1. zogadi arqiteqturuli anturaJi

itiul stilSi Sesrulebul nawarmoebebs, (magaliTad, Zveli tokalis eklesiis mxatvroba, X s.), aseve ufro `progresul~, konstantinopolis mimbaZvel nawarmoebebSi (magaliTad, Carekli kilisesa da karanlik kilises svetebiani eklesiebis freskebi, XII s.). ufro metic, mTlad konstantinopoleli ostatis mier Sesrulebul axali tokalis mxatvroabSic ki, romelic makedonuri renesansis erT iSviaT nimuSad aris miCneuli am dargSi (X s.), arqiteqtura sruliad brtylad aris gamosaxuli da marTlac rom fonis elementia. iseve rogorc misi gavleniT Sesrulebul CauSinis mxatvrobaSi (X-XI saukuneTa mijna). arqiteqturli anturaJis aseTi `uaryofa~, daknineba da gabrtyeleba qarTul mxatvrobis nimuSebs namdvilad ar axasiaTebT91 . warmodgenil naSromSi ar aris ganxiluli Sua saukuneebis dasavleTevropuli saxviTi xelovnebis nimuSebi, radgan uSualo urTierTgavlena da Tundac paraleluri ganviTareba naklebad sagrZnobia. orive ganicdida bizantiuri xelovnebis zegavlenas, misi `prestiJulobis~ xibls, Tumca Zalze gansxvavebulad reagirebdnen am gavlenaze da mxatvruli Sedegic gansxvavebulia. warmodgenili naSromis mizania gamoirkves, rogor aRiqvamdnen Sua saukuneebis adamianebi (am SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelos mkvidrni) xuroTmoZRvrebas, ra mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen mas da, saxviTi xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargSi misi gamosaxvis (ara agebis) SemTxvevaSi, ras aqcevdnen yuradRebas, ra iyo maTTvis faseuli da uacileblad SesanarCunebel-dasafiqsirebeli da ra – ara. ras emsaxureboda es gamosaxulebani, ra simboluri, konceptualuri, Sinaarsobrivi datvirTva hqondaT da sxva.

1. zogadi arqiteqturuli anturaJi

`rameTumoelodamas, romelsaigisafuZvelusxenqalaqsa, romelisa-igixuroTmoZRuardaSemoqmedRmerTiars~ (ebraelTa mimarT epistole, 11, 10).

`sionsuwodebszeciurqalaqs, rogorcgvaswavlanetarepavlem, xolobWenimisniariandedamiwazeyvelganarsebulieklesiebi, romelTagziTacmiskenmiiwevianmorwmuneebi~ (Teodorite kvireli).

qristianuli xelovnebis Temebis mdidari repertuaris umetesi gamosaxulebebi, gansakuTrebiT siuJeturi kompoziciebi, viTardeba arqiteqturis an bunebis peizaJis fonze, arqiteqturuli anturaJi ganuyofelia nawarmoebis mTliani saxisgan da misi Seqmnis epoqis, adgilis, dargis da ostatis individualur stils asaxavs. misi mxatvruli gadawyveta konkretuli nawarmoebis farglebSi mxatvris koncefciur midgomasac avlens.

91 А. Вольская, Росписи Средневековых Трапезных Грузии, gv. 85; Т. Вирсаладзе, Фресковая роспись художника Микаела Маглакели в Мацхвариши, Ars Georgica, 4, Tbilisi, 1963, gv. 169-233, gv. 221; T. virsalaZe, qarTuli mxatvrobisistoriidan, Tbilisi, 2007, gv. 96-97.

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Sua saukuneebis qarTuli saxviTi xelovneba iziarebs zogadad aRmosavleTqristianul (bizantiur) xelovnebaSi Camoyalibebul midgomebs, formebs, tipologias, Tumca Tavisi specifikuri saxec aqvs, gansakuTrebiT daxatuli xuroTmoZRvrebis sivrciT-siRrmiTi gadawyvetis TvalsazrisiT da Zalian saintereso da mravalferovan suraTs warmogvidgens.

Sua saukuneebis qarTul mxatvrobaSi arqiteqturuli nagebobis Cvens dromde SemorCenili erTi adreuli nimuSi warmodgenilia 897 wlis adiSis oTxTavSi (sur. 4). es aris kiboriumis gamosaxuleba (f. 5, v), romelic, eWvs gareSea, uflis saflavs unda ganasaxierebdes, vinaidan misi formebi did msgavsebas iCens adreqristianuli xanis artifaqtebze (maT Soris moncas ampulebze, magaliTad, # 5, 9, 13; spilos Zvlis piqsidebze da sxva) SemorCenil gamosaxulebebTan92 . rac Seexeba saxviTi xelovnebis sxva dargebs, yvelaze adre arqiteqturis gamosaxvas qvis reliefebSi vxedavT. magaliTad SeiZleba davasaxeloT xandisis stela (VI s., sur. 5), webeldis fila (VII s.), drandis fila (X s.) da sxva93 . qarTuli saxviTi xelovnebis adreul etapze nagebobebis gamosaxulebebi daufaravad sibrtyovani xasiaTisaa, iseve rogorc figurebi da sxva elementebi.

IX-XI saukuneebis xelovnebaSi arqiteqtura aSkarad sibrtyovanadaa gadawyvetili. im nawarmoebebSic ki, sadac figurebi sakmaod plastikurad gamoisaxeba (magaliTad, daviT garejis udabnos mTavari taZris X-XI saukuneTa mijnis, gansakuTrebiT ki atenis sionis XI saukunis bolo meoTxedisa da ifraris mTavarangelozTa eklesiis 1196 wlis moxatulobebSi), daxatuli arqiteqtura mkafiod sibrtyovania, lakonuri, ar ikavebs kompoziciis did nawils, ufro aqcentisa da maorganizebeli elementis mniSvneloba aqvs, nagebobaTa nawilebi ki xedvis sxvadasxva kuTxiT aris danaxuli. erT kompoziciaSi xedvis sxvadasxva wertilebis gaerTianebis saintereso nimuSia garejis udabnos monastris satrapezos mxatvrobaSi (X-XI saukuneebis mijna), kerZod saidumlo serobis scenaSi (sur. 1), sadac magidis zedapiri srul zedxedSi, xolo misi fexebi ki mkafiod gverdxedSi aris gamosaxuli. magidis amgvarad gamosaxva Zalian efeqturia da scenis Sinaarsidanac gamomdinareobs – ziarebis saidumlos dafuZneba94 . am kompoziciaSi yuradRebas ipyrobs qristes figuris ukan gamosaxuli Senobebi, romlebic TiTqmis mTel simaRleze avseben kadrs – didi, wiTeli oqrisferi bazilika Ria feris orferda saxuraviT

92 A. Grabar, Les Ampoules de Terre Sainte, Paris, 1938; R. Ousterhout, The Temple, the Holy Sepulcher and the Martyrion of the Savoir, Gesta, vol. 29, no 1, 1990, gv. 48, il. 5-6; B. Kühnel, From the Earthly to the Heavenly Jerusalem, gv. 93-96, il. 18, 19, 39-43; G. Vikan, Early Byzantine Pilgrimage Art, 2nd ed., Washington DC, 2010; j. uilkinsoni, qristes saflavi: ierusalimi da mcxeTa, saqarTvelossiZveleni, 1, 2002, gv. 61, nax. 4; Ш. Амиранашвили, Грузинская миниатюра, Москва, 1966, gv. 13-14, il. 6; Р. Шмерлирг, Художественное оформление грузинской рукописной книги IX-XI столетий, Тбилиси, 1967, gv. 30-31, tab. 11. 93 Н. Аладашвили, Монументальная скульптура Грузии, il. 16; Л. Хрушкова, Скульптура раннесредневековой Абхазии V-X века, Тбилиси, 1980, gv. 43-84, 92-94, tab. XXXVI-2, XLVI-3; k. maCabeli, qarTuli qristianuli xelovnebis saTaveebTan, Tbilisi, 2014, gv. 133-134, il. 29; Н. Чубинашвили, Хандиси, Тбилиси, 1972; T. dadiani, e. kvaWataZe, T. xundaZe, SuasaukuneebisqarTuliqandakeba, Tbilisi, 2017, gv. 63, il. 97-99, 490; G. Gagoshidze, Jerusalem in Medieval GeorgianArt, in: Visual Constructs of Jerusalem, ed. by B. Kühnel, G. Noga-Banai, H. Vorholt, 2014, gv. 133. 94 А. Вольская, Росписи средневековых трапезных Грузии, gv. 48-50; m. bulia, a. volskaia, d. TumaniSvili, daviTgarejismonastrebi. lavra. udabno, Tbilisi, 2008, il. 86-88.

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da mis fonze (mis `win~) gamosaxuli, ufro dabali, naTeli mwvane feris gumbaTiani nageboba, gumbaTisa da mklavebis muqi moyavisfro-iasamnisferi saxuravebiT (SesaZloa, feri deformirebulia), TeTri Txeli xazebiT datanili sarkmlebiT, portaliT, ornamentebiT. sainteresoa, rom ori momijnave fasadi erT sibrtyeSia gaerTianebuli. orive nageboba mWidrod dakavSirebulia uflis serobis scenis SinaarsTan – bazilika aris sionis taZari, anu is adgili, sadac Catarda uflis seroba, xolo gumbaTiani nageboba – uflis saflavis eklesias unda ganasaxierebdes, anu msxverplis Temas epasuxeba. aqve, am kompiziciis gverdiT, Crdilo kedleSi gaWril niSaSi gamosaxulia Zveli aRTqmis samebaanu abraamisstumarTmoyvareoba, romlis kidura nawilebi gadadis niSis wirTxlebze: abraamis mxares taZaria gamosaxuli, xolo meore mxares ki gadaweuli kretsabmeli da Rvinis doqi, anu isev evqaristiisa da xsnis konotacia95 . nageboba aqac sruliad sibrtyovania. gansxvavebul midgomebs Tanadroul nawarmoebebSic vxedavT, es naTlad Cans tao-klarjeTis mxatvrobis magaliTze igive garejis, svaneTis, an Tundac qarTlis samefiskaro moxatulobebTan SedarebiT. tao-klarjeTis ferweruli skola arqiteqturis gamosaxvis mxriv sakmaod Tavisebur suraTs gvTavazobs. samwuxarod, am mxareSi SemorCenili kedlis mxatvrobis nimuSebi metismetad fragmentirebulia da nagebobebis arc Tu bevri gamosaxuleba Semogvinaxa96 . magaliTisTvis, oTxTa eklesiis sakurTxevlis X saukunis moxatulobis qveda registrSi gamosaxul sauflo dResaswaulTa scenebSi, miuxedavad Zlieri dazianebisa, naTlad Cans elinisturi xelovnebis repertuaris klasikuri arqiteqturuli detalebi – kapitelebiani svetebi, didi TaRebi, frontonebi, portalebi, da sxva97 . faqtobrivad, mTeli fonebi Sevsebuli iyo sakmaod rTuli arqiteqturuli motivebiT. axla Zneli saTqmelia, ramdenad `sivrciTi~ aris aq kompoziciaTa ageba, magram rogorc Cans, erTgvari miniSneba amisa sakmaod iqneboda gamokveTili. magaliTad, xarebaSi UTiTqos Weric ki aris gamosaxuli, romelic moxdenil, klasikuri formis svetebs eyrdnoba. sagulisxmoa, rom am kompoziciaSi arqiteqturuli garemos gamosaxva bevri TvalsazrisiT emsgavseba aseve X saukuniT daTariRebul saRolaSenis lorfinis Wedur kompozicias xarebis gamosaxulebiT98 . msgavseba sakmaod sayuradReboa, Tumca oTxTa eklesiis freskebis dazianebulobis xarisxi ar iZleva ufro safuZvliani Sedarebis saSualebas99 . arqiteqturis gamosaxvis mxriv Zalian sagulisxmoa am qveda registris Crdilo nawilis

95 А. Вольская, Росписи средневековых трапезных Грузии, gv. 53-56. 96 Ш. Амиранашвили, История Грузинской монументальной живописи, Тбилиси, t. 1, 1957, gv. 104-108; T. virsalaZe, qarTulimxatvrobisistoriidan, Tbilisi, 2007, gv. 110-102; e. privalova, zogi ram tao-klarjeTis moxatulobebis Sesaxeb, saqarTveloseklesiis, qarTulisasulieromwerlobisada qristianulixelovnebisistoriissakiTxebi, Tbilisi, 1995, gv. 315-316; z. sxirtlaZe, oTxTaeklesiisfreskebi, gv. 72-81, 176; m. didebuliZe, Sua saukuneebis qarTuli kedlis mxatvrobis Zeglebi tao-klarjeTSi, saqarTvelossiZveleni, 19, 2016, gv. 32-79. 97 z. sxirtlaZe Tvlis, rom aq wminda miwis adreqristianuli xanis arqiteqturis zegavlena SeiniSneba (z. sxirtlaZe, oTxTaeklesiisfreskebi, gv. 72-81, 176). 98 Г. Чубинашвили, Грузинское чеканное искусство, Тбилиси, 1959, gv. 92-98; g. alibegaSvili, T. sayvareliZe, qarTulixatebi, Tbilisi, 1994, il. 6. 99 sagulisxmoa, rom taoSi, kerZod ki oSkis taZarSi SemorCenilia realurad arsebuli qarTuli eklesiis, kerZod banas sakmaod mimsgavsebuli gamosaxuleba, romelic ganxiluli iqneba istoriuli nagebobebisadmi miZRvnil TavSi.

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sarkmlis gverdiT daxatuli scena, savaraudod mirqma, romlis figuraTa `zona~ TiTqmis sruliad waSlilia, magram kompoziciis zeda, zeciur zonaSi naTlad gairCeva klasikur nimuSebTan miaxloebuli arqiteqturuli formebi: didi TaRovani Sesasvlelis Tavze dadgmuli frontonebi ornamentirebuli lavgardanebiT, eklesiis msgavsi sxvadasxva zomis Senobebi, ufro cudad SemorCenili didi TaRebi, savaraudod ierusalimis taZari sakurTxevlis kiboriumiT – zeciuri ierusalimis saxe. amgvarad gamosaxuli arqiteqtura savaraudod tao-klarjeTis sxva taZarTa moxatulobaSic unda yofiliyo, Tumca maTi Zlieri fragmentuloba ar gvaZlevs raime ganzogadoebis saSualebas. cxadia, konstantinopolSi gamefebuli makedonuri renesansis klasicisturi tendenciebi taomdec moaRwevda, maT Soris arqiteqturuli garemos asaxvaSi. sxvagvar gadawyvetas vxedavT atenis sionis XI saukunis bolo meoTxedSi Sesrulebul mxatvrobaSi100 . es moxatuloba rom umaRlesi donis dakveTaa qtitorTa Semadgenlobac adasturebs. trompebis mxatvroba samoTxis mdinareebis personifikaciebiT ki udavod mowmobs, rom am epoqis maelinizirebeli tendenciebi sionis momxatveli ostatebisTvis kargad iyo cnobili, magram arqiteqturuli anturaJis gamosaxvis xasiaTSi es tendenciebi saerTod ar Cans.

Tu davakvirdebiT atenis sionis XI saukunis ferweruli ansamblis scenaTa arqiteqturul anturaJs101 , vnaxavT, rom am monumentur da teqtonikur kompoziciebSi aseve monumenturad mocemuli nagebobebi faqtobrivad erT sibrtyeSi mdebareobs. am moxatulobis saerTo gadawyvetis arqiteqtonika nagebobaTa gamosaxulebebSic ganapirobebs mkacrad horizontaluri da vertikaluri xazebis prioritets. magaliTad, iosebis sizmris scenaSi (sur. 6) iosebis naxevradwamowolili figura gamosaxulia orqanobiani Senobis fonze, romelsac bazilikis forma aqvs dabali gverdiTi naviT, sarkmlebiT centraluri navis kedelSi da maRali marTkuTxa SesasvleliT viwro fasadze, romelic wesiT kuTxiT unda iyos dayenebuli, magram orive fasadi erT sibrtyeSia da vertikaluri da horizontaluri xazebi metobs. Tanac nagebobas kompoziciis mxolod nawili ukavia, ar avsebs fons, rogorc es Semdgomi drois, metadre ki paleologosTa da post-bizantiuri periodebis mxatvrobaSi moxdeba. amave dros, miuxedavad lakonurobisa da sisadavisa, daxatuli arqiteqtura kargad esadageba mTeli mxatvrobis didebul, monumentur da teqtonikur xasiaTs. aseTive principiT aris gadmocemuli nagebobebi samxreTi afsidis sxva scenebSic, romlebSic dazianebis miuxedavad mainc gairCeva SenobaTa gamosaxulebebi – ZRvenis uaryofa, mariamis pirveli nabijebi, mariamis da elisabedis Sexvedra, wyliT gamocda da sxva. SenobaTa formebi sakmaod nairgvaria, Tumca gamosaxvis sibrtyobrivi principi erTnairia. yuradRebas iqcevs salxineblis gamosaxva ZRvenisuaryofisa da wyliTgamocdis scenebSi: mkafio konturiT mosazRvruli martiv kapitelebze dayrdnobili TaRebi sworxazovani antablementiT da naxevarwriulad moxazuli dabali gumbaTiT. aq TiTqos aris erTgvari miniSneba am nawilebis sivrciT urTierTobaze (TaRebis CaCrdiluli `Sida~ mxare), Tumca mTlianobaSi yvela es mkacrad arqiteqtonikuri gamosaxuleba amavdroulad sruliad brtyelia.

100 T. virsalaZe, qarTuli mxatvrobis istoriidan, gv. 103-242. 101 iqve, gv. 161-176.

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amave drois, XI saukunis Sua xanis zemo krixis mxatvrobaSi102 , romelic gansxvavebuli mxatvruli mimarTulebis nimuSad aris miCneuli, xuroTmoZRvruli anturaJi gacilebiT gavrcobilia103 da iseve, rogorc peizaJi, TiTqmis mTlianad avsebs fons. aq sakmaod bevri motivi aris gamoyenebuli, magaliTad, xarebis angelozis figuris `ukan~, gansakuTrebiT ki mariamis figuris garSemo: RmrTismSobeli gamosaxulia bazilikis formis didi taZris fonze, mravalricxovani ritmulad ganlagebuli RiadebiT, kramitebis naxatiT da sxva detalebiT. mis `win~ maRali svetebiani salxinebelia gumbaTiT da TaRebiT, romelSic gadaweuli kretsabmelia Sekiduli (sur. 7). arqiteqturis amgvari gamosaxuleba uTuod gacilebiT mets niSnavs, vidre ubralod anturaJi da ierusalimis sionis eklesiasTan iwvevs asociacias, gadaweuli kretsabmeli ki gankacebiT gaxsnili gzaa zeciuri sasufevlisken. asevea jvarcmiskompoziciaSic, lazaresaRdginebaSicda sxva, Tumca, miuxedavad nagebobaTa da detalebis SedarebiTi simravlisa da `mravalsityvierebisa~, yvela es gamosaxuleba mkafiod sibrtyovania. nagebobebis sibrtyovani gamosaxvis tendencia XII saukunis kedlis mxatvrobaSic grZeldeba, Tumca maTi xasiaTi da formebi mravlobs, ufro cvalebadia da ufro mravalferovani xdeba, magram sxvadasxva nawarmoebSi sxvadasxva saxiT. magaliTad, mefis mxatvar Tevdores moxatulobebSi104 daxatuli arqiteqturis formebi marTlac ufro mravalgvaria, metia dekoratiuloba (magaliTad, ifraris xarebaSi fexze mdgomi mariami ramdenime sxvadasxva simaRlis da zomis nagebobis, rogorc Cans, bazilikebis fonze aris gamosaxuli; nakifarSi atenTan SedarebiT ufro rTul, korinTulis msgavs kapitelebs vxedavT diokletianes figuris ukan gamosaxul nagebobaSi; lagurkaze, kvirikes martvilobis scenaSi da sxva). amave dros, atenis dari sworxazovneba da sibrtyovaneba ZiriTadad SenarCunebulia, Tanac TviT nagebobebi arc Tu didi raodenobiT aris CarTuli kompoziciaTa struqturaSi. unda aRiniSnos, rom fonis elementebiT kompoziciaTa gadatvirTva Tevdores ar axasiaTebs, gansxvavebiT magaliTad, 1140 wlis macxvariSis darbazuli taZris moxatulobisgan, romelic zemo krixis xazs agrZelebs105 . aq arqiteqturas ufro didi adgili ukavia, Tumca, aqac sruliad brtyelia. xarebaSi, mariamis figuris ukan, dazianebulobis miuxedavd Cans dabali nageboba TiTqos mravalfrontoniani gadaxurviT, xolo mariamis `win~ salxinoblis maRal svetze kretsabmeli aris Semoxveul-gamonaskvuli – miTiTeba gankacebiT gaxsnil zecaTa sasufevelze. unda aRiniSnos, rom svanur mxatvrobebs zogadad fonis elementebis sibrtyovani gadawyveta axasiaTebT106 .

XII saukunis miwurulisa da XIII saukunis dasawyisis moxatulobebSi (e. w. Tamaris epoqis mxatvrobaSi) garkveuli cvlilebebi xdeba anturaJis mxatvruli gadawyvetis TvalsazrisiT. Senobebi met adgils ikavebs, maTi gadaxurvebis xazebi umetesad diagonalurad aris daxrili, rac TiTqos erTgvar „perspeqtiul“ agebas miuTiTebs (magaliTad, timoTesubnis,

102 Т. Вирсаладзе, Грузинская средневековая монументальная живопись. Избранные труды, Тбилиси, 2007, gv. 83. 103 iqve, gv. 68. 104 Н. Аладашвили, Г. Алибегашвили, А. Вольская, Живописная школа Сванетии, Тбилиси, 1983. 105 Т. Вирсаладзе, Грузинская средневековая монументальная живопись, gv. 198-199, 222-223; Е. Привалова, Роспись Тимотесубани, Тбилиси, 1980, gv. 143. 106 Т. Вирсаладзе, Грузинская средневековая монументальная живопись, gv. 187.

