daerRviaT, rac, sxvaTa Soris, Cvens istoriaSi mxolod da mxolod 1801 wlis Semdeg moxda. dampyrobni Tu Cvenze moZalebuli sxva saxelmwifoebi qveynis bedis amgvar gadagrexas ar fiqrobdnen, magram, asea Tu ise, sakuTari xelisufali aRar iyo. sabednierod, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi es cota xans gagrZelda. ajanyeba moxda da sparselebma, etyoba, ifiqres, rom mTavari iyo mefes mefe ar rqmeoda, raTa ar earseba tituls, romelic vinmes wodebulebiT maT SahinSasTan miaaxlovebda. am mizeziT, maT qarTlis samefos mkvidrT ufleba misces, rom sakuTari erisTavTa mTavari, ase vTqvaT, mTavari erisTavi hyolodaT. es gaxldaT guaram erismTavari, romlis saxli Semdeg erT xans qarTls marTavs da erismTavarTa Tanamdebobazec monacvleobs. es tituli Semdeg droebiT sxva saxlma Caigdo xelSi. erTi sity-

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viT, erTob rTuli, areuli viTarebaa, magram, asea Tu ise, es SesaZlo da Zalian saxifaTo wyvetili, sabednierod, ver moxda _ xana, romelic gavida mefobis gauqmebidan erismTavrobis SemoRebamde, ar aRmoCnda iseTi, rom qarTlis samefos anu dRevandeli qarTl-kaxeTisa da samxreT saqarTvelos cxovrebaSi raRac arsobrivi morRveuliyo.

VI saukunis meore naxevari ukve kvlav saxelwifoebriobis xanaa, Tumca TbilisSi sparselTa marzpani zis. rogorc Cans, is metismetad ereva aqaur saqmeebSi da cdilobs, zemoqmedeba moaxdinos adgilobriv xelisufalTa gadawyvetilebebze, bolos da bolos, amisaTvis iyo kidec dasmuli. da mainc, rogorc Cvens istoriaSi araerTxel momxdara, qarTvelebi Tu qarTlelebi (rogorc gnebavT, ise daarqviT) axerxeben, sakuTari cxovrebiT icxovron. amas didebulic axerxebs da ubralo mosaxleobac. amis sabuTad Tundac is gamodgeba, rom VI saukunis miwuruli mcxeTis wm. jvris taZris aSenebis xanaa da albaT ar aris saWiro maincadamainc imis mtkiceba, rom es taZari, Tavisi mxatvruli raobiT, Tundac adgilmdebareobiT, erTgvari deklaraciaa. mTis Tavze agebuli taZari aragvisa da mtkvris xeobas gadmohyurebs da TiTqos jvris triumfze laparakobs. is marTlac uflobs sivrces da, cxadia, amas simboluri mniSvnelobac aqvs. didad samtkicebeli albaT arc isaa, rom Tavad mis arqiteqturaSi araviTari dabeCavebuloba, Tundac dramtuloba, brZolisa da dapirispirebis an cilobis aranairi anarekli araa. dgas gamarjvebuli sarwmunoebis, gamarjvebuli qveynis suliskveTebiT ganmsWvaluli arqiteqtura. yovel SemTxvevaSi, is gamarjvebaze laparakobs da, Tu gindaT, CavTvaloT, rom es uflis gamarjvebaa. Tumca, roca adamianebis ganwyoba sxvanairia, maSin qristianuli simboloebi, romlebic maradisobaze metyveleben, saRvTo istoriis sxva mxares warmoaCenen, sxva kuTxiT aCveneben Tundac meored mosvlas, mis dramatizms da es bunebrivia _ qveynierebis aRsasruli da axali sufevis mosvla martivi ver iqneba. am SemTxvevaSi, Cven gansxeulebul imeds vxedavT. CemTvis ase vambob xolme: dgas gansxeulebuli imedi, romelic ukve sasoeba

