eklesiis modelebi qvis reliefur skulpturaSi

qristine sabaSvili eklesiis modelebi qvis reliefur skulpturaSi

adreuli Sua saukuneebis qarTul safasade reliefebSi mravlad moipoveba kompoziciebi, sadac qtitori eklesiis models qristes, RmrTismSobels an romelime wmindans miagebs. zog SemTxvevaSi qtitori calkea warmodgenili eklesiiT xelSi, zogjer – mravalfigurian kompoziciaSia CarTuli. am reliefebze vxvdebiT rogorc samefo, ise didebulTa da umaRles sasuliero pirTa gamosaxulebebs. Tumca, amjerad Cven mxolod kompoziciaSi CarTuli eklesiis modelebi gvainteresebs da is sakiTxebi, rac zogadad am TemasTan aris dakavSirebuli; kerZod, Seesabameba Tu ara reliefze gamosaxuli modeli im arqiteqturas, romelsac is amkobs – zustad imeorebs realuri nagebobis formebs Tu garkveuli elementebis aqcentirebiT; raime nimuSs eyrdnoba (mxedvelobaSi maqvs wminda miwis arqiteqtura – konkretulad Sobis, aRdgomis da amaRlebis taZrebi) Tu simboluri taZris zogadi formaa gadmocemuli1 . msgavsi gamosaxulebebi taZris migebis kompoziciiT kargad aris cnobili bizantiur xelovnebaSi adreuli xanis mozaikebidan2 . dasavleT evropis xelovnebaSi ki uadresi SemorCenili nimu

1 mcire zomis reliefuri modelebiT da maTi mniSvnelobiT samecniero wreebSi 1970-iani wlebidan interesdebian da Sesabamisad, Tavs iCens kiTxvebic – modelia Tu maketi, simboluria is Tu konkretuli, arqiteqturis paralelurad iqmneba, manamde Tu dasrulebis Semdgom, wminda miwis arqiteqturis gavlenaa, pirdapiri replika, Tavisufali Semoqmedeba Tu sxva ram (S. Ćurčić, E. Hadjitryphonos, Architecture as icon: Perception and Representation of Architecture in Byzantine Art, Princeton, 2010; Donation et donateurs dans le monde byzantin. Actes du colloque international de l’Université de Fribourg (13-15 mars 2008), éd. par J. -M. Spieser et É. Yota, Paris, 2012; B. D. Wescoat, R. G. Ousterhout, Architecture of the Sacred: Space, Ritual, and Experience from Classical Greece to Byzantium, Cambridge, 2014; B. Klein, Das Abbild der Kirche – zur Vorgeschichte des Architekturmodells im 13. und 14. Jahrhundert, in: Ecclesia docta. Společenství ducha a umění: k životnímu jubileu profesora Jiřího Kuthana (=Historia et historia artium vol. XXIII), ed. by M. Nespěšná Hamsíková, J. Peroutková, St. Scholz, Prag, 2016, gv. 155-173). 2 magaliTad, eufrasiusis bazilikis VI saukunis afsidis mozaika poreCSi, sadac episkoposi eufrasiusi yrmian RmrTismSobels miagebs taZars; aseve ravenis san vitales 526 wlis eklesiis afsidis mozaika, sadac episkopos eklesiuss san-vitales asli uWiravs xelT da mas qriste-yovlismpyrobels miarTmevs; romis santa-prasedes afsidis mozaika (822 weli), romelSic papi paskal I bazilikur nagebobas miagebs qristes. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom yvela SemTxvevaSi adreul mozaikebSi eklesiis

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Sia otonuri periodis spilos Zvlis firfita imperator oto pirvelis gamosaxulebiT, xelSi magdeburgis kaTedraliT, romelsac aRsaydrebuli qriste akurTxebs (X saukune)3 . saqarTveloSi taZris migebis kompozicia X saukunidan farTod da myarad ikidebs fexs da TiTqmis yvela kuTxeSi gvxvdeba. amgvari kompoziciebis aseTi adreuli reliefuri gamosaxulebebi cnobili mxolod saqarTvelosa da somxeTSia4 . arqiteqturuli nagebobis asagebad gegmis, naxazis, Canaxatis Tu maketis Sesrulebas SemdgomSi masStabSi mis gansaxorcieleblad – an piriqiT, ama Tu im nagebobisTvis mcire maketis Sesrulebas, didi xnis istoria aqvs. amas Cvenamde moRweuli Zveli Suamdinaruli teqstebi5 , aseve Suamdinaruli saxlis modelebi da sqemebi da Zvelegvipturi naxazebi da nagebobaTa proeqtebi adasturebs. modelis cneba arc Zveli berZnebisa da romaelebisTvisaa ucxo – `movida rodosSi, Caatara sajaro leqcia da aCvena (maT) kedlis modeli, sadac man (sabrZolo) meqanizmebi ganaTavsa~ – wers vitruviusi vinme arqiteqtor kaliasze6; is aseve msjelobs modelis marTebulobaze zogierTi sagnisTvis, roca mciredan modelis did masStabSi ganxorcieleba xandaxan efeqturia, xan ki sruliad Seusabamo da, amis gamo, is damoukideblad unda iqnas kostruirebuli7 . SemorCenilia ramdenime taZris modelic antikuri xanis saberZneTidan8 . naxazis, modelis Tu maketis cneba Sua saukuneebSi (da didi xniT adrec9) saqarTveloSic

migebis aqti zeciur sferoSia gamosaxuli da mimgebeli yovelTvis episkoposi an papia. pirveli nimuSi, sadac umaRles sasuliero pirs saero xelisufali anacvlebs, aia-sofias samxreT-dasavleTi karis timpanis X saukunis mozaikaa. aq RmrTismSobels taZars imperatori iustiniane I miagebs, kompocizia zeciuri registridan miwier registrSi inacvlebs. e. lipsmaieri am kompozicias, sadac damatebiT momgeblebic arian CarTulni, `kanonebis gadacemis~ (tradicio legis) kompoziciis `memkvidred~ moiazrebs (E. Lipsmeyer, The Donor and His Church Model in Medieval Art from Early Chrisian Times to the Late Romaneqsue Period, New Brunswick, 1981, gv. 16-17). eklesiis migebis ufleba sasuliero pirebTan erTad umaRles saero pirTa prerogativac xdeba. 3 firfita TariRdeba 962-968 wlebiT, savaraudod damzadebulia milanSi. es da sxva Teqvsmeti paneli, romelzedac qristes cxovrebis amsaxveli scenebi iyo gamosaxuli, odesRac taZris interieris nawili iyo da kaTedras, qoros kars Tu sakurTxevlis kankels amkobda. 1000 wels momxdari xanZris mere nawilebad daSales da reliqvariumebis da wignebis Sesamkobad gamoiyenes. amJamad es fragmenti daculia metropoliten muzeumSi (Accession Number: 41. 100. 157). 4 P. Cuneo, Les Modèles en Pierre de l’Architecture Arménienne, Revue des Etudes Arméniennes, VI, 1969, gv. 201-231; M. C. Carile, Buildings in their Patrons’ Hand? The Multiform Function of Small Size Models between Byzantium and Transcaucasia, in: Architectural Models, Mobility, and Building Techniques: Models of Transfer in Medieval Anatolia, Byzantium, and the Caucasus, special issue of FUNUN/kunsttexte. de, ed. by P. Blessing, 3, 2014. 5 B. Satterfield, Ancient Mesopotamian Temple Building in Historical Texts and Building Inscriptions, Brigham Young University-Idaho, preprint. 6 Vitruvius, The Ten Books of Architecture, translated by M. H. Morgan, prapared by H. L. Warren, Cambridge, 1914, gv. 315. 7 iqve, gv. 316. 8 Fr. Hartt, Art, A History of Painting, Sculpture, Architecture (Prehistory, the Ancient World, the Middle Ages), vol. I, New York, 1976, gv. 104. 9 magaliTad, mcire zomis saxlis modelebi naoxvamudan (l. jiblaZe, saxlis Tixis modeli naoxvamudan da Zvel kolxur nagebobaTa sistema, iberia-kolxeTi, saqarTvelos klasikuri da adremedievuriperiodisarqeologiur-istoriulikvlevani, 6, 2010, gv. 117-124).

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arsebobs. marTalia Cvenamde moRweuli naxazebi mogviano periods ganekuTvneba, magram sarwmunoa maTi arseboba gacilebiT adrindel xanaSic10 . saqtitoro kompoziciaSi CarTuli taZrebi ar SeiZleba gagebul iqnas rogorc arsebuli arqiteqturis realuri asli11 – isini ar gulisxmobs nagebobis konstruqciuli elementebis zust asaxvas an proporciebis Sesabamisobas, Tumca, rogorc Cans, garkveuli gamocdileba mcire zomis moculobiTi modelis Seqmnisa manamdec arsebobda, rac met-naklebad aisaxa safasade reliefebze gamosaxul modelebSi. saqarTveloSi Cvenamde moRweuli Zeglebis raodenoba or aTeuls aWarbebs. sanam uSualod maT ganxilvas daviwyeb, mokled Sevexebi `aslis~ da `originalis~ sakiTxTan dakavSirebul mosazrebebs, rac bizantiaSi da, zogadad, Sua saukuneebSi arsebobda. arqiteqturuli nagebobis gamosaxvas imperiaSi ramdenime mizezi hqonda. pirvel rigSi es profesiul da dokumentur miznebs emsaxureboda gamosaxul (Tu gamosasax) nagebobebs aseve gaaCnda mxatvruli, sulieri da simboluri mniSvnelobebi. Sesrulebis mixedviT ori tipis modeli SeiZleba gamoiyos: pirveli tipis modeli asaxavda im arqiteqturul nimuSs, romelic sinamdvileSi arsebobda, an ostatTa warmosaxvaSi mainc unda earseba. magaliTisTvis SeiZleba movixmoT Teofane berZenis mier Sesrulebuli aia-sofias taZris Canaxati, romelic Semdeg mravaljer iqna gamoyenebuli sxvadasxva traqtatSi. amgvari nimuSebis Semdgomi gamoyeneba, savaraudod, originalidan daSorebul gamosaxulebas an misgan bevr „cdomilebas“ mogvcemda, rac SeuZlebels gaxdida masSi originalis amocnobas. SesaZloa, piriqiTac yofiliyo – amgvar Canaxatebze xazgasmuli yofiliyo is Taviseburebani, romlebic axasiaTebda mxolod im konkretul nagebobas da am Taviseburebebis gaZlierebuli gamosaxviT, droTa ganmavlobaSi mravaljer gadaxatuli, Secvlili nageboba metad yofiliyo dakavSirebuli „originalTan“ da Seucdomlad yofiliyo aRqmuli rogorc asli, Tumca, aseT konkretul SemTxvevebSi, Zneli dasadgenia movlenaTa ganviTarebis mimarTuleba. meore tipis modelia is, romelic winaswar sruldeboda mSeneblobis ganxorcielebamde gegmis, an maketis saxiT, misi formebis TvalsaCinoebisTvis, savaraudod, ufro saCvenebeli misiiT damkveTisTvis12 . yuradsaRebia isic, rom Sua saukuneebis adamianisTvis urTierTkavSiri originalsa da gamosaxul nagebobas Soris ganmtkicebulia im TvisebebiT, romlebic naxatSi moiazreba – iqneba es saxeli, konkretuli detali Tu nagebobidan dakopirebuli proporciebi, – rac sakmarisi iqneboda nagebobis „amosacnobad“ da rac gamoxatavda im RvTaebriv safuZvlebs, romelic miniWebuli aqvs asls originalisgan. asli

10 d. TumaniSvili, n. nacvliSvili, d. xoStaria, mSenebeliostatebiSuasaukuneebissaqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 2012, gv. 136-140. 11 Tavis statiaSi C. marinkoviCi ganixilavs sakiTxs, iyenebdnen Tu ara bizantieli arqiteqtorebi realur modelebs Tu maketebs eklesiis mSeneblobisas da Tu ki, aris Tu ara donorTa portretebSi CarTuli modelebi aseTi funciis matarebeli. avtori askvnis, rom aRniSnuli modelebi iqmneboda realuri arqiteqturis dasrulebis Semdgom da isini ar warmoadgens arqiteqturulad gamarTul maketebs (C. Marinkovic, Founder’s Model – Representation of a Maquette or the Church? Recueil des travaux de l’Institut d’etudes byzantines, XLIV, 2007, gv. 145-153). 12 d. TumaniSvili, n. nacvliSvili, d. xoStaria, mSenebeliostatebi.., gv. 68.

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flobda originalis metafizikur Zalas13 . Sua saukuneebis adamianisTvis asli moiazreboda realurad arsebuli nimuSis Tanafardad. aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom geometriis gageba sakmaod Taviseburi iyo adreul Sua saukuneebSi. magaliTad, rodesac grigol noseli (IV saukune) axsenebs gegmiT oqtagonaluri formis taZars, mis safuZvels aRwers `rogorc wres cxra kuTxiT~14 . VII saukunis frankTa episkoposi arkulfi amaRlebis gegmiT rvawaxnaga taZars zeTisxilis mTaze aRwers rogorc `rotondas~ – wriul nagebobas15 . ganixilavs ra geometriul cnebebs da elementebs, swavluli isidore sevilieli (560-636 wlebi) ambobs, rom sfero aris mrgvali figura, romlis yvela nawili msgavsia, xolo cilindri aris naxevarwriT daboloebuli kvadratuli figura; piramidis wvers igi cecxlis als adarebs16 . amgvari damokidebuleba geometriuli formisadmi cota ar iyos saeWvos xdis imas, ra SeiZleba CaiTvalos aslad dRevandeli gadasaxedidan. RvTaebrivi meditaciiT ganmsWvaluli bizantiuri xelovnebisTvis mniSvnelovani iyo gamosaxuli obieqtis TiToeuli detali metafizikur WrilSi gadaewyvita, maT Soris, ra Tqma unda, nagebobis arqiteqturuli formebic. maTi filosofia, rom `sagnis gamosaxva gamarTlebulia maSin, Tu is gadmoscems TvaliT uxilav realobas, romelic SegrZnebebis miRma Zevs~17 , kidev ufro arTulebs amocanas, Tumca garkveulwilad gasagebs xdis maT damokidebulebas zogadad formisadmi. miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, Sua saukuneebis xelovanebi sakmaod didi ostatobiT da sizustiT gadmoscemdnen arqiteqturul fonebs, magaliTad, adreul mozaikebSi18 , rac aucileblad iTvaliswinebda geometriis codnas – sibrtyeze sivrculi asaxulobis Seqmna, bunebrivia, gulisxmobs aqsonometriul naxazs da orTogonalur proeqcias19 . Tumca, Tu es wesebi mozaikasa da freskaze warmodgenil arqiteqturul nagebobebSi ase Tu ise daculia, reliefSi meti Tavisufleba Cans. SeiZleba isic iTqvas, rom teqnikuri Sesrulebis mxriv ufro metad SezRuduli moqandake minimalisturi xerxebiT cdilobs mTavari detalebis CvenebiT nagebobisTvis sacnobi saxis micemas. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT qarTuli wyaroebi mwir masalas Seicavs, amdenad msjeloba didwilad TviT xelovnebis nimuSebs unda daefuZnos. qarTul qvaze kveTil qandakebaSi ori

13 garkveuli adgili, forma da nivTi Tayvansacemi obieqti iyo imdenad, ramdenadac warmoadgenda RmerTis xilul, TvalsaCino `gamaxsenebels~. yvelafers, rac Tayvaniscemis sagans warmoadgenda, hqonda funqcia – RvTaebrivi eqcia xilulad: G. Frank, The Memory of the Eyes, Piligrims to Living Saints in Christian Late Antiquity, Los Angeles – London, 2000, gv. 179. 14 Gregory of Nyssa: The Letters (Supplements to Vigiliae Christianae), Introduction, translation and commentary by A. M. Silvas, Leiden-Boston, 2007, gv. 199. 15 Bede’s Ecclesiastical History of England, A revised translation with introduction, life and notes by A. M. Sellar, London, 1907, gv. 495; Adamnan’s De locis sanctis (Scriptores Latini Hiberniae, 3), ed. by D. Meehan, Dublin, 1958, gv. 43. 16 R. Krautheimer, Introduction to..., gv. 7. 17 S. Ćurčić, E. Hadjitryphonos, Architecture as Icon..., gv. 15. 18 T. E. Eckersley, Putting Christians on the Map: Topographic Mosaics from Late Antique Jordan as Representations of Authority and Status, A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of the University of Louisville in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Art History, 2016. 19 magaliTad, episkopos eufrasiusis (VI saukune) da pap paskal I-is (IX saukune) xelT arsebuli bazilikis modelebi am principiT aris gamosaxuli.