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beTaniis, yincvisis mxatvrobebSi), zogi Senoba saerTodac kuTxiT aris dayenebuli (magaliTad, gverdiTi koSkebi sxvadasxva feris, TiTqos CaCrdiluli waxnagebiT yincvisis saidumloserobaSisur. 8). nagebobaTa es erTgvari `amoZraveba~ sivrcis agebis axali niSania, Tumca arc iseTi Zalisa, rogorc magaliTad, wminda bizantiur nawarmoebebSi (magaliTad, siciliis monrealis mozaikebi107). marTlac, vinaidan sivrciTi `planebi~ ar aris da calkeuli Senobebi kvlav sxvadasxva xedvis wertilidan aris danaxuli, aq ar iqmneba iluzionisturi, sam-ganzomilebiani siRrmis efeqti, romelic axasiaTebs am periodis sakuTriv bizantiur moxatulobebs, romlebSic elinisturi memkvidreobis gavlena ufro naTlad igrZnoba108 . varZiis kldeSi nakafi taZris 1186 wlis moxatulobaSi TvalSi sacemia nagebobaTa Tavze dadgmuli mcire zomis salxineblebi, wvril-wvril svetebze (magaliTad, mirqma, miZineba, xareba), gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa am mxriv jvarcmiskompozicia (sur. 9), romelic yvelaze ukeT aris Semonaxuli109 . am kompoziciaSi jvris `ukan~ gamosaxulia horizontaluri nageboba, maRali viwro RiadebiT, romlis kideebSi dadgmulia Zalian daxvewili da moxdenili formis msubuqi gumbaTiani salxineblebi. es udavod ierusalimis taZaria, Tumca sakmaod Taviseburad gamosaxuli, Tanac, magaliTad, beTaniisgan gansxvavebiT, aq ar Cans orad gaglejili kretsabmeli. beTaniis XII saukunis moxatulobaSi sarkmelTa wirTxlebSi gamosaxul scenebSi (ferxTa bana, uflis seroba) nagebobis saxuravebis konturebi diagonalurad aris daxrili da TiTqos siRrmeSi ganviTarebas mianiSnebs, Tumca kompoziciis ageba erT sibrtyeSi xdeba da TviT am nagebobebis kedlebze datanili sxva xazebi sruliad horizontaluria. timoTesubnis XIII saukunis pirveli naxevris kedlis mxatvrobaSi Senobebi ufro `moZravia~, TiTqos ufro siRrmis aRmniSvneli110 . magaliTad: mariamis SobaSi, anas sarecelis ukan gamosaxuli nageboba kuTxiT aris dayenebuli, Tanac orive fasadi gansxvavebul sibrtyeSi aris naCvenebi. lazares aRdginebaSi lazares akldama, kamarovani gadaxurviT aseve kuTxiT dgas, misi viwro fasadis timpanSi ki niJarisebri formaa Caxatuli, rac am drois damaxasiaTebeli niSani xdeba da simbolurad zecaTa sasufevels mianiSnebs111 . kuTxiT aris dayenebuli saidumloserobissakmaod dazianebuli kompoziciis marjvena nawilSi SemorCenili orqanobiani nagebobac. petres uaryofis scenaSi ki rTuli struqturis nageboba absoluturad brtylad aris gamosaxuli, Tumca Semkulia uamravi detaliTa da ornamentuli zolebiT, TaRovani RiadebiT, romlidanac viRacis naxevarfigurac ki Cans, magram nagebobis qveda konturebi sruliad horizontaluria. asevea gadawyvetili arqiteqtura, sakmaod gavrcobili da detalizebuli, magram brtyeli pilatessamsjavroSi, jvarcmaSi, suliwmindismofenaSi, miZinebaSi da sxva. rogorc Cans, aq sxvadasxva ostatis xelia112 da albaT sxvadasxva nimuSebic iqna ga

107 O. Demus, The Mosaics of Norman Sicily, London, 1949, gv. 418-436; T. Velmans, Le Role du décor architectural, gv. 183-216, il. 73, 79, da sxva. 108 T. Velmans, Le Role du décor architectural, gv. 210-216. 109 g. gafrindaSvili, varZia, leningradi, 1975, tab. 105. 110 Е. Привалова, Роспись Тимотесубани, gv. 110-111. 111 R. Ousterhout, The Temple, the Holy Sepulcher and the Martyrion of the Savoir, gv. 49. 112 Е. Привалова, Роспись Тимотесубани, gv. 109-111.

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moyenebuli, Tumca formaTa garTuleba da gamravleba drois saerTo niSania. am dros arqiteqturul anturaJSi ukve Cndeba velumi, magaliTad, ferxTa banaSi beTaniaSi, saidumlo serobaSiyincvisSi da sxva. berTubanSi aseve naTlad igrZnoba SenobaTa kuTxiT dayenebis tendencia. magaliTad, ZRvenis uaryofis scenaSi (sur. 10) ioakimesa da anas figurebs ukan ori Senoba kuTxiT dgas, Tumca orives qveda xazi horizontaluria 113 . Tanac, amave scenis marjvena nawilSi gamosaxuli kiboriumi sruliad `darRveuli~ sivrciTi agebis wesiT aris mocemuli, anu kiboriumis svetebi im figurasa da trapezs `ukan~ arian gamosaxuli, romlis Tavze unda idgnen, trapezic Tavis safexurovani kvarcxlbekiT sruliad brtyelia. aseve aralogikuria sakurTxevlis afsidSi gamosaxuli salxineblis svetebis ganlageba trapezis mimarT. garda amisa, nagebobebi kompoziciaTa mxolod kideebSi aris gamosaxuli da arc mainc da mainc avsebs fons, sakmaod lakonuri gadawyvetaa. ase rom SenobaTa dayeneba kuTxiT, maTi gadaxurvebis xazebis diagonaluroba ufro mimarTulia kompoziciis saerTo dinamikurobisken da ara sivrciTi agebis iluziis Sesaqmnelad. ase rom, ostatebi namdvilad ar isaxavdnen miznad swori perspeqtivis sistemis gamoyenebas, arqiteqturas kompoziciebis maorganizebeli da figuraTa aqcentirebis funqcia aqvs114 . sagulisxmoa, rom XIII saukunis bolo meoTxedSi Sesrulebul qarTuli kedlis mxatvrobis nawarmoebebSi, magaliTad, aWis wm. giorgis eklesiis freskebSi, romlebic ukve avlens paleologosuri stilis garkveul niSnebs115 , arqiteqturuli fonebi sworedac rom gamoirCeva ukiduresi sibrtyovanebiT, rac am stilisTvis sruliad ucxoa116 . marTlac, miZinebaSi, mirqmaSi, lazaresaRdginebaSi (sur. 11), bzobaSi, lasiaqalaqissawaulSi nagebobebi gamosaxulia sruliad sibrtyobrivad, TiTqos muyaosgan gamoWrili aplikaciebia, miniSnebac ki ar aris Tundac pirobiT siRrmeze – arc saxuravis diagonaluri xazi, arc kuTxiT dayenebuli nawilebi da arc sxva ram detali. aq figurebi jerac inarCuneben prioritetul pozicias kompoziciebSi, arqiteqturis gadawyveta ki sakmaod arqaulia117 . axali stilis igive `ignorirebas~ vxedavT XIII saukunis dasasrulis garejis udabnos monastris xarebis eklesiis moxatulobaSi. es marTlacda unikaluri mxatvroba, Tundac Tavisi sruliad ganumeorebeli koloritis gamo, arqiteqturis gamosaxvis TvalsazrisiTac gamoirCeva, miTumetes XIII saukunis miwurulis nawarmoebebisgan118 . magram Tu aWis moxatulobaSi nagebobebi, Tundac sruliad sibrtyovani, zomiTac da kompoziaSi Tavisi adgiliT erTgvarad atenis nagebobebs gvagonebs da wina saukuneebis tradicias agrZelebs, udabnos xarebis eklesiis mxatvrobaSi arqiteqtura sul sxva efeqts qmnis, TiTqos miniaturebidan gadmoxatuli, wvril-wvrili, sruliad ara monumenturi formebi aqvs.

113 m. bulia, a. volskaia, d. TumaniSvili, daviTgarejis monastrebi. naTlismcemeli. berTubani, Tbilisi, 2010, gv. 118. 114 А. Вольская, Росписи средневековых трапезных, gv. 144. 115 Дж. Иосебидзе, Роспись Ачи, Тбилиси, 1989. 116 iqve, gv. 66. 117 iqve, gv. 66, 79-83. 118 m. bulia, daviTgarejisudabnosmonastrisxarebiseklesiismoxatuloba, disertacia, Tbilisi, 1992, gv. 126-128.

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yvelaze ukeT arqiteqturuli garemo SemorCenilia xarebasa da bzobaSi (sur. 78, 97). am or scenaSi mTavari moqmedi pirebi jerac figurebia, nagebobebis gamosaxva ki sakmaod Taviseburia. orive kompoziciaSi figurebi gamosaxulia marTkuTxa mTliani sibrtyis fonze (bzobaSimasze karibWe aris aRniSnuli, xarebaSiki TiTqmis erTiani daunawevrebeli sibrtyea), romelzec zemodan sxvadasxva formis da feris pawawkintela Senobebi aris daxvavebuli. amgvari gadawyveta gvian Sua saukuneebSi WedurobaSi aris xolme (magaliTad, bzobaSi XVI saukunis Semoqmedis macxovris xatze, 1619 wlis malaqia gurielis caiSis xatis bzobaSi da sxva119), kedlis mxatvrobaSi ki aqamde sxva paraleli ar aris. amgvar gadawyvetas miniaturis xelovnebis gavlenasac ukavSireben120 . marTlac, xarebis angelozis klasikurad agebul da sakmaod dinamikur da Zlier figurasTan SedarebiT ufro mkafiod aRiqmeba saTamaSoebis msgavsi, TiTqos muyaosgan gamoWril nagebobaTa sifrifanoba, yuradRebas ipyrobs mariamis Tavs zemoT gamosaxuli nageboba. marTalia, kompoziciis es mxare gacilebiT ufro dazianebulia, mainc Cans, rom sakuTriv mariamis figura marTkuTxedis fonzea gamosaxuli, magram es marTkuTxedi faqtobrivad `aizrdeba~ eklesiis SenobaSi – jvargumbaTovani, feradovnulad uaRresad STambeWdav SenobaSi, maRali gumbaTis yeliT da konusuri saxuraviT. igi rTuli agebulebisaa: sami mklavi Tavisi frontoniani firuzisebri gadaxurvebiT erT sibrtyeSia mocemuli, win ori, erTmaneTisken mimarTuli dabali orqanoba Senobaa, xolo didi taZris marcxena mklavze, faqtobrivad gumbaTis yelis momijnaved, aris msubuqi, moxdenil svetebiani fanCaturi, marjvena svetze Semoxveuli gadaweuli kretsabmeliT da gumbaTis msgavsi gadaxurviT. Tavisi formebiT es qristianuli taZaria, meore mxriv ierusalimis taZarzecaa miniSneba – sakurTxeveli fanCaturis qveS da gadaweuli kretsabmeli. simboluri datvirTvac didia (mariami – miwieri eklesia, axali taZari, axali ierusalimi, dautevnelis damtevnebeli) da wminda mxatvruli STambeWdaoba da gamomsaxvelobac.

Zveli tradiciebis erTgulebis amave tendencias vxedavT axtalis RmrTismSoblis taZris moxatulobaSi, rogorc samxreT mklavSi SemorCenil Tamaris droindel ferweraSi (magaliTad, Tomasdarwmuneba), aseve XIII saukunis meore naxevris mxatvrobaSi (magaliTad, pilates samsjavro). sakmaod gavrcobili arqiteqturuli nagebobebi sruliad sibrtyovania, Tumc mravali detaliT gamSvenebuli121 . aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom XIII saukunis bizantiur mxatvrobaSi, yovel SemTxvevaSi mis serbul nimuSebSi (magaliTad, sopoCanas freskebSi), arqiteqturuli anturaJi ukve sruliad paleologosuria da sul sxva sametyvelo ena aqvs122 . vidre paleologosTa xanis kedlis mxatvrobis nimuSebs gadavxedavT daxatuli arqiteqturis xasiaTis TvalsazrisiT, gadavavloT Tvali arqiteqturis gamosaxvis nimuSebs XI-XIII saukuneTa qarTul xelnawerTa dasuraTebaSi. am mxriv kidev ufro mravalferovani suraTi iSleba da sakmaod gansxvavebuli midgomebic Cans. cxadia, roca xelnawerTa dasuraTebaze

119 g. alibegaSvili, T. sayvareliZe, qarTulixatebi, il. 61, 80. 120 m. bulia, a. volskaia, d. TumaniSvili, daviTgarejismonastrebi. lavra. udabno, gv. 17. 121 m. bulia, m. janjalia, axtalis moxatuloba – kulturuli identobis sakiTxebi, saqarTvelos siZveleni, 20, 2017, gv. 185-211. 122 В. Джурич, Византийские Фрески. Средневековая Сербия, Дальмация, славянская Македония, Москва, 2000, gv. 108-180; T. Velmans, Le Role du décor architectural, gv. 186-200; Дж. Иосебидзе, Роспись Ачи, gv. 79-84; O. Demus, Die Entstehung des Paläologrnstols in der Malerei, Berichte zur XI internationalen Byzantinistenkongress, München, 1958, gv. 5657, 62, 125.

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vsaubrobT, gasaTvaliswinebelia maTi Seqmnis adgili, damkveTi, is nimuSebi, romlebiTac konkretuli xelnaweris momxatvelebi – `kamaraTa mwerlebi~ sargeblobdnen. Tu xelnaweris warmomavlobis garkveva arc ise rTulia mravalricxovani kolofonebis daxmarebiT, gamoyenebuli nimuSebis identificireba arc Tu iolia da zogjer SeuZlebelic. adiSis oTxTavis Semdeg qarTuli xelnawerebis dasuraTebaSi arqiteqtura ZiriTadad TaRebis saxiT aris warmodgenili evsebiusis kanonebis gaformebaSi (adiSis oTxTavi – 897 w., jruWis pirveli oTxTavi, 940 w., wyarosTavis saxareba da sxva), maxarebelTa `portretebi~ (sinas oTxTavi, jruWis pirveli oTxTavi (H-1660), da ufro iSviaTad siuJetur kompozciebSic, magaliTad, jruWis pirveli oTxTavis miniaturebSi, sadac gankurnebebis scenebi TaRSi aris Caxatuli123 (f. 93 – sur. 12). mxolod XI saukunis dasawyisisTvis Cndeba iseTi siuJeturi scenebi, sadac fonis elementebic aqtiurdeba, maT Soris arqiteqturuli anturaJic. magaliTad, zaqaria valaSkertelis svinaqsarSi (A-648), romelic savaraudod konstantinopolSi an aTonze aris gadaweril-moxatuli124 . am xelnaweris dasuraTebaze ramdenime ostati muSaobda, Tumca sauflo dResaswaulTa scenebSi (magaliTad, welmokakuliqalisgankurneba (f. 69v), wyalmankianis gankurneba, f. 70r, ymawviliqristetaZarSi, f. 44v – sur. 13) brmisgankurneba, f. 46v, xareba, f. 33r da sxva) arqiteqturis gamosaxva erTnair princips efuZneba: arqiteqtura sakmaod aqtiuria, umetesad mTels fons avsebs, taZris msgavsi sxvadasxva formis didi Senobebi ornamentirebuli karnizebiT, mravalricxovani RiadebiT kompoziciaTa kideebSia ganTavsebuli da dakavSirebulia dabali kedliT. SenobaTa gadaxurvebis xazebi diagonaluria, magram mTlianobaSi gamosaxuleba sruliad sibrtyovania125 . am xelnaweris dasuraTebis xasiaTze, maT Soris arqiteqturis gamosaxvis maneraze, etyoba garkveuli gavlena iqonia im faqtma, rom igi konstantinopolSi iqna Sesrulebuli. amave gavlenas vxedavT vanis saxarebis (A1335) XII-XIII saukuneTa mijnis dasuraTebaSi, romelic aseve konstantinopolur skolas ganekuTvneba.

XI saukunis sxva xelnawerebSi siuJeturi miniaturebis raodenoba mcirea, kvlav maxarebelTa portretebSi (magaliTad, mestiis oTxTavSi, maxarebelTa portretebSi aris erTgvari miniSnebebi arqiteqturaze – fonze gamosaxuli msubuqi, gamWvirvale TaRedi) da evsebiusis kanonebSi isaxeba xuroTmoZRvreba, am mxriv Zalian sainteresoa mestiis oTxTavis (1030 weli) erT-erTi `kamara~ (f. 3r. – sur. 14), romlis zeda nawils – antablements faqtobrivad eklesiis Fforma aqvs, ufro sworad eklesiis gare saxe mklavebis da gumbaTis doneze, da interieris miniSneba Sekiduli kandelis saxiT. es aris kamarebis saxiTmetyvelebiTi arsis pirdapiri miTiTeba126 . aseve unikaluria alaverdis oTxTavSi (A-484, XI s.) mandilionis istoriis dasuraTebaSi calke gverdze ganTavsebuli qalaq edesis gamosaxuleba (f. 321v – sur. 15), galavani kidura

123 Р. Шмерлинг, Художественное оформление грузинской рукописной книги, gv. 33-56, tab. 16-22; Ш. Амиранашвили, Грузинская миниатюра, gv. 15-17, il. 7-12. 124 Г. Алибегашвили, Художественный принцип иллюстрирования грузинской рукописной книги XI-XIII веков, Тбилиси, 1973, gv. 12-74. 125 Г. Алибегашвили, Художественный Принцип gv. 61-63, 66-67. 126 Р. Шмерлинг, Художественное оформление грузиской рукописной книги, tab. 40.

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koSkebiT, centrSi didi karibWe jvris gamosaxulebiT timpanSi, odnav SeRebuli kariT da galavans `ukan~ taZari, konusuri gumbaTiT da TiTqos Signidan danaxuli kiboriumiT trapezis Tavze – sakurTxevlis Sigxedi. oqros fonze Sesrulebuli es gamosaxuleba sruliad sibrtyovania127 . amave xelnawerSi, swored mandilionis dasuraTebis ciklSi aris loginadmyofi sneuli avgarozis gamosaxuleba (f. 319v), romelic werils aZlevs Sikriks. es scena Caxatulia kamaraSi, zustad iseTSi, rogoric evsebiusis kanonebisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli, mcenareuli ornamentebiT uxvad morTuli antablementiT, ori farSevangiT mis zemoT, ormag, SuaSi gadanaskvul mdidrul kapitelebian svetebze. avgarozis sakmaod maRali sareceli moqceulia wiTeli feris qsovilis erTgvari baldaxinis qveS. figurebi oqros fonzea, da TviT sarecelic oqrosia, axlavs warwera, `palati sameufeo avgaroz mefisai~128 . aq faqtiurad interieri aris gamosaxuli, rac wiTeli `baldaxiniT~ da Sida sivrcis sagangebod oqroTi SevsebiT aris xazgasmuli. amgvari gamosaxuleba – qalaq edesis karibWe da avgarozis palatni – sakmaod iSviaTia nimuSia129 .

XII saukunis xelnawerTa dasuraTebaSi ukve naTlad vlindeba drois niSnebi – TxrobiTobis gaZliereba, kompoziciaTa dinamika, anturaJis (maT Soris arqiteqturuli fonebis) gaaqtiureba. Tumca sxvadasxva skriptoriumSi Seqmnil-moxatuli da sxvadasxva ostatis Sesrulebul xelnawerebSi midgomebis sakmaod did mravalferovnebas vxedavT.

XII saukunis pirveli naxevaris zatikis xelnaweris (A-734) mxolod dasuraTeba aris Semonaxuli, teqstis gareSe, anu ucnobia, sad da vis mier da visi dakveTiT iqna Sesrulebuli. mxatvruli maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT mas gelaTis samonastro centrTan akavSireben130 . miniaturebs mTeli gverdi ukaviaT da amiT garkveul monumenturobas iZenen. am STabeWdilebas aZlierebs kompoziciebis gawonasworebuli, dinji struqtura, lakonuroba, ferTa simsubuqe da gamWvirvaloba, xazTa moqnili daxvewiloba da kaligrafiuloba amave maneriTaa gamosaxuli nagebobebi, romlebsac umetesad kompoziciebis kideebi ukaviaT da miuxedavad saxuravebis diagonalurad daxrili xazebisa, sruliad sibrtyovanad arian warmodgenilni131 . arqiteqturis amgvari gamosaxva (magaliTad, brmisgankurneba, f. 1v; Tomasdarwmuneba, (f. 5r; – sur. 16) yovelgvari zedmeti ornamentaciisa da detalebis gareSe, lakonuroba da geometriuli mkafiooba wina saukunis kedlis mxatvrobis tradiciebTan avlens siaxloves. imave XII saukunis, Tumca sruliad sxva xasiaTisaa is midgoma arqiteqturis gamosaxvisad

127 n. qavTaria, alaverdis oTxTavis (A-484) mxatvruli gaformebis Taviseburebani, saqarTvelos siZveleni, 9, 2006, gv. 100. 128 Z. Skhirtladze, Canonizing the Apocrypha: The Abgar Cycle in the Alaverdi and Gelati Gospels, in: The Holy Face and Paradox of Representation, ed. by H. L. Kessler and G. Wolf, Bologna, 1998, gv. 80. 129 saerTod mandilionis ambis dasuraTeba sakmaod originalur gadawyvetebs iZleva arqiteqturis gamosaxvis mxriv. magaliTad, ioane skilicas qronikebis XII saukunis xelnaweris miniaturaze, romelic asaxavs mandilionis vlaqernis taZarSi gadatanas, vlaqernis taZris arqiteqturis sakmaod saintereso gadawyvetaa, aseve sakmaod aqtiurad aris asaxuli arqiteqtura genuis wminda saxis Wedur CarCoze (А. Лидов, Иконы. Мир святых образов в Византии и на Руси, Москва, 2013, gv. 39-93). 130 Г. Алибегашвили, Художественный принцип иллюстрирования.., gv. 115. 131 iqve, gv. 94-95.