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da rwmenaa, radgan iq ar aris arc erTi fTila eWvisa, arc raime xazi, mimaniSnebeli sevdasa an amqveyniur vnebaTaRelvaze. amgvari araferia _ sufTa saxiT dgas sasoebis gansxeuleba. rogor movediT aqamde? am SemTxvevaSi, Cveni sulieri cxovrebisaTvis uaRresad mniSvnelovania sxva ram: VI saukune Cvens qveyanaSi ber-monazvnuri cxovrebis damkvidrebis xanaa. ber-monazvnobas uzarmazari wvlili aqvs Sua saukuneebis qristianul kulturaSi, Tumca es albaT salaparakoc araa. monastria is kera, romelic qmnis zneobriv magaliTs, romlis wiaRSi iSveba ideebi, ibadeba xelovneba, zneobrivi suliskveTeba. bolos da bolos, I aTaswleulis mTeli meore naxevari, gansakuTrebiT, VIII saukunis aqeT, daaxloebiT, XII saukunis bolomde, Cvens kulturaSi swored wminda berebis Taosnobis, saxelmwifosa da qveynis cxovrebaze wminda berebis gavlenis epoqaa da, faqtobrivad, yvela kulturuli niSansveti dakavSirebulia monastrebTan, winamZRvrebTan, wminda berebTan, wminda mamebTan, dasawyisi ki am epoqisa swored VI saukuneSia. piradad me usafuZvlod mimaCnia, eWvi SevitanoT Tundac im cnobaSi, rom pirveli monastrebi, romlebic werilobiT Cans, klarjeTSi wm. vaxtang gorgaslis daarsebulia. vfiqrob, araferi warmoudgeneli amaSi ar aris. sxva ambavia, rom Cven imdroindeli nagebobebis kvals ver mivageniT, magram miugnebeli imdeni ram gvaqvs, rom amis gamorcxva, mgoni, maincdamainc swori arc am SemTxvevaSi iqneba. Tumca isic cxadia, rom es forma qristianuli cxovrebisa, rogorc Cans, farTod gavrcelebuli ar yofila. yovel SemTxvevaSi, VI saukunis Cveni usaxelganTqmulesi saeklesio moRvaweebis _ aTcamet asurel mamaTa _ `cxovrebebSi~ kargad Cans, rom imdroindel sazogadoebas akvirvebs, vin arian es marto mcxovrebi adamianebi. SesaZlebelia, rom qarTlis imdroindel macxovreblebs, romlebic zogadsacxovrebel monastrebs icnobdnen, martomyofoba, calke yofna, uSen adgilas yofna eucxoebodaT. esec SesaZlebelia da am yvelafers garkveva unda. da mainc, asea Tu ise, rodesac iseTi araCveulebrivi moRvaweebi, rogorebic arian wm. ioane zedazneli, wm. daviT gare-

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jeli, wm. Sio mRvimeli da sxvani, Tav-TavianT adgilas mkvidrdebian, maT maincdamainc bevri mimyoli ar hyavT. mimdevrebi mere da mere Cndebian. ara mxolod imitom, rom maT Sesaxeb ar ician, aramed imitomac, rom TavisTavad maTi moRvaweobis forma, rogorc Cans, mTlad gasagebi araa. amas garda, Tavad beruli ideali, romelsac isini amkvidreben, zogadad im droisaTvis sakmaod ucnauri Cans. me, yovel SemTxvevaSi, yovelTvis makvirvebda, rom isini ar aSeneben eklesiebs. eklesiebi iq Cndeba karga xnis Semdeg, garkveuli daxanebiT. wm. Siom aaSena eklesia mxolod maSin, roca bevri Zma moikriba, manamde es mas azrad ar mosvlia. wm. daviT garejeli saerTodac ar apirebs eklesiis aSenebas. madlierebis niSnad eklesias agebs iq misuli da wm. daviTs Sevedrebuli bubaqari, rusTavis didebuli. taZris mSenebloba misi Taosnobaa, wm. daviTisa ar aris. ra iyo es, ra formaa? me vfiqrob, rom es Cvens mkvlevarT kidev gasarkvevi aqvT. samagierod, naTelia is, rom am berebis moRvaweobisas (es, gansakuTrebiT, wm. daviT garejelze iTqmis), xdeba ZvelTaZveli samSeneblo teqnikis, niSandobliv, kldeSi nakafi xuroTmoZRvrebis aRorZineba. is, rogorc Cans, ramdenime saukune aRar arsebobda, yovel SemTxvevaSi, jerjerobiT aseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba. II saukunis aqeT nageboba ar Cans da SesaZlebelia, mitovebulicaa. asea Tu ise, SiomRvimis mermindeli senakebi, sadRac zeviT, ferdze arsebuli sadgomebi, romlebSic berebi cxovrobdnen, arqeologiuri gamokvlevis mixedviT, Zv. w. I aTaswleulis dasawyisis, savaraudod, mitovebuli sofeli yofila. saxlebSi xom ar Seuvardebodnen?! Tan ukve carielia, daclilia. rogorc Cans, am Zveli soflebis gamocarieleba moxda da axla iwyeba kldeSi nakafi mSenebloba, romelic ukve Semdeg, Tamar mefis xanaSi, varZiis monastriT dagvirgvindeba. sxva mxriv, CvenSi monastrebis gaCena da momravleba mniSvnelovania imitomac, rom sakmaod xSirad swored monastrebSi Cndeba VI saukunis Cveni saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebis erTi mniSvnelovani qmnileba _ e.w. sameklesiiani bazilika. es aris eklesia, romelsac garedan rom Sexedav, bazilikas hgavs _