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aTeuli nimuSi mainc SemogvrCa eklesiis gamosaxulebiani saqtitoro reliefebisa. isini SegviZlia ramdenime jgufad davyoT: pirvel jgufSi Sedis dabali reliefiT Sesrulebuli modelebi (uravlis agara, breZa, caiSi, darya, benisi20 , Sepiaki, webelda) – umeteswilad darbazuli eklesiebi; meore jgufi pirobiTad horeliefur modelebs aerTianebs (dolisyana, oSki, iSxani, yvelaanTubani, qoroRo); calke aRsaniSnavia samnaviani bazilikis modelebi, romlebic xandaxan SesaZloa minaSenebian darbazul eklesiebadac iqnas aRqmuli – amgvaria bzis taZris aRmosavleT fasadze gamosaxuli sakmaod ucnauri modeli da joisubnis darbazuli eklesiis sarkmlis moCarCoebaSi CarTuli modeli21; kidev erT jgufs warmoadgens is reliefebi, sadac erTnaviani Tu samnaviani taZrebi samxreTi fasadiT aris gamosaxuli da samTaRediT gaxsnili SesasvlelebiT aris aqcentirebuli (kvaisa jvari, yvelaanTubani); calke jgufia gumbaTiani taZrebis modelebi (opiza, oSkis ori modeli, javaxeTis axaSeni, dolisyana, eruSeTis wyarosTavi22 , axalcixe, xoJorni) da misi erTgvari qvejgufi gansxvavebuli midgomiT jvar-gumbaTovani taZris gadawyvetisadmi, rac arqiteqturis TaviseburebiT an ostatis damokidebulebiT SeiZleba aixsnas (atenis taZris modeli); da bolos, aris modelebi, romelTa ucnauri arqiteqtura maTi romelime jgufSi gaerTianebis saSualebas ar gvaZlevs (fetobani) an cudi daculobis Tu uxarisxo fotomasalis gamo amJamad ukve SeuZlebelia konkretulad risame Tqma (zegani). safasado saqtitoro reliefebi eklesiis modeliT ZiriTadad ramdenime adgilze gvxvdeba – aRmosavleT fasadze sakurTxevlis sarkmlis Tavze (uravlis agara, benisi, yvelaanTubani)23 , eklesiis an misi minaSenis samxreT fasadze, dasavleTi an samxreTi karis Tavze (Tumca, ramdenime reliefi, romelic amJamad dasavleTiT aris Casmuli, ar aris Tavdapirvel adgilas – magaliTad, axaSenSi). gvxvdeba sxva adgilzec (dolisyana, qoroRo, ateni). gvaqvs iseTi reliefebic, romelTa Tavdapirveli adgilmdebareoba ucnobia imis gamo, rom arqiteqturul nagebobas Cvenamde ar mouRwevia da arc raime cnoba Semonaxula masze (caiSi, axalcixe, iSxani). zemoT CamoTvlili nimuSebis ganxilvas darbazuli eklesiis modelebiT daviwyebT. Sesrulebis maneris mixedviT gamosaxvis ramdenime xerxi gvaqvs – gvxvdeba dabali reliefiT Sesrulebuli, fonidan CakveTili moculobis saxiT, fonis sibrtyidan odnav amoweuli da horeliefuri modelebi.

20 benisis modeli SedarebiT moculobiTia da ufro „naZerwi~ formebiT gamoirCeva, vidre sxva CamoTvlili darbazuli eklesiebisa, Tumca arc imdenad moculobiTi, rogorc qoroRosa da iSxnis taZrebi. 21 orsave SemTxvevaSi realuri arqiteqtura ar Seesabameba reliefze gamosaxul taZrebs, am jgufSi Semavali nagebobebis klasifikacia pirobiTia da modelebi SesaZloa nagebobisgan gancalkevebulad iqnas ganxiluli. 22 eruSeTis wyarosTavis reliefze msjeloba SemorCenili fotos mixedviT ver xerxdeba, Tumca taZris identificireba rogorc gumbaTiani nagebobisa SesaZlebelia. 23 unda aRiniSnos, rom arcerTi es reliefi Tavdapirvel adgilze ar zis da, savaraudod, meoradad unda iyos moxvedrili aRmosavleTi fasadis wyobaSi. imis gamo, rom avTenturobis dadasturebuli arcerTi SemTxveva ar gvaqvs, aRmosavleT fasadze sakurTxevlis sarkmlis TavsarTad saqtitoro reliefis Casmis tradicia safuZvlian eWvs iwvevs. yovel SemTxvevaSi, garkveul periodamde mainc amgvari tradicia ar unda arsebuliyo.

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Cvenamde moRweuli uadresi nimuSi, sadac saqtitoro kompoziciaSi eklesiis modelia gamosaxuli, aris webeldis kankelis fila (sur. 1)24 . kankelis is nawili, romelzec aRniSnuli reliefi iyo gamokveTili, amJamad dakargulia, masze msjeloba mxolod adrindel mkvlevarTa masalebis moSveliebiT aris SesaZlebeli. kankelis filaze scenebi vertikaluri da horizontaluri ornamentuli moCarCoebiT aris gamoyofili erTmaneTisgan. erT-erT aseT sworkuTxa areSi zeda marjvena kuTxeSi gamosaxulia saqtitoro kompoziciac. imave nawilSi qveda diagonalurad sapirispiro kuTxeSi gamosaxulia RmrTismSobeli yrmiT. amdenad, es kompozicia garkveulwilad an zeciur registrSi qtitorTa gamosaxvas mianiSnebs (iseve, rogorc es iyo bizantiur saafsido mozaikebSi VI saukunidan vidre IX saukunis Sua xanamde), an erT sivrceSi, Tumca sxvadasxva doneze, TiTqos erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad gamosaxuli RmrTismSoblisa da qtitorebis saxiT taZris migebis gansxvavebuli gadawyveta gvaqvs25 . reliefze warmodgenili ori qtitori (reliefis qveda nawili fotosuraTze dazianebulia amitom qtitorebis figurebi mxolod wels zemoT Cans) gamosaxulia erTi SexedviT gaurkveveli arqiteqturuli nagebobis orsav mxares. guldasmiT dakvirvebis Semdeg aq darbazuli eklesia ikveTeba. Mmas ukidures aRmosavleT nawilSi aqvs samkuTxa frontoniT dasrulebuli karibWe, xolo dasavleTiT sworkuTxa farTo da didi, TiTqmis karis simaRle sarkmeli. gadaxurulia kramitiT, rasac iribad CakveTili morkaluri vertikaluri xazebi (ramdenadac fotodan amis dadgena xerxdeba) da karnizTan samkuTxa daboloebebi mowmobs. orsave qtitors cali xeli eklesiis kexze aqvs Semodebuli – kuTxeebSi Cans kramitze gadmosuli xelis TiTebi. xolo, meore xeli `Semoxveuli~ aqvT gverdiTa struqturebze, romlebic erTi SexedviT minaSenebs hgavs, magram fotoze xangrZlivi dakvirvebis Semdeg isini ara minaSenebad, aramed calke nagebobebad miviCnie. mkveTri vertikaluri Rari TvalnaTliv acalkevebs am nagebobebs darbazuli eklesiis aRmosavleTi da dasavleTi fasadebisgan. Yyvela nageboba samxreTi fasadiT aris warmodgenili. eklesiisgan gansxvavebiT, danarCen or, SedarebiT mcire zomis nagebobas, romelic samlocvelo an kripta unda iyos, TiTo sarkmeli aqvs fasadis centralur nawilSi – erTs TaRovani, meores ki – sworkuTxa. sxva raime detali dakonkretebuli ar aris. centrSi gamosaxul eklesias saxuravze SuaSi ucnauri formis figura azis26 . imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom adreuli periodis bizantiur afsidalur mozaikebSi zeciur registrSi wmindanTa gverdiT gamosaxul qtitorebs Soris, romelnic TavianTi Rvawlis

24 ganxilvisas veyrdnobiT pr. uvarovas eqspediciis masalebs: Пр. Уварова, Христианские памятники, Материалы по археологии Кавказа, вып. IV, Москва, 1894, tab. VII. 25 gansxvavebiT im saqtitoro kompoziciebisgan, sadac mimgebeli RmrTismSoblis pirpispir aris gamosaxuli (iSxnis, benisis, wyarosTavis reliefebi). 26 Ffotoze imdenad gaurkvevelia aRniSuli forma, rom Cven mxolod varaudis gamoTqma SegviZlia, Tu ra SeiZleba iyos. savaraudod, es an mamlis gamosaxulebaa, romelic amave kankelis meore filaze petresgan qristes uaryofis scenaSi orjer aris naCvenebi, an spilosi – es SesaZloa arc Candes ucnaurad, ramdenadac Sua saukuneebSi spilos simbolika araerTgvarovania da is bevri mniSvnelobiT aris datvirTuli konteqstidan gamomdinare (adami da eva samoTxidan gandevnamde, sibrZne, codvis gamosyidva da eSmakis winaRdgoma da sxva. ix.: G. C. Druce, The Elephant in Medieval Legend and Art, Journal of Royal Archelogical Institute, vol. 76, London, 1919, gv. 1-73).

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aRsaniSnavad eklesias miageben macxovars, X saukunemde mxolod umaRlesi sasuliero pirebi arian warmodgenilni da TiTqmis arsad taZris migebis aqti saero pirebis monawileobiT ar gvxvdeba da aseve imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom aRniSnuli scena arasdrosaa wyviledi qtitoriT warmodgenili (rogorc es gvxvdeba qarTul da somxur saqtitoro kompoziciebSi, rac garkveulwilad adgilobriv tradiciaze unda miuTiTebdes)27 , vTvli, rom aRniSnuli pirebi sasuliero wres ganekuTvnebian, SesaZloa samonastro saZmos28 . marTalia, monasterSi egvterebis ageba ar yofila miRebuli29 , magram, rogorc wesi, monastris Soriaxlos mcire samlocveloebi Cveuli movlena iyo – Tavdapirvelad sulis mosaxseniebeli funqciiT, Semdgom ki rogorc sagvareulo saZvaleebi. SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom es calke moculobebi, romlebic qtitorebs TiToeuls sagangebod gamoyofilad uWiravT xelT mTavar eklesiasTan erTad, iyo swored amgvari samlocveloebi, an saZvaleebi, TiToeulisTvis calke gankuTvnili. xolo mTavar taZars, rogorc amqveyniuri Rvawlis da monastruli cxovrebis materialur gansxeulebas, qtitorebi RmrTismSobels miageben. ganzogadebuli eklesiis TvalsaCino nimuSia breZis kviracxovlis eklesiis reliefze gamosaxuli modeli (sur. 2)30 . Tavad eklesia X saukunis meore naxevriT TariRdeba31 . amave periods ganekuTvneba eklesiis gamosaxulebiani filac32 . misi Tavdapirveli mdebareoba ucnobia. Tanmxlebi warweris Tanaxmad, masze gamosaxulia sumbati, cal xelSi jvriT, meore xelSi eklesiis modeliT. warwera vrcelia: marjvniv, figuris TavTan: `[---]bat~; marcxniv:

27 bizantiaSi saqtitoro kompoziciebi 5-7-9 sqemiT aris warmodgenili (E. Lipsmeyer, The Donor and His Church Model…, gv. 28). 28 radgan orive qtitori mamakacia, meti albaTobiT sasuliero pirebTan gvaqvs saqme. wyviledi qtitoris sxva SemTxvevebi umetesad, savaraudod, an Tanamecxedreebs warmogvidgens (fetobani, caiSi, SesaZloa yvelaanTubanic), an mefeebs (oSki. mefeTa wyviledi saqtitoro kompoziciebi gvxvdeba aseve somxeTSi – sanaini, aRpati), an, iSviaT SemTxvevaSi, qtitors memkvidresTan erTad (Sepiaki). 29 `maSin evedreboda netarsa mas mRdeli vinme dayudebiT myofi, raÁTa iSenos eguteri Jamissawiravad senaksa TÂssa. xolo wmidaman man hrqua: „krebulsa ZmaTa Soris saqme ege uweso ars. ukueTu Sen aRaSeno eguteri, yovelTa ZmaTa aRaSenon. Dda raJams dekanozman Jamsa hrekos Jamis-wirvisaTÂs, didsa eklesiasas mRdeli Zniad poos, Dda sxuaÁca mravali ars mas Sina sulisa savnebeli da ara Tu sargebeli, da me ara vewamebi mas~ (SromaÁ da moRuawebaÁ grigolisi arqimandritisaÁ, xancTisa da Satberdisa aRmaSenebelisaÁ, ZveliqarTuliagiografiuliliteraturisZeglebi, wigni I, i. abulaZis redaqciiT, Tbilisi, 1964, gv. 311). 30 breZaSi erTmaneTis siaxloves sami eklesia iyo, sadac 1923 wels g. boWoriZes miyril-moyrili unaxavs TxuTmetze meti CuqurTmiani qva (g. boWoriZe, qarTlis eklesia-monastrebi da siZveleebi, Tbilisi, 2011, gv. 180). es qvebi moxseniebulia grafinia pr. uvarovas CanawerebSic, maT Soris ori reliefiani fila. erTi maTgani, pr. uvarovam naxa im dros ukve dangreul did bazilikur eklesiasTan, savaraudod kviracxovlis saxelobisa. masze gamosaxuli yofila muxlmoyrili figura eklesiis modeliT, romelsac miagebda jvriT xelSi gamosaxul wmindans (?). meore filaze (wm. giorgis eklesiis mimdebared), aseve eklesia iyo gamosaxuli (Материалы по археологии Кавказа, вып. IV, Москва, 1894, gv. 164165). gasakviria, rom aq pr. uvarova ar axsenebs zemoTganxilul reliefs, romelic savaraudod im dros adgilze iyo da 1950 wels g. CubinaSvils xelovnebis istoriis institutSi wamouRia. 31 arqiteqturis Sesaxeb ix.: Н. Чубинашвили, Зедазени, Кликис джвари, Гвиара, qarTuli xelovneba, 7, 1971, gv. 27-65. 32 fila amJamad inaxeba g. CubinaSvilis saxelobis qarTuli xelovnebis istoriisa da ZeglTa dacvis erovnul kvleviT centrSi.

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`[wmidaman] g[iorgi] Rirs myo aRSenebad wmidisai eklesiisai [sadideblad] qa[rTlisa] ---[--] sumba[tisa] da [saxsrad] Cema[d] da Z[i]sa (an Z[mi]sa) Cemisa~33 . reliefuri modeli calnavian darbazul eklesias warmoadgens (zomebi: 30 × 20 sm). gamosaxuleba fonidan erT santimetrze vertikalurad aris CakveTili. eklesia naCvenebia aRmosavleTi fasadiT, razedac orferda gadaxurva da fasadze frontonis aris odnav dabla amokveTili sarkmlis Riobi migvaniSnebs34 . orferda gadaxurva mcired scdeba taZris saerTo moculobas. Senoba dgas erTsafexurian cokolze, gadaxurvis brtyeli horizontalebi da cokolis xazi taZris korpusidan Rrma kveTiT gamoiyofa da odnav amoburculia taZris zedapirTan SedarebiT, Tumca saerTo zedapirs, romlis sibrtyezec eklesia aris CakveTili, ar aRemateba. naxevarwriuli rkaliT dasrulebul sarkmlis Riobs ormaglilviani sapire Semouyveba. arqiteqturuli nageboba aranair sxva miniSnebas konkretuli taZris amosacnobad ar iZleva. naratiul wyaroebSi breZa pirvelad moxseniebuli aqvs vaxuSti batoniSvils – `ars breZas mcire cixe~-o35 , eklesiaze ki arafers ambobs. Tumca, breZa sakmaod mniSvnelovani adgili yofila, radgan X saukuneSi egris-afxazeTis mefe konstantine erT-erTi laSqrobis Semdeg swored aq SeCerebula, rasac mowmobs eredvis wm. giorgis eklesiis 914 wlis warwera: `xelmwifobasa RmrTivdamyarebulisa wminda konstantine mefisasa, romelman brZana da Cavida hereTs Sigan, herTa mefei gaaqcia da muniT mSvidobiT iqca, ciskrad alaverds iloca, mwuxri breZas gardahxTa~36 . sumbatis xelT arsebuli modelis Zlier ganzogadebuli saxidan gamomdinare, SegviZlia vifiqroT, rom taZris fasadze misi gamosaxva modeliT xelSi am saxiT ara imdenad eklesiis TvalsaCinoebisTvis iyo (rogorc arqiteqturuli, ise Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiT), ramdenadac qtitoris mniSvnelovanebaze da Rvawlze misaTiTeblad da im gavlenebis maniSnad, romelTac is aRniSnul teritoriaze garkveul dros flobda (gasaTvaliswinebelia eklesiis gamosaxulebiani sxva qvebic aRniSnul teritoriaze). aseve zogadi taZris modeli gvaqvs uravlis agaraSi (sur. 3), mTavari eklesiis aRmosavleTi sarkmlis Tavze Cadgmul reliefze. aq gamosaxulia awyuris episkoposi Tevdore, romelic taZars aRsaydrebul macxovars miagebs. darbazuli eklesiis reliefi saerTo fonidan erT moculobad aris amosuli. gamokveTili erTsafexuriani cokoli, orferda, odnav gadmoSverili gadaxurva da erTi sada, naxevarwriuli sarkmli aqac ar iZleva konkretul taZarze miniSnebas. eklesia aRmosavleTi fasadiT aris warmodgenili, Tumca ar imeorebs mTavari taZris (romlis aRmosavleTi sarkmlis TavsarTs warmoadgens amJamad reliefi)

33 warwera waikiTxa T. barnavelma, romelic mas X saukuniT aTariRebs. n. CubinaSvili garkveuli paralelebis safuZvelze TariRs X saukunis meore naxevriT azustebs: Н. Чубнашвили, Зедазени, Клисис джвари, Гвиара, gv. 55-56. 34 eklesia, rogorc wesi, an aRmosavleTi fasadiT gamoisaxeba, an samxreTiT. xandaxan gvxvdeba dasavleTi fasadiTac, ufro maSin, rodesac darbazuli eklesiis dakonkretebis mcdelobaa – rogorc magaliTad caiSis da daryis eklesiebis SemTxvevebSi. 35 qarTliscxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. IV, Tbilisi, 1973, gv. 375. 36 qarTuli warwerebis korpusi, lapidaruli warwerebi, I, aRmosavleT da samxreT saqarTvelo (V-Xss), Seadgina da gamosacemad moamzada n. SoSiaSvilma, Tbilisi, 1980, gv. 172.