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mi, rasac vxedavT gelaTis oTxTavisa (Q-908, XII saukunis Sua xana) da jruWis meore oTxTavis dasuraTebaSi (H-1667, XII saukunis bolo meoTxedi), romlebic Tavis mxriv erTmaneTisgan sruliad gansxvavebul mxatvrul principebs avlenen. gelaTis oTxTavis132 dasuraTebaSi wamyvani aris neitraluri oqros foni, romelzec sakmaod izolirebulad aris warmodgenili fonis elementebi, am SemTxvevaSi nagebobebi – viwro da maRali koSkis saxiT, saxuravebis nairgvarobiT, xSirad zedxedSi, an erTi mTliani xaziT mofargluli sami xedi erTdroulad (frontoni da gverdiTi gadaxurvebi). cxadia, sxvadasxva Sinaarsis miniaturebSi arqiteqtura sxvadasxva saxisaa, magram lakonizmi mainc amosavali midgomaa. magaliTad, datireba (f. 85v) martivi ovaluri mRvimea, aseTive moyvanilobis borcvSi. ierusalimis taZari qristes cdunebaSi (f. 22r) ufro diferencirebulia – pirvel sarTulze TaRedi, CaCrdilvebiT, meore sarTulze – bani, magram esec Zalian `mokled~ aris aRwerili. saerTod gelaTis oTxTavis dasuraTebaSi anturaJi Zalian `Sekvecilia~ da sakmaod erTgvarovan motivebs moicavs. maT erTgvarad `stokatoebis~ JReradoba aqvT. es exeba arqiteqturasac. umetesad es aris viwro nagebobebi, orqanobiani saxuravebiT, frontonebiT, zogjer didi TaRovani RiadebiT. xSiria qongurebiani viwro Senobis gamosaxva, romlis zeda nawili zedxedSia danaxuli (koSkebi), Tumca es ar qmnis siRrmis SegrZnebas. Tanac es gamosaxulebebi sakmaod daudevrad aris Sesrulebuli, `funjis erTi mosmiT~. cxadia, isini ar gamodgeba saerTi midgomis dasaxasiaTeblad, realurad arsebuli nagebobebis gamosaxvis principebis dasadgenad. aq arqiteqturas niSnis mniSvneloba aqvs da kompoziciebSi raime gansakuTrebuli roli ar miekuTvneba (magaliTad, mogvebiherodesTan(f. 18r), iesosgamocxadebamociqulTawinaSe (f. 275v), iesoherodeswinaSe (f. 214r), petressidedrisgankurneba (f. 158v), petresuaryofa (f. 81v; sur. 17), saidumloseroba (f. 131r), herodesnadimi (f. 108r), qristemarTasada mariamTan(f. 181v) da sxva). jruWis meore oTxTavis dasuraTeba ki bevrad ufro mravalferovan gadawyvetas gvTavazobs133 . aq zogierT miniaturaSi nagebobebi isea daxvavebuli, rom mTels kompozicias avsebs da zogjer figurebic ki TiTqos ikargeba maT fonze. cnobilia, rom am xelnaweris dasuraTebaze ramdenime ostati muSaobda134 . misi Tanadrouli gelaTis oTxTavis dasuraTeba bevrad ufro TavSekavebulia am mxriv, meti sidinje da sivrcea, meti klasikuroba. jruWis meore oTxTavis dasuraTebaSi nagebobaTa roli da raodenoba gacilebiT didia, aseve motivTa mravalferovneba da kompoziciaTa struqturaSi maTi adgili. nagebobebis gamosaxulebani iseve rogorc figurebi, xSirad kveTen CarCos; asruleben rogorc kompo

132 Г. Алибегашвили, Художественный принцип иллюстрирования.., gv. 99-100. S. amiranaSvili, gelaTis oTxTavis Sesrulebis adgilad miiCnevs ivironis monasters: Ш. Амиранашвили, История Грузинского Искусства, gv. 233-234. ix. aseve: n. qavTaria, gelaTis oTxTavi, saqarTvelossiZveleni, 11, 2007, gv. 59-77; n. qavTaria, gelaTis oTxTavi XII saukunis qarTuli wignis mxatvrobis Zegli, ZvelixelovnebadRes, 8, 2017, gv. 74-85; e. maWavariani, sami qarTuli oTxTavis dasuraTebis principebi (XII-XIV ss), sabWoTa xelovneba, #12, 1985, gv. 85-98. 133 Ш. Амиранашвили, История грузинского искусства, 1963, gv. 234-235; Г. Алибегашвили, Художественный принцип иллюстрирования.., gv. 100-101; e. maWavariani, sami qarTuli oTxTavis dasuraTebis principebi, gv. 85-98. 134 e. maWavariani, sami qarTuli oTxTavis dasuraTebis principebi, gv. 85-98.

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ziciuri, aseve Sinaarsobrivi gamyofis rols. magaliTad, qristes winaparTa rigebis gamosaxulebaSi (f. 9v) sami nagebobaa, samive sxvadasxva principze agebuli. marcxniv frontoniani TaRiT Seqmnili portalia, romlis `ukan~ wakveTili trapeciuli formis saxuravi Cans, SuaSi svetebze dayrdnobili Tevzis figurebiT Semkuli antablementiani portikia, marjvniv ki ufro rTuli agebulebis Senoba: frontoniani portiki, masze dadgmuli naxevarsferuli gumbaTiT, gverdiTi kedeli ki siRrmeSi diagonaluri xazebiT miemarTeba – perspeqtiva. miniaturaze (f. 62r), romelic asaxavs qristes sityvebs zaqarias mkvlelobis gamo (sur. 18), centrSi mTel simaRleze gamosaxulia taZari: es aris oriarusiani nageboba ganier yelze dadgmuli naxevarsferuli gumbaTiT. Zalian sainteresoa, rom qveda ori sxvadasxva feris iarusi, aseve gansxvavebuli sivrciTi agebiT aris gamosaxuli: gumbaTis yeli TviTY ZiriTadi korpusis siganea. meore iarusis kedlebi (moyviTalo oqris) TiTqos erTgvar perspeqtivaSia gamosaxuli – dawaxnagebulia, Sua waxnagi ki TiTqos siRrmeSi midis, Tanac Cans misi gadaxurva, Tumca zeda konturi sworia, gumbaTis yelis qveda xazis Sesabamisi, rac TavisTavad ewinaaRmdegeba gumbaTis yelis simrgvalisa Tu ara, waxnagovnebis miniSnebas mis zeda, datalRul abrisze. samagierod, am meore iarusis qveda abrisi sworedac rom waxnagovnebas da gverdiTi waxnagebis `siRrmeSi~ ganviTarebas mianiSnebs, rasac TavisTavad ewinaaRmdegeba am Sua nawilis SeRunuloba. magram es Seusabamobebi arc Tu dramatulia da ufro mowodebulia Seiqmnas didi, mravalnawiliani taZris rTuli struqturis STabeWdileba da ara konkretuli siRrmis gancda. jruWis meore oTxTavis momxatveli ostatebis xelwera sakmaod gansxvavebulia – zog miniaturaze mTeli foni Sevsebulia arqiteqturiT (kapernaumis dacemis winaswarmetyveleba, f. 157r – sur. 19), Tomasdarwmuneba, (f. 252v) da sxva), zogan ki nagebobebi sakmaod lakonurad da TavSekavebulad aris gamosaxuli da oqros fons didi adgili eTmoba (magaliTad, beTlemSimogzauroba, f. 129v). am xelnaweris dasuraTebaSic naTlad Cans saxiTmetyvelebiTi midgoma daxatuli arqiteqturis mimarT – magaliTad, qristeda mociqulebigzademausSi (f. 196v). kompoziciis marjvena nawilSi sakmaod didi zomis nagebobaa, farTo frontoniani karibWiT, magram es qalaqis ki ara, aramed taZris gamosaxulebaa – maRal yelze dadgmuli wiTeli feris gumbaTiT – qristes mociqulebi mihyavs taZrisken, aRdgomis taZrisken. aseve aris gadawyvetili kompozicia romaelijariskacebiqristessaflavTan (f. 77r, 77v – sur 101), sadac mRvimis nacvlad, rogoric xatia amave xelnaweris miniaturaze mociqulebidamenelsacxeblededani qristes saflavTan (f. 195v), gamosaxulia didi, rTuli aRnagobis nageboba farTo maRali frontoniani karibWiT, oTxkuTxa da mrgvali koSkebiT, romlebic sxvadasxva xedvis kuTxiT arian gamosaxulni. gelaTis da jruWis meore oTxTavebis Sedarebisas ueWvelia sxvadasxva mxatvruli centri, an sxvadasxva tradiciis nimuSebis gamoyeneba. am ori xelnawerisgan gansxvavdeba da garkveulad zatikis dasuraTebis principebs mihyveba XIII saukunis damdegis grigol nazianzelis homiliaTa dasuraTeba (A-109)135 , savarau

135 Г. Алибегашвили, Художественный принцип иллюстрирования.., gv. 117-148.

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dod, garejis wm. ioane naTlismcemlis monasterSi Seqmnili136 , iseTive naTeli da klasikuri agebiT, Tumca sul sxva xasiaTisa rogorc figurebis, aseve nagebobebis gamosaxvis TvalsazrisiT. simsubuqe aq ukve sruliad uwonad, viwro, dagrZelebul formebSi aris gamovlenili, ritmis gamokveTili gamomsaxvelobiT. moxdenili arqiteqturuli nagebobebi kompoziciaTa kideebSi arian simetriulad gamosaxulni da centrisken warmarTaven kompozicias. miuxedavad daxvewili formebisa, isini sruliad sibrtyovania137 da dematerializirebuli, samagierod xels uwyoben zeimurobis da monumenturobis gancdis Seqmnas, rac kompoziciuri agebiT da figuraTa xasiaTiT aris ganpirobebuli (magaliTad, f. 228r) qarTuli xelnaweris wignis dasuraTebaSi arqiteqturuli anturaJis gamosaxva bevr aspeqtSi emsgavseba bizantiuri wris xelnawerTa dasuraTebas, Tumca mainc gansxvavebulia. bizantiuri wignis dasuraTebas xangZlivi istoria aqvs da, cxadia, siuJetur kompoziciebsac mravlad Seicavda da, Sesabamisad, arqiteqturis gamosaxvis nimuSebsac. Cvens dromde SemorCenil uadres, V-VI ss-ebis xelnawerebSi (rosanos kodeqsi, rabulas saxareba, venis genezisi) ukve Camoyalibebulia pirobiTobis is xarisxi, romelic miRebuli xdeba arqiteqturuli anturaJis gamosaxvisas. am adreul xelnawerebSi aRmosavluri, siriul-palestinuli xelovnebis gavlena sakmaod sagrZnobia, magram IX-X saukuneebSi (makedonuri renesansi) klasikuri xelovnebis idealebi Warbobs, maT Soris arqiteqturis gamosaxvis mimarTac – (magaliTad, isu navelis gragnili, parizis fsalmunni da sxva). iseTi rTuli da gavrcobili gamosaxulebebi, rogoric gvxvdeba, magaliTad, grigol nazianzelis homiliaTa IX saukunis dasuraTebaSi winaswarmetyvel ionas istoriis amsaxvel miniaturaze (qalaq nineviis xedi)138 , anda msxvil-msxvili nagebobebi X saukunis dedofal qristines bibliis dasuraTebaSi, am drois qarTul mxatvrobaSi da arc Semdgom xanebSi ar aris. miuxedavad garkveuli pirobiTobisa, berZnuli xelnawerebis xuroTmoZRvruli anturaJi sakmaod miiltvis realuri sivrciTi konstruqciebisken. asevea X saukunis basili II-is menologiumis miniaturebSi. aq TiTqmis uklebliv yvelagan arqiteqturaa gamosaxuli, zogan sakmaod didi adgilic ki ukavia. magaliTad, miniatura RmrTismSoblis gamocxadeba romanoz melodosisadmi, sadac sakmaod didi bazilikuri taZaria gamosaxuli (albaT odigonis monasteri), anda imave xelnawerSi miqaelmTavarangelozis saswauli xonaSi, sadac aseve sagangebod gamoyofilia taZari, amjerad, wriuli, gumbaTiani. rac mTavaria, kompoziciebi planebad igeba da mravlad aris elinisturi xelovnebidan aRebuli motivebi139 .

CvenTan, msgavsi Sinaarsis 1030 wlis zaqaria valaSkertelis svinaqsarSi (A-648), Tumca konstantinopolSi SesrulebulSi, wmindanTa figurebi neitralur fonzea gamosaxuli, xolo siuJetur kompoziciebSi arqiteqturuli anturaJi gavrcobilia, mTlianobaSi mainc sibrtyobrivad aris gadawyvetili, TiTqmis ar Cans elinisturi xelovnebis reminiscenciebi, sivrciTi planebi da sxva140 .

136 Ш. Амиранашвили, Грузинская миниатюра, gv. 26. 137 Г. Алибегашвили, Художественный принцип иллюстрирования.., gv. 122-123. 138 В. Лазарев, История византийской живописи, Москва, 1986, tab. 95. 139 iqve, tab. 107-108. 140 Г. Алибегашвили, Художественный принцип иллюстрирования.., gv. 53-58.

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aranakleb saintereso da niSandoblivia arqiteqturis gamosaxvisadmi midgomis Sedareba somxuri xelnawerebis nimuSebTan. cnobilia, rom somxur antiqalkedonitur xelovnebaSi naklebad ganviTarda monumenturi kedlis mxatvroba da xatwera, aseve Weduroba, samagierod didad viTardeboda da yvaoda wignis dasuraTeba da qvis qandakeba (fasadebis reliefebi, xaCqarebi). wignis dasuraTeba marTlac rom saintereso masalas gvTavazobs Cveni qveynebis saxviT xelovnebaSi arqiteqturis asaxvisa da reprezentaciis TvalsazrisiT. cxadia, mravlad aris saerTo zogadqristianuli Temebi, siuJetebi, da arqiteqturuli fonebic bevr scenaSi aris gamosaxuli. adreul etapze, eCmiaZinis saxarebis savaraudod VI saukunis ilustraciebSi, romlebic mTel gverds avsebs, arqiteqtura sakmaod wardgeniTi xasiaTisaa. gamosaxulia msxvili, didi zomis taZari, romelsac kompoziciis mniSvnelovani nawili uWiravs (magaliTad, xareba an zaqariasxareba)141 . dedofal mlkes saxarebis IX saukunis dasuraTebas adareben rabulas saxarebas, Tumca am ukanasknelis cxovelxatuli, ferweruli, dinamikur monasmebze agebuli manera sakmaod gansxvavebulia. amave periodis qarTul xelnawerSi adiSis oTxTavSi gacilebiT ufro metia klasikuri nimuSebis gamoZaxili (magaliTad, maxarebelTa wyvilad portretSi), Tumca kamarebi aq ufro martivi da grafikulia. somxur, gansakuTrebiT vaspurakanis skolis miniaturebSi, arqiteqtura umetesad kidev ufro sibrtyovania, vidre qarTul nimuSebSi. sxvaa kilikiuri skola, ufro miaxloebuli klasikuri periodis bizantiur nimuSebs, Tumca aqac sibrtyovanebisken midrekileba Zlieria, aseve formaTa pirobiToba, arqiteqturuli fonebi sakmaod gavrcobili da mravalnawiliania, magaliTad, XI saukunis mugnis saxarebaSi mirqma sakmaod gavrcobili da mravalnawiliani arqiteqturis fonzea mocemuli, xolo 1294 wlis berkris saxarebis mirqmaSi ariqiteqtura TiTqmis arc Cans da mxolod ramdenime xaziTaa miniSnebuli142 . aris mTeli rigi miniaturebisa, sadac arqiteqturas sakmaod mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs (magaliTad, mirqmaSi XI saukunis saxarebidan, anda maxarebelTa portretebSi 1055 wlis saxarebaSi, anda toros roslinis miniaturebi 1266 wlis saxarebidan, xareba1323 wlis saxarebidan da sxva143). ucnauri da STambeWdavia ierusalimis gamosaxuleba bzobis scenaSi horomosis monastris 1211 wlis saxarebidan – qalaqi TiTqos mravalnawiliani koSkia, samreklos msgavsi, xeebSi Cafluli. sul sxva gadawyvetaa, magaliTad, berkris 1294 wlis saxarebis bzobaSi, sadac qalaqi ierusalimi warmodgenilia kiboriumiT dagvirgvinebuli TaRis saxiT, romelSic gadaweuli wiTeli kretsabmeli aris Sekiduli144 . aseve brtyelia arqiteqtura saidumlo serobaSi berkris 1306 wlis saxarebidan, faqtobrivad, es aris lampionSekidebuli da sruliad horizontaluri sami TaRi da brtyeli magida. aseT gamosaxulebebs gacilebiT meti saerTo aqvs katalonuri xelnawerebis dasuraTebasTan145 .

141 Л. Дурново, Очерки изобразительного искусства средневековой Армении, Москва, 1979, il. 92, 93. 142 P. Donabédian, J. -M. Thierry, Les arts arméniens, Paris, 1987, il. 304, 436. 143 iqve, il. 131, 137, 141, 302-304. 144 Г. Акопян, Армянская миниатюра, Ереван, 1978, il. 7. 145 iqve, il. 16.

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XI saukunis dasawyisis mugnis oTxTavSi maxarebeli maTe sakmaod vrceli, mTeli ukana planis Semavsebeli arqiteqturis fonzea gamosaxuli, iseve rogorc bzobis scena146 , Tumca nagebobebi Zalian dawvrilmanebulia. saerTod, somxuri wignis dasuraTebis nimuSebs axasiaTebT erTgvari arakonstruqciuloba, formebis da motivebis didi simravle da dawvrilmaneba. es niSnebi naTlad aisaxa 1232 wlis TargmanCancis oTxTavis dasuraTebaSi, sadac arqiteqturas sakmaod mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoba (magaliTad, xareba, saidumloseroba, miZineba), magram mainc ufro anturaJis saxe da mniSvneloba aqvs147 . rogorc vxedavT, qarTuli wignis dasuraTebis nimuSebi sakmaod gansxvavdeba somxur xelnawerTa dasuraTebisgan, Tundac kilikiuri skolis nawarmoebebisgan, yvela aspeqtSi (naxatis, modelirebis, feradovnebis) da maT Soris arqiteqturuli anturaJis gamosaxvis maneris mxrivac148 . am mxriv qarTuli xelnawerebis dasuraTebaSi arqiteqturis gamosaxva TiTqos met saerTos poulobs sakuTriv bizantiur nimuSebTan. Tumca, mxatvruli gemovnebis mxriv gacilebiT TavSekavebuli, gawonasworebuli da naklebad `iluzionisturia~. sainteresoa, rom saziaro maxasiaTebeli – Sua saukuneebis xelovnebis sibrtyovaneba da pirobiToba, sruliad gansxvavebul elfers, xasiaTs da gamomsaxvelobas iZens am gansxvavebul mxatvrul wreebSi.

Tu kedlis mxatvrobaSi da wignis dasuraTebaSi esoden mdidar masalas vpoulobT arqiteqturis gamosaxvis TvalsazrisiT, X-XIII saukunis ferwerul xatebze TiTqmis ar aris nagebobebis gamosaxulebani. es periodi ki sworedac xatweris ayvavebis xanaa, mravalricxovani SedevrebiT warmodgenili, Tumca Zalian `TavSekavebuli~ xuroTmoZRvrebis asaxvis mxriv. cxadia, es ganpirobebulia Cvens dromde SemorCenili xatebis TematikiT, romelSic, samwuxarod, siuJeturi kompoziciebi Zalian cotaa. magaliTad, mcire zomis sada nageboba Cans XII saukunis gardamoxsnis xatis marjvena kideSi, yovelgvari sagangebo mniSvnelobis an gamomsaxvelobis gareSe. ufro sainteresoa, Tumca aseve ara mravlismTqmeli XII saukunis lazaresaRdginebis xatze gamosaxuli nageboba (sur. 20) kompoziciis marjvena mxares, lazares figuris `ukan~, maRali muqi Senoba TaRovani karibWiT, romlis Tavze sxvadasxva formis mcire zomis Senobebia – frontoniani, orqanobiani, gumbaTiani. erTi SexedviT ise aRiqmeba, TiTqos es aris lazares akldama, meore mxriv ki, miuxedavad dazianebisa, Cans, rom karibWidan xalxi gamodis. es, savaraudod, beTania unda iyos. arqiteqtura Zalze pirobiTi da brtyelia, marTlac rom kompozicias `kulisebis~ roli eniWeba149 . am mxriv sainteresoa XII saukuneSi sinaze moRvawe qarTveli xatmweris ioane Toxabis xati, RmrTismSoblis saswaulmoqmedi xatebis da macxovris saswaulebisa da vnebebis scenebiT150 .

146 Л. Дурново, Очерки изобразительного искусства средневековой Армении, il. 103, 107. 147 iqve, il. 153, 157, 159. 148 Г. Алибегашвили, Византия, Христианский Восток и формирование художественных традиций в миниатюрной живописи Грузии и Армении, II Международный симпозиум по армянскому искусству, Ереван, 1978. 149 n. WiWinaZe, Sua saukuneebis qarTuli xatwera, Tbilisi, 2011, gv. 16, 100, il. 12; n. burWulaZe, qarTulixatebi, gv. 264, il. 265. 150 G. Galavaris, An Eleventh Century Hexaptych of the Saint Catherine’s Monastery at Mount Sinai, Venice-Athens, 2009, gv. 25-43, il. 1, 2; z. sxirtlaZe, ioane Toxabi – sinaze moRvawe qarTveli mxatvari, literatura da xelovneba, #3, 1998, gv. 61-72.

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nagebobebi TiTqmis yovel scenaSia, Tumca sakmaod mokrZalebulad, kompoziciis kideebSi ganlagebulni, formebisa da tipebis standartuli repertuariT, marTlac rom fonis elementebis datvirTva aqvT da naklebad saxiTmetyvelebiTi gamomsaxveloba. bevri TvalsazrisiT maT SesrulebaSi miniaturuli xelovnebis gavlena SeiniSneba. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im garemos, romelSic muSaobda ioane Toxabi, gasakviri ar unda iyos sakuTriv bizantiuri mxatvrobis gavlena arqiteqturis gamosaxvis mxriv. am periodis bizantiur xatebze nagebobebi sakmaod did adgils ikavebs, Tundac imave sinas monastris cnobil epistilionebze. qarTul xatweraSi xuroTmoZRvrebis asaxva ufro paleologosTa periodis da gansakuTrebiT gviani xanis nawarmoebebze Cndeba.

WedurobaSi arqiteqturis gamosaxvas odnav naklebi mniSvneloba eniWeba, vidre kedlis mxatvrobasa da xelnawerTa dasuraTebaSi. Wedur nawarmoebebSi calkeuli wmindanis gamosaxuleba umetesad neitralur an ornamentirebul fonze keTdeba. sawinamZRvro jvrebze arqiteqturuli fonebi iSviaTad Tu gamoisaxeba, arc samwerlobebze. siuJetur kompoziciebs umetesad vxedavT karedebis frTebze, e. w. `cxorebian~ biografiul xatebze, CarCoze gamosaxuli wmindanis cxovrebis scenebiT, calkeul firfitebze, romlebic trapezis an sxva liturgikuli nivTis Sesamkobad iyo gamiznuli, rogoricaa, magaliTad, saRolaSenis lorfinebi, gansakuTrebiT kiGgviani drois jvar-xatebze, rodesac saxviT xelovnebaSi matulobs TxrobiTobis xarisxi151 . am dargis ganviTarebis Sesabamisad X saukunisa da XI saukunis pirveli naxevris nawarmoebebSi nagebobebs da saerTod anturaJs sakmaod aqtiuri roli eniWeba, xolo XI saukunis meore naxevarsa da XII saukuneSi maTi TiTqmis sruli ignorireba xdeba152 . gvian Sua saukuneebSi ki arqiteqturis `monawileoba~ kompoziciebSi sagrZnoblad matulobs, rac dakavSirebulia siuJeturi scenebis raodenobis momravlebasTan da, Sesabamisad, TiTqmis mTeli foni ivseba mravalgvari arqiteqturuli formebiT153 . motivebis TvalsazrisiT, arqiteqturuli formebi emsgavseba monumentur mxatvrobaSi arsebuls, Tumca zogjer sakmaod Tavisebur sqemebsac iyeneben. magaliTad, kompoziciis zeda nawilSi (zeca) horizontalur xazze dadgmuli sami an ori nageboba, magaliTad, malaqia gurielis 1619 wlis xatze bzobaSi, anda afrasaviT gaberili amobrunebuli kesonebiani kamara anCisxatis karedis garemoWedilobaze (XVII s.) da sxva. sxvaTa Soris, es motivebi sakmaod gansxvavebulia miniaturuli mxatvrobisgan, sadac nagebobebis fantastikuri formebi sagrZnoblad sxvaobs. cxadia, midgomebis da arqiteqturuli formebis TvalsazrisiT gansxvaveba ganviTarebis etapebs Sorisac arsebobs. xelobis specifikis gamo WedurobaSi gamosaxulebebis detalizeba ufro Zneldeba, vidre magaliTad, wignis dasuraTebaSi, Tumca SedarebiT qvis reliefebTan, gacilebiT ufro `TxrobiTia~, rac, Tavis mxriv, qvaze kveTis specifikiT aris ganpirobebuli. arqiteqturis gamosaxulebani ZiriTadad aris Semdeg nawarmoebebSi: saRolaSenis fir

151 T. sayvareliZe, XIV-XIXsaukuneebisqarTulioqromWedloba, w. 1, Tbilisi, 1987, gv. 86. 152 Г. Чубинашвили, Грузинское чеканное искусство, gv. 444-449, 605-648. 153 T. sayvareliZe, meTormete saukunis qarTuli Weduri xelovnebis istoriidan, Tbilisi, 1980; T. sayvareliZe, XIVXIX saukuneebis qarTuli oqromWedloba, Tbilisi, 1987; T. sayvareliZe, anCis karedi xati, sabWoTa xelovneba, #5, 1976, gv. 7791.