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SuaSi aziduli aris orqanobad gadaxuruli frontoniani moculoba da aqeT-iqiT calqanobad Camodis. SigniT rom Sedixar, irkveva, rom es navebi ar aris da Sua moculoba gamoyofilia kedlebiT. ratom unda gaCeniliyo aseTi nageboba? rogorc Cans (yovel SemTxvevaSi, jerjerobiT amis monacvle damajerebeli varaudi ar arsebobs), marTali unda iyos giorgi CubinaSvili, roca fiqrobs, rom kerZo wirvebis saWiroeba gaCnda. amitomac ZiriTad sakurTxevelTan erTad damatebiTi sakurTxevlebi Cndeba, Tanac ratomRac _ ori. ratom aris maincdamainc sami trapezi aseTi mniSvnelovani imdroindeli Cveni eklesiis cxovrebisaTvis, samwuxarod, aravin icis da, jerjerobiT, ar Cans imis saSualebac, rom es ramenairad gairkves. Tumca, ar gamovricxav, rom wyaroebis sxvanairad wakiTxvisas raRacas mivagnoT kidec. yovel SemTxvevaSi, jer Cveni codna amas ver Seswvdeba. Tumca faqtia _ iseTi nageboba, sadac sami trapezis arseboba meordeba, sakmaod bevria da XI saukunemde arsebobs. Semdeg wyvetaa da XIV-XVI saukuneebSi isev aris ramdenime amgvari Senoba. ratom aris es mniSvnelovani? TavisTavad nageboba, sadac sam egvtersa da sam sakurTxevels vxedavT, SeiZleba inaxos sxvaganac. magaliTad, yofil iugoslaviaSi aris mTeli jgufi amgvari adreqristianuli Senobebisa, oRond SuaSi iq centruli, gumbaTovani nageboba dgas. aseTive aris palestinaSi. marTalia, es bazilikebia, magram aseTive kompoziciaa. Tumca saqme isaa, rom imave samxreT slavebis qveynebSi am kompoziciam tipis xasiaTi ver SeiZina. es, rogorc Cans, sami wmindanis Tayvaniscemis saWiroebasTan misadagebuli Senobebia. maT Soris araviTari xazi ar Cans, ver mixvdebi, rom es adamianTagan gardasaxuli erTi kompoziciaa. es aris gancalkevebuli nagebobebi gansxvavebuli komponentebiT, sakmaod msxvaobri, erTmaneTisac armgvani. CvenTan kidev vxedavT am birTvs sami sadgomiT, sami trapeziT, romelic Semdeg, VI saukunis ganmavlobaSi, sakmarisad swrafad ganicdis transformacias da VI saukunis bolosa da VII saukunis dasawyisSi viRebT kompozicias, sadac SuaSi aris darbazuli sivrce, calnaviani, aqeT-

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iqiT sakurTxevels, Sua afsids axlavs gverdiTi oTaxebi da am gverdiTi oTaxebis dasavleTiT kidev afsiduri an sworkuTxa sakurTxevelia, magram aucileblad aris ori trapezi. dasavleTidan es gverdiTi sivrceebi SeerTebulia derefniT da gamodis garSemosavleli, sammxrivi garSemosavleli. es amgvari eklesiis marTlac optimaluri dagegmarebaa. mogviano xanaSi isev xdeba am kompoziciis gamartiveba. erTi ram aris kidev ucnauri: es kompozicia, martivi saxiT, Cndeba qvemo qarTlSi da mere ratomRac yvelaferi kaxeTSi inacvlebs. qarTlSi is ukve mxolod VI saukunis bolosken Tu sulac VII saukuneSi brundeba (ufliscixis naqalaqarze Sendeba amgvari eklesia) da mere ukve, gardamaval xanaSi, aris sxvaganac. ratom moxda aseTi minacvl-monacvleba, ver getyviT, magram es faqtia. Zalian mniSvnelovania isic, rom erT-erTi nairsaxeoba am e.w. sameklesiiani bazilikisa VI saukunis pirvel naxevarSi aigo afxazeTSi, gagraSi. Tan is zustad TariRdeba imis gamo, rom gverdiT dgas bizantiuri cixesimagre, romelic iustiniane keisris brZanebiT aSenda. wyoba, faqtobrivad, igivea anu igive ostatebi aSeneben da ormagi sakvirvelebaa: (1) ratom dgas eklesia cixis gareT, gaugebaria da (2) ratom iSeneben bizantieli mecixovneni qarTuli yaidis taZars, romelic maT qveyanaSi ar aris, ar viciT. iqneb imitom, rom mSenebeli adgilobrivia, damkveTi ki _ bizantieli? Tumca, rogor moxvda aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi guSin wamoCituli es dagegmareba ukve lixs iqiT, ai, es Zalze sagulisxmo da dasafiqrebelia. es albaT kidev erTi maniSnia imisa, rom kulturul-sulieri erToba am politikurad jerac gauerTianebel qveyanaSi ukve arsebobs da Tanac Rrmad fesvgadgmulia. sxvagvarad amis axsna miWirs. es rom pirdapir gameorebuli nageboba yofiliyo, kidev gavigebdi, magram is gadasxvaferebulic aris _ hgavs aqaurebs, magram identuri araa. adamiani, romelic mas aSenebs, Tavis Wkuaze akeTebs imas, rac aqeT, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, naxa. sameklesiiani bazilikis gamoCena kidev erTi dasturia imisa, rom qarTveli mSeneblebi, am sityvis namdvi-