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aRmosavleT fasads, sadac kideebze, Senobis mTel simaRleze ori samkuTxa niSa gvaqvs37 . gamosaxulebas axlavs warwera: `saxeliTa RmrTisaiTa me Tevdore aRvaSene ese stoai salocvelad amis adgilisa ufalisa TevdoresaTvis RmerTman akurTxen da yovelni Svilni amis eklesiisani Seiwyalen~38 . Sesabamisad, stois maSenebeli Tevdores reliefi, romelic macxovris winaSe eklesiiT xelSia gamosaxuli, asaxavs ara konkretulad eklesias (an, miT umetes, stoas39) aramed Tevdores Rvawls zogadad eklesiis aRmSeneblobaSi da am SemTxvevaSic, rogorc zemoT breZas magaliTze vnaxeT, ostati ar akonkretebs eklesias, Tundac damaxasiaTebeli StrixebiT – stois an aRmosavleTi fasadis niSebiT miniSnebiT. is zogadi formiT gamoxatavs eklesiis arss, sadac ufro metad qtitoris Tu maSeneblis Rvawlia wamyvani, vidre konkretuli eklesiis Cveneba. amave rigis, realurs mcired mimsgavsebuli taZaria naCvenebi daryis wm. giorgis eklesiis samxreT fasadze (sur. 4). sarkmlis Tavze moTavsebul reliefze or frontalur figuras Soris darbazuli eklesiaa warmodgenili – qtitori taZars miagebs macxovars. reliefze gamosaxuli eklesia darbazulia, aziduli proporciebis. erTiani moculoba fonis mocilebis Sedegad saerTo sibrtyidan daaxloebiT erT santimetrzea amosuli. eklesia dasavleTi fasadiT aris naCvenebi. Qqtitors eklesia erTi xeliT dablidan uWiravs da xelis TiTebi nawilobriv faravs taZris qveda nawils. amis gamo eklesiis kari sakmaod maRlaa gaWrili. amave RerZze, frontonis dabla TaRovani sarkmlis Riobia. saxuravis karnizis sakmaod sqeli da eklesiis saerTo moculobasTan SedarebiT fonidan metad amosuli sibrtye TiTqos Crdilavs eklesiis wagrZelebul korpuss. Ffrontonis kexze masiuri tolmklava jvaria dasmuli. reliefi sakmaod gamoqarulia, magram orferda gadaxurvis masiuri karnizi da jvari Tavidanve met yuradRebas miiqcevda. Aamgvarad aqcentirebuli zeda nawili TiTqos aqrobs taZris sada, SedarebiT msubuq korpuss. realur taZarTan reliefis mimarTebaze am SemTxvevaSi metis Tqma SegviZlia, radgan nageboba SemorCenilia. is aseve darbazulia (8.0 × 5.5 m.). kari ori aqvs – dasavleTi kedlis SuaSi da samxreTi kedlis dasavleT nawilSi. Oorive kari Signidan TaRovania. TiTo TaRovani sarkmelia gaWrili dasavleTi da samxreTi kedlebis centralur nawilSi. SigniT SemorCenili fragmentebis mixedviT, eklesia Zveli sakulto nagebobis adgilze unda iyos aSenebuli40 . dasavleTiT da samxreTiT gairCeva minaSenebis kvali41 . rogorc Cans, taZrisa da model

37 mTavari taZris arqiteqturisTvis ix.: v. beriZe, samcxis xuroTmoZRvreba, Tbilisi, 1970, gv. 3740; g. boWoriZe, mogzaurobasamcxe-javaxeTSi, gv. 106-112; g. marsagiSvili, uravlisagarismonastris xuroTmoZRvreba, avtoreferati, 1997, gv. 4-8. 38 g. marsagiSvili, uravlis agaris..., Ggv. 15; warwera wakiTxulia v. silogavas mier: samxreT saqarTvelos warwerebis Seswavla, mravalTavi, X, 1983, gv. 273-276; paleografiuli niSnebiT TariRdeba X saukuniT (pirvelad naxa da waikiTxa g. boWoriZem: mogzaurobasamcxe-javaxeTSi, gv. 110). 39 aRniSnuli reliefi, v. beriZis azriT, sxva adgilas iyo Casmuli, is eklesiis gadakeTebis dros aris moxvedrili aRmosavleT fasadze da savaraudod stoaze unda yofiliyo (v. beriZe, samcxisxuroTmoZRvruliZeglebi, gv. 39). es varaudi ganamtkicebs im azrs, rom ostati taZris zogad saxeSi moiazrebs garkveul Rvawls da amgvarad gamoxatavs faqts da ara realurad arsebul, konkretul eklesias. 40 kulturuli memkvidreobis portali, uZravi Zeglebi: https: //memkvidreoba. gov. ge/objects/immovable. daryas wm. giorgis eklesia, #8908. 41 iqve.

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is msgavseba zogadi maxasiaTeblebidan konkretul detalebSi vlindeba – msgavsia taZris aziduli proporciebi, dasavleTiT gaWrili kari da TaRovani sarkmeli, moculobaze mkveTrad gadmosuli gadaxurvis karnizi. kidev erTi reliefi, sadac darbazuli eklesiaa gamosaxuli, aris caiSis samreklos reliefi (sur. 5), romelic X saukuniT TariRdeba42 . aq, samTaRedSi, centrSi warmodgenilia eklesia, xolo mis orsav mxares – TiTo qtitori. eklesia darbazulia, naCvenebia dasavleTi fasadiT. taZris abrisi saerTo fonidan daaxloebiT naxevari santimetris siRrmezea CakveTili. taZris modeli caiSis reliefze TiTqos ufro dakonkretebulia. es aris samsafexurian cokolze mdgari, orferda gadaxurviT dasrulebuli, aziduli proporciebis nageboba, moCarCoebuli da moklegadanakecebiani warbiT daboloebuli sarkmliTa da centrSi gaWrili sworkuTxa kariT. am konkretuli elementebis gaTvaliswinebiT, SesaZlebeli iqneboda realurad arsebuli arqtiteqtura amogvecno, magram nageboba, romelSic es reliefi iyo Cadgmuli, aRar SemorCa. reliefi ar ekuTvnis amJamad mdgar XVII saukunis gumbaTian taZars, romlis samreklos CrdiloeT kedelSic aris Casmuli da arc manamde arsebul, XIII-XIV saukuneebis gumbaTian eklesias Sverili waxnagovani afsidiT43 . reliefze gamosaxuli taZari kidev ufro Zvel fenas ekuTvnis44 . araa gamoricxuli, rom gumbaTiani taZari reliefis Tanadrouli (X saukune) darbazuli eklesiis adgilze aegoT da arsebuli modeli realurad arsebuli arqiteqturis asaxuloba yofiliyo. darbazul eklesias vxvdebiT benisis taZris reliefzec (sur. 6), romelic Cadgmulia eklesiis aRmosavleT fasadze, sakurTxevlis sarkmlis Tavze. fila savaraudod meoradi gamoyenebisaa. saqtitoro kompozicia uCveuloa. kompoziciaSi warmodgenili istoriuli piri RmrTismSobels warudgens ara erT, aramed or eklesias45 . kompoziciis centralur nawilSi swored ori eklesiaa gamosaxuli, erTi, romelic qtitors orive win gawvdil xelSi uWiravs da RmrTismSobels miagebs, da meore, am eklesiis qvemoT gamosaxuli, zustad analogiuri, odnav momcro zomis, romelic umciresi detalebis gaTvaliswinebiT zustad imeorebs donoris xelT arsebul models – sarkmlebis, karis Riobis Tu gadaxurvis CaTvliT. erTaderTi gansxvaveba aris is, rom qveda (ufro mcire zomis) modeli odnav ufro daudevrad aris Sesrulebuli (magaliTad, Sewyvilebuli naxevarsvetebi karis aqeT-iqiT cota gadaxrilia). reliefis carieli areebi Sevsebulia asomTavruli warwerebiT. eklesiis modeli darbazulia (aRwera exeba orsave eklesias, radgan, rogorc vTqviT, isini erTmaneTis identuria), dgas erTsafexurian cokolze. zeda marjvena da marcxena kuTxeSi gaWrilia TiTo sworkuTxa sarkmeli. centrSi, simaRlis TiTqmis 2/3 (did eklesiaze ki faqtiurad mTeli simaRle) uWiravs karis Riobs da Sewyvilebul naxevarsvetebze gadasul

42 reliefis Sesaxeb ix.: T. xundaZe, qtitoruli reliefi caiSidan, Zeglismegobari, #4, 1988, gv. 24-29. 43 p. zaqaraia, caiSisxuroTmoZRvrulikompleqsi, Tbilisi, 1956, gv. 10-12. 44 iqve, gv. 21-23. 45 T. xundaZe marTebulad miiCnevs, rom amgvarad ostati gamoxatavs eklesiis ganaxlebis faqts da aq pirobiTad warmodgenlia rogorc Zveli, ise ganaxlebis Semdgomi taZari (T. xundaZe, Sua saukuneebis (VI-XI) qarTuli saqtitoro reliefis ikonografiuli variaciebi, Academia, N2, 2011, gv. 106). taZris ganaxlebis faqti dadasturebulia arqiteqturuli kvlevis Sedegad (T. dvali, sofel benisis wm. giorgis eklesia, macne, istoriisseria, N4, 1968, gv. 119-136).

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gadanakecebian TaRovan TavsarTs. karis timpanze jvaria gamosaxuli46 . kar–sarkmlis Wrili sakmaod Rrmaa da daferilia singuriT47 , romlis kvali mciredRaa SemorCenili RiobebSi. saxuravze gairCeva erTmaneTze dadebuli mokle da odnav amoburculi kramitebis vertikaluri wyoba. reliefis mTels zedapirze, rogorc cariel areze, ise eklesiis modelebze, amokveTilia warwerebi, Tumca maTi Sinaarsi bundovania, radgan mxolod mcire nawili ikiTxeba48 .

Tavad benisis eklesia, anu realurad arsebuli arqiteqturuli nageboba darbazulia, orferda kramitiT gadaxuruli, aqvs ori sarkmeli samxreTiT da ori sworkuTxa kari – erTi samxreTi kedlis dasavleT nawilSi gaWrili da meore dasavleTi kedlis centrSi (mogvianebiT amoqolili, aseve gvian saukuneebSi taZars miaSenes CrdiloeTiT stoa da samxreTiT samreklo). Sesasvlelebi sadaa, morTulobis gareSe, garedan sworkuTxa, Signidan TaRovani. sayuradReboa karnizi, romelsac kuTxeebTan frontonis SemomsazRvreli horizontaluri elementebi hqonda datanili. aseve, karnizs mTel sigrZeze nalisebr dakbiluli viwro Taro gasdevs49 . rogorc vxedavT, eklesias sakmaod hqonda is maxasiaTebeli detalebi, romelTa modelze dataniT ostati taZris realur arqiteqturasTan identificirebas moaxerxebda, rac gamosaxvis TvalsazrisiT sirTules ar warmoadgenda. magram man es ar gaakeTa – Cemi azriT ramdenime mizezis gamo. savaraudod, man ar gamosaxa konkretulad is nageboba, romlis fasadzedac aris warmodgenili reliefi (models realuri arqiteqturisgan swored is calkeuli elementebi ganasxvavebs, rac ase TvalsaCinoa mcire zomis taZarze) da aqcentirebuli Sesasvlelis saSualebiT xazi gausva im simbolur mniSvnelobas50 , risi gamoxatvac taZris mimgebelis ZiriTad sazrunavs Seadgenda.

46 yuradRebas iqcevs jvris oTxsave mxares horizontaluri CakveTili daboloebebi, rac sakmaod mkveTrad ikiTxeba zedapirze da rac, SesaZloa, jvris garkveul tipze iyos miniSneba. msgavsi kvarcxlbekze dabrZanebuli jvari (Zlevis jvari, cross potent) amkobda, magaliTad, bizantiur-qarTuli monetebis jgufidan 979 wliT daTariRebul daviT III kurapalatis monetas. 47 realuri ariqteqturis kar-sarkmlebzec Sirimis qvis wyobaze alag-alag SemorCenilia singuriT dafervis kvali. msgavsi morTuloba tao-klarjeTis ZeglebTan poulobs analogs – radialurad monacvleobiT ganlagebul TeTr-wiTel elementebs vxvdebiT dolisyanis (X saukune), xaxulis (X saukune), oSkis (X saukune), parxlis (X saukune) eklesiaTa morTulobaSi. benisis saqtitoro reliefSi gamosaxuli RmrTismSobeli ikonografiuli TvalsazrisiT aseve msgavsia iSxnis teritoriaze aRmoCenili timpanis saqtitoro kompoziciaSi warmodgenili RmrTismSoblisa. eklesias aqvs masiuri kedlebi (1. 5 m), risi miniSnebac SesaZloa iyos modelze arsebuli sakmaod Rrmad CakveTili Riobebi. 48 qtitoris TavTan amokveTil warweraSi ikiTxeba saxeli gurgeni, rac saintereso mosazrebebs badebs. ix.: e. xaindrava, benisis wminda giorgis eklesiis reliefuri warwera, moxseneba wakiTxul iqna erovnuli arqivis saerTaSoriso konferenciaze, `arqivTmcodneoba, wyaroTmcodneoba – tendenciebi dagamowvevebi~, 2020. 49 T. dvali, sofel benisis..., gv. 119-136. 50 Mioanes saxareba, 10. 7 (me var kari cxovarTai.), 10. 9 (me var kari; Cem mier Tu vinme Sevides, cxondes). am SemTxvevaSi pirdapiri miniSnebaa – qriste, rogorc kari, Zlevis jvriT sikvdilis damTrgunveli, gamoxatuli eklesiis fasadze. Mmsgavsi, wyvil svetze gadasuli TaRovani Riobebi Sig figuruli gamosaxulebebiT damaxasiaTebelia xelnawerTa miniaturebisTvis – magaliTad, 940 wels Tevdore kamaraTmwerlis mier moxatul jruWis oTxTavSi. aseTive Sesasvleli aqvs mcxeTis jvris taZars samxreTiT.

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Semdegi reliefi, aseve simboluri taZris saxe, CarTulia joisubnis mcxeTis wm. giorgis eklesiis aRmosavleTi sarkmlis sapireSi (sur. 7). saqtitoro reliefi, romelzec gabriel mamasaxliss eklesiis modeli uWiravs xelT, sarkmlis mdidruli moCarCoebis erT-erT filaze (zoma: 27 × 25 sm.) aris amokveTili51 . modeli TiTqos samnavian bazilikas warmoadgens. taZari dasavleTi fasadiT aris gamosaxuli, centrSi amoWrili sworkuTxa kariT da gverdiTa navebSi TiTo mogrZo da viwro TaRovani sarkmliT. Sua navs kexze didi tolmklava jvari asrulebs. Senoba dgas erTsafexurian cokolze. centraluri da gverdiTa navebis gadaxurva CakveTili iribi xazebiT aris miniSnebuli. taZari, romlis sarkmlis morTulobasac warmoadgenda aRniSnuli reliefuri fila, darbazuli nagebobaa (1991 wlis miwisZvris dros is mniSvnelovad dazianda, Tumca gvaqvs saarqivo fotomasala, sadac garkveviT ikiTxeba taZris formebi). g. boWoriZis azriT, romelmac pirvelad naxa da aRwera eklesia da reliefebi, sarkmlis moCarCoeba Tavdapirveli ar Cans, is mogvianebiT Cadgmuls hgavs52 . es mosazreba ar unda iyos moklebuli simarTles. garda mis mier moyvanili argumentebisa, aseve dasafiqrebelia, rom darbazuli eklesiis fasadze samnaviani bazilikis modeli gvxvdeba. Cndeba kiTxva – Tu eklesiis modeli ar asaxavs realur nagebobas, maSin ras gamoxatavs is. warwera – `wmidao eklesiao Seiwyale gabriel mamasaxlisi~ – SesaZloa zogadad eklesiis simbolos gulisxmobdes53 , an konkretulad cxoveli svetis da uflis kvarTis aRmniSvneli sinonimi iyos. `wmida eklesia~ sveticxovlis sakiTxavSi nikoloz gulaberisZeTan (XII saukune) swored am mniSvnelobiT gvxvdeba54 . is faqtic, rom taZari `cxeTis~ (mcxeTis) wminda giorgis saxelobisaa, amyarebs am azrs. vaxtang gorgasliseuli mcxeTis taZaric xom, rogorc viciT, bazilikaa55 . amdenad, modelze eklesiis amgvari forma am mniSvnelobiTaa gamarTlebuli, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi darbazuli eklesiis fasadzea da ar asaxavs realur arqiteqturas. Tumca, gasaTvaliswinebelia erTi faqtic – saqtitoro

51 1953 wels Sedgenil pasportze darTul fotoebze es reliefuri filebi aRmosavleT fasadze Cans. 1991 wels miwisZvris Sedegad eklesiis dangrevis Semdeg reliefebi gadatanili iqna onis muzeumSi da amJamad iq inaxeba (raWa: 1991 wlis miwisZvriT dazianebuli Zeglebi, Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 19-21). 52 g. boWoriZe, raWa-leCxumis istoriuli Zeglebi da siZveleebi, Tbilisi, 1994, gv. 228-229. reliefebTan dakavSirebiT aseve ix.: n. aladaSvili, joisubnis reliefebi, sabWoTa xelovneba, #7, 1978, gv. 69-76. 53 miniSneba evqaristiaze – magaliTad jvarcmis scenaSi gamosaxuli eklesia, romelic TasiT qristes sisxls agrovebs. VII-XI saukuneebSi saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli iyo mimarTva wminda eklesiisadmi (RaRvis X saukunis warwera, bodokldis X-XI saukuneebis warwera da sxva). 54 daujdomeli svetisa cxovelisa da kuarTisa saufloisa, ikosi 6: `gixaroden hoi eklesiao wmindao, romelsa Sinagan saSosa gipyries ZuZud sueti wmidai naTlisai, mawovnebeli ara vidremdes sZesa, aramed mihronsa wmidasa, ukvdamyofelsa sulTasa, romelica uSurvelad uwyaroebs nektarsa mas ukudavebisasa magemelsa yovelTa qristeSemosilTa erTa sulebisasa; gixaroden, sueto brwyinvaleo da kuarTo cxovelismyofelo~; ikosi 12: `eklesiao wmidao, da sveto naTelad eTer ciskrovanebiT ganmanaTlebelo naTesavisa kacTasa, sveto naTelo da RvTaebisa bunebisa SemcvelobiT damfarvelo... ~ 55 В. Цинцадзе, О некоторых особенностях базилики раннехристианской Грузии (Архитектура базилики V века Цвети-Цховели), Тбилиси, 1983.