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fitebi (X s.), Semoqmedis firfitebi (X s.), zarzmis (laklakiZis) xatis CarCo (XI s.), anCisxatis frTebis Sida da gare moWedilobani (XV da XVII ss.), sadgeris sakurTxevlis winamdebare jvari (ostati mamne, XVI s.), martvilis RmrTismSoblis xati (1644 weli ieses Ziris gamosaxulebiT), aTormeti dResaswaulis 1669 wlis xati, awyuris xatis frTebis moWediloba da sxva.

Wedur xatebze arsebuli sakmaod mcire raodenobis qtitorul gamosaxulebebSi eklesiebis modelebi, bunebrivia, ar aris. unda aRiniSnos, rom kedlis mxatvrobisgan gansxvavebiT, Wedur xatebze bzobis kompoziciebSi qalaq ierusalimis gamosaxuleba sakmaod `miCqmalulia~ – umetesad marTkuTxa kedelSi gaWrili TaRovani an marTkuTxave Sesasvleli (karibWe) da zed dadgmuli ramdenime mcire zomis nageboba (magaliTad, XVII saukunis martvilis xatze ieses Ziris gamosaxulebiT). SedarebiT gavrcobili saxe aqvs qalaqs laklakiZis xatis CarCos kompoziciaSi (sur. 21). aseve XVI s-is sadgeris jvarze, sadac qongurebian galavans ukan (zemoT) gamosaxulia Senoba, romelic oqtagonze dadgmul viwro maRal rotondas waagavs (uTuod uflis saflavis nageboba), garSemortymuli sxvadasxva formis nagebobebiT. arqiteqturis gamosaxvis TvalsazrisiT saintereso nimuSia xarebis kompozicia saRolaSenis firfitaze (X s. – sur. 22)154 . aq faqtobrivad interieri aris gamosaxuli – or svetze gadebuli viwro arqitravi (Weri), romelzec rgolebiT ornawiliani kretsabmelia dakidebuli, romlis marcxena nawili eqceva zustad kompoziciur centrSi da zemodan naxevarsferuli, niJarisebri-Rarebiani `gumbaTi~ adgas. fardis es nawili Zirs gamonaskulia da sakmaod simetriuli samkuTxa moxazuloba aqvs. savaraudod, igi ganasaxierebs sakurTxevlis win dakidebul kretsabmels, romelic gaixsneba qristes gankacebiT. fardis meore nawili kompoziciis marjvena kideSi ufro viwroa da svetze aris Semoxveuli. angelozis mxares fardebi ar aris. amgvarad, mariami erTgvarad fardebs Soris dgas, oTaxSi, uzurgo skamis win, xelSi TiTistariT, romlidanac daSvebuli Zoweuli Zafi diagonalurad eSveba larnakSi, romelic zustad centrSi, fardis (da Sesabamisad, GgumbaTis qveS) dgas. am kompoziciis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani Taviseburebaa mcire zomis nagebobaTa gamosaxva `Weris~ aRmniSvnel xazs zemoT, niJarisebri gumbaTis orsav mxares, TiTqmis simetriulad, kompoziciis zeda areSi (zeciur registrSi). es aris ori, TiTqmis identuri frontonebiani, orqanobiani saxuraviT gadaxuruli Senoba, romlebic centralur gumbaTTan erTad erTgvarad zeciuri ierusalimis gansaxierebad SeiZleba miviCnioT, aseve Zveli da axali aRTqmis eklesiebad. maTi mniSvnelobis sagangebo xazgasma kidev erTi xerxiT xdeba – isini ufro maRali reliefiT arian amoyvanili, vidre TviT figurebi155 . rogorc aRiniSna, am kompoziciis zogadi sqema emsgavseba oTxTa eklesiis sakurTxevlis moxatulobis qveda registrSi gamosaxul xarebis kompoziciis struqturas. sagulisxmoa isic, rom orive nawarmoebi X saukuniT TariRdeba. gacilebiT ufro lakonurad da mini

154 Г. Чубинашвили, Грузинское чеканное искусство, gv. 92-97; n. burWulaZe, qarTulixatebi, gv. 254-255; g. alibegaSvili, T. sayvareliZe, qarTulixatebi, il. 6. 155 Г. Чубинашвили, Грузинское чеканное искусство, gv. 94.

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malisturad aris warmodgenili arqiteqtura meore lorfinze mirqmis gamosaxulebiT – mxolod salxinebeli svetebis gareSe, TiTqos zeciuri ierusalimis gansaxierebaa da ara taZris sakurTxevlisa156 .

Semoqmedis amave periodis firfitaze, romelzec sami scenaa gaerTianebuli (gardamoxsna, datireba da menelsacxeble dedani qristes saflavTan) angelozi zis kvadratul lodze, qristes saflavis `win~, romelic warmodgenilia, rogorc orqanoba saxuraviani nageboba, frontoniT, qvebis wyobis da kramitebis naxatis aRniSvniT. xolo TviT marTkuTxedi formis saflavi zedxedSia gamosaxuli, Sig datovebuli sudariT da TavsaxveviT. aq kvlav vxedavT sxvadasxva xedvis wertilebis gabedul Serwymas157 . mestiis sakurTxevlis winamdebare jvris moWedilobaze wm. giorgis scenebSi figurebi maqsimaluri SesaZlebeli plastikuri formebiT aris gamosaxuli, Tumca, arqiteqtura faqtobrivad ar aris, mxolod diokletianes maRalzurgiani skami, romlis zeda nawili arqiteqturuli TaRebiT aris dagvirgvinebuli, da sami TaRi lodiTwamebisscenaSi158 . arqiteqturuli motivebis da nagebobaTa formebis gamosaxvis xerxebiT ferwerul nimuSebTan axlos dgas laklakiZis xatis CarCoze warmodgenili aTormeti dResaswaulis scenebi159 . amaTgan mocemuli TemisTvis sainteresoa, ZRvenis uaryofa, mariamis Soba, mariamisdawindva, xareba, mirqmagansakuTrebiT ki bzoba (sur. 21). mirqmaSi (sur. 3) kompoziciis zeda nawilSi ramdenime horizontalur zolze dadgmulia sami nageboba, samive sxvadasxva formis, samive jvrebiT dagvirgvinebuli, Sua maTgani gansakuTrebiT aris gamoyofili – naxevarwriul formaze, romelic niJarisebri naxatiT aris Sevsebuli, dadgmulia konusuri gumbaTi, radialurad qveviT gaSlili xazebiT – sxivebiT, rac Zalian sazeimo ganwyobas qmnis da Seesabameba am scenis Teofaniur Sinaars – uflis gancxadebas. es motivi – kompoziciis zeda nawilSi horizontalur xazze sami Senobis ganlageba, centraluris, umetesad gumbaTiani nagebobis sagangebo gamoyofiT, da ufro dabali orqanoba saxuraviani kidura SenobebiT Weduri xatebis bevr nimuSSi gvxvdeba (magaliTad, mirqmaSi, laklakiZis xatze, xarebasaRolaSenis lorfinze; mirqmacaiSis 1619 wlis aTormet dResaswaulTa xatze, sulTmofenobaanCisxatis XVII saukunis gare moWedilobaze da sxva). es motivi meordeba agreTve XIII saukunis minanqrul firfitaze mirqmisa(sur. 23) da sulTmofenobis gamosaxulebiT160 . konteqstidan gamomdinare misi ramdenime interpretaciaa Sesa

156 saRolaSenis lorfinze amaRlebaSi or angelozs zecis gaRebuli bWeni ukaviaT oTxnawiliani karebis saxiT. zecis gaxsnili karebis motivi gamoyenebulia, magaliTad, anCisxatis Sida moWedilobis amaRlebis scenaSi – angelozebs uWiravT ori marTkuTxa kari – bWeni samoTxisani (T. sayvareliZe, XIV-XIX saukuneebis qarTuli oqromWedloba, gv. 17). es motivi Sorapnis xatebzea gamoyenebuli – naTlisRebisgamosaxulebiT, kedlis mxatvrobaSi ki ubisis moxatulobaSi (XIV saukune) naTlisRebis scenaSi, xobSi (XVII saukune) miZinebisscenaSi da sxva. 157 Г. Чубинашвили, Грузинское чеканное искусство, gv. 115-116. 158 iqve, gv. 470-476. 159 Г. Чубинашвили, Грузинское чеканное искусство, gv. 194-212; g. alibegaSvili, T. sayvareliZe, qarTuli xatebi, il. 17, 19, 23, 25, 26; n. burWulaZe, qarTulixatebi, gv. 80-83. 160 Л. Хускивадзе, Грузинские эмали, Тбилиси, 1981, gv. 133-134, tab. XXXVIII-XL.

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Zlebeli: Zveli da axali aRTqma; zeciuri ierusalimi, qristianuli taZari, rogorc saxli uflisa da sxva. mTel rig nawarmoebebSi aseTi saxiT gamoisaxeba qalaqi ierusalimi bzobaSi (magaliTad, caiSis xatze), an suliwmidismofenaSianCisxatis frTebis gare moWedilobaze.

XII saukunis Wedur nawarmoebebSi siuJeturi kompoziciebi TiTqmis ar aris da mTeli SemoqmedebiTi yuradReba dekoratiuli motivebis daxvewa-ganviTarebas eTmoba161 . erTgvari gamonaklisia beqa opizariseuli anCisxatis CarCo, sadac vedrebaa gamosaxuli, da, cxadia, am kompoziciaSi nagebobebi ar figurirebs162 . iseve rogorc oTxTavebis Weduri ydebze jvarcmisada vedrebiskompoziciebiT: wyarosTavis, berTis, tbeTisa da sxva163 .

XIII saukunis miwurulsa da XIV saukunis nawarmoebebSi, gansakuTrebiT kedlis mxatvrobaSi arqiteqturul da peizaJur fonebSi TiTqos raRac `afeTqeba~ xdeba da qarTuli mxatvrobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli TavSekavebuloba da teqtonikuroba sul sxva mxatvruli xedviT icvleba. aseTi iyo paleologosTa stilis SemoWra qarTul mxatvrobaSi, jer ufro dasavleT saqarTveloSi (daviT narinis egvteri, xobis Sergil dadianis egvteri, ubisi, lixne, walenjixa, sori, da sxva) da Semdeg aRmosavleT saqarTveloSic (safara, zarzma, dirbi, nabaxtevi). Tumca am periodSic ki (XIV-XV saukuneebi), rodesac qarTulma xelovnebam TiTqosda gaiziara bizantiur mxatvrobaSi gamovlenili `sivrciTi~ ageba, es `samganzomilebianoba~ mainc ucxo Cans qarTuli mxatvrobisTvis da sxvadasxva xerxebiT xdeba misi `neitralizacia~ (magaliTad, siRrmis erTgvari `CakveTiT~ erTiani sasuraTo sibrtyis paraleluri kedlis ganTavsebiT ukana planze da figuraTa kvlavindeburad prioritetuli zomiT da mniSvnelobiT, kompoziciuri agebis garkveuli teqtonikurobis SenarCunebiT, xedvis kuTxeebis mkveTri monacvleobiT erTi da imave Senobis farglebSic ki da sxva)164 . paleologosur mxatvrobaSi arqiteqturuli anturaJis gamosaxvaSi Cndeba miswrafeba elinisturi drois arqiteqturuli elementebis gamoyenebisken165: korinTulkapitelebiani svetebi, marmarilos faqturis kedlebi da svetebi, didi portalebi, gansakuTebiT ki rkaluri formis arqiteqturuli elementebi – kedlebi, saydrebi, dasajdomlebi, sakurTxevlebi da sxva. mTavari ki aris siRrmis gadmocemis, kompoziciis planebad agebis tendencia. am TvalsazrisiT yvelaze sagulisxmoa arqiteqturuli elementebis `SemoWra~ wina planze. amiT miiReba figurebis xuroTmoZRvrul nagebobebs `Soris~ gamosaxvis efeqti. es ki TavisTavad iwvevs

161 g. alibegaSvili, T. sayvareliZe, qarTulixatebi, gv. 12-13. 162 S. amiranaSvili, beqaopizari, Tbilisi, 1956. 163 T. sayvareliZe, tbeTis oTxTavis ydis moWediloba, Zeglis megobari, #9, 1967, gv. 36-42; m. didebuliZe, d. TumaniSvili, m. kecxoveli, k. maCabeli, a. oqropiriZe, T. sayvareliZe, l. xuskivaZe, n. WiWinaZe, qarTuli qristianuli xelovneba, Tbilisi, 2008, il. gv. 192; Ш. Амиранашвили, История грузинского искусства, il. 133, 135, 139. 164 i. lorTqifaniZe, paleologosTa xelovneba da qarTuli monumenturi ferwera, xelovneba, #5, 1990, gv. 80-89; g. alibegaSvili, paleologosTa stilis qarTuli ferweruli xatebi, gv. 86. 165 В. Н. Лазарев, История византийской живописи, gv. 156-158; Т. Вирсаладзе, Грузинская средневековая монументальная живопись. Избранные труды, gv. 20-23; И. Лордкипанидзе, Роспись в Цаленджиха, Тбилиси, 1992, gv. 112-138; O. Demus, Die Entstelung des Paläologenstils in der Malerei, gv. 13, 62, 55-57; 273; T. Velmans, Le Role du décor architectural.., gv. 186, 200; Дж. Иосебидзе, Роспись Ачи, gv. 79-84; n. burWulaZe, ubisis monastris xatebi da kedlis mxatvroba, gv. 118-121.

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figurebsa da anturaJs Soris masStaburi Sefardebis cvlilebas – figurebi ise mkafiod wamyvani aRar aris, rogorc wina periodebSi. cxadia, Sua saukuneebis xelovnebis pirobiTobis garkveul farglebSi. es sayovelTao niSnebia, Tumca qarTul mxatvrobaSi erTgvari `sakuTari intonacia~ mainc naTlad Cans166 . am stilis farglebSic gamoirCeva stilis zogadi maxasiaTeblebis sxvadasxvagvari gamovlinebebi da sxvadasxvagvari mxatvruli gaazreba, Tumca arqiteqturis gamosaxvaSi yvela SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovani da msgavsi cvlilebebi moxda. qarTuli paleologosuri Zeglebi rom SevadaroT bizantiur mxatvrobebs balkaneTSi, (magaliTad, mirqma XIV saukunis peCis RmrTismSoblis taZris kedlis mxatvrobaSi167), TvalsaCino gansxvavebas davinaxavT: peCis eklesiis moxatulobaSi arqiteqturuli foni ara mxolod gadatvirTulia mravalricxovani arqiteqturuli formebiT da elementebiT, aramed sakmaod Sors siRrmeSi SeWrili iribad dadgmuli, `uSinaarso~ kedlebiT. aseTi `agresiuli SeWra~ sasuraTo sivrcis siRrmeSi qarTul mxatvrobaSi TiTqmis ar dasturdeba. arqiteqturis gamosaxvaSi paleologosTa stili yvelaze adre xobis Sergil dadianis egvteris XIII-XIV saukuneTa mijnis mxatvrobaSi aisaxa. aq arqiteqturuli nagebobebis formebi, ufro sworad maTi mxatvruli gadawyveta mkafiod gansxvavdeba XIII saukunis dasawyisis, Sua xanisa da Tugind bolo meoTxedis mxatvrobebisgan168 . wm. ioane naTlismcemlis cxovrebis ciklis scenebSi maRali, wvrili svetebiani kiboriumebi, elifsuri da rkaluri formis sakurTxevlebi da saydrebi, sxvadasxva doneze sxvadasxva siRrmiT planebze dadgmuli nagebobebi, velumebiT dakavSirebuli Senobebi, figuraTa arqiteqturasTan Sefardebis Semcireba da sxva. xobis am moxatulobaSi ukve naTlad Cans axali stilis yvela niSani169 , iseve rogorc gelaTis daviT narinis egvteris moxatulobaSi, romelSic misi programidan gamomdinare, nagebobebis gamosaxulebebi saerTod ar aris170 . qarTul mxatvrobaSi yvelaze `paleologosurad~ JRers ubisis wm. giorgis eklesiis moxatuloba, romelsac zogi mkvlevari XIV saukunis dasawyisiT171 , zogi meore naxevriT172 da zogic bolo meoTxediT173 aTariRebs. ubisis wm. giorgis eklesiis moxatulobaSi, iseve rogorc masTan dakavSirebul xatebze, arqiteqturuli anturaJi gacilebiT ufro `paleologosuria~ (sur. 24), ufro amoZ

166 T. virsalaZe, Sergil dadianis droindeli XIII s-is kedlis mxatvroba xobSi, saqarTvelos siZveleni, 11, 2007, gv. 271-273. 167 T. Velmans, Le Role du décor architectural.., gv. 195-197, sur. 14. 168 T. virsalaZe, Sergil dadianis droindeli.., gv. 266-286. 169 iqve, gv. 266-286. 170 q. miqelaZe, daviT narinisegvterismoxatulobagelaTismonastrismTavartaZarSi, disertacia, Tbilisi, 2001. 171 Ш. Амиранашвили, Убиси. Материалы к истории грузинской стенной росписи, Тифлис, 1930; S. amiranaSvili, qarTveli mxatvari damiane, Tbilisi, 1975, gv. 76; n. burWulaZe, ubisis monastris xatebi da kedlis mxatvroba, gv. 166, 178. 172 Т. Вирсаладзе, Грузинская средневековая монументальная живопись, gv. 21-22. 173 i. lorTqifaniZe, saidumlo serobis scena ubisis kedlis mxatvrobaSi, saqarTvelossiZveleni, 19, 2016, gv. 271. И. Лордкипанидзе, Житийный цикл св. Георгия в Убиси, krebulSi: Дечани и византиjска уметность средином XIV века, Београд, 1989, gv. 97-98; T. Velmans, La peinture murale byzantine d’inspiration constantinopolitaine au milieu du XIV (1330-1370), in: Дечани и византиjска уметность средином XIV века, ed. by V. Djurič, Beograd, 1989, gv. 75-95.

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ravebul-aRelvebuli, metia sxvadasxva kuTxiT danaxuli nagebobebi, zogjer erTi da igive nagebobis sxvadasxva nawilebi aris xedvis gansxvavebuli kuTxiT gamosaxuli174; am moxatulobaSi gacilebiT aqtiuri aris velumi, romelic feradovnuladac da formaluradac aqtiurdeba da kompoziciaTa dinamikurobis aRqmas uwyobs xels. erTgvarad arqiteqturis gamosaxva ufro `realisturi~ xdeba da siRrmis iluziac metad aris gamovlenili175 , nagebobebi da maTi nawilebi ufro aqtiurad gamodis `win~, figuraTa moqmedebis zonaSi, TiTqos `moicaven~ maT, ufro datexil-dakuTxulia, ufro danawevrebadi. rac mTavaria, Sefardeba figurebsa da fonis elementebs Soris ufro gaTanabrebulia. Tumca, aqac, SenarCunebulia erTgvari monumentalizmi, ara scenaTa `SigniT~, aramed mxatvrobis sistemis agebaSi – ubisis sakmaod maRal eklesiaSi mxatvrobis qveda registrebi sakmaod maRla aris atanili da taZris sivrceSi SesvlisTanave es aspeqti did STabeWdilebas axdens, rasac emateba TviT kompoziciebis SedarebiT didi zomebi. erTgvari dapirispirebaa TviT kompoziciaTa xasiaTTan. Tumca, aqac umetes kompoziciebSi xuroTmoZRvrul fonad aris horizontaluri kedeli, romelic amagrebs sasuraTo sibrtyes da ketavs siRrmes. ubisis mxatvrobaSi mravlad aris rkaluri moxazulobis mqone kedlebi, gansakuTrebiT savarZlebi da saydrebi, rac, cxadia, damatebiT dinamikurobas sZens mas. ubisis moxatulobasTan mWidrod dakavSirebul, Tanadroul da SesaZloa imave ostatis Sesrulebul ubisis didi karedis frTebis moxatulobaSi naTlad vlindeba arqiteqturis gamosaxvis igive principebi176 . am karedis frTebze, mariamis cxovrebis ciklSi arqiteqtura mravalferovania da uxvad warmodgenili177 . aq paleologosuri stilis gavlena Zlier aris gamoxatuli yvela misi damaxasiaTebeli niSniT, rac pirvel rigSi anturaJis sagangebod `sivrciT~ agebaSi aisaxa (sur. 25). marTlac, es 8 scena daxunZlulia mravalferovani da sxvadasxva tipis nagebobaTa gamosaxulebebiT, wiTeli velumis aqtiuri gamoyenebiT. nagebobebi sakmaod gansxvavebuli formisaa, xSirad mkveTr rakursSi gamosaxuli, TiTqmis yvela scenaSi sagrZnobia sasuraTe sibrtyis paraleluri kedeli, romlis win da romlis Tavze daxvavebulia kuTxiT dayenebuli, TiTqmis swor perspeqtivaSi daxatuli salxineblebi, orqanoba an kamarovani saxuraviT an brtylad gadaxuruli msxvili, rTuli agebulebis nagebobebi, umetesad maT Soris gadagdebuli wiTeli velumiT. mxolod erT scenaSi, kerZod mariamis SobaSi ukana planis kedeli SedarebiT `Tavisufalia~ nagebobebis daxvavebisgan, samagierod mZlavrad gaRunul rkalad izniqeba. aq vxedavT TiTqmis yvela im motivs, romelic qarTul saxviT xelovnebaSi (da ufro zogadad, bizantiuri wris saxviT xelovnebaSi) saukuneTa manZilze gvxvdeba, Tumca, rogorc aRiniSna, es formebi ubisis xatebis SemTxvevaSi Zlier amoZravebulia da `sivrceSi~ iSleba. amave dros, am amoZravebuli da TiTqosda swor perspeqtivaSi daxatuli nagebobebis

174 n. burWulaZe, ubisismonastrisxatebi, gv. 118-121. 175 iqve, gv. 118-121. 176 iqve, gv. 35-40, 118-121. 177 g. alibegaSvili, T. sayvareliZe, qarTulixatebi, gv. 144; g. alibegaSvili, paleologosTa stilis qarTuli ferweruli xatebi, Ars Georgica, 11, 2001, gv. 92-93; G. Alibegashvili, Deux triptyques d, Oubissi: Icones georgiennes du style des Paleologues, Byzantine East, Latin West: Art-Historical Studies in Honour of Kurt Weitzmann, Princeton, 1995; n. burWulaZe, ubisismonastrisxatebi, gv. 118-121; n. burWulaZe, qarTulixatebi, gv. 387-389.