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li gagebiT, Tavisuflebi arian. maTi Tavisufleba Tavneboba araa, maT mxolod ician, rogor ganaxorcielon da nivTierqmnan WeSmariti, swori da aucilebeli sakuTari moTxovnilebisa da qveynis moTxovnebis Sesabamisad. amgvarive viTarebaa Cvens gumbaTovan arqiteqturaSi. unda iTqvas, rom VI saukunidan gumbaTiani arqiteqtura aRmosavleT saqristianoSi, bizantiis ZiriTad centrebSi mainc, wamyvani xdeba. am mxriv, Cven SeiZleba odnav CamovrCebiT kidec, magram isev imitom, rom Tuki iustiniane didi aia sofias gumbaTovan taZars aSenebs (Tumca gumbaTovani taZrebi im dros konstantinopolSi ukve aris da winandeli bazilikebis adgilas Sendeba, maT pirdapir enacvleba), is aSkarad romauli da elinisturi arqiteqturis gamocdilebas efuZneba. magaliTad, nebismieri mamkobi detali korinTuli orderis gardasaxvaa da Tumc korinTuli kapiteli srulebiT gardaqmnilia, saboloo jamSi, Tu CaeZiebi, aRmoaCen, rom birTvi, idea swored isaa. es ostatebis SemoqmedebiT wvas odnavac ar akninebs, magram aseTia gza, romliTac isini midian, xolo Cveni ostatebi Ziebisas sxva gzas adganan. ra gaakeTes maT? am adrindel xanaSi Cven or tips vxedavT da erT-erTi martivi jvrisebri gegmaa. warmoidgineT jvari, masze amoyvanili moculoba da, faqtobrivad, igive jvrisebri gegma, oRond ara erTi afsidiT aRmosavleTiT da sami sworkuTxa mklaviT, aramed oTxi afsidiT. es oTxi afsidi ise gamoiyureba, rogorc oTxyura yvavili. samwuxarod, uZvelesi magaliTebi am eklesiebisa zustad ver gviTariRdeba _ maTgan warwera erTsac ar aqvs da arc raime pirdapiri werilobiTi cnoba mogvepoveba. Tumca, rac dro gadis, yuradRebas ufro iqcevs ori maTgani da orive kaxeTSia. erTi aris e.w. Zveli gavazi, eklesia romelic amJamad sofel axalsofelSia (ase rom, sofel gavazSi nuravin wava) da meore _ e.w. erelaanT saydari soflis gareT axmetasTan. Zveli gavazi oTxyura, e.w. tetrakonqis tipis, nagebobaa, erelaanT saydari ki _ jvisebri, e.w. Tavisufali jvris tipisa. me meCveneba, rom am eklesiaTagan VI saukunis pirvel aTwleulebs erTic ar cdeba, Zveli gavazi