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reliefSi gamosaxuli bazilikuri nagebobani56 yvelgan samxreTi fasadiT aris warmodgenili, xolo dasavleTi fasadiT gamosaxuli samnaviani taZari, savaraudod, ufro simboluri xasiaTisaa, vidre realuri bazilikuri nagebobis saxea. atenis sioni, rogorc cnobilia, VII saukuneSia agebuli da zustad imeorebs mcxeTis jvris taZars gegmiT da ieriT57 , e. i. warmoadgens kuTxisoTaxebian tetrakonqs. rogorc aCvena arqeologiurma gaTxrebma, gumbaTiani taZari daSenda ufro adrindeli samnaviani bazilikis naSTze58 . X saukuneSi taZari safuZvlianad SekeTda. am periodiT TariRdeba aRmosavleT fasadze warmodgenili saqtitoro reliefic eklesiis modeliT (sur. 8). qtitori frontalurad aris gamosaxuli da orive xeliT qvemodan `CabRujuli~ eklesia mkerdTan (moicavs wels zeda ares kisramde) aqvs `mixutebuli~. taZari marTkuTxedis formis (zoma: 10 × 13 sm.) nagebobaa masiuri jvriT dasrulebuli dabalyeliani kvercxisebri gumbaTiT. maRali reliefiT gamosaxul jvarSi damatebiT iribad CakveTilia boloebgafarToebuli jvari centrSi wriT. gumbaTis yels or-ori iribad CakveTili msxvili arqivoltiT moxazuli TaRnari evleba. naCvenebia sami TaRi – centraluri srulad gamosaxuli da gverdiTebi – naxevarrkaliT. centralur TaRSi gairCeva grafikuli wre da masze CaburRuli wertili – albaT sarkmlis aRsaniSnavad da/an, SesaZloa, imis misaniSneblad, rom es ara gaxsnili aramed yru dekoratiuli TaRia. gumbaTis TaRebi eyrdnoba sworkuTxa `CarCoSi~ Caweril impostian grexil svetebs. qveda korpusis fasadze sami araTanabari zomis TaRovani sarkmelia, romelTac TavsarTebic gadanakecebiT erTmaneTzea gadabmuli da uwyvet horizontals qmnis. sarkmlebi saerTo zedapiridan odnav dadablebulia, ris gamoc fonidan amoweuli iribad CakveTili TavsarTi ufro gamokveTilad Cans. centraluri sarkmlis qvemoT gaWrilia orfrTiani kari, aseve iribad CakveTili farTo sapiriT. modelis qveda korpusis minimalurad damuSavebuli sada zedapiri xels uwyobs qtitoris samosis gofrirebuli nakecebidan mis mkveTrad gamoyofas. modeli gumbaTiani nagebobaa. Tu mas arsebul taZars SevadarebT, unda aRiniSnos, rom erTiani TavsarTiT Semkuli sami sarkmeli aRmosavleT fasadze gvxvdeba, Tumca aq cxadia ar aris kari (Sesasvleli eklesias ori aqvs – CrdiloeTiT da samxreTiT). safiqrebelia rom ostati karis da aRmosavleTi fasadis erT sibrtyeze kombinirebiT garkveulwilad simbolur erTianobas gvTavazobs. modelis gumbaTi sruliad gansxvavdeba realuri taZris gumbaTisagan rogorc Tavisi uCveulo gare ovaluri formiT, ise yelis gaformebiT – atenis sions gumbaTis yelze dekoratiuli TaRnari ara aqvs. cxadia, rom modeli ar baZavs taZris gumbaTs da misi sxvagvari interpretacia aris saWiro. qristianuli arqiteqtura isaxeba maSin, rodesac qristianobis legitimaciis sawyis etaze iwyeba mniSvnelovani memorialuri adgilebis moniSvna nagebobebiT. upiratesi mniSvneloba ramdenime movlenas eniWeba – Sobas, jvarcmas, aRdgomas, amaRlebas, mogvianebiT

56 aq vgulisxmob rogorc sakuTriv samnavian bazilikas, ise darbazul nagebobas minaSeniT. samxreTi fasadiT warmodgenili minaSeniani darbazuli eklesiis gansxvaveba samnaviani taZrisgan teqnikuri Sesrulebis da taZris ganzogadebuli saxis gamo xSir SemTxvevaSi rTulia an damajereblobas moklebuli. 57 Г. Чубинашвили, Памятники типа Джвари, Тбилиси, 1948, gv. 44. 58 g. abramiSvili, atenissioni, Tbilisi, 2012, gv. 29-30.

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RmrTismSoblis miZinebas da a. S. amaTgan gansakuTrebiT gamorCeulia aRdgoma-amaRleba da Soba. adreuli xanis (IV-V saukuneebi) spilos Zvlis nimuSebze aRdgomis scenaSi gvxvdeba qristes saflavis gamosaxuleba sworkuTxa akldamis saxiT, romelsac Tavze amaRlebis taZari – svetebiani wriuli nageboba aqvs dadgmuli. am saxiT aRdgomisa da amaRlebis erTobis Cveneba maTi Teologiuri sazrisiT gaerTianebis mimaniSnebelia. SesaZloa swored amas gamosaxavdes atenis sionis ostatic – erTdroulad msxverplisa da xsnis ideas aRdgomis da amaRlebis gaerTianebis saxiT.

Sepiakis eklesia dRes xramhesis sagubaris fskerzea moqceuli. CaZirvamde is qarTuli xelovnebis istoriis institutis eqspediciam srulad gamoikvlia. eklesia martivi darbazuli nagebobaa samxreTidan da CrdiloeTidan midgmuli minaSenebiT, romelTa mxolod kvali SemorCa59 . samxreTi fasadi, miuxedavad imisa, rom moSlili hqonda ekvderi da pirveladi saxiT ar iyo SemorCenili, yvelaze mdidrulad iyo gaformebuli. karis Tavze Cadgmuli reliefuri arqitravi mdidrulad moCuqurTmebuli arqivoltiT da timpanis areSi Casmuli samSeneblo warwera aq Zlier aqcents qmnida. amave fasadze iyo Tavmoyrili sxva warwerebic60 . sworkuTxa grexil CarCoSi moqceuli saqtitoro reliefi ki aRmosavleTi sarkmlis TavsarTs warmoadgenda. reliefze eklesiiT xelSi ori qtitori – rati erisTavi da misi Ze liparitia gamosaxuli (sur. 9)61 . orive mxridan gamosaxul qtitorebs modeli cali xeliT kuTxeebiT uWiravT. eklesia gamosaxulia dasavleTi fasadiT, orferda gadaxurvaze kramitiani saburveli reliefur horizontalebad aris gamokveTili. Sesasvleli sami TaRiT aris gaxsnili. realur taZars, rogorc iTqva, hqonda minaSenebi CrdiloeTiT da samxreTiT, xolo dasavleT mxares Ria TaRnaris kvali ar Cans, iseve rogorc kari dasavleTiT; erTaderTi Sesasvleli samxreTidan iyo. saTavsi mis win, SesaZloa, samTaRediT iyo gaxsnili.

SesaZloa Sepiakis reliefze – iseve rogorc zogierTi sxva darbazuli eklesiis gamosaxulebaSi, sadac realuri arqiteqturuli formebi Zlieri pirobiTobiT aris gadmocemuli, – simboluri mniSvneloba metad iyos aqcentirebuli. Tumca, sakmaod pirobiT figurul reliefebTan SedarebiT, aq taZris modeli ufro danawevrebulia da dekoriT gamdidrebuli. calkeuli elementebi xazgasmiT aris gadmocemuli da es detalebi amoicnoba realur formebSi. miuxedavad modelis zogadi xasiaTisa, sami TaRiT gaxsnili Sesasvleli mas garkveul konkretikas sZens da realur taZarTan SesaZlo kavSirs gvafiqrebinebs, miT umetes, rom taZris gaformeba zogadad mxatvrulobisa da ostatobis naklebobas namdvilad ar uCivis (`qvis zedapiris damuSaveba ostats sagangebo sazrunavad gauxdia~62). modelze zustad aris gadmocemuli Sewyvilebuli pilastrebi kapitelebiT da maTze gadayvanili ormaglilviani TaRebi. modelze gamokveTili detalebi SesaZloa zustadac imeorebdes taZrisas. xazovan-sibrtyobrivi „pirobiToba“ ar gamoricxavs am pirobiTobis CarCoebSi garkveuli detalebisadmi xazgasmul yuradRebas.

59 l. rCeuliSvili, TrialeTis saerisTaos meaTe saukunis erTi Zegli, qarTuli xelovneba, #6, 1963, gv. 168. 60 iqve, gv. 170-173. 61 iqve, gv. 172-173. 62 iqve, gv. 169.

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Sepiakis moqandake, rogorc Cans, eklesiis gamosaxvisas iTvaliswinebs detalebis Teologiur sazriss (zemoT visaubreT karis da samTaRedis simbolikaze). is mkacrad frontaluri, reprezentaciuli kompoziciis farglebSi sxvadasxva elements erT sibrtyeSi aerTianebs – eklesias dasavleTi fasadiT gamosaxavs da amave fasadzeve daaqvs samTaRedi, romelic eklesias savaraudod samxreT fasadze unda hqonoda. konkretuli nagebobaa gamosaxuli kvaisa-jvaris reliefze (sur. 10). saqtitoro reliefi kudaros mxareSi mdebare sofel kvaisas dangreuli eklesiidan iyo SemorCenili63 . didi zomis fila (110 × 55 sm.), romelzedac qtitori eklesiiT xelSi orTaviani veSapis mier ionas gadaylapvis da xsnis lakoniuri gamosaxulebis win migebis JestiT warmogvidgeba64 , mTavari Sesasvlelis arqitravis qva unda yofiliyo65 . amJamad reliefiani fila dakargulia da mis Sesaxeb msjeloba fotosuraTebiT gviwevs. modelze grZivi (unda vigulisxmoT – samxreTi) fasadiT naCvenebi minaSeniani darbazuli eklesia dgas orsafexurian cokolze. modelis simaRlis daaxloebiT naxevars Seadgens sami TaRiT gaxsnil stoa. misi saxuravi diagonalurad CakveTili xazebiT aris naCvenebi. saxuravis zemoT, sakuTriv eklesiis fasadze datanilia ori sworkuTxa Rrma sarkmeli. eklesiis gadaxurva minaSenis gadaxurvis msgavsia da kramitis wyobaze mianiSnebs. zeda da qveda horizontalebi ar aris paraleluri, minaSenis odnav axrili gadaxurva SesaZloa taZris perspeqtivSi Cvenebas emsaxurebodes da modelis blokur moculobaSi erTgvari dinamika Seaqvs. `gamosaxuleba sakmaod maRali reliefiT yofila Sesrulebuli, miuxedavad maRali reliefisa mxatvrul-stilisturi midgoma kvlav sibrtyobriv-grafikuli xasiaTisaa. zedapiri Sebrtyelebulia da zemodan Rrmad CaWrili grafikuli naxatiT damuSavebuli~66 . miuxedavad sibrtyobriv-grafikuli stilisa, arqiteqturuli detalebi sakmao sizustiT asaxavs arqiteqturas. svetebze gadasuli sami TaRi araTanabari zomisaa, maTgan kidura aRmosavleTi (SesaZloa mTavari Sesasvleli) siganiTac da simaRliTac aWarbebs danarCen ors. mis zemoT fotosuraTze bundovnad gairCeva kedlis sibrtyis metad damuSaveba maSin roca sxva or TaRs samkauli ara aqvs. or svets naTlad etyoba mrgvali formebi da sworkuTxa kapitelebi, TaRebis Rrma kveTa ki mis miRma sivrcis arsebobis STabeWdilebas tovebs. amgvarad dakonkretebuli reprezentacia, garda im zogadqristianuli sazrisebisa, rac met-naklebad yvela taZris modelSi dasturdeba, rogorc Cans, asaxavs im arqiteqturul nagebobas, romlis fasadsac amkobda reliefi. eklesiis modelis gamosaxuleba gvxvdeba qoroRos eklesiis fasadze (sur. 11). es umniSvnelovanesi Zeglia Tavisi gamorCeuli skulpturuli dekoris gamo, romelic X sauku

63 eklesia miwis donidan araTanabrad, metri-metrnaxevris simaRleze iyo SemorCenili. iqve miyrili reliefebi adgilze iyo 1975 wels, roca Zegli r. mefisaSvilma inaxula (Р. Меписашвили, В. Цинцадзе, Архитектура нагорной части исторической провинции Грузии Шида-Картли, Тбилиси, 1975, gv. 84). maT Sesaxeb ix.: T. xundaZe, ZveliaRTqmiswinaswarmetyvelTa – danielisda ionassaswaulebrivixsnisTemebiSua saukuneebis (VIII-Xss) qarTulxuroTmoZRvrulqandakebaSi, disertacia, Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 125-129. 64 ionas da da veSapis Teologiur sazrisTan dakavSirebiT ix.: T. xundaZe, Zveli aRTqmis winaswarmetyvelTa.., gv. 126-127. 65 Р. Меписашвили, Архитектурные памятники Кударо, Вопросы истории Грузии феодальной эпохи, II, Тбилиси, 1972, gv. 151. 66 T. xundaZe, ZveliaRTqmiswinaswarmetyvelTa..., gv. 128.

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nis bolos aris Sesrulebuli67 . dasavleT fasadis karnizis reliefebi sxvadasxva samSeneblo samuSaos asaxavs. eklesiis modeli erTgvari damasrulebeli Sedegis saxiT warmogvidgeba qtitoris xelSi, romelic mas niSian RmrTismSobels miagebs. es scena moTavsebulia karnizis marjvena ferdis zeda nawilSi, orferda gadaxurvis kexTan. modeli erTsafexurian cokolze mdgari darbazuli nagebobaa. mis samxreT fasadze68 SuaSi sworkuTxa kari da mis zemoT mcire zomis sarkmelia naCvenebi. kargad Cans gadaxurvis vertikaluri wyoba. fonidan maRla amosuli moculoba orferda gadaxurvasa da ganiv fasadebsac gviCvenebs. darbazuli eklesiis ase Zlier fonidan amosuli, TiTqmis samganzomilebiani moculobiT gamosaxva iSviaTia. misi uaxloesi paraleli iSxnis timpanis darbazuli eklesiaa (ix. qvemoT). am reprezentaciis kidev erTi Tavisebureba aris eklesiis samxreTi fasadiT gamosaxva. darbazuli nagebobebi umetesad dasavleTi an aRmosavleTi fasadiT aris xolme naCvenebi da ganzogadoebul modelebs gulisxmobs (gamonaklisi SemTxveva benisis taZris reliefze vnaxeT, sadac darbazuli eklesiis samxreTi fasadiT da gaZlierebuli aqcentebiT Cveneba, rogorc iTqva, garkveuli Sinaarsis matarebelia). Znelia danamdvilebiT iTqvas aris Tu ara qoroRos reliefuri modeli realuri arqiteqturis asaxvis mcdeloba, Tumca aSkaraa, rom ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi emTxveva. qoroRos eklesia warmoadgens orqanoba saxuraviT daxurul, martivi calnaviani gare (eklesiis Sida struqtura bevrad rTulia) moculobis mqone Senobas erTi kariTa da erTi sarkmliT samxreTidan. amasve gviCvenebs modelic. aqve mokled Sevexebi kidev erT saqtitoro reliefs qoroRos eklesiidan, romelic ufro vrclad ganxilulia daviT xoStarias narkvevSi amave wignSi (ix. mis narkvevze darTuli sur. 4). amJamad meoradi daniSnulebiT gamoyenebul (CarTulia eklesiis gviandel minaSenSi) qvis didi filaze warmodgenil qtitors xelSi taZris modelis nacvlad misi gegmis naxazi uWiravs. eklesiis am saxiT reprezentacia uanalogoa Sua saukuneebis qarTul reliefur plastikaSi. msgavsi gamosaxulebebi, romlebic ara damoukideblad, aramed mmarTvelTa Tu momgebelTa winaSe gamoxatul gegmas asaxavs, Soreul warsulSi iZebneba69 da is kulturu

67 r. mefisaSvili, mSeneblobis amsaxveli reliefebi qoroRos Zeglze, Zeglismegobari, 5, 1965, gv. 34-37; Р. Меписашвили, Рельефы рубежа X-XI вв. со сценами строительства в храме у селения Корого, Советская археология, №4, 1969, gv. 219-234; Н. Аладашвили, Монументальная скульптура Грузии, Москва, 1977, gv. 106, 109; N. Thierry, Illustration de la construction d’une église. Les sculptures de Korogo, Artistes, artisans et production artistique au Moyen-Age (Rennes 1983), II, Commande et travail, Paris, 1987, gv. 321-329; R. Ousterhout, Master Builders of Byzantium, Princeton, 1999, gv. 138-139; D. Khoshtaria, Sculptural Images of Medieval Georgian Masons, Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium of Georgian Culture “The Caucasus: Georgia on the Crossroads. Cultural Exchange across the Europe and beyond~, November 2-9, 2009, Florence, Tbilisi, 2011, gv. 98-101; d. TumaniSvili, n. nacvliSvili, d. xoStaria, mSenebeliostatebi..., gv. 100-107. 68 imis mixedviT, rom aRmosavleTi mxare qtitorisken aris mimarTuli, saCvenebeli fasadi samxreTi gamodis. sxva SemTxvevebSi, rodesac ugumbaTo nagebobis sworkuTxedSi Cawerili sakurTxeveli ar iZleva aRmosavleT-dasavleTis gansazRvris SesaZleblobas, vvaraudob, rom naCvenebi fasadi samxreTia (asea magaliTad, iSxanSi, kvaisa jvarSi, benisSi). 69 aseTia, magaliTad, lagaSis mmarTvelis qandakeba „muxlebze dadebuli~ ningirsus taZris (daaxl. Zv. w. aR. 2130) gegmiT (T. Donald, A Sumerian Plan In The John Rylands Library, Journal of Semitic Studies, vol. 7, 1962, gv. 190), romelsac Tan axlavs nagebobis aRwera arqiteqturul detalebSi. aseve, Cvenamde moRweulia babilonis mefe nabuqodonosoris (Zv. w. 605-562) stela, sadac mefis win zikuratia gamosaxuli xolo mis Tavs zemoT – taZris gegma. filaze uridan or registrad gayofil scenaSi zeda

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li kavSirebi, romlebic qarTlis samefos Zveli aRmosavleTis qveynebTan hqonda, SesaZloa Soreuli gamoZaxilis saxiT jer kidev arsebuliyo mexsierebaSi70 . Tumca, esec rom ara, Zveli aRTqma da saxareba namdvilad iyo qristianuli samyaros ganuyofeli nawili da amdenad, kargad nacnobi. Tixaze nagebobaTa gamosaxvis dasturs vxvdebiT bibliaSi: `da Sen, Zeo kacisao, moiRe Tavisa Senisa alizi, da dasdva igi winaSe pirsa Sensa, da gamoswero mas zeda qalaqi ierusalimi~ (ezekieli 4. 1). ar aris gamoricxuli, rom eklesiis gegmis winaSe meoxad mdgari pirebi am saxiT gamosaxul siwmindes iseTsave Tayvans miagebdnen, rogorc realur nagebobas Tu reliqvias.