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sxvadasxva nawilebi sxvadasxva xedvis kuTxiT aris daxatuli. rac, cxadia, iliuzorul perspeqtivas ar Seesabameba, Tumca dinamikuri sivrcis gancdas qmnis. niSandoblivia, rom aq ver vxedavT rotondis an zogadad gumbaTiani taZris tipebs, xolo im scenebSi, romlebic ierusalimis taZarTan aris dakavSirebuli, taZris sakurTxevels mxolod viwro, maRalsvetebiani salxineblebi gamoxatavs (oTxi scena). wina saukuneebTan SedarebiT Sefardeba arqiteqturasa da figurebs Soris ufro `bunebrivia~, Tumca pirobiTobis xarisxi aqac sakmaod maRalia da figurebic mainc wina planze, erT sibrtyeSi lagdeba. ubisasgan gansxvavebiT cota sxva xasiaTs avlens walenjixis mxatvroba (1384-1396 wlebi)178 . konstantinopolidan mowveuli mxatvris manuel evgenikosis Sesrulebuli, igi gansxvavdeba ubisis mxatvrobisgan ufro `klasikuri~ xasiaTiT: meti monumenturobiT, gawonasworebulobiT, teqtonikurobiT, sidinjiT da siwynariT. es moxatulobis kedlebze ganlagebis sistemaSic Cans da scenebis Sida struqturaSic. Tu am periodis konstantinopolis an Tesalonikis, an mistris nimuSebiT vimsjelebT (magaliTad, kahrie jamis mozaikebi), walenjixis mxatvroba saocrad monumenturi gamoCndeba. marTlac didi zomis sakmaod teqtonikuri kompoziciebi taZris sivrceSi naTlad aRqmadia da STambeWdavi, ufro dinji da gawonasworebuli, vidre sakuTriv paleologosTa stilis sxva nawarmoebebi; aq ar Cans formaTa da xazTa is `aJitireba~, rac paleologosTa stilis umetes nawarmoebebs axasiaTebs179 . es arc arqiteqturis gamosaxvaSi iCens Tavs. TviT nagebobebi kuTxiTac dgas da sakmaod elinisturi formebis svetebiTa da kapitelebiT aris Semkuli, anda iseTi ucnaurad gaRunul-gadawolili gumbaTiviT saxuraviT, rogorc kanassaswaulSi. es nagebobebi zogan ufro didia, zogan ufro mcire, magram rogorc wesi isini `mibmulia~ sasuraTo sibrtyis paralelurad gamosaxul kedelTan, romelic horizontalur zolad gasdevs mTels scenas. es ki erTgvarad `ketavs~ siRrmes. cxadia, aq aris bevri iseTi niSani, rac adre ar gvxvdeba – magaliTad, uflisserobaSi magidis win, zurgiT mjdomi figurebi (asea ubisaSic), anda miZinebaSi maRali Senobidan gamomsvleli qalebis figurebi, anda ferxTa banaSi marmarilos trapeciisebri podiumi da marjvena nawilSi TiTqos dabzrialebuli nageboba, romlis yvela elementi sxvadasxva kuTxiT aris danaxuli, anda mkveTrad gaRunuli, gakveTili cilindris msgavsi savarZlebi da sxva. mainc zogadi gadawyveta inarCunebs sibrtyovanebas da `sidinjes~, scenebi ar aris gadatvirTul-gadaWedili nagebobebiT, salxineblebiT, rkaluri formis kedlebiT da a. S. walenjixis mxatvrobasTan mWidrod dakavSirebulia xobis vamey dadianis egvteris XIV saukunis miwurulis moxatuloba180 da ufro mogviano, nabaxtevis mxatvroba (1412-1431 wlebi)181 . vamey dadianis egvteris moxatulobaSi arqiteqtura ZiriTadad kiboriumebis saxiT aris warmodgenili (sur. 26) da maT mxatvrul gadawyvetaSi naTlad Cans paleologosTa stilis nagebobaTa maxasiaTeblebi – pirdapiri da Sebrunebuli perspeqtivis sistemebis

178 И. Лордкипанидзе, Роспись в Цаленджиха, gv. 134-138; H. Belting, Le peintre Manuel Eugenikos de Constantinopole, Cahiers Archéologiques, 28, 1979, gv. 103-114; i. lorTqifaniZe, m. janjalia, walenjixa, macxovris taZris moxatulobani, Tbilisi, 2011, gv. 8-9. 179 И. Лордкипанидзе, Роспись в Цаленджиха, gv. 115-116, 120, 131-132; i. lorTqifaniZe, m. janjalia, walenjixa, gv. 8-9. 180 И. Лордкипанидзе, Роспись в Цаленджиха, gv. 139-145. 181 i. lorTqifaniZe, nabaxtevismxatvroba, Tbilisi, 1973.

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niSnebis SeTavseba, elinisturi arqiteqturis formebis mibaZva (svetebis da kapitelebis formebi, ornamnetacia da sxva). Sinaarsobrivad ki, egvteris funqciidan gamomdinare, uflis saflavis arqiteqturul nawilebs ganasaxierebs (magaliTad, lampionSekiduli salxinebeli datirebis qvis Tavze). aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi paleologosTa stili erTi SexedviT ufro `nela~ vrceldeboda, Tanac arc Tu Tavisi yvelaze egzaltirebul-aJitirebuli formiT. safaris wm. sabas taZris XIII saukunisa da XIV saukunis mijnis moxatulobaSi am stilis niSnebi jer ar aris mkafiod gamovlenili182 , Tumca zarzmis moxatulobaSi namdvilad `JRers~ paleologosTa intonacia183 . safaris XIII-XIV saukuneTa mijnis moxatuloba ramdenime qronologiur fenas moicavs da cxadia, mxatvruli gadawyveta gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva nawilebSi. am moxatulobis Tavdapirveli, XIII saukunis miwurulis fena arqiteqturis gamosaxvis mxriv184 ufro met siaxloves iCens XIII saukunis meore naxevris qarTul ZeglebTan (udabnos xarebis eklesiis, aWis, axtalis moxatulobebTan), ara imdenad garegnuli msgavsebis TvalsazrisiT, ramdenadac wina epoqis tradiciebis erTgulebis mxriv, radgan arc aq ar Cans paleologosTa stilis ueWveli gavlena185 . samwuxarod, is scenebi, romlebic arqiteqturul fonebs unda moicavdnen, umetesad Zlier dazianebulia.

SedarebiT kargad Cans dasavleTi kedlis zeda registrSi ganTavsebuli eSmakeulis gankurnebis scena, romlis nawili – arqiteqtura sarkmlis wirTxlSi aris gamosaxuli. orqanobiani saxuraviT gadaxuruli frontoniani orsarTuliani sada nageboba, grafikulad miniSnebuli aivnebiT grZiv fasadze, sruliad sibrtyobrivad aris gamosaxuli da klasikuri xanis moxatulobaTa arqiteqturas mogvagonebs. ufro `amoZravebulia~ ierusalimis gamosaxuleba bzobaSi (sur. 27), romlis mxolod zeda nawili Cans kargad. formiT da feriT gansxvavebuli nagebobebi erTmaneTze ise mWidrod aris dadgmuli, rom erT ganuyofel konglomerats qmnian – ramdenime orqanoba gadaxurviT, yvelaze maRalze kamarovani gadaxurviT, sferul gumbaTiani da konusur-gumbaTiani. isini, rogorc Cans, karibWis aRmniSvnel marTkuTxeds adgas Tavs. aq arc galavani Cans da arc koSkebi. Tanac yoveli nagebobis gamosaxuleba sruliad brtyelia. aq miniSnebac ki ar aris paleologosuri stilis yaidis nagebobebze da Sebrunebuli perspeqtivac ki ar aris gamoyenebuli186 . sul sxva saxisaa daxatuli arqiteqtura zarzmaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom zarzmis taZris moxatuloba ganaxlebul iqna XX saukunis dasawyisSi, xolo bolo kvlevebma gamoavlina XVI saukuneSi maTi aseve safuZvliani gadawera-aRdgena187 , rogorc Cans, Tavdapirveli XIV saukunis dasawyisis moxatulobis ZiriTadi mxatvruli maxasiaTeblebi met-nakle

182 Т. Вирсаладзе, Грузинская средневековая монументальная живопись, gv. 21-22; g. xuciSvili, safaris kedlismoxatuloba, Tbilisi, 1988; q. miqelaZe, jayelTa portretebi, saqarTvelossiZveleni, 18, 2015, gv. 218-225. 183 Т. Вирсаладзе, Грузинская средневековая монументальная живопись, gv. 21-22. 184 g. xuciSvili, safariskedlismoxatuloba, gv. 110-111. 185 m. janjalia, zarzmis moxatulobis TariRisaTvis, saqarTvelossiZveleni, 10, 2007, gv. 66. 186 g. xuciSvili, safariskedlismoxatuloba, gv. 110-111. 187 m. janjalia, zarzmis moxatulobis TariRisaTvis, gv. 63-97.

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bad SenarCunebuli iqna. cxadia, es arqiteqturis gamosaxvis formebsac exeba. gansxvavebiT safarasgan, sadac dominirebs tradiciuli midgoma da formebi, zarzmaSi paleologosTa stilisTvis damaxasiaTebeli `aqtiuri~, dinamiuri da sivrciTi arqiteqtura daufaravad aris warmodgenili. magaliTad, Tomas darwmunebaSi (sur. 28) kari, romlis fonzea gamosaxuli qriste, Cadgmulia kedelSi, romlis frTebi orsav mxares diagonalurad miemarTeba siRrmeSi, Tumca Tu davakvirdebiT, es sworedac rom Sebrunebuli perspeqtivis wesiT keTdeba. kidev ufro `paleologosuria~ arqiteqturis gamosaxva scenaSi ioseb arimaTielis mier iesos gvamis moTxovna pilatesgan. aqac aris Camketi kedeli centrSi, magram ori didi zomis nageboba kompoziciis orsav mxares kuTxiT aris dayenebuli, perspeqtivis ramdenime gansxvavebuli sistemiT (maT Soris paraleluri pespeqtiviT), orive nagebobis SigniT, TaRebSi Cans interierSi dakidebuli wiTeli fardebi. ukuperspeqtivaSi aris gamosaxuli didi, wiTeli qsoviliT dafaruli trapezis msgavsi magida, pilates dasajdomeli da kedlidan amozrdil girCaze Semoxveuli Zalian aqtiuria wiTelive feris velumi188 . anda magaliTad, scenaSi sami yrma saxmilsa Sina Rumeli sakmaod monumenturi mravalwaxnaga nagebobaa Sesabamisi TaRovani RiadebiT, romlebidanac cecxlis ali gamodis. Zalian rTuli da mravalnawiliani aris kompoziciis marcxena nawilSi gamosaxuli ornamentebiT Semkuli nagebobaTa jgufi – maRali koSkebi, svetebiani portikebi, sxvadasxva simaRlis, sxvadasxva formis, da, rac mTavaria, sxvadasxva xedvis kuTxiT gamosaxulni, TviT maTi nawilebic ki. kompoziciis marjvena mxares ki gamosaxulia babilonis mefe naboqudonosori, romelic mravalsafexurebiani ganieri kibis TavSi moxdenili msubuqi kiboriumis qveS moTavsebul gaRunulzurgian savarZelze zis. mis marcxniv, gumbaTiT gadaxuruli oqtagonaluri Senobis Tavze aRmarTul maRal svetze TviT mefis qandakebaa dadgmuli, romlis Tayvaniscemaze uari ganacxades ebraelma Wabukebma. aq ukve namdvilad paleologosuri stilis nagebobebia, romlebic ucxo ar iqneboda XVI saukunis ostatebisaTvisac. aseTive mravalricxovani da gansxvavebuli formis arqiteqturuli nagebobebia gamosaxuli mariamis cxovrebis scenebSi (magaliTad, seroba dedebTan erTad, yuedreba iosebisa, mariamisalersimSobelTagan, ZRvenisuaryofa, ioakimesda anasSexvedraoqroskaribWesTan, mariamistaZradmiyvaneba (sur. 29) da sxva). yvelgan vxedavT rTuli konfiguraciis, mravali detalis mqone (kapitelebi, Riadebi, ornamentebi da sxva) nagebobebs, romlebic erTi SexedviT TiTqos siRrmes asaxaven da siRrmeSi arian ganlagebul-gaSlili, Tumca es `siRrme~ Zalze pirobiTia gansxvavebuli xedvis kuTxeebis, masStabis, da gansxvavebuli perspeqtiuli sistemebis gamoyenebis gamo. aq uTuod Cans paleologosTa stilis zegavlena, Tundac XVI saukunis mxatvrobis prizmaSi gatarebuli189 . umetes scenebSi aqtiurad gamoiyeneba velumi, romlis zomebic da gansakuTrebiT wiTeli feri didad zrdis mxatvrobis gamomsaxvelobas. sagangebod unda aRiniSnos sakurTxevlis Bbemis kedelze gamosaxuli scena sibrZnem iSenasaxli, romelic solomonis igavis (igavebi, 9, 1-5) dasuraTebaa. miuxedavad dazianebisa, mainc gairCeva rogorc figuraTa, aseve arqiteqturis `paleologosuri~ formebi. aq ga

188 T. virsalaZe, Sergil dadianis droindeli.., gv. 273. 189 m. janjalia, zarzmis moxatulobis TariRisaTvis, gv. 63-97.

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mosaxulia uzarmazari bazilika, romlis gverdiTi navi da portiki eyrdnoba Svid svets morTuli kapitelebiT, win aris tabla zed gadakidebuli gragniliT solomonis igavis teqstiT, aqve arian sibrZnis mxevalni da kompoziciis marcxena mxares, savaraudod, TviT sibrZne uflisa rombiseburi SaravandiT (TiTqos sami saxe Cans). sagulisxmoa, rom bazilikis Sesasvlelis Tavze, saxuravze, frontonSi, niSebSi da medalionebSi qalis biustebia, TiTqos reliefuri qandakebebi, savaraudod, RmrTismSobeli. eklesiis es simboluri gamosaxuleba arc Tu xSirad gvxvdeba qarTul kedlis mxatvrobaSi – erTi nimuSia aw ukve gamqrali kompozicia ierusalimis jvris monastris taZris XVII saukunis mxatvrobidan190 .

Zalian sainteresoa lixnes taZris XIV saukunis moxatuloba afxazeTSi, romelic am periodSi samegrelos Tavadebis mmarTvelobisa da kulturuli gavlenis qveS imyofeboda191 . aqac vxedavT igive midgomas arqiteqturis gamosaxvisadmi, rac am periodis sxva ZeglebSia – arqiteqtura sul ufro met adgils ikavebs kompoziciebSi. am mxriv sagulisxmoa sakurTxevelSi gamosaxuli ziarebisscena, sadac ori trapezi salxinoblis qveS TiTqos perspeqtivaSi aris daxatuli, Tumca kiboriumebis svetebis ganlageba mainc `areulia~. kompoziciis kuTxeebSi nagebobebi kuTxiT aris dayenebuli, albaT sionis taZars ganasaxiereben. kidev ufro sainteresoa skiniis – sawameblis karvis gamosaxuleba, romelic am SemTxvevaSi TiTqos WrilSia mocemuli, gaxsnilia da interieri Cans, Tumca zeda nawilSi swored eqsterieris mxridan danaxuli gumbaTia192 . dirbis XIV saukunis moxatulobaSi (1340-1370) arqiteqtura sakmaod aqtiurad ikavebs kompozciebis sivrces, gansakuTrebiT scenebSi iokimesda anas xareba, mariamis Soba, mariamis dalocva mRvdelmTavarTa mier, da sxva scenebSi siRrmis aRmniSvneli kuTxiT dayenebuli nagebobebi sWarbobs193 .

XV saukuniT daTariRebul soris eklesiis moxatulobaSi miZinebis kompozicia bevri niSniT emsgavseba walenjixisas – Tundac kuTxiT dayenebuli Senobis didi karibWedan gamomavali qalebis figurebiT, suliwmindismofenaSivelumis gamosaxvis xasiaTiT; amave dros bzobaSi qalaq ierusalimis gamosaxuleba TiTqos gadmoxatulia ubisis scenidan. ase rom, etyoba saerTo nimuSebic bevri iyo, urTierTgavlenac da mibaZvac, saerTo tradiciebic da zogjer, SesaZloa, saerTo ostatebic da mowveuli ostatebic194 .

Zalian saintereso gamosaxuleba aris doreTkarSi wm. barbares eklesiis XIV-XV saukuneTa moxatulobaSi195 . aq warmodgenilia wm. barbares cxovrebis sakmaod iSviaTi cikli. maT Soris aris scena, sadac wmindani avalebs mSeneblebs misi mamis mier agebul sabanelSi sami sarkmlis gaWras, rogorc wm. samebis simbolur miniSnebas (sur. 30). am paleologosur stilSi Sesrulebul mxatvrobaSi sabanelis arqiteqturaSi faqtobrivad interier

190 Т. Вирсаладзе, Роспись Иерусалимского Крестного Монастыря и портрет Шота Руставели, Тбилиси, 1973, tab. XIX. 191 Л. Шервашидзе, Средневековая монументальная живопись в Абхазии, Тбилиси, 1980, gv. 67-149. 192 iqve, gv. 133-137. 193 g. gagoSiZe, Nn. CixlaZe, dirbisRmrTismSoblismiZinebismonasteri, Tbilisi, 2006, gv. 137-141. 194 i. WiWinaZe, soris moxatuloba, Tbilisi, 1985; z. sxirtlaZe, soriseklesia, Tbilisi, 2009. 195 i. xuskivaZe, doreTkari – wminda barbares eklesiis moxatuloba, saqarTvelos siZveleni, 13, 2009, gv. 104-131.

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ia gamosaxuli, sam svetze dadebuli kamarovani gadaxurviT da kedliT, romelSic samkuTxad ganlagebulia sami sarkmeli, zemodan ki maRali, nesvis formis gumbaTi adgas, xolo ukana planze `Camketi~ kedelia gamosaxuli patara koSkebiT (qongurebiT) da RiadebiT. am nagebobis Ziri erTgvarad `gaRunulia~, navis forma aqvs, rac, etyoba, sabanelis miniSnebaa. paradoqsul suraTs vxedavT amave drois qarTul xelnawerTa dasuraTebaSi, kerZod moqvis oTxTavis miniaturebSi (Q-902, 1300 weli), romlebic paleologosuri stilis nimuSebia196 . aq arqiteqtura sakmaod Zunwad aris mocemuli, isic mxolod sadac Sinaarsobrivad aucilebelia197 , maSin roca XII saukunis jruWis meore oTxTavis dasuraTeba arqiteqturuli fonebis bevrad ufro maravalferovan da aqtiur gadawyvetas gvTavazobs. moqvis oTxTavis dasuraTebaSi figurebi paleologosur stilSia Sesrulebulni, erTianad oqros naTebiT – oqros foniT arian moculni. nagebobebi da SenobaTa nawilebi, kiboriumebi, sakurTxevlebi gamosaxulia Zalian Zunwad, TavSekavebulad, mxolod siuJeturad aucilebeli detalebiT. magaliTad, zaqariasdamunjebisscenaSi (f. 163v) (sur. 31) mxolod salxinobeli da trapezi aris gamosaxuli, marTalia, kuTxiT dayenebuli, magram meti araferi – garemo oqros naTebiT aris STanTqmuli; asevea qristesgamocxadebamowafeebTan aRdgomismere (f. 322r) – aq mxolod karis marTkuTxedia moniSnuli, es ki saWiroa, raTa xazi gaesvas, rom qriste daxSul karSi Semovida. dabali martivkarniziani nageboba gamosaxulia miniaturaSi macxovriscdunebaierusalimistaZrissaxuravze (f. 174v), aqac aris Sinaarsobrivi aucilebloba taZris saxuravis gamosaxvisa, Tumca Zalian mcire zomis, martivi, sada nagebobis saxiT. meti adgili eTmoba nagebobebs petresuaryofisada petressinanulis scenebSi (f. 95r). sagulisxmoa, rom garda ori maxareblis portretisa, velumi ar aris arc erT scenaSi. sxvaTa Soris, aseve lakonurad aris gamosaxuli peizaJic. anturaJis gamosaxvis am principiT da oqros fonis esoden `gamefebiT~ moqvis saxarebis dasuraTeba gelaTis oTxTavis dasuraTebas mogvagonebs198 . paleologosTa stili sakmaod mdgradi da sicocxlisunariani aRmoCnda da bizantiis, rogorc saxelmwifos ganadgurebis Semdegac mTels aRmosavleT saqristianoSi swored es stili gaxda warmmarTavi, xolo mxatvruli centrebi da nimuSis momcemni axla aTonis monastrebi da kunZuli kreta xdeba199 . rac Seexeba XIV saukunis Wedur xelovnebas, am drois yvelaze gamorCeuli nawarmoebi aris samcxis aTabagebis, jayelebis mier SekveTili anCisxatis karedis frTebis Sida moWediloba, anu gverdiTi frTebi da zeda TaRovani dagvirgvineba. 6 scena gamosaxulia frTebze (3-3) da erTi, amaRleba – naxevarwriul dagvirgvinebaze. wina saukuneebTan SedarebiT, dadablebulia Sesrulebis xarisxi, Sesustebulia kompoziciis agebis arqiteqtonikuroba,

196 i. WiWinaZe, moqvis oTxTavis gaformebis mxatvruli principebi, Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 156-160; e. maWavariani, sami qarTuli oTxTavis dasuraTebis principebi (XII-XIV ss.), gv. 85-98. 197 iqve, gv. 156-165. 198 iqve, gv. 218-219. 199 i. mamaiaSvili, gelaTis monastris RvTismSoblis taZris XVI saukunis mxatvroba, sadoqtoro disertaciis avtoreferati, Tbilisi, 2005, gv. 49-54.