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V saukuniskenac ki aris (ase minda an meCveneba). samwuxarod, IX saukuneSi Tu X saukunis dasawyisSi is Zlier gadakeTda, mere XIX saukuneSi kvlav SekeTda da, ra Tqma unda, kvali amanac waSala. amitom erTmniSvnelovani pasuxi Cvens SekiTxvebs, yovel SemTxvevaSi, jerjerobiT ar eqneba. iqneb arqeologiam mogvces rame, magram Catarebuli gawmendiTi samuSaoebisas araferi aRmouCeniaT, yovel SemTxvevaSi, me ar gamigia. Tumca raRac niSnebi aq ufro meadreveba, vidre erelaanT saydarSi. ra Cans aq? im uamravi tipidan, uamravi gegmidan, romelic adreqristianul xanaSi arsebobda, qarTvelma ostatebma es ori martivi tipi airCies. ver vityviT, rom maT sxva ar icodnen, vinaidan gvaqvs II Tu III saukunis eqvsafsidiani nageboba bagineTSi, armazcixeSi, mcxeTaSi. Tumca arCevani, romelic maT gaakeTes, swori iyo. ostatebi martiv, cxad da Tan srulebiT simetriul kompoziciebs irCeven, rac mgonia, rom Zalian mniSvnelovania. irCeven kompozicias, romelic yvela mxaris absolutur identurobas gulisxmobs. ver vityvi, rom, wirva-locvis TvalsazrisiT, es maincadamainc mosaxerxebelia. adamiani eklesiaSi Sevides da sakurTxevels ver cnobdes, cxadia, mTlad kargi ar aris. ra Tqma unda, Zvel droSi saqmes Sveloda an kankeli, romelic albaT yvelgan iyo, an trapezi, an raime sxva mowyobiloba, magram arqiteqturulad iq yvelaferi Tanabaria da ar aris mabiZgi, romelic maincdamainc sakurTxevlisaken Semogabrunebda. da mainc, imdroindeli adamianis Sinagani gancdisaTvis es zedmiwevniTi garindeba, rogorc Cans, mosawonia. Tumca garindeba araswori sityva mgonia, radgan iq ar aris rindi, ar aris gaSeSebuloba, aramed erTgvari SeCerebaa, Seyovnebaa. es is aris, rasac eZeben. ai, Sevida, dadga da, saiTac unda gaixedos, yvelgan erTi da igivea. is koncentrirebulia raRacaze, TvalisaTvis wylis dasalevinebeli ki, ase vTqvaT, araferia da amis arc moTxovnilebaa. am ariqiteqturas, gansakuTrebiT, Zvel gavazSi, kidev raRac ucnauri siRonivris Tviseba aqvs. ucnauri Zalaa am kedlebSi, did sarkmlebSi, did karebSi, rac agreTve raRac adreulis maniSebelia. albaT viRacas es arc moewoneba. viRac indomebs,

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rom CvenTan, rogorc bizantiis imperiis did centrebSi, raRac ufro brWyviala, mooqrul-moCuqurTmebuli iyos, viRac mozaikas moisaklisebs, viRac _ iatakis Wrel marmarilos. moTxovnileba da gemovneba bevrnairi arsebobs, magram faqtia, rom Cvens winaprebs maSin, VI saukuneSi, aseTi arqiteqtura undodaT da, radgan SeeZloT, akeTebdnen imas, rac surdaT. me vfiqrob, es Zalian mniSvnelovania imis dasadgenad, rom qveyanaSi SemoqmedebiTi muxti arsebobs.

Cven xSirad gvaviwydeba, rom SemoqmedebiToba ar niSnavs, arafridan Seqmna raRac _ es adamians, ubralod, ar xelewifeba. roca cariel adgilze epotinebi raRac dids, es, rogorc wesi, ukve gakeTebulis met-naklebad umweo gadmoReba-gameorebaa. esec gzaa da am gzazec SesaZloa warmatebuli nabijebis gadadgma, magram Cvenma winaprebma sxva gza airCies. maT arCies, Tavisive sargo, mosaxdeni da mosawoni TviTonve SeeqmnaT. marTlac, Zalian cxadlivia, rogor xdeba arqiteqturuli formebis TandaTanobiT moxelTeba. ai, es amoirCies, arsebobis es forma da cota xanSi, daaxloebiT, VI saukunis mesame meoTxedSi, ninowmindaSi viRac (vin, ar viciT) aSenebs taZars da am oTxyuras, tetrakonqs, umatebs kidev oTx sadgoms. risTvis akeTebs amas? imisTvis, rom gumbaTuri sivrce ufro didi gaxados. gumbaTqveSa kuTxeebi TiTqos gaiSala. arada, Tavidan afsidebi erTmaneTs kuTxeebiT miadges. axla am kuTxeebs Soris kidev monakveTi gaCnda da gumbaTi gaizarda, gumbaTqveSa farTobi da sivrcec, bunebrivia, ufro warmosadegi, monumenturi da sazeimo gamovida. saubedurod, taZari Zalian dangreulia da Cven es mxolod unda warmovisaxoT. Tumca, rodesac gadarCenil sakurTxevels uyureb, sakmaod misaxvedria, Tu rogor gamoiyureboda is Tavidan.