Taviseburi darbazuli nagebobaa gamosaxuli iSxnis timpanis reliefze (sur. 12, 13), romelic XI saukunis I naxevriT TariRdeba. dekoratiulobiT da qarTuli plastikisTvis uCveulo sirbiliT gamorCeuli reliefi iSxnis monastris teritoriaze mimdinare arqeologiuri samuSaoebis dros aRmoaCines 2013 wels71 . timpanis qvaze (113 × 57 sm.) gamosaxulia RmrTismSobeli yrmiT da mis win mdgomi qtitori eklesiiT xelSi. eklesia darbazulia, vertikalurad wagrZelebuli proporciebis. is dgas erTsafexurian, ZiriTadi moculobidan mciredSveril cokolze. fasadze centridan cota marjvniv, fonis zedapiridan vertikaluri CakveTiT, gamosaxulia sworkuTxa orsafexuriani kari. naCvenebia karis timpani, gadanakecebiani ormaglilviani saTauriT. urTierTmarTobuli xazebis grafikuli nakawri fasadze qvis wyobis imitacias qmnis. saxuravze monacvleobs brtyeli da Rariani kramitebis rigebi. aRmosavleTiT saxuravis kuTxeSi darCenilia dakbiluli karnizis kvali. kedlis zedapiridan Zlier amozidul blokur moculobaze msgavsi detalebis gamosaxva upirobod emsaxureba konkretuli nagebobis Cvenebas. Tumca, gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqtic, rom am SemTxvevaSi saqme, savaraudod, samefo dakveTasTan gvaqvs da, gansxvavebiT agaris, breZis Tu sxva darbazuli eklesiebisgan, aq detalebis Cvenebis ostatobis gacilebiT maRali xarisxi SesaZloa simboluri nagebobis gamosaxvas emsaxurebodes. erTi detali iwvevs dafiqrebas – ratom aris kari araproporciulad didi? Tu gaviTvaliswinebT reliefis maRal mxatvrul dones, masze asaxul figuraTa Teologiur sazriss da am sazrisTa metnakleb aqcentirebas garkveuli mizniT (magaliTad uzarmazari mtredi eklesiis saxuravze, romelic TiTqos ki ar zis masze, aramed qtitors mis xelT arsebuli taZris simZimis SemsubuqebaSi exmareba72 , an RmrTismSoblis gverdiT gamosaxul ornamentul wnulSi Cawerili cxovelebi, rogorc samoTxis mcvelebi), safiqrelia, rom es karic garkveuli mizniT aris xazgasmuli.

registrSi gamosaxulia mefe, xolo qveda regitrSi – taZari (gegma?), romelsac mRvdelTmTavari Tanmxleb pirebTan erTad mieaxleba. 70 gadaWriT SeuZlebelia Tqma, Tu ramdenad icnobdnen Sua saukuneebis qarTveli ostatebi Zveli babilonis da zogadad Zveli aRmosavleTis xelovnebas, Tumca interesi namdvilad iqneboda. amas adasturebs bizantieli JamTaaRmwerlis giorgi monazonis arsen iyalToseuli Targmanic (XII saukune), sadac uxvad gvxvdeba cnobebi am qveynebis Sesaxeb. garda politikur-ekonomikuri interesisa, `sparsni, asuristaneli da babilovnelni~ odiTgan kulturuladac mWidrod iyvnen dakavSirebulni iberiis samefosTan da adreul Sua saukuneebSi es kavSirebi ukvalod ar unda gamqraliyo. 71 b. kudava, g. saiTiZe, axlad aRmoCenili saqtitoro reliefi iSxnidan, saqarTvelos siZveleni, #18, 2015, gv. 184-185. amJamad qva rizes muzeumSia (TurqeTi) daculi. 72 ise, rogorc es gvxvdeba yvelaanTubnis reliefze, sadac erT qtitors angelozi umagrebs mxars Semweobis niSnad.

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modelis da realuri nagebobis kavSirze danamdvilebiT risame Tqma SeuZlebelia, radgan reliefiani timpanis Tavdapirveli adgilmdebareoba ucnobia. b. kudavasa da g. saiTiZis varaudiT, es reliefiani fila unda yofiliyo iSxnis kaTedralis amJamad dangreuli dasavleTi karibWis timpani da SesaZloa karic amitom aris ase aqcentirebulad gamosaxuli73 . meore mxriv, karis xazgasma da msgavseba samarxebis arqiteqturaSi gavrcelebul karis formasTan SeiZleba mianiSnebdes nagebobis amgvar funqciaze, miT umetes Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom iSxnis taZris samxreT-dasavleTiT gaTxrebis Sedegad gamovlinda saZvale-egvterebi. bzis wm. giorgis eklesia darbazuli nagebobaa74 . Tavis droze dasavleTiT da samxreTiT hqonia minaSenebi, romlebic dauSliaT da manglisis taZris restavraciisTvis gamouyenebiaT75 . taZari uxvadaa Semkuli reliefebiT76 . saqtitoro reliefi, sadac eklesiis modelia gamosaxuli, samxreTi fasadis sarklis saTaurs warmoadgens (sur. 14). `eklesiis modelis zeda nawili didi jvriT dasrulebul, minaSenebian darbazul nagebobas gamosaxavs. igi savaraudod, dasavleTi fasadis mxridan aris warmodgenili. mis centrSi Sewyvilebuli sarkmelia aRniSnuli. dabal, brtyelgadaxurvian minaSenebs ki – TiTo sarkmeli amSvenebs. gansakuTrebiT uCveuloa eklesiis gamosaxulebis qveda `sarTuli~, romelic erT postamentze aRmarTul oTx svets warmoadgens. svetebi martivad aRniSnuli kapitelebiT sruldeba, romelTa Soris TaRebia gamoWrili. es `sarTuli~, zedaze viwroa da eklesia TiTqos am oTx svetze `dgas~77 . aseve uCveuloa eklesiis orsav mxares gamosaxuli, TiTqos haerSi molivlive, eklesiis makurTxebeli sacecxluriani sasuliero piri da qtitori, romlis uzarmazar xelis mtevansac msubuqad ebjineba taZari – maSin, rodesac dasavleTi sarkmlis TavsarTze gamosaxuli RmrTismSobeli yrmiT da wminda didmowame giorgi sakmaod myarad dganan miwaze. sakiTxavia, ra da ratom SeiZleboda gamoesaxa ostats am saxiT da aseTi Zlieri pirobiTobiT. mosazreba, rom warmodgenili modeli SesaZloa realuri, minaSenebiani taZris saxe iyos, xolo modelis qveda registrSi gamosaxuli TaRnari – aseve realuri karibWe (romelic marTlac SesaZloa hqonoda eklesias dasavleTiT), damajereblobas moklebulia. dasavleTiT TaRebiT gaxsnili Sesasvleli amkobs fetobnis da Sepiakis eklesiis modelebs da bunebrivi iqneboda bzis ostatsac is taZris modelis fasadzeve amoekveTa da ara taZris qvemoT (realobis asaxvis SemTxvevaSi – iatakis donis dabla). aseve gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom is modelebi, romelnic realur bazilikur taZars asaxavs, rogorc wesi, samxreTi fasadiT arian gamosaxulni – garda wamyvani sigrZivi RerZis gadmocemisa (Tundac kvadrats miaxloebul formebSi) aq mTavari sazeimo, TaRebiT gaxsnili Sesasvlelis Cvenebac aris (yvelaanTubani, kvaisa jvari). Sesabamisad, aRmosavleTi fasadiT mocemuli samnaviani nageboba, savaraudod, ar unda gamoxatavdes realur nagebobas. amas garda, mis realurobaSi

73 b. kudava, g. saiTiZe, axlad aRmoCenili saqtitoro reliefi iSxnidan, gv. 187-192. 74 arqiteqturis Sesaxeb ix.: Р. Шмерлинг, Архитектурные памятники района древних селении Адзикви и Бза, macne, istoriisseria, #2, 1969, gv. 105-130. 75 Е. Такаишвили, Археологические экскурсии, разыскания и заметки, вып. IV, Тифлис, 1913, gv. 10. 76 srulad ix.: T. xundaZe, bzis wm. giorgis eklesiis reliefebi, saqarTvelossiZveleni, #14, 2010, gv. 122-132. 77 iqve, gv. 128.

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eWvs minaSenebis ucnaurad brtyeli gadaxurvac badebs. xom ar aris es eklesia simboluri mniSvnelobis matarebeli da xom ar surs ostats `qveda sarTuliT~ sxva ramis miniSneba, vidre realuri taZris Cveneba. qristianuli xelovnebis nimuSebSi (iqneba es monumenturi ferwera, Weduroba, spilos Zvlis nimuSebi, Tu sxva) religiur scenebSi xSirad gvxvdeba ama Tu im konkretul siuJetTan dakavSirebuli arqiteqtura. gansakuTrebuli popularobiT adreuli periodidanve gamoirCeoda aRdgomis da amaRlebis dResaswauli da Sesabamisad, masTan dakavSirebuli arqiteqturuli Zeglebi – aRdgomisa da amaRlebis taZrebi. gansakuTrebiT sasurveli iyo am wminda adgilebis momlocveloba da sakuTari TvaliT maTi xilva, xolo vinc moklebuli iyo am fufunebas, kmayofildeboda TviTmxilvelTa gadmocemiT an im obieqtis xilviT, romelic didi siwmindis aslad moiazreboda da igive madlis matareblad iTvleboda78 . xom ar aris bzis eklesiis modeli aRdgomis taZris asli? IV saukunis mogzauri qali egeria uflis saflavs aRwers rogorc bazilikuri nagebobis siRrmeSi arsebul, rikulebiani moajiriT mofarglul ares, saidanac Casasvlelia aklamaSi – episkoposi Cadis akldamaSi, dgeba rikulebTan da wirvas aRasrulebs, sacecxluriani sasuliero pirebi sakmevels akmeven taZarSi79 . VII saukunis mogzauri arkulfi sxvagvarad aRwers wminda saflavis arqiteqturas – am dros wamyvani wriuli nagebobaa (ukve sammagi kedliT SemozRuduli)80 . es cvlileba xelovnebis nimuSebSic isaxeba – IV saukunis spilos Zvlis firfitebze aRdgomis scenaSi wminda saflavis nageboba jer kidev sworkuTxa akldamis saxiT aris gadmocemuli, romelsac amaRlebis wriuli taZari adgas Tavze (amaRlebis da aRdgomis sazrisis gaerTianeba arqiteqturaSic isaxeba)81 , X saukunis nawarmoebebSi aRdgomis taZari wriuli formisaa, iseve rogorc amaRlebisa82 . savaraudod, TviTmxilvelTa gardaTxroba Sesabamis asaxvas povebs xelovnebis nawarmoebebSic. Tumca, aslis asli iqneba es Tu originalis, Sesabamis wyaroebze dayrdnobiT maTi amocnoba albaT SesaZlebeli iqneboda. am SemTxvevaSic, bzis ostatmac iqneb aRdgomis taZari da mis siRrmeSi arsebuli rikulebiT SemozRuduli akldama swored amgvarad gaxada sacnobi – eklesiis qveS, miwis donis dabla, TaRebiT gaxsnili sivrcis gamosaxviT. sacecxluriani sasuliero piri, SesaZloa gamosaxavdes eklesiis kurTxevas, SesaZloa aluzia iyos im menelsacxeble dedebTan, aRdgomis scenaSi uflis cariel saflavTan sacecxluriT xelSi rom gamoisaxebian. fasadebze Teologiuri sazrisiT gaerTianebuli reliefebidan gamomdinare, formis imgvari gadaazreba simbolur saxe-xatebSi, rogorc es eklesiis gamosaxulebaSi gvaqvs, gasakviri ar unda iyos.

78 gamosaxuleba Tavisi ZalmosilebiT gaTanabrebuli iyo wminda werilis gadmocemasa Tu werilobiT wyarosTan: G. Frank, The Memory of the Eyes, Pilgrims to Living Saints in Christian Late Antiquity, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, 2000, gv. 180. 79 Egeria: Diary of a Pilgrimage, in: Ancient Christian Writers: The Works of the Fathers in Translation, ed. by J. Quasten, W. J. Burghardt, No. 38, New York, 1970, gv. 89-93. 80 Adamnan’s De locis sanctis, gv. 43-47. 81 romauli spilos Zvlis firfita maskelis koleqciidan, britaneTis muzeumi – 420-430 wlebi; IV saukunis bolosa da V saukunis dasawyisis spilos Zvlis firfita bavariis nacionaluri muzeumidan, miunxeni; V saukunis dasawyisis spilos Zvlis firfita bavariis saxelmwifo biblioTekidan, miunxeni. 82 spilos Zvlis firfita san galenis monastridan – 900-950 wlebi, milanis spilos Zvlis firfita – X saukunis I naxevari.

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dolisyanis eklesia klarjeTis sxva monastrebze gvian, 937-958 wlebs Soris aris agebuli83 . arqiteqturuli TvalsazrisiT mas bevri saerTo aqvs xanZTisa (918-941) da opizis (dasrulda 954 wels) eklesiebTan84 . taZari wagrZelebul marTkuTxedSi Cawerili centralur-gumbaTovani nagebobaa jvruli ZiriTadi sivrciT da oTxsave kuTxeSi mowyobili damatebiTi saTavsebiT85 . safasado skulptura ZiriTadad samxreTi mklavis sarkmlis siaxloves aris Tavmoyrili. fila, romelzec sumbat mefe eklesiiT xelSia gamosaxuli, Cadgmulia gumbaTis samxreT-aRmosavleT waxnagis dekoratiul TaRSi (sur. 15). Ffilaze aris warwera: q(rist)e ad(i)d(e)n mefe C(ue)ni s(um)b(a)t86 . vaxtan jobaZe am gamosaxulebas ase aRwers: `kedelze `gamokiduli~ monarqi gamokveTilia mkacrad frontalur pozaSi, garda fexebisa, romlebic profilSia naCvenebi... mas orive xeliT ukavia dolisyanis sakmaod zusti modeli... . sumbatis mopirdapire mxares ar aris arc qristes gamosaxuleba... arc sxva vinmesi, visac SeiZleba eklesia waredginebodes... ~87 . saqtitoro reliefze horeliefurad warmodgenili nageboba planebad aris nakveTi. wina planze jvris samxreT mklavia mkveTrad wamoweuli (vTvli, rom eklesia samxreTi fasadiT aris gamosaxuli). mis fasadze, centridan odnav dasavleTiT sworkuTxa karia gaWrili. karis Riobi Rrmad aris CakveTili, orsafexuriani sworkuTxa brtyeli moCarCoeba samarxebis sakmaod specifikur karis Wrils waagavs88 . mklavs asrulebs frontoni, romelic didwilad dazianebulia da mxolod mklavis moculobidan kuTxeebTan odnav gadmosul SverilSi ikiTxeba. frontonis areSi CakveTili sarkmlidanac mxolod wiTlad daferili kuTxis nawili SemorCa. mklavis dasavleTiT daxuruli gluvi moculobaa, romelic horizontaluri sartyliT orad aris gayofili. zeda nawili Seesabameba taZris dasavleT mklavs, qveda – samxreT-dasavleT kuTxis saTavss (v. jobaZis varaudiT, doliyanis eklesias aq Ria TaRovani galerea unda hqonoda89 , magram modelze gluvi kedelia naCvenebi. mas nawilobriv faravs sumbatis xelebi). msgavsi saTavsi (pastoforiumi) aRmosavleTi mklavis qveda nawilSic unda yofiliyo naCvenebi, magram aq TiTqmis mTeli kuTxe Camomtvreulia da darCenili forma darwmunebiT risame Tqmis saSualebas ar maZlevs. taZris aRmosavleTi da dasavleTi mklavebi Tanabari zomisaa. maT zemoT kargad gairCeva karnizis xazi. aseve TvalSisacemia

83 v. jobaZe, adreuliSuasaukuneebis..., gv. 74-89; d. xoStaria, klarjeTiseklesiebidamonastrebi, Tbilisi, 2005, gv. 122. 84 v. jobaZe, adreuliSuasaukuneebis..., gv. 79; d. xoStaria, klarjeTiseklesiebi..., gv. 111-125. 85 d. xoStaria, klarjeTiseklesiebi..., gv. 113. 86 Н. Марр, Дневник поездки в Шавшию и Кларджию, Тексты и разыскания по армяно-грузинской филологии, кн. VII, С. -Петербург, 1911, gv. 184; qarTuliwarwerebiskorpusi, lapidaruliwarwerebi I, aRmosavleTda samxreTsaqarTvelo (V-Xss), Seadgina da gamosacemad moamzada n. SoSiaSvilma, Tbilisi, 1980, gv. 290. 87 v. jobaZe, adreuliSuasaukuneebis..., gv. 80-81. 88 msgavsi orsafexuriani sworkuTxa kari xSirad gvxvdeba X saukunis spilos Zvlis nimuSebze. aRsaniSnavia, rom karis es specifikuri forma adreul periodSi niSandoblivia siria-palestinis samarxebis arqiteqturisTvis. es SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos. samarxebTan kavSirs aRniSnavs v. jobaZec, rodesac ostat gabrielis gamosaxulebas Soreulad samarxebsa Tu sarkofagebze datanil imago clipeatas ukavSirebs (v. jobaZe, adreuli Sua saukuneebis..., gv. 81). aseTive kari, rogorc iTqva, aris iSxnis timpanis reliefze gamosaxul eklesiis modelze. 89 v. jobaZe, adreuliSuasaukuneebis..., gv. 76.