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SeimCneva erTgvari mouwesrigebloba da sxva. meore mxriv, naTlad Cans arqiteqturuli anturaJis garTulebis tendencia200 . mxatvrobisgan gansxvavebiT, am periodis Wedur nawarmoebebSi arqiteqturis gamosaxulebebSi ar Cans paleologosTa stilis niSnebi – am TvalsazrisiT isini ufro konservatulia, Tumca formaTa simravle da mravalferovneba udavoa201 . anCisxatis karedis frTebis Sida moWedilobaze arqiteqtura mxolod erT scenaSia: marcxena frTis naxevarrkalur nawilSi gamosaxul xarebaSi, sadac angelozis da mariamis figurebi TaRebs qveS arian moqceulni, svetze Semoxveuli kretsabmelis standartuli motiviT mariamis mxares. TaRebs zemodan adgas sami Senoba, centrSi oqtagonaluri nagebobiT da jvriT dagvirgvinebuli konusuri gumbaTiT – uflis saflavis eklesia202 . es motivi pirvelad saRolaSenis lorfinze Cndeba, xarebis kompoziciaSi da mere sakmaod xSirad meordeba Wedur kompoziciebSi, iseve rogorc gviani Sua saukuneebis kedlis mxatvrobaSi. gviani Sua saukuneebis qarTul mxatvrobaSi, sivrciTi agebis TvalsazrisiT sxvadasxva midgomas vxedavT: nawili postbizantiur mimarTulebas misdevs, nawili ki, gansakuTrebiT `xalxuri~ mimarTulebis moxatulobebi, daufaravi sibrtyovanebiT xasiaTdeba. zogadad rom vTqvaT, miuxedavad ZiriTadi principebis gaziarebisa, Sua saukuneebis qarTuli mxatvroba mainc metad miiltvis sibrtyovanebisken, vidre im qveynebis xelovnaba, romlebsac antikuri (elinisturi) tradiciebi ufro cocxlad hqondaT SenarCunebuli. sxvaTaSoris, msgavsi miswrafeba sibrtyovanebisken SeiniSneba Sua saukuneebis qarTul qandakebaSic da WedurobaSic. gvian Sua saukuneebSi, postbizantiur periodSi arqiteqturuli anturaJi ZiriTadad imeorebs im motivebs, rac paleologosTa xanaSi Camoyalibda, oRond ufro mravalricxovani xdeba, ufro aqtiuri, ufro `areuli~, xSirad logikas moklebuli, meti midrekilebiT sivrciTi agebisken, siRrmis gadmocemisken, Tumca Suasaukunovani xelovnebis principebis sazRvrebs ar scdeba. Sefardeba arqiteqturasa da figurebs Soris ufro gaTanabrebulia, kompoziciebi sul ufro Sevsebulia da `gaWedili~203 . am periodSi erTi ram aris TvalSi sacemi: miuxedavad garTulebuli Teologiuri programebisa da gamosaxulebebis simboluri mniSvnelobebiT datvirTvisa, formebis simravlisa, sirTulisa da aqtiurobisa (an SesaZloa swored am mizeziT), arqiteqtura TiTqos kargavs Tavis gansakuTrebul simbolur da saxiTmetyvelebiT datvirTvas, da ufro TxrobiT-aRweriT xasiaTs iRebs, ubralo anturaJad gardaisaxeba.

200 T. sayvareliZe, anCis karedi xati, gv. 80. 201 T. sayvareliZe, XIV-XIXsaukuneebisqarTulioqromWedloba, gv. 86. 202 iqve, gv. 17; T. sayvareliZe, anCis karedi xati, gv. 84. 203 Т. Вирсаладзе, Грузинская средневековая монументальная живопись, gv. 23-24; Ш. Амиранашвили, История грузинского искусства, gv. 302-309; i. xuskivaZe, qarTuli eklesiebis gviani Sua saukuneebis `xalxuri~ moxatulobani, Tbilisi, 2003; i. xuskivaZe, nikorwmindis taZris moxatuloba, saqarTvelossiZveleni, 3, 2003, gv. 109-112; T. sayvareliZe, XIV-XIXsaukuneebisqarTulioqromWedloba; И. Мамаиашвили, Роспись Табакини, Тбилиси, 1991; Ф. Девдариани, Миниатюры Анчисхатского Гулани, Тбилиси, 1990; i. mamaiaSvili, gelaTis monastris RvTismSoblis taZris XVI saukunis mxatvroba, gv. 34-48; n. CixlaZe, sveticxovlis moxatulobani, krebulSi: sveticxoveli, Tbilisi, 2010, gv. 237-301.

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am epoqaSi Zlierdeba aTonis monastrebis mxatvrobis zegavlena (magaliTad, XVI saukunis kaxur ZeglebSi204) da TviT berZeni mxatvrebis aqtiuri mowveva, rogorc aRmosavleT, ise dasavleT saqarTveloSi205 . gviani Sua saukuneebis qarTuli mxatvrobis nawarmoebebi mxatvruli saxisa da midgomebis mxriv pirobiTad or ZiriTad mimarTulebad iyofa: profesiuli da xalxuri mxatvrobebi206 , rac garkveulad saxviTi xelovnebis sxva dargebSic iCens Tavs. cxadia, am orive mimarTulebaSi yoveli Zegli Tavisebur mxatvrul xasiaTs avlens, da `Sualeduri~ nawarmoebebic arc Tu cotaa. profesiuli moxatulobebis mravali Zegli aris SemorCenili, maT Soris sakmaod didi ansamblebic (rogoricaa magaliTad, gelaTis monastris orive eklesiis moxatuloba), cxadia, yvelas ver ganvixilavT, Tumca garkveuli saerTo niSnebi saxezea. isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom gansxvavebebi aris ara mxolod ostatebis individualur xelweraSi, aramed mniSvnelovani Taviseburebebi gamoarCevs XVI saukunis mxatvrobas XVII saukunis, da miT ufro XVIII saukunis nawarmoebebisgan. es ferweruli ansamblebi mTeli qveynis teritoriaze aris ganlagebuli da cxadia, adgilobrivi Taviseburebebic axasiaTebT, rogorc ikonografiis, ise mxatvruli gadawyvetis mxriv da es arqiteqturis gamosaxva-interpretaciasac exeba. swored profesiuli mxatvrobis jgufs SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT gelaTis monatris RmrTismSoblis Sobis da wm. giorgis taZrebis moxatulobebi (XVI, XVII, XVIII ss.), nekresis (XVI s.), alvanis (XVI s.), axali SuamTis (XVI s.) vejinis (XVI s.), martvilis (XVII saukunis fena), caiSis (XVII s.), walenjixis egvterebis (XVI-XVII ss.), alaverdis (XVII s.), martvilis (XVII saukunis fena), xobis (XVII s.), sveticxovlis (XVII s.), Tbilisis anCisxatis (XVII s.), Semoqmedis (XVI-XVII ss.), ananuris (XVII s.) da mravali sxva eklesiis moxatuloba. arqiteqturis gamosaxvis mxriv TiTqmis yovel maTganSi Cans paleologosTa periodSi dawyebuli SenobaTa amoZraveba, siRrmeSi gaSla, da amavdroulad win, figuraTa sivrceSi `SeWra~, klasikuri periodis nimuSebidan arqiteqturuli formebis gadmotana (magaliTad, korinTuli kapitelebi), meti adgilis dakaveba kompozciebSi, figurebis `CarTva~ arqiteqturaSi, meti ornamentacia, nagebobebis meti fantastikuroba, velumis mniSvnelobis gaZliereba, gaxSirda RiadebSi figurebis gamosaxva, figurebis wriuli ganlageba da sxva. gelaTis RmrTismSoblis Sobis taZris ZiriTadi sivrcisa da egvterebis moxatuloba, cxadia, did interess iwvevs, vinaidan aq faqtobrivad erT sivrceSi Sua saukuneebis qarTuli kedlis mxatvrobis ganviTarebis TiTqmis yvela etapi aris dadasturebuli da yvela mimarTuleba, maT Soris `xalxuri~ mimarTulebac (magaliTad, CrdiloeT egvterSi). arqiteqturis gamosaxvis mxriv Zalian sainteresoa sakurTxevlis moxatuloba, sadac bemis kedlebze mariamis cxovrebis cikli iSleba da scenebSi uamravi arqiteqturuli detalia

204 М. Вачнадзе, Кахетинская школа живописи XVI века и ее связь с афонской живописью, qarTuli xelovnebisadmi miZRvnili IV saerTaSoriso simpoziumi, Tbilisi, 1983; T. Velmans, Contribution à l’étude de la peinture murale du XVIe siécle en Géorgie, la Kakhétie et le Monts Athos, in: L’art médiéval de l’orient chrétien, Sofia, 2001, gv. 303-310. 205 q. miqelaZe, xelovan-momxatvelTa warwerebis mniSvneloba Sua saukuneebis qarTuli kedlis mxatvrobis SeswavlisTvis, saqarTvelossiZveleni, 20, 2017, gv. 166-171 206 Т. Вирсаладзе, Грузинская средневековая монументальная живопись, gv. 23-24.

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– trapezebi maRalsvetebiani kiboriumebis qveS, taZrebi, koSkebiani kedlebi (sur. 32). sxvaTa Soris, es cikli am TvalsazrisiT bevr saerTos poulobs ubisis didi karedis frTebis ferwerasTan, TiTqos nimuSad hqondaT aRebuli. rogorc cnobilia, XVI saukuneSi mniSvnelovani nawarmoebebi Seiqmna kaxeTis samefoSi levan kaxTa mefis TaosnobiT da dakveTiT, romelsac aqtiuri kavSirebi hqonda rogorc aTonis mTis monastrebTan, aseve wminda miwasTan207 . am kulturulma kavSirebma Sesabamisad, kaxur kedlis mxatvrobaSic hpova asaxva, ramac, cxadia, arqiteqturuli anturaJis xasiaTic ganapiroba. magaliTad, nekresis moxatulobaSi, erTi mxriv tradiciul kompoziciaTa naTel da gawonasworebul agebas vxedavT, meore mxriv ki arqiteqturuli formebis postbizantiuri xanisTvis damaxasiaTebel gaaqtiurebas (magaliTad, mariamisSobaSida taZradmiyvanebaSi (sur. 33) kuTxiT dayenebuli Senobebi, didi zomis kibeebi, aqtiurad gamoyenebuli velumi da sxva niSnebi aaxlovebs aTonur moxatulobebTan)208 . aseve gremis mTavarangelozTa taZris moxatulobaSi, miuxedavad misi gviani aRdgena-ganaxlebisa, mainc Cans arqiteqturis gazrdili mniSvneloba – mas meti adgili ukavia (magaliTad, petresuaryofa, miZineba, Tomasdarwmuneba, qristekaiafasTanda sxva), Tumca TviT nagebobebi dawvrilmanebulia, sifrifanaa da arc Tu STambeWdavi209 . xobis RmrTismSoblis taZris centralur sivrceSi, romelic 1640-1643 wlebiT TariRdeba, jvarcmaSi jvris ukan gamosaxuli maRali kedeli, patara koSkebis mTeli rigiT da iribad dadebuli qvebiT gamoyvanili karniziT, orsarTuliania, da orive sarTulis Riobebi ise aris daxatuli, TiTqos SigniT raRac konstruqciebs – interiers vxedavT. es sakmaod rTuli struqtura, cxadia, qalaq ierusalims ganasaxierebs, magram kedlis saxiT. wina periodebSi aseTi `gamWoli~ xedebi TiTqmis ar keTdeboda.

Zalian sainteresod aris gadawyvetili TomasdarwmunebaSi daxSuli kari – ukana planze nacrisferi standartuli kedelia pawawina koSkebiT (Zlier dazianebulia), centrSi ki karia, sxva feris, samnawiliani konstruqcia, romlis gverdiTi frTebi diagonaluri konturebiT, ukan, siRmeSi miemarTeba, Sua nawili ki, romlis win dgas qriste, aRiqmeba frontalurad, TiTqos win wamoweulia, anu erTgvari perspeqtiuli agebis moniSvnaa, Tumca ufro Sebrunebuli perspeqtivisa, Tanac samive frTas Ziri erTgvarovnad horizontaluri aqvs. mainc iqmneba siRrmis STabeWdileba da, rac mTavaria, dinamikis, riTac xazi esmeba qristes figuris mkveTr moZraobas. amave moxatulobaSi mariamistaZradmiyvanebisscenaSi (sur. 34) sami didi nagebobaa, kompoziciis sami jgufis Sesabamisi da gamomyofi (mRvdelmTavari da norCi mariami, ioakime da ana, ierusalimeli qalwulni), samive nageboba (marcxena Zalian dazianebulia, da savaraudod am nawilSi angelozis mier mariamisTvis sakvebis motana iqneboda gamosaxuli) wriuli, rotondiseburi formisaa, samives adgas waxnagovanyeliani aseve dawaxnagebuli gumbaTi, da

207 m. vaCnaZe, levan kaxTa mefe da postbizantiuri qarTuli monumenturi ferwera XVI saukunis kaxeTis mxatvrobis magaliTze, alaverdiseparqiisistoriisfurclebi, 1, samecnierokonferenciis masalebi, Tbilisi, 2006, red. n. burWulaZe, Tbilisi, 2007, gv. 123-137. 208 М. Вачнадзе, Кахетинская школа живописи XVI века и ее связь с афонской живописью, IV Международный симпозиум по грузинскому искусству, Тбилиси, 1983. 209 iqve.

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rogorc Cans, samives jvari edga gumbaTze. Sua nagebobas gumbaTis qveS TaRebiT gaxsnili kedlebi aqvs – faqtobrivad kiboriumis msgavsi, romelSic Cans Sekiduli lampionebi, xolo marjvena nagebobis kedlebi, aseve dawaxnagebul-dakuTxuli, RiadebiT aris danawevrebuli. sainteresoa, rom garda ornamentebisa, TviT gadaxurvebis damuSaveba erTgvarad amoburculobis, Seberilobis STabeWdilebas qmnis Suq-Crdilis gamoyenebiT, rogorc gumbaTebze, aseve qveda, ZiriTadi korpusebis saxuravebze. Riadebis siRrmec aris naCvenebi – wirTxlebi aqa-iq Casmuli alaTebiT. mRvdelmTavris figuris ukan miuxedavad dazianebisa, aseve rotondiseburad dawaxnagebuli da didi gumbaTovani nagebobis fragmentebi ikiTxeba cxadia, rom es rotondiseburi formebi, miT umetes Sua, salxineblis msgavsi konstruqcia Sekiduli lampionebiT `interierSi~, uflis saflavis gansaxierebaa, Tumca misi samgzis dublireba cota ucnauria. amave moxatulobis sxva scenebSi ufro standartuli gamosaxulebebia – RiadebiT daserili horizontaluri kedeli, ramdenime dabali koSkiT, an orqanoba patara nagebobiT, zogjer kedelSi gaWrili niSebiT an SesasvlelebiT, zogi ufro mravalnawiliani (magaliTad, miZineba, mariamis dideba, xareba), zogjer ufro sadad gadawyvetili (magaliTad, mariamis Soba). Tumca, yvela SemTxvevaSi arqiteqturas TiTqmis mTeli kadri aqvs Sevsebuli da utoldeba figurebis mier dakavebul ares. caiSis eklesiis XVII saukunis moxatulobaSi, Crdilo-dasavleT afraSi rTuli struqturis uzarmazari nagebobaa, sakmaod msubuqi aivnebiT. gansakuTrebiT koxtaa kamarovani gadaxurviani portiki, Zalian msubuq da moxdenil svetebze, romelic marTlac TiTqos swor perspeqtivaSi aris agebuli (sur. 35). SedarebiT `wynaria~ arqiteqtura Crdilo kedelze, mariamis cxovrebis scenebSi, aseve magaliTad, saidumloserobaSi (samxreT mklavSi) kompoziciis kideebSi, sada da regularuli formis nagebobebi. caiSis taZris mxatvrobis dazianebulobis miuxedavad, mainc Cans nagebobebis erTgvarad ufro mowesrigebuli struqtura. martvilis taZris moxatulobaSi (XIV, XVI, XVII saukuneebi)210 gansakuTrebiT STambeWdavia maxarebelTa figurebis arqiteqturuli fonebi Taviseburi konstruqciis trompebSi (XVI saukune). oTxive kompozicia garkveuli variaciebiT aris mocemuli, Tumca erTi wyobaa: maxarebeli dabrZanebulia sakmaod did skamze, bevri ujrebiT da sxva detalebiT, mis `ukan~ maRali kedelia ganieri ornamentirebuli karniziT, romelzec dadgmul-daxvavebulia sxvadasxva tipis da feris nagebobebi: uzarmazari frontoniani orqanoba gadaxurviani da narTeqsiani bazilika, kiboriumiT dagvirgvinebuli nageboba didi TaRovani SesasvleliT, ufro mcire zomis koSkiseburi, zedxedSi gamosaxuli Senoba. aseve frontoniani, orqanoba saxuraviani ufro dabali nagebobebi, romelTagan zogis farTo karSi gadaweuli kretsabmelia. yvela nageboba sxvadasxva ferisaa da Zalian efeqtur koloritul suraTs warmoadgenen. yvelgan aris daufaravi miniSneba ierusalimis taZarsa da uflis saflavis eklesiaze. yvela am nagebobis kedlebze aRniSnulia sxvadasxva formis sarkmlebi, karebi, kramitebi, mdidruli foTlovani ornamentiT Semkuli karnizebi da yovelive es absoluturad

210 n. CixlaZe, martvilis taZris moxatulobis fenebi, S. amiranaSvilis saxelobis xelovnebis saxelmwifo muzeumis narkvevebi, II, 1996, gv. 94-103; n. CixlaZe, martvilis monastris mxatvrobis saxismetyvelebisTvis, S. amiranaSvilissaxelobisxelovnebissaxelmwifomuzeumisnarkvevebi, V, 1999, gv. 101-115.

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brtyelia. oTxive gamosaxulebaSi xdeba am formaTa kombinireba ganlagebisa da feradovnebis mixedviT. qristessaflavaddadebisscenaSi (samxreTi afsidi) (sur. 36) gamosaxulia didi wiTelgumbaTovani taZari, romlis `win~ ufro dabali, aseve gumbaTovani da orqanoba saxuravebis mqone Senobebia gamosaxuli, TiTqos erTi nagebobaa – udavod uflis saflavis taZris gansaxierebaa. sagulisxmoa, rom gardacvlil qristes swored am taZarSi miasveneben da ara kldeSi gamokaful akldamaSi, aq naTlad Cans is anaqronuloba, romelic esoden axasiaTebs qristianul saxviT xelovnebas. isic niSandoblivia, rom wina planze gamosaxulia grZeli kedeli, TiTqos miTiTebaa imaze, rom golgoTac da akldamac ierusalimis kedlebs miRma iyo. derCis eklesiis moxatulobaSi (XVII s.) bzobis scenaSi uzarmazari rotondaa dabalyeliani gumbaTiT da mis gverdiT msubuqi kiboriumi, maT win ki msxvili godoli qongurebiT. dazianebis gamo ar Cans karibWe, saidanac gamodis ebraelTa jgufi. mirqmaSisxvadasxva kuTxiT dayenebuli uamravi nagebobaa, sxvadasxva gadaxurviT, mRvdelmTavris savarZeli rkalurad gaRunulia, centrSi ki uzarmazari, sqel boZebze dayrdnobili gumbaTi trapezis Tavze dadgmuli kiboriumi unda iyos. Tumca wina plani figurebs eTmoba, es centraluri nageboba – taZris gansaxiereba met yuradRebas ipyrobs. nikorwmindis XVII saukunis moxatulobaSi211 mirqmiskompoziciaSi centrSi moTavsebuli sakurTxevlis TaRebian kiboriums zemodan msubuqi naxevarwriuli an konusuri gadaxurva ki ar aqvs, aramed rotondis msgavsi nageboba – mravali sarkmliT da ganedlebuli jvriT saxuravis qimze. rac mTavaria, garSemo aseve jvrebiT Semkuli kidev ramdenime Senobaa. kompoziciis marcxena mxare ufro dazianebulia, marjvniv ki kargad Cans sxvadasxva tipis nagebobaTa simravle – mTeli qalaqia gaSlili – udavod, miniSneba zeciur ierusalimze. aseve saintereso arqiteqturaa abraamis stumarTmoyvareobis scenaSi (sur. 37): gaSlil tablasTan mimsxdari angelozebi gamosaxulni arian standartuli formis dabali kedlis fonze, samagierod kompoziciis orsav mxares nacvlad momTabare mwyemsis karavisa gamosaxulia sasaxle212 – didi nageboba, abraamis mxares gazneqil kronSteinebze dadgmuli gadaxuruli terasiT, moajiriT, `kesonirebuli~ WeriT, diagonalurad daSvebuli, kamariT gadaxuruli kibiT da sxva. aranakleb sainteresoa mariamis Sobis didi horizontalurad gaSlili kompozicia gumbaTis yelis qveda registrSi, mraval planad ganlagebuli sxvadasxva tipis, zomis da feris SenobebiT, romelTa `ukan~ gamosaxulni arian figurebi, da metic, romelTa sarkmlebidan icqirebian am ambis damswreni. aseTive aivniani gadaxuruli terasebi, diagonalur datalRul kronSteinebze, ganivad gaSlili kiboriumebi da sxvadasxva Senobebi aris kanassaswaulisscenaSic – aqac TiTqos mTeli qalaqia gamosaxuli. aq SeiZleba vivaraudoT nimuSis gamoyeneba da mxatvris sakuTari fantaziac. erTi ram naTelia: mas surda gamoesaxa mariamis SobiT dawyebuli gankacebis misteriis saboloo mizani – aRdgoma da adamianis mier zecaTa sasufevlis mopoveba, anu sasaxlis saxiT warmodgenili zeciuri ierusalimi. daxatuli arqiteqturisadmi midgoma cota sxvagvaria gviani xanis svanur moxatulobebSi. svanur mxatvrobebs zogadad axasiaTebT fonis elementebis sibrtyovani da lakonuri

211 i. xuskivaZe, nikorwmindis taZris moxatuloba, gv. 109-126. 212 M. C. Carile, Imperial Palaces and Heavenly Jerusalems, gv. 94.

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gadawyveta, gvian Sua saukuneebis mxatvrobebSi formebis da motivebis meti simravle SeiniSneba da adgilic meti eTmoba. magaliTad, macxvariSis Taringzelis, uRvalis jgragis, anda laSTxveris Taringzelis eklesiebis moxatulobebi da sxva213 . Tumca, saerTo gadawyveta mainc sibrtyovania, mxatvrebi TiTqos eridebian anturaJis detalebiT kompoziciaTa gadatvirTvas da sakmaod erTgulad baZaven adrindel, XI-XII saukuneebis moxatulobaTa formebs. gviani Sua saukuneebis nawarmoebTa Soris `xalxuri~ mimarTulebis mxatvrobis Zeglebi (ZiriTadad XVI saukunis) TviTmyofadi saxiT gamoirCeva214 , Tumca am epoqis mxatvrobisTvis damaxasiaTebel zogad niSnebs es nawarmoebebic iziarebs, maT Soris arqiteqturuli anturaJis gamosaxvis TvalsazrisiT. qarTuli kedlis mxatvrobis es mimarTuleba gamoirCeva eqspresiulobiT da monumenturobiT, rac profesiuli rigis moxatulobebs ukve dakarguli aqvT215 . am yaidis umetes ZeglebSi nagebobebi TiTqmis mTlianad avseben fons, Tumca ar gamoirCevian profesiuli mxatvrobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli formaTa mravalferovnebiT, sirTuliT da uxvi ornamentaciiT. `xalxur~ moxatulobebSi nagebobebi ufro martivi formisaa da ZiriTadad sruliad sibrtyovani. Tanac am mimarTulebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli saerTo mxatvruli gadawyvetis xaliCiseburoba figurebs prioritetul adgils aRar uTmobs. magaliTad, wiTelxevSi, xarebaSimTeli foni Sevsebulia mraval sarTuliani nagebobiT Tu nagebobebiT, dagvirgvinebuli ramdenime sxvadasxva simaRlis maRalyeliani gumbaTiT. es nagebobebi avsebs mTel fons da ara mxolod mariamisa da angelozis figurebs ukan216 . asevea mirqmasada jvarcmaSic. nagebobaTa kedlebis damuSaveba martivia da sakmaod erTgvarovani – sarTulebis gammijnavi da Riadebis Semomfarglavi xazebi. gelaTis wm. elias eklesiis kedlis mxatvrobaSi xarebis kompoziciaSi lamis mTeli qalaqi aris gamosaxuli mravalsarTuliani, sruliad brtyeli nagebobis saxiT. mariamis ukan bazilikaa, sakmaod didi, mis zemoT gumbaTiani nagebobac aris, anu mTeli repertuari mariamTan dakavSirebuli xuroTmoZRvruli somboloebisa. angelozic moulodnelad Txel pandusze abrZandeba mariamisken. sxvaTa Soris, am yaidis moxatulobebSi xareba marTlac yovelTvis sagangebod `Semkulia~ arqiteqturiT, rac mariamis, rogorc uflis saxlis, miwieri eklesiis gansaxierebis mniSvnelobas gamokveTs. ilemSi xareba axla ar Cans, samagierod datvirTulia arqiteqturiT lazares aRdgineba, kvlav sruliad sibrtyovani maRali, mravalsarTuliani nagebobebiT, bzobaSi ki qalaqi ierusalimi sakmaod mcire zomisaa da ZiriTadad karibWis Tavze dadgmuli ramdenime patara nagebobiT aris warmodgenili. martvilis taZris moxatulobis XVI saukunis fenac xalxuri mimarTulebis nawarmoebebs miekuTvneba217 .

Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom am yaidis yvela moxatulobaSi erTgvarovani midgoma ar aris, magaliTad bugeulis eklesiis moxatulobaSi nagebobebs esoden yovlismomcveli roli ara

213 m. yenia, zemosvaneTi. Suasaukuneebiskedlismxatvroba, Tbilisi, 2010, il. 238-241, 244, 263-267. 214 i. xuskivaZe, qarTulieklesiebisgvianiSuasaukuneebis`xalxuri~moxatulobani, gv. 365-405. 215 iqve, gv. 365-405. 216 iqve, gv. 80. 217 n. CixlaZe, martvilis taZris moxatulobis fenebi, gv. 94-103.

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aqvT, ufro TavdaWerilad arian warmodgenilni218 . xarebaSi, dabali, sam sarTuliani grZeli nagebobaa mTeli kompoziciis gayolebaze da zed dadgmulia koSkebi, romelTa zeda nawilebi zedxedSia gamosaxuli. kamarovani gadaxurvis mqone nageboba ki zustad mariamis Tavzea aRmarTuli, aqvea patara frontoniani eklesia. msgavsi, Tumca ufro sada saxe aqvs arqiteqturas iosebisyvedrebisscenaSi (sur. 38). danarCen scenebSi ki arqiteqturas mniSvnelovani adgili ar uWiravs. ar Cans nagebobebi faraxeTis eklesiis mxatvrobaSic. gviani xanis qarTul xelnawerTa dasuraTebaSi ori tendencia gamoikveTeba: erTi mxriv, postbizantiuri aTonuri mxatvrobis nimuSebis miyola da meore mxriv, iranuli wignis dasuraTebis gavlena219 . amave dros, aq xalxuri Semoqmedebis erTgvar gamoZaxilsac vxedavT da evropuli xelovnebis gavlenebsac220 . saerTo maxasiaTeblad ki SeiZleba miviCnioT mxatvruli donisa da SemoqmedebiTi midgomis daknineba. arqiteqturis gamosaxvis mxriv erTi yvelaze saintereso nawarmoebia H-1665 fsalmunTa dasuraTeba, romelic XV saukuniT TariRdeba221 . am mravalricxovani (132) miniaturebis umetesoba Seicavs arqiteqturis gamosaxulebebs ZiriTadad rTuli, mravalnawiliani nagebobebis an figuraTa Semomfarglavi TaRebis saxiT. miuxedavad ramdenime mxatvris xelis arsebobisa, saerTo niSnebic namdvilad aris, Tanac sagulisxmoa, rom am miniaturebSi naklebad igrZnoba paleologosuri mxatvrobis gavlena, romelic am periodis kedlis mxatvrobaSi esoden mkafiod aris gamoxatuli da aseve mkafiod aisaxa bizantiuri xelnawerebis dasuraTebaSi. H-1665 fsalmunTa miniaturebSi garkveulad islamuri wignis dasuraTebis gavlenac ki igrZnoba, Tumca sul sxva saxis, vidre, magaliTad, iranuli gavleniT Sesrulebul saero Sinaarsis xelnawerebSi. aq TiTqos arabuli wignis dasuraTebis elementebi Cndeba. am miniaturebSi arqiteqtura, TiTqmis mTlianad avsebs fons, Tanac sakmaod ucnauri formis nagebobebisagan Sedgeba. miniaturebis nawilze gamosaxulni arian calkeuli figurebi, magaliTad, mefe daviTi an mose winaswarmetyveli. maTi figurebi Caxatulia svetebze dayrdnobil TaRebSi, romlebic umetesad samyuraa (magaliTad, H-75, f. 84v; H-1665, f. 183r), svetebs zogjer antablementiT daboloebuli TaRi eyrdnoba (magaliTad, H-1665, f. 179v, 228r). miniaturebis umetesoba konkretul siuJets asaxavs da aq ukve arqiteqturas sakmaod didi roli eniWeba. garda amisa, aris mTeli rigi `wiTelfoniani~ miniaturebisa, sruliad sada anturaJiT (ca da niadagis zoli), romlebzec aseve erTi an ori figuraa gamosaxuli (magaliTad, H-1665, f. 229v), wiTeli fonebi batalur scenebsac aqvT da siuJetur kompoziciebsac, Tumca, iq, sadac arqiteqturaa gamosaxuli, fonisTvis mxolod mcire adgili-Ra rCeba. upirveles yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos am gamosaxulebebis sruli sibrtyovaneba, miT umetes arqiteqturis222 . aseve damaxasiaTebeli niSania arqiteqturuli formebis simravle da

218 i. xuskivaZe, qarTulieklesiebisgvianiSuasaukuneebis.., gv. 249-265. 219 i. xuskivaZe, islamiqarTulsaxviTxelovnebasadaxuroTmoZRvrebaSi, Tbilisi, 2018, gv. 28-108. 220 Ф. Девдариани, Миниатюры Анчисхатского Гулани, gv. 90-91. 221 Л. Шервашидзе, К вопросу о средневековой грузинской светской миниатюре (миниатюры батальной тематики в Джручской псалтыри), Тбилиси, 1964, gv. 33-34; m. karanaZe, v. kekelia, e. maWavariani, Zveli aRTqmis miniatiurebiqarTulxelnawerebSi, Tbilisi, 2016. 222 Л. Шервашидзе, К Вопросу о средневековой грузинской светской миниатюре, gv. 91.

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sxvadasxva tipis nagebobebis arqiteqtonikur logikas moklebuli mouwesrigebeli daxvaveba, rac adre saukuneebSi naklebad SeiniSneboda.

Sefardeba figurebsa da nagebobs Soris sruliad pirobiTia da zomiT swored figurebia aqcentirebuli, Tumca nagebobaTa simravle, siWrele da mouwesrigebeli daxvaveba erTgvarad aneitralebs figurebis wamyvan rols. mravlad aris alyaSi moqceuli qalaqebis (magaliTad, H-75, f. 78v; H-1665, f. 190r – sur. 39), an sasaxleebis (magaliTad, H-1665, f. 221v) gamosaxulebebi, zigzagiseburi brtyeli kedlebiT, zedxedSi gamosaxuli kvadratuli qongurebiani koSkebiT, TaRovani galereebiT, mcire da didi gumbaTebiT gadaxuruli saTavsebiT da sxva. yovelive es sakmaod qaotur, Tumca amave dros cxovelxatul iers atarebs – sruli sibrtyovaneba da eqspresiuloba. am xelnaweris miniaturebis mxatvrul gadawyvetasTan did siaxloves iCens fsalmunis H-75-is dasuraTeba. sxva mxatvruli tradiciebi aris asaxuli XVII saukunis liturgikul krebulebSi, magaliTad, anCisxatis (A-30) da yanCaeTis (H-1452) gulanebSi, sadac ufro Zlieria postbizantiuri mxatvrobis gavlena, romelic aTonidan vrceldeboda223 . am xelnawerebis dasuraTebaSi, miuxedavad ramdenime ostatis xelis arsebobisa, arqiteqtura ZiriTadad wina saukuneebis nimuSebis mixedviT aris gamosaxuli, Tumca ufro primitiuli, gamartivebuli da gauxeSebuli formiT. magaliTad, taZradmiyvanebaanCisxatis gulanSi (f. 36v, 164r, 198r). am xelnawerSi aris jvarTamaRlebis amsaxveli miniatura, romlis marjvena nawilSi didi, TiTqosda wriuli nageboba aris gamosaxuli – uflis saflavi (?) (f. 30r)224 . TiTqmis identuri gamosaxuleba aris Semoqmedis gulanSi (Q-103, f. 116v). taZris gamosaxuleba monumenturi da reprezentaciulia, aqtiurad ipyrobs mnaxvelis yuradRebas. amave periodSi SesamCnevi xdeba evropuli xelovnebis, gansakuTrebiT graviurebis gavlena225 , rac aisaxa iseTi iSviaTi Temebis gamosaxvaSi, rogoricaa Sesaqmis ilustrireba yanCaeTis Jam-gulanSi226 , anda TviT arqiteqturis gamosaxvisas erTgvari perspeqtivis Tu siRrmis gadmocemis mcdeloba. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa XVIII saukunis (zogi daTariRebiT XVI saukunis227) fsalmuni I-182, romlis miniaturebi udavod dasavluri nimuSebis mixedviT aris Seqmnili (magaliTad, f. 25r, anda f. 79v). sionis saintereso interpretaciaa miniaturaze daviTi sioniswinaSe (f. 73), sadac sionis nageboba mogvagonebs sveticxovlis taZars228 . igive tendenciebi SeiniSneba XVII saukunis RmrTismSoblis akaTvistos (H-98) dasuraTebaSi (f. 26)229 . gviana Sua saukuneebis qarTuli saeklesio xelnaweri wignis dasuraTebaSi naklebad SeiniSneba iranuli gavlenebi, romlebic esoden Zlier aisaxa saero Sinaarsis xelnawerTa miniaturebSi230 .

223 Ф. Девдариани, Миниатюры Анчисхатского Гулани, gv. 90-91. 224 iqve, gv. 30, tab. III. 225 iqve, gv. 90-92. 226 Ш. Амиранашвили, Грузинская миниатюра, il. 80-84. 227 Л. Шервашидзе, К вопросу о средневековой грузинской светской миниатюре, gv. 118-122; Ш. Амиранашвили, Грузинская Миниатюра, gv. 36. 228 iqve, gv. 36. 229 iqve, gv. 38. 230 i. xuskivaZe, islamiqarTulsaxviTxelovnebasadaxuroTmoZRvrebaSi, gv. 6.

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XI-XIII saukuneebidan mxolod erTi saero Sinaarsis dasuraTebuli xelnaweria SemorCenili – astronomiuli traqtati (A-65)231 . zodiaqos niSnebis gamosaxulebebSi, bunebrivia, ar aris arc erTi nageboba. samagierod gviana Sua saukuneebSi saero Sinaarsis xelnawerTa dasuraTeba sakmaod saintereso suraTs iZleva – maTi umetesoba islamuri mxatvrobis Zlieri gavleniT aris Sesrulebuli: Sah-name, iosebzilixaniani, visramiani, vefxistyaosani da sxva. am miniaturebze arqiteqturis gamosaxva sul sxva principebs emyareba, vidre qristianul xelovnebaSi, Tumca aqac sivrcis da fonis elementebis gamosaxva Zalze pirobiTia232 . Sinaarsis mxriv es aris iranuli poemebis Targmanebi (Sah-name, iosebzilixaniani, visramiani da sxva) da, bunebrivia, originalebis mxatvrulma saxem gavlena iqonia Targmanis dasuraTebazec. nagebobebi gadmocemulia iranuli miniaturebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli paraleluri perspeqtivis gamoyenebiT da msubuq talavrebs an fanCaturebs gvagonebs. am periodSi, gansakuTrebiT XVII saukuneSi, dasuraTda SoTa rusTavelis `vefxvistyaosnis~ ara erTi nusxa. am dasuraTebebSic sakmaod Zlierad aris gamosaxuli iranuli mxatvrobis gavlena (magaliTad, S-5006, f. 6, rostevanisdasogratisbWoba – sur. 40233). miuxedavad imisa, rom aq gamosaxuli fanCaturis nawilebis moxazulobani diagonalurad miemarTeba, erTmaneTis paralelurad, TiTqosda siRrmis mimaniSneblad, saerTo STabeWdileba mainc sibrtyovnebisaa. kidev ufro brtyelia arqiteqtura – rostevanisda avTandiliskamaTi nadirobaSi gamarjvebis Taobaze (f. 14). aq iatakic ki sruliad vertikalur sibrtyes qmnis da zedxedSia daxatuli, masze dadgmuli rostevanis savarZeli da ukana planze gamosaxuli nagebobebi ki gverdxedSi. aseTive mairanizirebelia H-2074 xelnaweris dasuraTeba. TvalSi sacemia, rom miuxedavad TxrobiTi xasiaTisa, arqiteqturas didi yuradReba ar eTmoba da kompoziciebSic misi roli sakmaod umniSvneloa. am xelnawerebSi ufro aqtiuri da mniSvnelovania bunebis peizaJi. sul sxva xasiaTisaa mamuka TavaqaraSvilis mier 1646 wels moxatuli vefxistyaosani (H-599)234 . igi Tavisi mxatvruli saxiT kedlis mxatvrobis `xalxur~ mimarTulebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. aqac vxedavT uSualobis, ubraloebis, gamartivebisa da monumenturobis, daufaravi pirobiTobisa da emociurobis im momxiblav nazavs, rac esoden gamoarCevs bugeulis, Walis, qoreTis da sxva eklesiaTa kedlis mxatvrobebs. mamuka TavaqaraSvilis mier Sesrulebul miniaturebSi arqiteqtura daufaravad sibrtyovania, aq is mciredi siRrmec ki ar aris, rac amave drois sxva, Tundac `xalxur~ mxatvrobebSi. magaliTad, miniaturaze avTandiliwerswerilsrostevanmefes(f. 28), anda miniaturaze mamuka TavaqaraSvilis portretiT (f. 67 – sur. 41), arqiteqtura sruliad sibrtyovania, aplikaciuria, Tumca sakmaod didi adgili uWiravs kompoziciaSi. safiqrebelia, rom es imereli mxatvari marTlac iyo `xalxuri~ mxatvrobis STabeWdilebis qveS, xolo iranuli gavlena mis miniaturebSi TiTqmis ar igrZnoba.

231 Г. Алибегашвили, Художественный принцип иллюстрирования.., gv. 107-113; Ш. Амиранашвили, Грузинская миниатюра, gv. 29-30, il. 56-66. 232 i. xuskivaZe, qarTulisaerominiatura, Tbilisi, 1978; misive, islamiqarTulsaxviTxelovnebasa daxuroTmoZRvrebaSi, Tbilisi, 2018. 233 i. xuskivaZe, qarTulisaerominiatura, gv. 11-29. 234 iqve, gv. 30-42; Ш. Амиранашвили, Грузинская миниатюра, gv. 44, il. 123-126.

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gviana Sua saukuneebis Weduri xelovnebis nawarmoebebSi aqa-iq vlindeba erTgvari midrekileba `realuri~ sivrciTi agebisken, magaliTad, mirqma (1644 wlis martvilis xatze ieses Ziris gamosaxulebiT235 – sur. 42), anda anCisxatis karedis frTebis garemoWedilobaSi, magaliTad, Tomasdarwmuneba, anda saidumloseroba236 (sur. 43), rac, savaraudod, am periodSi evropul xelovnebasTan gaxSirebuli kontaqtebiT iyo ganpirobebuli237 , Tumca nagebobaTa daxvaveba da arateqtonikuroba am efeqts sakmaod asustebs. unda aRiniSnos, rom formaTa mravalferovneba da nagebobebis adgili kompoziciaSi izrdeba gviani Sua saukuneebis nawarmoebebSi. amis magaliTebia anCisxatis karedis frTebis moWediloba, aTormet dResaswaulTa xati caiSidan, martvilis xati iese Ziris gamosaxulebiT, XVI saukunis ostat mamnes namuSevrebi: sadgeris jvari, Semoqmedis karedi, barakonis jvari da sxva. ostat mamnes mier Seqmnili sadgeris sakurTxevlis winamdebare jvari gviani Sua saukunebis Weduri xelovnebis gamorCeuli nimuSia238 . jvarze sainteresod aris warmodgenili suliwmindismofenis scena (sur. 44), sadac sigmaze dabrZanebuli mociqulebi faqtobrivad interierSi arian gamosaxulni: Sua kedeli sasuraTo sibrtyis paraleluria, gverdiTi kedlebis zeda xazebi ki odnav diagonaluria (qveda konturebi figurebiTaa dafaruli) da kideebSi svetebiT aris flankirebuli. iqmneba STabeWdileba, TiTqos mociqulebi samnawiliani Sirmis win sxedan. bzobaSi ierusalimi gamosaxulia, rogorc gumbaTiani nageboba, TiTqos rotondas ganasaxierebs. mamnes jvarze zogi scenis kompoziciuri struqtura da arqiteqturuli formebi laklakiZis xatidan gadmoRebuls hgavs (magaliTad, mirqma, Soba)239 . gviani Sua saukuneebis nawarmoebTagan saintereso masalas gvTavazobs ramdenime xati dasavleT saqarTvelodan: XVI saukunis Semoqmedis 12 dResaswaulTa xati240 , malaqia gurielis 1619 wlis xati caiSidan 241 , martvilis 1644 wlis xati (ieses Ziris gamosaxulebiT)242 . am xatebze centraluri gamosaxulebis garSemo ganTavsebuli sauflo dResaswaulebis scenebSi, arqiteqturuli anturaJis TvalsazrisiT, marTlac didi mravalferovnebaa; nagebobebi sakmaod detalizirebulia, sxvadasxva kuTxiT danaxuli da kompoziciaTa sakmaod did ares ikavebs. erTi mxriv, ZiriTadi motivebi saziaroa ferwerul nawarmoebebTan, meore mxriv ki masalis specifikidan gamomdinare, motivebic da detalizaciac naklebia da ufro zogadi xasiaTisaa.

235 Г. Чубинашвили, Грузинское чеканное искусство, il. 565. 236 Г. Чубинашвили, Грузинское чеканное искусство, il. 367; T. sayvareliZe, anCis karedi xati, gv. 89. 237 g. alibegaSvili, T. sayvareliZe, qarTulixatebi, gv. 16. 238 Г. Чубинашвили, Грузинское чеканное искусство, gv. 522-528; T. sayvareliZe, XIV-XIX saukuneebis qarTulioqromWedloba, gv. 40-57. 239 T. sayvareliZe, XIV-XIXsaukuneebisqarTulioqromWedloba, gv. 54. 240 g. alibegaSvili, T. sayvareliZe, qarTulixatebi, tab. 60. 241 Г. Чубинашвили, Грузинское чеканное искусство, il. 565; g. alibegaSvili, T. sayvareliZe, qarTuli xatebi, tab. 80. 242 g. alibegaSvili, T. sayvareliZe, qarTulixatebi, tab. 72-74.

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arqiteqturis gamosaxvis TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia anCisxatis karedis XIV saukunis Sida moWedilobas da XVII saukunis garemoWedilobas243 (magaliTad, Tomasdarwmuneba, suliwmindismofena, saidumloseroba). aq mTeli kadri Sevsebulia anturaJiT, maT Soris sakmaod Taviseburi arqiteqturiT, magaliTad, miZinebaSi kidura Senobebi TiTqmis xazovani perspeqtiviT aris gamosaxuli, Tomas darwmunebaSi ki daxSuli karis Tavze erTgvarad amotrialebuli kesonirebuli kamaraa244 . sulTmofenobaSi mociqulTa ovaluri moyvanilobis formis uzurgo saydari warmodgenilia mravalsarTuliani kedlis fonze, romelsac Tavze adgas sami nagebobis ukve tradiciuli kompozicia. sainteresoa zecis gaxsnili karebis motivi, magaliTad, anCisxatis Sida moWedilobis amaRlebis scenaSi – angelozebs uWiravT ori marTkuTxa kari245 . es motivi ufro adre X-XI saukuneTa mijnis saRolaSenisa da Sorapnis lorfinebzec aris gamoyenebuli – aseve amaRlebisscenebSi.

Wedur nawarmoebebSi kompoziciuri principebi, maT Soris arqiteqturis gamosaxvis, ar aris erTgvarovani. magaliTad, anCisxatis XVII saukunis garemoWedilobaze kompoziciebi Zalian gadatvirTulia, akliaT teqtonikuroba da simwyobre, figurebi da anturaJi ikargeba erTmaneTSi246 , maSin roca amave drois sxva nawarmoebebSi (magaliTad, Semoqmedis 12 dResaswaulis xati (XVI saukunis meore naxevari), anda 1644 wlis martvilis RmrTismSoblis xati ieses Ziris gamosaxulebiT, anda 1619 wlis malaqia gurielis xati caiSidan) kompoziciebi gamoirCeva naTeli agebiT, wonasworobiT, simwyobriT da, Sesabamisad, arqiteqturuli fonebi aseve mwyobri da `wynaria~, umetesad sibrtyovani formebiTaa warmodgenili247 . saerTo niSania siuJeturi kompoziciebis raodenobis zrda, rac, TavisTavad iwvevs arqiteqturuli anturaJis ufro aqtiur gamosaxvas. bevr SemTxvevaSi SeiniSneba wignis dasuraTebis gavlena (magaliTad, suliwmindis mofena anCisxatis gare moWedulobaze da 1639 wlis oTxTavis dasuraTebaSi248). aseve naTlad SeiniSneba Zveli nimuSebis gavlenac, magaliTad, awyuris RmrTismSoblis xatis karedis frTebis XVIII saukunis Sida moWedilobas udavod laklakiZis xati hqonda nimuSad: aqac bzobaSiqalaqis personifikacia qongurebian kedelzea gadmomdgari, mirqmaSiki TiTqmis zustad gameorebulia zeciuri ierusalimis sqema – samnawiliani arqiteqtura kompoziciis zeda, zeciur nawilSi249 . sainteresoa, rom am karedze sxva scenebic aris damatebuli – magaliTad, iesesZiri, aseve qarTul xelovnebaSi TiTqmis ucnobi scena mariami – wyaro cxovrebisa. kedlis mxatvrobisa da miTumetes xelnawerTa dasuraTebisgan gansxvavebiT, iranuli gavlenebi WedurobaSi TiTqmis ar SeiniSneba, albaT mxolod firuzisa da zogi axali teqni

243 T. sayvareliZe, anCis karedi, gv. 82-91. 244 g. alibegaSvili, T. sayvareliZe, qarTulixatebi, gv. 16; T. sayvareliZe, anCis karedi, gv. 89. 245 T. sayvareliZe, XIV-XIXsaukuneebisqarTulioqromWedloba, gv. 17. 246 T. sayvareliZe, anCis karedi, gv. 82-83. 247 iqve, gv. 87. 248 iqve, gv. 88. 249 n. burWulaZe, qarTulixatebi, gv. 333-337.