Cven vxedavT Ziebas da es gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, radgan cota xanSi amas mohyveba mcxeTis jvris taZari, sadac gaTamaSebulia kuTxis oTaxebis Tema Tu motivi, oRond kidev ufro gamdidrebulia kompozicia. ranairad? rodesac ninowmindelma ostatma oTaxebi kuTxeebSi moaTavsa, isini raRac gaugebari mimarTulebiT iribulad damxobili gamovida,

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mcxeTis jvris ostatma ki aiRo da oTaxebi afsidebisadmi kuTxiT daalaga da ara paralelurad. samagierod, adgilebSi, sadac ninowmindaSi oTaxebi iyo, man moaTavsa niSebi, romlebic mTavari sivrcidan kuTxis oTaxebamde gardamavalia da es Sua sivrcis erTgvari gamafarToebelia, im kuTxis sivrceebis erTgvari winkaria. srulebiT aSkaraa, rom mcxeTis jvris ostatma naxa ninowmindis taZari da kompozicia ase moifiqra. TiTqos araferia, magram sagulisxmoa, roca SegviZlia ase TvalnaTliv davinaxoT, rogor midioda arqiteqturuli azris ganviTareba, es ki arqiteqturis istoriaSi xSiri araa. VI saukuneSi ori Tema _ tetrakonqi da sameklesiiani bazilika _ gvaZlevs amis SesaZleblobas. Cven vxedavT, rogor eZebdnen qarTveli ostatebi, ra undodaT maT, rogor midioda maTi fiqri da Zieba. nu vifiqrebT, rom es hgavs dRevandel Ziebas, rodesac adamiani Tavis magidas miujdeba da dafiqrdeba, rogor Seqmnas raRac gaugonari da arnaxuli. is adamianebi ase ar fiqrobdnen. maT hqondaT garkveuli davaleba, mas asrulebdnen da cdilobdnen, arsebuli SesaZleblobebiT kargad gaekeTebinaT. SesaZleblobaTa gamdidreba SemoqmedebiTi fiqrisa da Rvwis gzaze _ ai, es aris albaT is, rasac SeiZleba daerqvas xelovnebis ganviTareba, rac ar niSnavs imas, rom naklebad rTuli ar varga da umjobesia ufro rTuli kompozicia. zogjer, mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT, isini tolfasia an sulac primitiuli jobs. marTlac rTulia mcxeTis jvarze ukeTesi ramis warmodgena da, zogadadac, droSi momdevno, raRacis gamTvaliswinebel-ganmaviTarebeli, maSinaTve ukeTesi rodia. is ukeTesi unda iyos sxva niSnebiT da ara imiT, rom ufro ganviTarebulia. ganviTarda imitom, rom win raRac samagaliTo hqonda da icoda, ra da rogor unda moeSvelebia. mniSvnelovania TavisTavad Zieba. yovel SemTxvevaSi, Cveni qveynis SemoqmedebiTi istoria amas gveubneba: sadac iwyeba gameoreba, iq misabaZis tolfasic ver iqmneba. rogorc Cans, gameorebuli mainc meqanikurobis erTgvar elements Seicavs, raRacis bolomde ganucdel-gaufiqrebelobas _ raRac viciT, cota

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SeiZleba kidec movakeliT an wavamateT, Tumca, arsebiTad, gavimeoreT, ar gvinda, rom mas gavcdeT, ar gvinda, Tavi gavicxeloT, rad gvinda gansacdeli, xom viciT, rogoric gamodis da TiTqos vfiqrobT, dae, iyos aseTiveo. da mainc, Cveni qveynis yvelaze didi SemoqmedebiTi monapovrebi swored iq aris, sadac bedaven. kidev vambob, es ar aris ampartavnuli `axla dagimtkicebT~. es naZaladeoba, Zalad siaxle, aCemebiT mignebuli axleburoba yovelTvis TvalsaCinoa. Tundac kargi xelovneba iyos, mainc dahkravs elferi, TiTqos vambobT, SemomxedeT, rogori varo. es SeiZleba, srulebiT konkretuli niSnebiTac iyos naCvenebi, rac araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar iTqmis, rasakvirvelia, zogadad Sua saukuneebis xelovnebaze da arc am epoqis xelovnebaze. SemoqmedebiToba aseT principul maZieblobas ar niSnavs, es ufro niWierebis Tvisebaa, vidre raime lozungi. roca novatorobaze Zalian bevrs laparakoben, piradad me yovelTvis meeWveba, rom es adamiani raime axlis Semqmneli iyos. geronti qiqoZes aqvs erTgan naTqvami, Cveni winaprebi istorias imitom ar werdnen, rom istorias qmnidneno. Tu axals qmni, siaxleze bevri laparakisa da lozungebis Txzvis aRarc dro ar gaqvs da aRarc xalisi. ras izam, rTulia es yvelaferi. asea Tu is, es awewili droa _ xan ajanyebaa, xan xelisuflebaTa cvlaa, xanac, piriqiT, rRvevaa. bizantielebisa da sparselebis erTgvari Widilia _ xan pirdapir omi, xan ki diplomatiuri xrikebiT aq damkvidrebis mcdeloba. magaliTad, marzapani TbilisSi zis, qarTlis erisTavebi ki bizantiis imperatoris naboZeb sakariskaco titulebs atareben. risTvis mianiWes? ra Tqma unda, gadasabireblad. magram es xom rTuli TamaSia? qarTlis erismTavari iZulebulia, bizantiels iseTnairad daukavSirdes, rom maincdamainc arc sparseli gaabrazos, ar ganarisxos. mgoni, stefanoz I-ze pirdapir uTqvamT, ver ikadrebda mefed wodebas SiSisaTvis sparsTao. mefe iyo sinamdvileSi, magram sityva `mefe~ ver warmoTqva, Tavis monetebze ver dawera. moneta moWra da mefe varo, ver daawera, radgan ayridnen, gadaasaxlebdnen mTels Tu ara naxevar