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gare masebSi gumbaTqveSa gardamavali konstruqciis (afra-trompebis) mkafiod dawaxnagebuli moculobebi mklavebs Soris. modelis gumbaTi Zlier aris dazianebuli. gadaxurva gluvia, misi wyoba da faqtura miniSnebuli ar aris. ostati TiTqos cdilobs blokuroba ar daarRvios, mcireddanawevrebuli, gluvi zedapirebi sakmaod sadaa – gansxvavebiT mefe sumbatis figurisgan, sadac piriqiT, horeliefis zedapiri xazovan-grafikuli maneriT imdenad aris damuSavebuli TiToeul detalamde, rom faqtiurad aqrobs sxeulis (masaliseul) simZimes. es kontrasti kidev ufro gamokveTs da TvalSisacems xdis eklesiis models. miuxedavad imisa, rom orive forma TiTqmis Tanabrad aris amosuli kedlis zedapiridan. miuxedavad reliefis mniSvnelovani dazianebisa, sakmaod kargad gairCeva jvar-gumbaTovani taZari, romelic, rogorc v. jobaZec aRniSnavs, met-naklebad zustad imeorebs arsebul arqiteqturas90 . doliyanis saqtitoro reliefis fasadze ganTavseba aCens eWvs, rom is ar aris Tavis Tavdapirvel adgilze. Sua saukuneebis qarTul eklesiebze yvela saqtitoro reliefi – eklesiis modeliT xelSi Tu mis gareSe – warmodgenilia e. w. miwier registrSi91 , Sesasvleli karis (rogorc wesi samxreTiT, iSviaTad dasavleTiT) zemoT an aRmosavleTi sarkmlis Tavze. zogadad qristianuli koncefciis mixedviT, gumbaTis yeli, rogorc zeciuri registri, ar aris gankuTvnili saero pirTaTvis. ZiriTadad gumbaTis yeli imkoba simboluri gamosaxulebebiT. v. jobaZe aRniSnavs, rom sumbat mefis reliefi gumbaTis yelze Sesrulebis TvalsazrisiT uCveulod gamoiyureba: `nacvlad figuris wagrZelebisa naturalur zomasTan SedarebiT, is piriqiT, dadablebulia, ris gamoc qvemodan yurebisas araproporciulad mokle da jmuxi Cans~92 . savaraudod, reliefi ar unda yofiliyo am simaRleze aRsaqmeli, is gacilebiT dabla Casadgmelad iyo gankuTvnili. sumbatis sanaxevrod frontalurad warmodgenili figura eklesiis modeliT xelSi kompoziciurad gauwonasworebelia. didi zomis taZari mas dasavleTi kuTxiT uWiravs, maSin roca marto mdgom figurebs opizaSi, oSkSi, iSxnis reliefze, axaSenSi, kvaisa jvarSi xeli modelis centralur nawilis qvemodan aqvT `amodebuli~ da myarad iWeren mas. eklesiis modelis kuTxiT daWera damaxasiaTebelia qtitorTa wyviledi gamosaxulebebisaTvis – asea fetobnis, Sepiakis, yvelaanTubnis da xoJornis reliefebSi. Sesabamisad, dolisyanis reliefze meore figurac aris mosaazrebeli, miT umetes, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT samxreT-dasavleTi karibWis aRmosavleT kedelze arsebul warweras, romelSic eklesiis aRSenebasTan dakavSirebiT ori mefea moxseniebuli93 . qarTul xuroTmoZRvrul qandakebaSi udaod gamorCeuli adgili uWiravs oSkis wm. ioane naTlismcemlis taZris (963-973 wlebi) skulpturas94 . taZris samxreTi fasadis aRmosavleT

90 iqve, gv. 80. 91 es exeba monumenturi mxatvrobis nimuSebsac, sadac qtitorebi umetesad gamosaxulia qveda, pirvel registrSi. 92 v. jobaZe, adreuliSuasaukuneebis..., gv. 81. 93 `ieso qriste wmindai ese eklesiai we dResa aRaSenes mefeTa CvenTa [sumbat da bagrat] qriste Seiwyale~ (v. jobaZe, adreuliSuasaukuneebis..., gv. 87). 94 Е. Такаишвили, Археологическая экспедиция 1917 года в южные провинции Грузии, Тбилиси, 1952, gv. 45-67;

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nawilSi, pastoforiumis kedelze gamosaxulia vedrebis kompozicia, romelSic umaRlesi saero xelisufalni – daviT magistrosi da bagrat erisTavT-erisTavi eklesiis modelebiT xelSi arian CarTulni95 . vedrebis orsav mxares gamosaxul mefeebs oSkis taZari migebis niSnad miumarTavT kompoziciis centrisken. bagrat erisTavT-erisTavi samxreTi fasadiT gamosaxuli eklesiiT xelSi miemarTeba wm. ioane naTlismcemlisken( sur. 16), xolo daviT magistrosi CrdiloeTi fasadiT gamosaxuli eklesiiT xelSi – RmrTismSoblisken (sur. 17). mefeTa figurebi oSkSi TiTqmis mrgval qandakebamdea misuli da xasiaTdeba realurs miaxloebuli proporciebiT. bizantiuri oficialuri gamosaxulebebisgan isini uSualo xasiaTiT gansxvavdeba96 . isini ara mefobis ideis gamomsaxveli abstraqtuli reprezentaciebia, aramed konkretuli (SesaZloa portretulad msgavsic ki; samwuxarod saxeebi Zlier dazianebulia) mefeebis gamosaxulebebi skrupulozulad gamoyvanili ornamentulnaxatiani bizantiuri samefo SesamoseliT97 . oSkis taZris modelebzec, romlebic isea dazianebuli, rom detalebi ZlivsRa gairCeva (gansakuTrebiT marcxenaze, daviTis xelSi), aSkaraa realisturi tendenciis gaZliereba. gansxvavebiT dolisyanis blokuri moculobisgan, oSkis modelebi, miuxedavad horeliefurobisa, msubuqia, danawevrebuli. arqiteqturuli detalebi fasadebze planebadaa ganlagebuli. uCveulod Rrma kveTiT aris gadmocemuli kari marjvena, bagratis modelze. sami safexuriT CaRrmavebuli, frontoniT dasrulebuli Sesasvleli TiTqmis zustad Seesabameba taZris samxreT karibWes. taZris samxreTi fasadis gaformebas imeorebs sxva detalebic – sami dekoratiuli TaRi karibWis zemoT, Sua, TaRSi naCvenebi sarkmlis Riobi da gverdiTa TaRebSi CakveTili samkuTxa niSnebi. iseve, rogorc realur taZarSi, modelzec samive TaRi saerTo frontonis qveS aris moqceuli. marcxena, daviTis modelze CrdiloeTi fasadze frontonis qvemoT didi alaTebiani sarkmelia naCvenebi. sarkmlis zemoT, TaRSi Cans radialursxivebiani kedlis wyoba. gumbaTis yelze Yyru TaRisa da sarkmlis monacvleoba kargad Cans daviT magistrosis modelis SedarebiT ukeT SemorCenil ukana, kedels mibjenil nawilze. erT mxares yru TaRis aRmniSvnelad erTi safexuriT CakveTili kedlis sibrtyea, meore mxares amave principiT nakveTi TaRia zeda nawilSi gaWrili wriuli RiobiT (ise, rogorc atenis zemoTganxilul modelze).

D. Winfield, Some Early Medieval figure sculpture from North-East Turkey, Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institute, XXXI, 1968, gv. 38-57; Н. Аладашвили, Монументальная…, gv. 117-135; В. Беридзе, Архитектура Тао-Кларджети, Тбилиси, 1981, gv. 164-166; v. jobaZe, oSkis taZari, Tbilisi, 1991; l. xuskivaZe, oSkis skulpturul „vedrebaTa“ Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb, saqarTvelossiZveleni, #3, 2003, gv. 59-90; n. aladaSvili, oSkis taZris skulpturuli dekori da misi programis damokidebuleba monastris Tanadroul istoriul viTarebasTan, Academia, #6-7, 2006, gv. 35-40; v. jobaZe, adreuliSuasaukuneebis..., gv. 112-163; T. dadiani, e. kvaWataZe, YT. xundaZe, Suasaukuneebis..., gv. 148-149. 95 samefo gamosaxulebebisTvis ix.: T. xundaZe, mefeTa gamosaxulebani tao-klarjeTis IX-X saukuneebis xuroTmoZRvrul qandakebaSi, Academia, 3, 2013/14, gv. 46-49. 96 n. aladaSvili, qarTuli skulpturis bizantiurTan mimarTebis sakiTxi (oSkis taZris `vedrebis~ reliefi – X s.), qarTulixelovnebisnarkvevebi, Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 34-35. 97 v. jobaZe, adreuliSuasaukuneebis..., gv. 138-142.

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eklesiaTa moculobebi araa sworkuTxa, gare masebi Zirzec (`gegmazec~) isaxeba. orive modeli winidan mcired asimetriulia, erTmaneTis sapirispiro mxariT odnav dagrZelebuli: marjvena modeli – dasavleTi mklavis moculobis aRsaniSnad, marcxena (sul odnav) – sakurTxevlis moculobis gamosakveTad. qtitorebsac modelebi Sesabamisad uWiravT – bagrat mefeT mefes eklesia win gawvdil orsave xelze udevs, xolo daviTs cali xeli centraluri nawilis, xolo meore swored im dagrZelebuli moculobis qveS aqvs amodebuli. amgvari detalizebiT da mcire niuansebiT iqmneba realuri, cocxali gamosaxuleba. is gadmogvcems im saxasiaTo ZiriTad elementebs, romlebic konkretuli taZris – oSkis ganumeorebel arqiteqturul saxes qmnis. opizis monasteri uZvelesia klarjeTis savaneTa Soris. is daarsda V saukunis meore naxevarSi, vaxtang gorgaslis dros98 . mSeneblobis Semdgomi etapi, rogorc Cans, IX saukunis dasawyiss ukavSirdeba, aSot I didis mefobis dros. monasterma kvlav icvala saxe 882 wlis wina xanebSi guaram mamfalis iniciativiT99 , xolo X saukunis Sua xanebSi moxda monastris yvelaze didi ganaxleba, roca gadakeTda mTavari taZari da aigo satrapezo. saboloo saxiT opizis monastris wm. ioane naTlismcemlis eklesia warmoadgenda `naxevradTavisufali jvris~ tipis nagebobas Zlier dagrZelebuli dasavleTi mklaviT. amJamad is didwilad dangreulia. saqtitoro reliefi, romelic g. yazbegma klarjeTSi mogzaurobis dros Tavis adgilze, samxreT fasadze naxa100 , amJamad saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis S. amiranaSvilis sax. xelovnebis muzeumSia daculi. Zvel mkvlevarTa naxazebsa da fotoebze reliefi arsad Cans. d. xoStarias azriT, fila samxreTi pastoforiumis samxreT kedelze unda yofiliyo moTavsebuli, iseve, rogorc es aris oSkis taZarSi101 . reliefze gamosaxulia qtitori eklesiiT, romelsac is macxovars miagebs (sur. 18). macxovris gverdiT kidev erTi figuraa, romelsac Tan axlavs warwera – daviT. reliefis TariRisa da masze gamosaxul pirTa vinaobis Sesaxeb samecniero literaturaSi azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa. nawili mas IX saukuniT aTariRebs da gamosaxul pirebs aSot I kurapalatTan da daviT winaswarmetyvelTan aigivebs, xolo nawili mas miiCnevs X saukunis skulpturis nimuSad, gamosaxul pirebs ki aSot IV-sTan da mis Zma daviTTan aigivebs102 . orive mosazreba yuradsaRebia, Tumca aSkaraa, rom aSotis xelT arsebuli eklesiis gamosaxuleba X saukunis saqtitoro reliefebze warmodgenil eklesiaTagan (dolisyana, oSki, axaSeni da sxva) mkveTrad gansxvavdeba da es mxolod stilisturi an teqnikuri sxvaoba ar aris.

98 daarsebisa da aRdgena-gadakeTebebis istoria ix.: d. xoStaria, opizis monastris daarsebis TariRisaTvis, Zeglis megobari, #2, 1999, gv. 31-33; v. jobaZe, adreuli Sua saukuneebis..., gv. 23-33; d. xoStaria, klarjeTiseklesiebi..., gv. 80-92. 99 `mokuda guaram, Ze aSotisa da damarxes opizas misgan meored aRSenebulsa~ (qarTliscxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. I, Tbilisi, 1955, gv. 282). guaram aSotis Ze, igive guaram mamfali gardaicvala 882 wels. cnoba cxadyofs, rom manamde taZars garkveuli ganaxleba ganucdia. aSot I-is mere sul ramdenime aTeul welSi taZris `meored aSenebis~ saWiroeba xom ar ukavSirdeba 860-ian wlebSi dvanSi momxdar did miwisZvras? 100 Г. Казбек, Три месяца в Турецкой Грузии, Записки Кавказского отделения Императорского русского географического общества, кн. Х, ч. I, 1876, gv. 102-103. 101 d. xoStaria, klarjeTiseklesiebi..., gv. 86. 102 amasTan dakavSirebiT ix.: T. xundaZe, mefeTa gamosaxulebani.., gv. 46-49.

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is faqti, rom aSots gumbaTiani nageboba upyria xelT, TiTqos im azris sasargeblod metyvelebs, rom modeli ara IX, aramed X saukunis gadakeTebis Semdgom gumbaTian nagebobas asaxavs, vinaidan aSot I-s bazilikuri nagebobis `meored aRSeneba~ miewereba103 . Tumca, gasarkvevia, sinamdvileSi ras warmoadgenda aSotis nageboba da, rac gansakuTrebiT sagulisxmoa, ra SemorCa masSi V saukunis eklesiidan, romlis agebasac, juanSeri vaxtang gorgaslis ZuZumte artavazs ukavSirebs: `... ubrZana (vaxtangma artavazs), raTa gamonaxos Ãevsa mas Sina adgili samonastre da aRaSenos eklesia, da qmnes monastrad, viTarca exilvnes monasterni saberZneTisani... xolo artavaz aRaSena... monasteri, romel ars opiza~104 . ras gulisxmobs `monasterni saberZneTisani~ im dros, roca artavazi aSenebs taZars da ra daxvda aSots artavazis nagebobisgan IX saukuneSi? amaze miniSneba SesaZloa eklesiis modelma mogvces.

X saukunis saqtitoro reliefebze gamosaxul gumbaTur nagebobaTagan gansxvavebiT, opizis eklesia ucnaurad gamoiyureba. TiTqos ostatisTvis ucxoa gumbaTiani nagebobis gamosaxva, an jer TvalnaTliv ar aqvs warmodgenili is, rac unda gamosaxos – SeiZleba imitom, rom ar uyurebs dasrulebul taZars, radgan is jer mxolod gegmaze arsebobs an sanaxevrod aris agebuli105 . cxadia, isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom ostats moculobiTi formis xazobriv-sibrtyobrivi maneriT Sesruleba metis SesaZleblobas ar aZlevs, magram am SemTxvevaSic, sibrtyobriobis miuxedavad, taZari gumbaTiani nagebobis proporciebs mainc unda akmayofilebdes. SedarebisTvis sakmarisia oSkis, dolisyanis, axalcixis Tu axaSenis modelebi movitanoT. garda TiTqmis samganzomilebiani blokuri formebisa (pirvel or SemTxvevaSi), romlebic taZris realisturad asaxvis TvalsazrisiT met SesaZleblobas iZleva, aRsaniSnavia proporciebic, kerZod, gumbaTis Sefardeba korpusTan. aRniSnul modelebSi es Sefardeba aris daaxloebiT 1/2-1/3. opizis ostatisTvis ki wamyvani TiTqos bazilikuri nagebobaa, romelsac gumbaTi mcire damatebiT moculobad aqvs `dadgmuli~. misi simaRle korpusis simaRleze oTxjer naklebia, sigane – daaxloebiT samjer. gumbaTisa da korpusis proporciebis amgvari uCveulo Sefardeba SesaZloa aixsnas aSotamde arsebuli opizis monastriT, romelic, rogorc vTqviT, `qmnes monastrad, viTar-ca exilvnes monasterni saberZneTisani~. am periodis `saberZneTis~ gumbaTovan arqiteqturas, qarTulisgan gasxvavebiT, namdvilad SesaZloa hqonoda msgavsi iersaxe. korpusTan SedarebiT mcire zomis gumbaTi damaxasiaTebelia adreqristianuli ZeglebisTvis, kerZod, nagebo

103 v. jobaZis mixedviT, `reliefi Sesrulebulia daaxloebiT X saukunis meore meoTxedSi, roca Tavdapirveli bazilika ukve gadakeTebuli iyo gumbaTian nagebobad~ (v. jobaZe, adreuli Sua saukuneebis..., gv. 29). 104 qarTliscxovreba, t. I, gv. 178. 105 sanaxevrod dasrulebuli taZris fasadebis Semkoba reliefebiT ucxo araa. magaliTad, `serapion zarzmelis cxovrebaSi~ gvxvdeba pasaJi, sadac saubaria sanaxevrod agebul zarzmis Zvel eklesiaze reliefis gamokveTaze, amasTan dakavSirebiT ix.: d. TumaniSvili, basili zarzmeli taZarTmSeneblobis Sesaxeb, werilebi, narkvevebi, Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 45. sakiTxi, Tu rodis ikveTeboda reliefi – taZris gasrulebis Semdgom, paralelurad Tu sulac Tavidanve mosamzadebeli naxazis mixedviT, tao-klarjeTis reliefebSi calsaxad gamokveTil gadawyvetas iRebs. imdenad aSkaraa msgavseba realur taZarTan, rom savaraudod ostati an gasrulebul taZars uyurebs an detalur mosamzadebel naxazs Tu makets (aseTia oSkisa da dolisyanis, reliefebi).