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mosaxleobas. ra Tqma unda, xelisufals axsovda qveSevrdomTa winaSe Tavisi pasuxismgebloba. ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom qveSevrdomis sicocxle Zvel dros metad fasobda. SekiTxvaze, Tu vin aris kargi mxedarTmTavari, Tu ar vcdebi, Teimuraz batoniSvilma upasuxa, is, visac naklebi jariskaci daeRupebao. albaT dameTanxmebiT, rom es ar hgavs XX saukunis trategias. magaliTad, sabWoTa sardloba, oRondac miznisTvis mieRwia, asiaTasobiT gawyvetil samxedros srulebiT ar naRvlobda. gavixsenoT qerCi, romelic amis klasikuri magaliTia: naxevari jari pirdapir zRvaSi CaaxrCves da meore naxevari zemodan gadaatares. amas qarTveli verc Zvelad da verc sxva droSi ver gaakeTebda. Tavganwirva maSin sxvaTa gawirvas ar niSnavda, Tavdadeba maT sxvanairad esmodaT. amas winaT erT saubars Seveswari imis Taobaze, msxverpli rogor unda Segvewira. marTlac uxerxulia, amas cocxali adamiani qadagebdes da Tanac saR-salamaTi. nuTu anderZad unda daeweraT, axla dasaRupavad mivdivarT da ager SemogvxedeT, qveyanas mtlad rogor davedebiTo. yovel SemTxvevaSi, Zveli saqarTvelos zneobisaTvis es namdvilad Seusabamoa. ase ar fiqrobdnen da sxvis sicocxles iolad ver imetebdnen Cveni winaprebi. maSasadame, amgvar viTarebaSi aSkarad mimdinareobs SemoqmedebiTi Rvwa da, am SemTxvevaSi, arqiteqtura, ubralod, yvelaze kargad aris SemorCenili. eWvi ar aris, rom paralelurad mqandakeblobac namdvilad arsebobda, radgan e.w. qvajvrebi swored am dros vrceldeba. es iyo erTgvari sworkuTxa boZebi, romlebsac oTxive mxare morTuli hqondaT. mxareTagan orze, zogjer samzec, reliefuri gamosaxulebebi iyo, romelime mxares, erTs an ors, ornamentuli samkaulic aucileblad hqonda da es jvriT gvirgvindeboda. VI-VII saukuneebSi amgvari qvajvrebi gansakuTrebiT bevri qvemo qarTlSi keTdeba, magram isini kaxeTSic da samxreT saqarTveloSic moiZebneba. albaT iqneboda mxatvrobac. Tumca dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom maSin, iseve, rogorc momdevno saukuneebSi, XI saukunis daaxloebiT pirveli meoTxedis CaTvliT, eklesiebi mTlianad ar ixateboda. SeiZleba ixateba sakurTxe-