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bis iseTi tipisTvis, rogoric iyo gumbaTiani bazilika106 , romelic martiriumebisgan ganviTarda107 V-VI saukuneebSi da IX saukunis bolomde iarseba108 . es miT ufro sarwmunoa, Tu gavixsenebT, rom opizaSi wm. ioane naTlismcemlis xorxi inaxeboda109 . am yvelafris mixedviT, SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom ostati opizis taZars am saxiT gadmoscemdes, Tundac `xelaxla aRSenebis~ SemTxvevaSi – iseve rogorc atenis ostati, romelic manamde arsebul taZarze gadmocemas Tu wyaros uwevs angariSs da mis moazrebas cdilobs reliefSi. maSin gasagebi xdeba opizis eklesiis am saxiT warmodgena da kidev erTxel dasturdeba misi arqauli xasiaTi X saukunis ZeglebTan SedarebiT. gamomdinare zemoTqmulidan, misaRebia rom aSoti gumbaTiani nagebobiT xelSi iyos aSot I, xolo reliefis Sesrulebis TariRi mis gardacvalebamde, e. i. 826 wlamde droiT monakveTSi movniSnoT. axaSnis saqtitoro reliefi, romelzec qtitori gumbaTian eklesias wm. giorgis warudgens, darbazuli eklesiis dasavleTi karis zRudaris orsav mxares Cadgmul or rux bazaltis filazea gamokveTili: marcxniv – qtitori, marjvniv – wm. giorgi110 . eklesia reliefis Tanadrouli ar aris – is TiTqmis Tavidan aaSenes XV saukuneSi, erTi periodi koSkadac ki iyo gadakeTebuli111 . ucnobia reliefi aq mdgari Zveli eklesiis naSTia Tu saidanme aris motanili. is mkveTrad gansxvavdeba fasadze gamoyenebuli qvebisgan, rogorc masaliT ise teqnikuri damuSavebiT112 . n. CubinaSvili marTebulad aRniSnavs, rom reliefi ar miekuTvneba aRniSnul fasads arc masaliT, arc adgiliT113 . dabal reliefSi Sesrulebuli eklesiis modeli sakmaod detalurad aris gamokveTili (sur. 19). jvar-gumbaTovani nageboba vertikalurad wagrZelebuli proporciebiT gamoirCeva (zoma: 45 × 13 sm). nageboba savaraudod aRmosavleTi fasadiT aris warmodgenili. mklavis frontonis qvemoT gamokveTilia lilviT moCarCoebuli TaRovani sarkmeli. taZris mTavari moculobidan ori santimetriT gamoSverili gverdiTi mklavebi perspeqtivSia naCvenebi, rasac frontonis kuTxidan kedlis sibrtyisken diagonalurad maRla mimarTuli gadaxurvis kalTa usvams xazs. mklavebs Soris gairCeva gare masebSi asaxuli afrebis samkuTxa moculobebi. gumbaTis yelis ZirSi ori lentisgan Semdgari sartyeli Semouyveba. yelze sami sarkmelia naCvenebi, rac gulisxmobs rom sul masSi rva sarkmeli unda iyos. gumbaTis

106 saqarTveloSi msgavsi tipis ZeglebisTvis ix.: d. TumaniSvili, sazrisisa da mxatvruli formis mimarTebisTvis Sua saukuneebis qarTul xuroTmoRvrebaSi (mcxeTis taZris magaliTze), gzajvaredinze, Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 103-104. 107 A. Grabar, Martyrium. Recherches sur le culte des Reliques et l’art chretienne antique, I, Paris, 1946. 108 V. Ruggieri, Byzantine religious architecture (582–867). Its history and structural elements, Rome, 1991, gv. 137. 109 qarTliscxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. II, Tbilisi, 1959, gv. 259. 110 Е. Такаишвили, Христианские памятники. Экскурсия 1902 года, Материалы по археологии Кавказа, вып. XII, Москва, 1909, gv. 7. Zegli 1831 wels mounaxulebia mari brosesac: Chronique Géorgienne, traduite par M. Brosset Jeune, Paris, 1831, gv. 113-128. 111 n. CubinaSvili, saurmagis Zis niRvarais qtitoruli reliefi javaxeTis axaSenidan, qarTuli xelovneba, 5, 1959, gv. 135. 112 T. dadiani, e. kvaWataZe, T. xundaZe, Suasaukuneebis..., gv. 225. 113 n. CubinaSvili, saurmagis Zis niRvarais qtitoruli reliefi.., gv. 136.

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yels grexili lilvis karnizi aboloebs. maRali konusuri saxuravi, savaraudod, kramits aCvenebda –zedapiris gamoqarvis gamo Cans mxolod konusis wverosken mimarTuli, mWidrod ganlagebuli Rarebi da, Zlivs SesamCnevad, odnav amoburculi naWdevebi. jvar-gumbaTovani taZris sakmaod detaluri modeli, garda imisa, rom axaSnis eklesiis Tanadrouli araa, savaraudod sxva, gumbaTiani eklesiidan SeiZleba iyos wamoRebuli. rogorc dakvirvebam aCvena, umetes SemTxvevaSi ostati eklesiis asaxvisas an imeorebs arsebul arqiteqturul Zegls mcire masStabSi (met-naklebad an zogadi formiT, imisa Tu rogor nagebobas amkobs), an simbolur nagebobas gamosaxavs realuri arqiteqturisgan damoukideblad, an zogadad, grafikuli gamosaxulebiT mianiSnebs qtitorul Rvawlze. axaSnis SemTxvevaSi detalurad gamosaxuli arqiteqtura met-naklebad mainc unda Seesabamebodes im nagebobas, romlis kedelSic iyo reliefi Tavidan Cadgmuli. msgavsi reliefi, romelic realur nagebobas aseve sakmao sizustiT gadmoscems, gvxvdeba xoJornis eklesiaSi. Tavdapirvelad eklesia aq X saukuneSi qarTveli mrevlisTvis aaSena qalkedonitma qtitorma. XI saukunis SuaxanebSi dangreuli Senoba aRadgina mxargrZelTa sagvareulos warmomadgenelma xosrovma da monofizitTa eklesiad aqcia. saqtitoro reliefze gamosaxulni unda iyvnen xosrov mxargrZeli da sanahinis episkoposi dioskorosi114 . wyvili qtitori eklesiiT xelSi, aRmosavleT fasadze, sarkmlis Tavzea warmodgenili. reliefi wyvili grexili lilviT Sedgenil warbsa da did naxevarwriul moCuqurTmebul TavsarTs Soris aris Casmuli115 . marcxniv gamosaxul qtitors eklesia orive xeliT uWiravs – erTi xeli taZris ZirSi aqvs amodebuli, meore ki mis mklavze gverdidan udevs. meore figuras marcxena xelSi jvari uWiravs, marjvenaTi ki qveda kuTxeSi exeba Senobis Sveril mklavs. `kompoziciis centri eklesiis gamosaxulebaa, romelic zomiT qtitorTa figurebis tolia, qandakebis yvelaze reliefuri nawilia da gumbaTiT momsazRvrel TaRs ebjineba. mis fasadze erTsafexuriani cokoli, kari da Taro-karniziT gaformebuli orkalTa saxuravia gamoyvanili; sarkmeli aRar Cans; dazianebis gamo gaurkvevelia gumbaTis forma. eklesiis es gamosaxuleba xoJornis dasavleT fasads unda asaxavdes. misi gverdiTi Tanabari zomis monakveTebi eklesiis CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis mklavebi unda iyos~116 . taZris gegmis da gare masebis Sedareba gamosaxul reliefTan gvaZlevs safuZvels vTqvaT, rom ostats misabaZi eklesia qvaSi sakmao sizustiT gamousaxavs.

114 g. gagoSiZe, xoJornis gumbaTiani eklesia, qarTul-somxuri kulturuli urTierTobis istoriidan, Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 47-59; g. gagoSiZe, n. CantlaZe, monofizituri Zeglebi saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 2009, gv. 127-128. 115 kedlis zedapiridan TiTqmis sami meoTxediT amoweuli, Rrma niSaSi Sedgmuli moculobebi somxuri reliefebisTvis sakmaod damaxasiaTebelia (xoJornis SemTxvevaSic asea. sxva SemTxvevaSi moculoba umetesad an moCarCoebis gareSe kedlis zedapiridanaa amoweuli, an Zalian dabali moCarCoebiTaa odnav amoweuli fonidan). Tumca, gansxvavebiT xoJornis reliefisgan, somxuri saqtitoro reliefi SedarebiT nakleb mravalferovania – heraldikuri kompoziciis qtitorTa Cacmulobac ki ar gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan (dadivanqi, axpati, sanahini, hariWavanqi). gansxavebulia reliefurobis xarisxic, blokuri daunawevrebeli moculoba da reliefis gluvi zedapirebi kedlis sibrtyesTan mkveTr kontrasts qmnis. 116 g. gagoSiZe, xoJornisgumbaTianieklesia, gv. 47.

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kidev erTi reliefi saqtitoro kompoziciaSi gumbaTiani nagebobis gamosaxulebiT iyo wyarosTavis eklesiis fasadze. eruSeTSi, karwaxis tbis siaxloves (amJamad TurqeTSi) mdebare taZari amJamad mTlianad ganadgurebulia. msjeloba misi arqiteqturisa da skulpturuli Semkulobis Sesaxeb e. TayaiSvilis 1902 wlis eqspediciis angariSiTa da ramdenime fotosuraTiT gviwevs (imxanad Senoba jer kidev didwilad SemorCenili iyo)117 . vaxuSti batoniSvili wyarosTavis eklesias gorgaslis epoqas ukavSirebs: `ars eklesia, friad did-Svenieri, gunbaTiani, romeli aRaSena mirdat, gorgaslis Zeman’’118 . adreul periodSi aq bazilikuri nagebobis arsebobas taZris gegmac adasturebs119 . X saukunis meore naxevarSi bazilika gumbaTian Senobad gadakeTda. amdroindeli iyo misi mdidari reliefuri dekoric. saqtitoro reliefi aRmosavleT fasadze, frontonis areSi iyo Casmuli120. 1902 wlis fotoze bundovnad gairCeva taZris modeli wagrZelebuli gumbaTiT. qtitori taZars eleusas tipis RmrTismSobels miagebs121 . korpusze centralur nawilSi naCvenebia Rrmad CakveTili sarkmlis Riobi – savaraudod aRmosavleTisa. meti detalis garkvevis saSualebas fotomasala ar iZleva. modeli, rogorc Cans, imeorebs gadakeTebuli taZris formebs. yvelaanTubnis eklesia IX-X saukuneebis sakmaod didi zomis bazilikuri nagebobaa122 . taZris Sida sivrceSi samxreTidan miSenebuli, wriul svetze dafuZnebuli ori TaRiT gaxsnili stoadan SevdivarT. iyo Sesasvleli dasavleTidanac, magram is mogvianebiT amouqolavT. aziduli proporciebis Sua navs gverdiTi navebi marTkuTxa burjebze gadayvanili sam-sami TaRiT gamoeyofa. eklesias aqvs samnawiliani sakurTxeveli. afsidSi erTi sarkmeli da ori niSaa. gadaxurva mTlianad Caqceulia. garedan Senoba sanaxevrod miwaSi da nayar qvebSi zis. erTaderTi Cvenamde moRweuli morTuloba – saqtitoro reliefi aRmosavleT fasadze, sakurTxevlis sarkmlis Tavze iyo Casmuli123 . marTkuTxa filaze (zomebi: 85 × 43 × 33 sm), gamosaxuleba sakmaod maRali reliefiT aris Sesrulebuli. reliefze mravalfiguriani kompoziciaa warmodgenili – wyvili qtitori (savaraudod erTi qalia) eklesiis modeliT xelSi (sur. 20). marjvniv gamosaxuli qtitoris ukan angelozi dgas da misTvis mxarze aqvs xeli `Cavlebuli~. modeli TiTqmis kvadratuli formisaa (daaxl. 21. 0 × 21. 5 sm). modeli gviCvenebs bazilikuri tipis taZars samxreTi fasadiT. arqiteqturuli detalebi sakmao sizustiT aris gadmocemuli. miuxedavad TiTqmis kvadratuli formisa, TvalSi

117 Е. Такаишвили, Христианские памятники. Экскурсия 1902 года, gv. 45-51, tab. IX-17, 18. wyarosTavis Sesaxeb ix. agreTve: В. Беридзе, Архитектура Тао-Кларджети, Тбилиси, 1981, gv. 183-185; П. Закарая, Зодчество Тао-Кларджети, Тбилиси, 1990, gv. 10-12; i. giviaSvili, i. koplataZe, tao-klarjeTi, Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 105. 118 qarTliscxovreba, t. IV, gv. 669. 119 g. CubinaSvili, qarTulixelovnebisistoria, t. 1, tfilisi, 1936, gv. 50. 120 reliefis Sesaxeb ix.: i. giviaSvili, zeganis saqtitoro reliefi, Tsu samecniero Sromebis krebuli, xelovnebaTmcodneoba, #5, 2003, gv. 42-55. 121 amis gamo e. TayaiSvili ar eTanxmeba d. baqraZis azrs, rom taZari macxovris saxelobis iyo da varaudobs, rom is RmrTismSoblis saxelobisaa. 122 n. jabua, samnavianibazilikisarqiteqturulitipisaqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 2009, gv. 94. 123 rogorc Cans, es reliefis Tavdapirveli adgili ar aris. mis gverdiT aris meoradad Casmuli qvis fragmentic arasruli warweriT. amJamad reliefi saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSia daculi.

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sacemia vertikaloba, rasac Sua navis aziduli proporciebi usvams xazs. TvalSisacemia fasadis mkafio dayofa sam horizontalur ared. zeda are Seesabameba Sua navs, masSi sarkmlebi ar aris. Sua are samxreTi navis fasads gviCvenebs sami sarkmliT. qveda are sami TaRiT aris SeWrili da stoas warmogvidgens. gverdiTi navisa da stoas saxuravebi, gansxvavebiT mTavari navis saxuravisgan, Sverilia. Sua navis gadaxurvis kideebSi mkveTr rakursSi miniSnebulia frontonebi (amgvari gadawyveta vnaxeT iSxnis relefur modelzec). aRmosavleTiT stoas doneze ganirCeva sakurTxevlis Sverili – maSin, roca Tavad yvelaanTubnis eklesias gegmis erTian sworkuTxa abrisSi Cawerili sakurTxeveli aqvs. msgavsi gadawyveta gvxvdeba zeganis (zaqis) eklesiis reliefzec (ix. qvemoT). rogorc Cans, ugumbaTo taZrebisTvis sakurTxevlis amgvari formiT aqcentireba nacnobi xerxia. sxva mxriv, modeli, SeiZleba iTqvas zustad asaxavs im Zegls, romlis fasadsac amkobda. damaxasiaTebeli `ori sarTuli~ – Sua da gverdiTa navebis horizontaluri safasado sibrtyeebi da mesame are TaRebiT gaxsnili stoas saxiT samnaviani bazilikis utyuari vizualuri saxea124 . miuxedavad imisa, rom eklesia mTlianad ganZarcvulia perangisgan, garedanac da Signidanac sanaxevrod miwaSia Cafluli da gadaxurvac Caqceulia, ZiriTadi formebis mixedviT sakmaod STambeWdavi nageboba unda yofiliyo, rasac reliefze gamosaxuli mcire zomis analogic adasturebs. Sesrulebis mxriv, qandakeba xarisxiania, horeliefurobiT gamorCeuli. formaTa damuSavebiT da kveTis xasiaTiT is axlos dgas tao-klarjeTis zog nimuSTan, Tumca Zalian cudi daculobis gamo mTliani suraTis aRdgena ver xerxdeba da es daskvnac mcire, Tumca saxasiaTo detalebis analizs efuZvneba. savaraudod bazilikur an darbazul nagebobas unda warmoadgendes zeganis (zaqis) reliefze gamosaxuli eklesiac (sur. 21). X saukunis II naxevriT daTariRebuli zeganis eklesia eruSeTSi mdebareobs. 1960-ian wlebSi afeTqebis Sedegad misgan mcire nawiliRaa gadarCenili. afeTqebas Seewira samxreTis Sesasvlelis Tavze Cadgmuli saqtitoro reliefic, amitom mis Sesaxeb msjeloba e. TayaiSvilis 1902 wlis eqspediciis erTaderTi fotoTi gviwevs125 . mravalfigurian kompociziaSi RmrTismSobeli yrmiT, angelozi, fexmorTxmiT mjdomi figura, qtitori eklesiiT xelSi da kurdRelia warmodgenili126 . karis Tavze Cadgmuli fila rogorc Cans timpanis qva iyo – RmrTismSoblis mxares fila ara sworkuTxa, aramed naxevarrkalis moxazulobisaa, xolo qtitoris mxare, romelic eklesiiT xelSi migebis poziT mimarTulia zurgiT danarCeni figurebisken, sworkuTxaa. ar viciT grZeldeboda Tu ara kompozicia, arc foto da arc aRwerebi amas ar adasturebs. eklesiis modeli ugumbaTo nagebobas gviCvenebs. is gamosaxulia gaxsnili samTaRiani SesasvleliT. Sesasvlelis zRudaris maniSni horizontaluri Sverilis zemoT qva dazi

124 zog SemTxvevaSi, rodesac erT sibrtyeze midgmuli TaRebiT gaxsnili Sesasvlelia moniSnuli (magaliTad, kvaisaSi), safiqrelia, rom es ara samnaviani, aramed calnaviani minaSeniani taZris saxea. yvelaanTubnis analogiuri gadawyveta gvxvdeba zeganis reliefze, sadac aseve gadaxurvis maniSni horizontalebiT gamoyofili ori sibrtye da mesame, TaRebiT gaxsnili Sesasvlelia gamosaxuli. 125 Е. Такаишвили, Христианские памятники. Экскурсия 1902 года, gv. 67, sur. 40. 126 reliefis Sesaxeb ix.: i. giviaSvili, zeganis saqtitoro reliefi, gv. 42-55; i. giviaSvili, kurdRlis simboluri mniSvneloba zeganis reliefze, TsusamecnieroSromebiskrebuli, xelovnebaTmcodneoba, #2, 2001, gv. 37-49.

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anebulia, amitom meore sarTulis doneze kedelze Zalian mkrTalad moxazuli rkalebis TaRebad miCneva saeWvoa. kedlis zeda nawili yrua. qtitors is, savaraudod, aRmosavleTiT Tavisken mimarTuli uWiravs, amis safuZvels pirveli sarTulis doneze arsebuli Sverili gvaZlevs, romelic SeiZleba sakurTxevlis miniSneba iyos (amgvari Sverili ukve vnaxeT yvelaanTubnis modelze). Sesabamisad, mTavari, mnaxvelisTvis gankuTvnili fasadi ara samxreTi, aramed CrdiloeTi gamodis, rac cota ucnauria – rogorc wesi, mTavar, sazeimo Sesasvlels samxreTi kari warmoadgens, sadac saqtitoro reliefebic Tavsdeboda, raTa mnaxvelisTvis TvalsaCino da advilad aRsaqmeli yofiliyo (oSki, opiza, Sepiaki)127 . Tu modelze nageboba dasavleTi an aRmosavleTi fasadiT araa naCvenebi, is TiTqmis yvelgan samxreTi fasadiT aris nagulisxmevi (oSki, iSxani, dolisyana, kvaisa, benisi). ramdenadac fotoze dakvirvebiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, reliefi sakmaod moculobiTia, nageboba TiTqmis samganzomilebian formamdea miyvanili. eklesiis korpusi zomaze metad wagrZelebulia vertikalurad. TvalsaCinod aris miniSnebuli orferda gadaxurvis Sida, kedlis sibrtyisken mimarTuli mxare (asevea iSxnis da yvelaanTubnis reliefze). gamokveTilia Sesasvlelis svetebis kapitelebi da bazisebi. miuxedavad TaRebiT gaxsnili fasadis da misi elementebis detalurad gamosaxvisa, mTlianobaSi erTiani daunawevrebeli zedapiri da blokurobaa wamyvani. am mxriv zeganis reliefi dolisyanis reliefTan povebs saerTos. aRsaniSnavia, rom qtitoris xelT arsebuli taZari tipologiurad gansxvavdeba realuri nagebobisgan, romlis fasadzec is iyo Cadgmuli. zeganis trikonqi gumbaTiani nageboba iyo, xolo qtitors xelT, savaraudod, darbazuli nageboba upyria. radgan detalebiT amgvarad aqcentirebuli nageboba gamoricxavs mis zogad xasiaTs, SesaZloa vifiqroT, rom is konkretuli Zeglis mibaZviT Seiqmna. bevr kiTxvas badebs fetobnis saqtitoro reliefi, romelzedac eklesiis modelia gamosaxuli wyvil qtitorTan erTad (sur. 22). reliefi g. boWoriZem sofel wyalTbilas skolis fasadSi CaSenebuli ipova. cnobilia, rom is 1880-ian wlebSi Camoitanes focxovis sofel fetobnidan128 , magram zusti warmomavloba ver dgindeba da, Sesabamisad, ar viciT is arqiteqtura, romelsac reliefi miekuTvneboda. focxovis xeobaSi axlaxans Catarebulma eqspediciam sofel fetobnis teritoriaze ramdenime eklesiis nangrevi aRmoaCina, Tumca yvela mcire zomis darbazuli nagebobaa. ra Tqma unda ver gamovricxavT, rom aRniSnuli reliefi aseTi eklesiis fasadzec yofiliyo Cadgmuli, magram Tavisi masStaburobidan da Sesrulebis xarisxidan gamomdinare, is aSkarad ufro maRali donis arqiteqturis nawili unda yofiliyo, vidre soflis mcire zomis darbazuli eklesiisa. fetobnis eklesiis modelze dakvirvebiTac darwmunebiT ver vityviT, is gumbaTian eklesias gamoxatavs Tu ugumbaTos. daSvebuli fardis fonze gamokveTili nageboba, erTi Sexed

127 es is reliefebia, romlebmac Cvenamde adgilmoucvlelad moaRwia, an gvaqvs cnoba Tu sad iyo isini Casmuli. umetesi reliefebi ar zis Tavis Tavdapirvel adgilze da meoradad gadawyobis Sedegad zogi aRmosavleTiT, sakurTxevlis sarkmlis Tavzea Casmuli, zogi dasavleTiT, Sesasvlelis Tavze, zogi sulac gumbaTis yelze. maTi Tavdapirveli adgili ucnobia. 128 g. boWoriZe, mogzaurobasamcxe-javaxeTSi, gv. 76, 249, 255. dRes reliefi saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSi inaxeba. adrindel wyaroebSi sofeli moixsenieba rogorc petobani (s. jiqia, gurjistanis vilaieTisdididavTari, wigni III, gamokvleva, Tbilisi, 1958, gv. 438). amave saxelwodebis sofeli aris klarjeTSic.

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viT, TiTqos bazilikas hgavs, romlis gverdiTi navebis orTogonaluri naxazi sibrtyeze amgvarad aris gadawyvetili, Tumca gverdiTi moculobis fasSi gamosaxvis magaliTebi, rogoric adreul mozaikebSi gvxvdeba, reliefSi ver moviZie (mxolod ramdenime Sua saukuneebis spilos Zvlis firfitaze129). taZari, savaraudod, dasavleT fasadiT aris gadmocemuli. samkuTxa frontoni da sam svetze gadasuli ori TaRiT gaxsnili karibWe gverdiTa moculobebTan erTad erT sibrtyezea gaerTianebuli. gverdiTa navebis aseve orferda gadaxurviT gamosaxva, im SemTxvevaSi Tu es marTlac samnaviani darbazuli nagebobaa, uanalogoa. SesaZlebelia, aq naCvenebi iyos mravalfrontoniani stoa-galerea xerxula karniziT – iseTi, rogoric aqvs oSkis eklesias samxreTidan, magram aseTi galerea dasavleTidan qarTul arqiteqturaSi cnobili ar aris. fetobnis reliefi X saukuniT TariRdeba. am periodis saqtitoro reliefebze darbazuli da samnaviani eklesiebi TiTqmis ugamonaklisod samxreTi fasadiT aris gadmocemuli. amdenad, fetobnis reliefze dasavleTi fasadiT naCvenebi eklesiis darbazuloba Tu bazilikuroba saeWvoa. Tu davuSvebT, rom reliefi garSemosavlelian gumbaTur nagebobas gamoxatavs (kacxis taZris msgavss), asaxsneli iqneba gumbaTis forma. fetobnis modelze SuaSi aziduli moculoba bevrad ufro hgavs navs, vidre gumbaTs. gumbaTis nacvlad aseTi brtyeli sworkuTxa moculobis Cvenebam SeiZleba mogvagonos V-X saukunis bizantiuri da dasavluri arqiteqturis calkeuli nimuSebi, rogoricaa stari rasis wm. petresa da pavles taZari serbeTSi an santa maria de melke andaluziaSi. Tumca, ara mgonia es Soreuli paralelebi fetobnis modelis formis interpretaciisTvis gamosadegi iyos. saqtitoro reliefebze gamosaxuli eklesiebis ganxilvam aCvena, rom arqiteqturis aRqma da misi gadmocema ar aris erTgvarovani. ama Tu im arqiteqturuli tipis gamosaxvis dros arsebobs garkveuli wesi, rogoricaa, vTqvaT samnaviani nagebobis samxreTi fasadiT gadmocema, an darbazuli eklesiis dasavleT fasadiT Cveneba, an simboluri datvirTvis mqone modelebSi garkveuli detalebis aqcentireba. Tumca amis gaTvaliswinebiTac, dabejiTebiT risame mtkiceba rTulia amgvari modelebis mravalferovnebis gamo. saqtitoro kompoziciebSi Tanabrad gvxvdeba darbazuli, samnaviani Tu gumbaTuri nagebobebi, Tumca TiToeuli maTgani am jgufebis SigniTac gansxvavdeba. MmagaliTad, Tu SevxedavT^ reliefebze warmodgenil darbazuli eklesiebs, zogi maTgani, romelic aRmosavleT fasadiT da masze aqcentirebuli sarkmliT aris warmodgenili, simboluri mniSvnelobisaa da zogadi eklesiis asaxvas unda gulisxmobdes. amas adasturebs uravlis agaris reliefis warwera, sadac stois maSenebeli mawyvereli eposkoposia moxseniebuli, Tumca xelSi darbazuli eklesiiT. sxva SemTxvevaSi (benisi) darbazuli eklesia samxreTi fasadiT da masze ucnaurad aqcentirebuli kariT aris gamosaxuli. karis Riobs fasadis mesamedi uWiravs, rac SesaZloa karis religiur simbolikaze da, konteqstidan gamomdinare, mis garkveul sazrisebze miTiTeba iyos da qtitoris mxridan xazgasmiT am Sinaaris dakveTaze miuTiTebdes (imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom arc msgavsi formis da arc ase Zlier aqcentirebuli kari realur nagebobas ar gaaCnia). sapirispirod, konkretuli nimuSiT unda iyos STagonebuli caiSis reliefis mqandakebeli, roca TiTqmis zustad asaxavs meaTe saukunis nagebobebisT

129 magaliTad, IV saukunis triris spilos Zvlis firfitaze reliqviebis gadatanis scenaSi da salernos spilos Zvlis firfitaze Sobis scenaSi gamosaxul arqiteqturaze.

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vis damaxasiaTebel niSnebs – ramdenimesafexurian cokolze mdgar wagrZelebuli proporciis mqone darbazul nagebobas, dasavleT fasadze vertikalur RerZze gaWrili sworkuTxa kariTa da TaRovani sapiriT morTuli sarkmliT Tu karnizis gadanakeciani kuTxeebiT. simboluri da realuri arqiteqtura gansxvavdeba aseve samnaviani bazilikebis gamosaxulebebSi. isini umetes SemTxvevaSi naCvenebia samxreTi fasadiT da, savaraudod, konkretul arqiteqturas warmogvidgens konkretuli detalebiT, rogorc es aris kvaisa jvarsa da yvelaanTubanSi. maTgan gansxvavebiT, simboluri datvirTvis mqone bazilikebi dasavleTi fasadiT aris warmodgenili joisubnisa da bzis saqtitoro kompoziciebSi. gumbaTuri nagebobebis reprezentaciisas (javaxeTis axaSeni, dolisyana, oSki) ufro metad aris gamokveTili realuri arqiteqturis asaxvis tendencia, rac SesaZloa damkveTis maRali socialuri mdgomareobiTac yofiliyo ganpirobebuli. zog SemTxvevaSi Tavs iCens modelze ama Tu im arqiteqturuli detalis xazgasmulad gamokveTa, rac religiuri sazrisis gansxvavebul aRqmaze iqneboda damokidebuli da, SesaZloa, aseve damkveTis neba-survilsac avlenda. sxva gumbaTur nagebobaTagan mkveTrad gansxavebulia atenis sionis modeli – rogorc formiT, ise realur arqiteqturasTan mimarTebiT, rac utyuarad mis simbolur gaazrebaze miniSnebaa. yvela ganxiluli Zegli, miuxedavad maTi gamosaxvis garkveuli kanonzomierebebisa, individualuri Sinaarsis matarebelia. rTulia imis zustad Tqma, ramdenad emTxveva am modelebis Cveneuli interpretacia Sua saukuneebis adamianis mier maT aRqmas realur arqiteqturasTan mimarTebiT.

227

suraTebis sia

sur. 1. webeldis kankeli. fragmenti sur. 2. breZa. sarkmlis TavsarTis reliefi sur. 3. uravlis agara. sarkmlis TavsarTis reliefi aRmosavleTi fasadze. fragmenti sur. 4. darya. sarkmlis TavsarTis reliefi samxreT fasadze sur. 5. caiSi. reliefi samreklos CrdiloeT fasadze sur. 6. benisi. reliefi aRmosavleT fasadze sur. 7. joisubani. reliefi aRmosavleTi sarkmlis sapireze. fragmenti sur. 8. atenis sioni. reliefi aRmosavleT fasadze. fragmenti sur. 9. Sepiaki. sarkmlis TavsarTi aRmosavleT fasadze sur. 10. kvaisa jvari. reliefis fragmenti sur. 11. qoroRo. reliefi dasavleT fasadis karnizze. fragmenti sur. 12. iSxani. timpani

sur. 13. iSxani. timpani. fragmenti sur. 14. bza. sarkmlis TavsarTis reliefi samxreT fasadze sur. 15. dolisyana. reliefi gumbaTis samxreT-aRmosavleT mxares. fragmenti sur. 16. oSki. reliefi samxreT fasadze. bagrat erisTavT-erisTavi. fragmenti sur. 17. oSki. reliefi samxreT fasadze. daviT magistrosi. fragmenti sur. 18. opizis reliefi. fragmenti sur. 19. javaxeTis axaSeni. reliefi dasavleT fasadze. fragmenti sur. 20. yvelaanTubani. reliefi aRmosavleT fasadze sur. 21. zegani (zaqi). reliefi samxreTi Sesasvlelis arqitravze. fragmenti sur. 22. fetobani. reliefi sarkmlis TavsarTze

suraTebis wyaroebi

g. CubinaSvilis sax. qarTuli xelovnebis istoriisa da ZeglTa dacvis erovnuli kvleviTi centris s. qobulaZis sax. xelovnebis ZeglTa fiqsaciis laboratoria – 2 gogoTur misriaSvili – 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 14, 22 qristine sabaSvili – 12, 13, 21 neli CakvetaZe – 20 natalia CitiSvili – 8, 11, 15-18 daviT xoStaria – 19

Е. Такайшвили, Христианские памятники. Экскурсия 1902 г., Материалы по археологии Кавказа, вып. XII, 1909, gv. 67, sur. 40 – 21

Пр. Уварова, Христианские памятники, Материалы по археологии Кавказа, вып. IV, 1894, tab. 7 – 1

Р. Меписашвили, В. Цинцадзе, Архитектура нагорной части исторической провинции Грузии – Шида Картли, Тбилиси, 1975, gv. 84, sur. 74 – 10

suraTebze warmodgenili artefaqtebi inaxeba Semdeg muzeumebsa da sacavebSi

saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis S. amiranaSvilis sax. xelovnebis saxelmwifo muzeumi – 9, 18, 22 onis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumi – 7, 10, 22 rizes muzeumi, TurqeTi – 12, 13

228

sur. 1. webeldis kankeli. fragmenti

sur. 2. breZa. sarkmlis TavsarTis reliefi

229

sur. 3. uravlis agara. sarkmlis TavsarTis reliefi aRmosavleT fasadze. fragmenti

sur. 4. darya. sarkmlis TavsarTis reliefi samxreT fasadze

230

sur. 5. caiSi. reliefi samreklos CrdiloeT fasadze

sur. 6. benisi. reliefi aRmosavleT fasadze

231

sur. 7. joisubani. reliefi aRmosavleTi sarkmlis sapireze. fragmenti

sur. 8. atenis sioni. reliefi aRmosavleT fasadze. fragmenti

sur. 9. Sepiaki. sarkmlis TavsarTi aRmosavleT fasadze

232

sur. 10. kvaisa jvari. reliefis fragmenti

sur. 11. qoroRo. reliefi dasavleT fasadis karnizze. fragmenti

233

sur. 12. iSxani. timpani

sur. 13. iSxani. timpani. fragmenti

234

sur. 14. bza. sarkmlis TavsarTis reliefi samxreT fasadze

sur. 15. dolisyana. reliefi gumbaTis samxreT-aRmosavleT mxares. fragmenti

235

sur. 16. oSki. reliefi samxreT fasadze. bagrat erisTavT-erisTavi. fragmenti

sur. 17. oSki. reliefi samxreT fasadze. daviT magistrosi. fragmenti

sur. 18. opizis reliefi. fragmenti

236

sur. 19. javaxeTis axaSeni. reliefi dasavleT fasadze. fragmenti

sur. 20. yvelaanTubani. reliefi aRmosavleT fasadze

237

sur. 21. zegani (zaqi). reliefi samxreTi Sesasvlelis arqitravze. fragmenti

sur. 22. fetobani. reliefi sarkmlis TavsarTze

238