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veli an, mTlianad sakurTxeveli ki ara, mxolod e.w. konqi, afsidis meoTxedsferuli dagvirgvineba, sadac albaT macxovari an jvari gamoisaxeboda. yovelive es SemorCenili ar gvaqvs da amitom mxolod varauds gamovTqvamT. viciT, rom mcxeTis jvris mcire eklesiaSi, romelic VI saukunisaa, sakurTxevelSi namdvilad iyo mozaika, magram marto kenWebi gvaqvs da CvenTvis ucnobia, is ras gamoxatavda. albaT iyo kidev sxva Zeglebic. arqeologiuri gaTxrebis dros iqneb sadme kidev gamoCndes axali masala. am dros ukve kankelebic keTdeba _ keTdeba adgilobrivad da zogjer kidec CamoaqvT. magaliTad, kankelisa Tu zRudisaTvis mcxeTis jvarSi namdvilad gamoiweres marmarilos filebi konstantinopolidan. erTi zed gamosaxuli jvriT SemorCenilic ki gvaqvs. kankelebi am drosac unda yofiliyo, Tumca gviani xanis ufro metia. cxadia, iqneboda mcire xelovnebis nimuSebic da moxda ise, rom viciT kidec, magaliTad, adrindeli liTonis nivTebi rodis daiRupa _ 620-ian wlebSi, VII saukuneSi, rodesac herakle keisarma Tbilisi aiRo. somex mematianes uweria, rom CamorTmeuli liTonis nakeTobebis mTeli grova dadga. cxadia, es iyo WurWeli, magram ueWvelia, rom iqve kandelebi, jvrebi, samRvdelmsaxuro WurWeli da, vin icis, ukve xatebic iqneboda. ar aris gamoricxuli, ferweruli xatebiც arsebuliyo, magram maTi kvali jerjerobiT isev da isev ar Cans. vnaxoT, ar aris gamoricxuli, rom romelime gadaweril xatze uceb aRmoCndes qvefena, romelic Zalian adreuli iqneba. amis gamoricxva ar SeiZleba, magram jerjerobiT aseTi suraTia. isic SesaZlebelia, arqeologiuri gaTxrebis dros sadme liTonis nakeTobebic gamoCndes, Tumca isini jerjerobiT isev ar gvaqvs. yvelaze adreuli, rac mogvepoveba, VIII da IX saukuneebis nivTebia. Tumca arqiteqtura da es qvajvrebi, reliefur-CuqurTmiani svetebi, ramdenime reliefi, romlebic qvemo qarTlSi eklesiaTa karebis Tavzea (maTze, rogorc wesi, jvris amaRleba gamoisaxeba) Cven gveubneba, rom xelovnebis dargebi win midis. safiqrebelia, rom mas mihyveba sxva dargebic, romelTa Sesaxeb xelmosaWidi Cven, ubralod, araferi gvaqvs da mTeli es mcdeloba, mTeli es

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Zieba swored VI saukunis bolos da VII saukunis pirvel wlebSi gvirgvindeba. kidevac amboben xolme, rom es pirveli ayvavebaa. piradad me mainc Tavs vikaveb aseTi gansazRvrebebisagan, radgan ayvaveba gulisxmobs, rom manamde fesvi iyo da axla ki yvavilia. Zalian Zneli saTqmelia, ra ufro mniSvnelovania, iqneb fesvi yvavilze ufro Rirebulic ki iyos. rac mTavaria, darwmunebuli ar var, rom xarisxobrivad wromis taZari, vTqvaT, kawareTis samebaze an bolnisis sionze _ anu rac aSenda, yvelaferze _ ukeTesia. ar vici, es ra sazomiT unda gavzomoT. namdvilad Zalian kargia, srulyofilebis maRali xarisxia, magram Cven unda visaubroT ara Sefasebaze, aramed imaze, avida Tu ara mxatvruli Zieba garkveul safexurze, moniSna Tu ara safexuri. erTi rkali Ziebisa moTavda da, marTlac, mere vxedavT, rogor iwyeba sxva Zieba VII saukunis Sua xanebidan da rogor iSleba is ukve VIII-IX saukuneebSi. Tumca swored VI-VII saukuneebis mijnaa is pirveli SeCereba, ase vTqvaT, xana, rodesac amdenma mcdelobam yvela mimarTulebiT aSkara nayofi gamoiRo da Tu am safexuris moniSvna gvinda, 580-iani wlebidan (SeiZleba 550-iani wlebidanac ki) 630-iani wlebis CaTvliT, daaxloebiT, ormocwliani Sualedi gamodis. aqve vityvi, raTa mere aRar davubrunde, rom es xana SeiZleba ase warmovidginoT: ukiduresad daZabuli dro iyo da, politikuri TvalsazrisiT, araxelsayrelic. iyo gauTavebeli gawev-gamoweva, gamudmebuli omebi. aSkaraa, iyo msxverpli, dangreuli qalaqebi, gadamwvari soflebi. sakvirvelia, magram adamianebi, miuxedavad usasrulo glova-tirilisa, axerxebdnen da qmnidnen, Tanac qmnidnen aseT xelovnebas, xolo ra aris is, rac im dros Seiqmna, ukve sxva saubris Temaa.

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