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kuri xerxis gamoyenebaSi250 . bunebrivia, radgan siuJeturi kompoziciebi islamuri liTonis plastikaSi am periodSi naklebia, ufro dekoratiuli motivebia gavrcelebuli, an sazeimo figuratiuli gamosaxulebebi arqiteqturuli anturaJis gareSe251 . gvian Sua saukuneebSi qarTuli ferweruli xatebi wina epoqebTan SedarebiT ufro mravalferovan masalas gvTavazobs arqiteqturuli anturaJis TvalsazrisiT, Tumca SedarebiT liTonis plastikasTan da miTumetes xelnawerTa dasuraTebasTan, raime gansakuTrebul midgomas da gadawyvetas ver vxedavT. magaliTad, XVII saukunis sauflo dResaswaulTa xatze samebis gamosaxulebiT252 bzobis scenaSi qalaqi ierusalimi gamosaxulia marTkuTxa qongurebian galavanSi moqceuli patara nagebobebis saxiT, romelTa centrSi wiTelgumbaTiani rotondis msgavsi taZaria – uflis saflavi. 1678 wlis mirqmis xatze Sio mRvimidan (sur. 45), sakmaod gavrcobili arqiteqturaa. dazianebis miuxedavad Cans trapezi zed dabrZanebuli saxarebiT. igi moTavsebulia sada kapitelebian oTx svetze dayrdnobil naxevarwriuli salxineblis qveS, svetebs Soris daWimul Tokze wiTeli kretsabmelia dakidebuli da gadaweuli svimeonis mxares – gaxsnili zeca253 . salxinebels mTeli centraluri are uWiravs, mis marjvniv aris ukonqo afsidis tipis Zalian STambeWdavi nageboba, marcxniv ki frontoniani Senoba orqanobiani saxuraviT da morTuli portaliT – ierusalimis taZari254 . es albaT templonis xati iyo, iseve rogorc amave 1678 wliT daTariRebuli bzobis xati aseve Sio mRvimedan, Tumca ostati sxva unda iyos. qalaqis xuroTmoZRvreba aq sakmaod gavrcobilia – ZiriTadad momwvano-nacrisferi, TeTrad dadebuli ornamentebiT qongurebian kedlebze, centrSi ki wiTel kedlebiani da konusurgadaxurviani nageboba – rotonda – qristes saflavi. amave tipisaa sulTmofenoba, sakmaod pirobiTi arqiteqturiT, romelic unda ganasaxierebdes sionis saxls – taZars, `dedas yovelTa eklesiaTa~255 . sivrcis swori da bunebrivi gadmocemis TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa XVII-XVIII saukuneebis kacxis xatebi sauflo dResaswaulTa rigidan, romelTa Soris gamoirCeva mirqma. mis struqturaSic igrZnoba evropuli xelovnebis gavlena swored arqiteqturis gamosaxvis TvalsazrisiT256 . niSandoblivia, rom arqiteqturuli formebi TiTqos kargavs gansakuTrebul simbolur mniSvnelobas da mxolod aRweriT-TxrobiTi funqcia eniWeba. amrigad, ragind formis, zomis, struqturis xuroTmoZRvrebis gamosaxuleba iyos, igi yovelTvis an pirdapir (siuJetis Sesabamisad) anda qaragmulad zeciur ierusalims ganasaxierebs. rogorc vnaxeT, Sua saukuneebis qarTuli saxviTi xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargSi ganviTarebis manZilze bevri saziaro niSnebic arsebobs da bevri individualuric, zogjer dar

250 i. xuskivaZe, islamiqarTulsaxviTxelovnebasadaxuroTmoZRvrebaSi, gv. 110-126. 251 iqve, gv. 110-118. 252 n. burWulaZe, qarTulixatebi, gv. 250-251. 253 am xatis kompozicia, gansakuTrebiT ki salxinebelSi Sekiduli wiTeli kretsabmeli did msgavsebas avlens XV saukunis berZnul xatTan aTenis bizantiuri muzeumidan (Architecture as Icon, il. kat. #10). 254 n. burWulaZe, qarTulixatebi, gv. 268. 255 iqve, gv. 270, 274, il. 271, 275. 256 iqve, gv. 409.

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gis specifikiT ganpirobebuli, zogjer ostatis ganswavliT, da xSirad ki gamoyenebuli nimuSebis zegavleniT. gamoCnda aseve, rom qarTuli xelovneba sakmaod gaxsnili iyo sxvadasxva qveynidan momdinare kulturuli gavlenebis mimarT, Tavisuflad iTvisebda maT, Tumca yovelTvis gadaamuSavebda, `gadaTargmnida~ sakuTar mxatvrul enaze. bevri ram saerToa nagebobaTa formebis da tipebis repertuaris TvalsazrisiTac. amavdroulad, mas naTlad gamoxatuli Taviseburi saxe aqvs. arqiteqturuli anturaJis ganxilvisas Sua saukuneebis saxviT xelovnebaSi garda sakuTriv nagebobebisa SeiZleba gamovyoT sakmaod mniSvnelovani qve-Temebi, rogoricaa magaliTad, kiboriumi, TaRi, sveti, karibWe, velumi da sxva arqiteqturuli elementebi, romlebsac TavisTavadi mniSvneloba da simboluri datvirTva aqvT. magaliTad, niJariseburi forma karibWis timpanSi, saydris an kiboriumis Tavze, zeciur samyofelze miuTiTebs257 . kiboriumi (fanCaturi) mniSvnelovani arqiteqturuli formaa, romelic xuroTmoZRvruli anturaJis TiTqmis aucilebeli nawilia. rogorc bevri sxva Tema, esec urTierTganmsWvalavi sazrisebiT aris datvirTuli: uflis saflavi, taZris sakurTxeveli, zogjer igi arqiteqturuli nagebobebis mxolod erTi, mcire zomis elementia, damateba, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas. zogjer ki mTavari gamosaxuleba, rogorc Tavisi adgiliT, aseve zomiTac iseT kompoziciebSi, rogoricaa magaliTad, mirqma, ZRvenisuaryofa, mariamistaZradmiyvanebada sxva. igi erTdroulad Zveli aRTqmis taZris saxecaa da axali aRTqmis qristianuli eklesiisac; sakurTxevlis trapezi erTdroulad ganasaxierebs beTlemis mRvimesac da uflis saflavis mRvimesac, kiboriumis gamosaxuleba swored kuvukliasTan iCens aluzias258 . salxinebeli kuvuklias Tavze uflis saflavis eklesiis saxea. amitom ziarebis kompoziciebSi trapezis Tavze dadgmuli salxinebeli SeiZleba gaigivebul iqnas uflis saflavTan, rac srulad epasuxeba evqaristiis saidumlos arss259 da saboloo jamSi, zeciur ierusalimTan qmnis asociacias260 . saxviTi xelovnebis TiTqmis yvela dargSi TaRi (TaRedi) uZvelesi droidan sagangebo mniSvnelobis, sazeimo xasiaTis gamosaxulebis an movlenis aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneboda (magaliTad, romis droindeli satriumfo TaRebi). TviT moxazuloba TaRisa qmnis erTgvar sazeimo ganwyobas da mniSvnelovnebas261: nageb xuroTmoZRvrebaSi es forma gamoiyeneba portalebisTvis, fasadebis gaformebisTvis; WedurobaSi – figuraTa Semosafarglavad, magaliTad, bediis barZimi, martvilis RmrTismSoblis xati, kedlis mxatvrobaSi – mociqulTa figurebis gamosayofad (favnisi), qtitorTa figurebis aqcentirebisTvis (garejis naTlism

257 R. Ousterhout, The Temple, the Holy Sepulcher, gv. 49. 258 S. Ćurčić, Cave and Church. An Eastern Christian Hierotopical Synthesis, in: Hierotopy. The Creation of Sacred Spaces in Byzantium and Medieval Russia, ed. by A. Lidov, Moscow, 2006, gv. 216-224; C. Mango, The Art of Byzantine Empire, 3121453, gv. 141-143. 259 kiboriumi aqcentirebs gamosaxuli pirovnebis an movlenis zeciur an sameufeo mniSvnelobas da zogjer boroti mefis – herode, diokletiane – savarZelzec ki idgmeba: R. Ousterhout, The Temple, the Holy Sepulcher, gv. 49-52. 260 A. Lidov, Heavenly Jerusalem: The Byzantine Approach, Jewish Art, 23-24, 1998, gv. 344-345. 261 R. Ousterhout, The Temple, the Holy Sepulcher, gv. 49; T. sayvareliZe, anCis karedi, gv. 83; T. sayvareliZe, XIV-XIXsaukuneebisqarTulioqromWedloba, gv. 18; S. Filipova, Image of Cities in the Macedonian Collection of Icon Painting, Patrimonium. MK, No 15, 2017, gv. 293.

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cemeli, yincvisi); sauflo dResaswaulTa scenebisTvis sazeimo ieris misaniWeblad (magaliTad, udabnos xarebis eklesiis mxatvrobaSi). qristianul xelovnebaSi TaRedi ZiriTadad zeciuri ierusalimis karibWeTa simbolod aRiqmeboda262 . marTlac, TaRi/TaRedi garkveul asociacias iwvevs zeciur karibWesTan, am da im qveynis, miwisa da zecis gamyof-damakavSirebel zRudesTan. aki kankelebsac xSirad swored TaRedis forma aqvs. TaRi marTlac asocirdeba zeciur sferosTan, ca-mrgvalTan: `zecis kamara~, cisartyela. amave dros ganasaxierebs eklesiis (fizikuri da sulieri mniSvnelobiT) Sesasvlels, kars amqveyniur codvil samyarosa da sakralur sivrces Soris263 . sagangebo mniSvnelovnebas iZens TaRis forma xelnawerTa dasuraTebaSi264 . magaliTad, jruWis pirveli oTxTavis miniaturebSi (H-1660, 940 weli) gankurnebaTa scenebi da maxarebelTa wardgeniTi figurebi gamosaxulia TaRis qveS, Tanac es TaRi eyrdnoba akanTis msgavs kapitelebs, romlebidanac mcenareuli ylortebia aRmocenebuli (magaliTad, f. 143 – sur. 12; f. 228v). svetebi maxarebelTa portretebs ormagi aqvT (magaliTad, f. 52), xolo gankurnebebis scenebs ki TiTo-TiTo. am TaRebis msgavs struqturas vxedavT VI saukunis oTxTavis Wedur ydaze Ddambarton ouqsis koleqciidan, sadac TaRs qveS moqceulia ganedlebuli jvris gamosaxuleba, viTarca sicocxlis xe samoTxis baRSi265 . TaRSi moqceuli jvris sazeimo gamosaxuleba araerT qarTul xelnawerSi gvxvdeba (magaliTad, alaverdis oTxTavSi, A-484, XI s. f. 9v). svetebze dayrdnobil TaRSi (zogjer samyuraSi) aris moqceuli fsalmunis H-1665-is miniaturebze winaswarmetyvelTa figurebi (magaliTad, winaswarmetyveli angia – f. 185r, winaswarmetyveli amosi – f. 217v, winaswarmetyveli enuqi – f. 183v da sxva)266 . calke jgufs qmnis kanonTa (kamaraTa) tabulebi, romlebsac arqiteqturuli forma aqvT, Tumca ufro fantastikuris, vidre realuris. erTgvari dekoratiuli `pavilionebi~, sasaxleTa baRebSi rom idgmeboda. es gamosaxulebebi garkveulad samoTxis baRTan iwvevs asociacias. 267

262 H. Buchvald, Chancel Barrier Lintels Decorated with Carved Arcades, Jahrbuch der österreichischen Byzantinistik, 45, 1995, gv. 233-274; S. Fillipova, Images of Cities, gv. 288. 263 П. Флоренский, Иконостас, Санкт Петербург, 1993, gv. 1-179. 264 e. maWavariani, wignis xelovneba, Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 25-29; Р. Шмерлинг, Художественное оформление грузинской рукописной книги IX-XI столетий; e. maWavariani, qarTulixelnawerebi, Tbilisi, 1970; N. Kavtaria, Canon Tables Types, Ornamental Decorations and Aesthetics of Georgian and Armenian Book Art from the Eleventh to the Thirteenth Centuries, Figure and Ornament: Aesthetics, Art and Architecture in the Caucasus Region from 400 to 1650, Abstracts of the Conference, Tbilisi, 2011, gv. 27-29; n. qavTaria, alaverdis oTxTavis (A-484) mxatvruli gaformebis Taviseburebani, gv. 89-111. 265 L. Shafran, Heaven on Earth, tab. VII B. TaRebis gamosaxvis es sqema qristianuli aRmosavleTis sxva qveynebis xelnawerebSic gvxvdeba. 266 m. karanaZe, v. kekelia, e. maWavariani, ZveliaRTqmisminiatiurebi, gv. 186, 187, 191. 267 saxarebiseuli teqstebis mdidrul arqiteqturul anturaJSi Caweris tradicia erTgvarad mogvagonebs beTlemis Sobis bazilikis centraluri navis 1169 wlis mozaikebs. aq warmodgenilia saocrad mravalsaxovani arqiteqturuli dekori – sasaxleebi, romelic aCarCoebs adgilobrivi sinodebis da msoflio saeklesio krebebis kanonebis teqstebs da Tavisi saerTo ganwyobiT Tesalonikis wm. giorgis rotondis V saukunis mozaikebis arqiteqturul fonebs mogvagonebs (M. Bacci, The Mystic Cave, Rome, 2017, gv. 151-183, il. 44, 46).

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rogorc cnobilia, kamara (kanoni) kesariis episkoposis evsebiusis (264-340) saxels ukavSirdeba da warmoadgens saindeqso sistemas, romelic awesrigebs axali aRTqmis oTx kanonikur teqstSi Tanxvedrili adgilebis dadgenas liturgikuli wlis ganmavlobaSi. kamarebi zogjer 14 gverdze iSleba (alaverdis, ruisis, gelaTis oTxTavebi), umetesad 10-ze (adiSi, jruWi pirveli)268 . misi uadresi nimuSebi VI saukunis siriuli warmomavlobis xelnawerSi – rabulas saxarebaSia269 , saqarTveloSi ki – adiSis 864 wlis oTxTavSi (sur. 46)270 . evsebiusis kanonebi jer kidev IV saukuneSi Camoyalibda da albaT amave dros Seiqmna maTi mxatvruli gaformebis tipologia – TaRedi, rogorc axali aRTqmis samyaroSi Sesasvleli, zRurbli, triumfaluri kari. yvelaze adrindel nimuSSi rabulas saxarebaSi kanonTa tabulebs ukve sruliad Camoyalibebuli saxe aqvs, Tumca XI-XII saukuneebis klasikuri konstantinopoluri nimuSebisgan gansxvavebuli aq bevri siuJeturi scenebia oleebze271 . qarTul xelnawerebSi ukve IX saukunidan gvaqvs nimuSebi, sakmaod sada da grafikuli, magaliTad, wyarosTavis X saukunis saxarebaSi. Semdgom ki kesariuli pirvelwyaros mdidrul variaciebs qmnian. sagulisxmoa rom evsebiusis kanonebis gamosaxulebas qarTulad `kamaras~ uwodeben, xolo misi damxatveli ostati, magaliTad, jruWi pirvelis mxatvari Tevdore Tavis Tavs `kamaraT mwerals~ uwodebs272 . evsebiusis kanonebis (kamarebis) mxatvruli gaformeba gansakuTrebuli Temaa wignis dasuraTebis sistemaSi273 . aq, erTi mxriv, mxatvris fantaziis usazRvro gasaqania dekoratiuli Temebis mravalferovnebis TvalsazrisiT; garda amisa, TaRi TviT am kanonebs aniWebs mniSvnelovnebas, erTgvarad gamohyofs maT naratiuli gamosaxulebebis rigidan. Tanac zeciuri kamaris asociacias qmnian. amitomac xSirad kamaris gasaformeblad cisartyelas ornamenti gamoiyeneba (magaliTad, adiSis oTxTavSi274). kanonTa tabulebis mxatvruli gadawyveta sxvadasxva etapze sxvadasxva midgomas avlens: magaliTad, adreul etapze miRebuli sada TaRis forma adgils uTmobs antablementian formas275 , matulobs ornamentebi, detalebi276 .

268 n. qavTaria, alaverdis oTxTavis (A-484) mxatvruli gaformebis Taviseburebani, gv. 89-111; n. qavTaria, gelaTis oTxTavi, gv. 63-64. 269 A. Grabar, L’Age d’or de Justinien, gv. 208-211, il. 234, 235; A. Eastmond, The Glory of Byzantium and Early Christendom, London, 2013, gv. 105, il. 102. 270 N. Kavtaria, Canon Tables Types.., gv. 27-29; n. qavTaria, alaverdis oTxTavis (A-484) mxatvruli gaformebis Taviseburebani, gv. 89-111. 271 A. Eastmond, The Glory of Byzantium and Early Christendom, gv. 105, il. 102. 272 v. beriZe, Zveli qarTveli ostatebi, Tbilisi, 1967, gv. 101-103; e. maWavariani, wignis xelovneba ZvelsaqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 25-29. 273 C. Nordenfalk, Die spätantiken Kanonstafeln, Göteberg, 1908, gv. 76-77, 85-86, 90-92, 113-116; Р. Шмерлинг, Художественное оформление грузинской рукописной книги, gv. 27-30, 38-41; Ш. Амиранашвили, Грузинская миниатюра, gv. 14-17, il. 3-12; e. maWavariani, wignisxelovnebagv. 25-29; N. Kavtaria, Canon Tables Types.., 2011, gv. 27-29; n. qavTaria, alaverdis oTxTavis (A-484) mxatvruli gaformebis Taviseburebani, gv. 89-111. 274 Р. Шмерлинг, Художественное оформление грузинской рукописной книги, gv. 30. 275 N. Kavtaria, Canon Tables Types.., gv. 27-29. 276 C. Nordenfalk, Die spätantiken Kanonstafeln, gv. 76-77.

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cxadia, gasaTvaliswinebelia, Tu romel samwerlobo centrSi iqna Seqmnili xelnaweri, ra nimuSebiT sargeblobda mxatvari da sxva. magram garkveuli ganviTareba droSi udavoa. magaliTad, adiSis oTxTavSi kamaraTa mxatvruli gadawyveta sakmaod sadaa, XIII saukunis labsyaldis oTxTavSi ki am konstruqciis arqiteqturuloba TiTqmis srulad STanTqmulia dekoratiulobiT – didi, uxvad ornamentuli antablementi eyrdnoba ara svetebis kapitelebs, aramed am kapitelebze mdgom sakmaod moZrav da dinamikur figurebs, xolo svetebi, romlebic yvela konstruqciuli wesis darRveviT gadakvanZulia Sua welze, eyrdnoba aseve sxvadasxva alegoriuli mniSvnelobis mqone figurebiT Sedgenil bazisebs, anu arqiteqtonika sruliad darRveulia (sur. 48). rom aRaraferi vTqvaT TviT am monumenturi antablementis Tavze gaSlil baRnarze uamravi cxovelis, adamianTa figurebis, mcenareebis, Sadrevnebis gamosaxulebebiT – samoTxe 277 . kanonTa tabulebis, rogorc arqiteqturuli formebis asaxvis nimuSebis gadawyveta gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva xelnawerSi. SedarebiT adrindel nimuSebSi ormagi TaRebia (magaliTad, adiSi, jruWi I, alaverdi), Semdgom xanaSi ki farTod gaSlili TiTo TaRia (magaliTad, vani, labsyaldi, mestia da sxva). aRsaniSnavia isic, rom erTi da imave xelnawerSic ki kamarebis gansxvavebuli formebi da dekori aqvT278 .

SeiZleba ramdenime kompoziciuri versia gamovyoT: erTi TaRi (kamara) – magaliTad, adiSis oTxTavi (f. 3r), ormagi TaRi – jruWis pirveli oTxTavi (f. 4r, 5v), alaverdis oTxTavi (f. 4v) da sxva. es mniSvnelovani kompoziciuri gansxvavebaa, magram ufro TvalSisacemia dekoratiuli gaformebis xasiaTi. mTavari aq Sinaarsi unda iyos – paralelur teqstTa saZiebeli funqciurad metad mniSvnelovania da, etyoba, amis gamo saocrad morTul-mokazmuli (sur. 47).

XI saukunidan moyolebuli svetebs didi antablementi eyrdnoba, umetesad erTini TaRis momcveli. aseTia kanonebi vanis oTxTavis, jruWi meores, labsyaldisa da sxva oTxTavebis dasuraTebaSi. labsyaldis oTxTavSi, erTi SexedviT, marTkuTxa antablementis qveda xazi pawawina TaRebad aris danawevrebuli. erTmagi Tu ormagi, Tu mcire zomis TaRedad warmodgenili, es rkaluri forma evsebiusis kanonebis wamyvan elements warmoadgens. rac mTavaria, marTkuTxa Tu TaRovani formis evsebiusis kanonebi arqiteqturis Taviseburi asaxvaa. am mxriv Zalian niSandoblivia mestiis oTxTavi, sadac kanonebis antablements (f. 3r, sur. 14) saerTod jvar-gumbaTuri taZris forma aqvs. Tanac didi TaRis qveS TiTqos taZris interieri ixsneba kamaraze Sekiduli sacecxlurebiT279 . es xelnaweri oSkis oTxTavis saxeliTac aris cnobili da am kamaraze gamosaxuli eklesia, gansakuTrebiT misi gumbaTi, sakmaod did msgavsebas avlens oSkis taZris xuroTmoZRvrebasTan. es gamosaxuleba erTgvari gasaRebia am motivis Sinaarsis gasaxsnelad, radgan aq naTlad Cans, rom evsebiusis kanonebis SemTxvevaSi TaRi ara ubralod lamazi dekoratiuli motivia, aramed Rrma sazrisi aqvs – es aris zRurbli aqaursa da iqaurs Soris, taZris zRurbli, mosamzadebeli sivrce saxarebasTan Sesaxvedrad280 . kanonTa sxva gamosaxulebebSi es Sinaarsi esoden daufaravad ar

277 n. qavTaria, gelaTis oTxTavi, saqarTvelossiZveleni, 11, 2007, gv. 64. 278 iqve, gv. 63-64. 279 Р. Шмерлинг, Художественное оформление грузинской рукописной книги, gv. 135-137, tab. 40. 280 n. qavTaria, gelaTis oTxTavi, gv. 63-64.

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aris gancxadebuli. rogorc ukve iTqva, xelnawerTa dasuraTebaSi TaRis forma maxarebelTa `portretebis~ warsadgenaTac gamoiyeneba, rogorc sazeimo, triumfaluri xasiaTis forma. sxvaTa Soris, sagulisxmoa, rom alaverdis oTxTavis bolos darTul mandilionis ciklis ilustraciebSi, Cardaxian sawolSi mwolare avadmyofi mefe avgarozi kamaris qveS aris gamosaxuli (f. 319v), romelic TiTqmis zustad imeorebs evsebiusis kanonebis moxazulobas, struqturasa da gaformebas. arsebuli ganmartebebiT, kamarebi marTlac rom erTgvari mosamzadebeli sivrcea, Sesasvleli im didi saswaulisken, romelic kamarebs mere elodeba mnaxvels: TviT saxareba, gza ukvdavebisken, aRdgomisken, maradiuli sasufevlisken. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, kamarebi zeciuri ierusalimis karibWeebia281 . aq SeiZleba gavixsenoT iakob kokinobaTosis homiliebis (XII saukunis pirveli naxevari) bizantiuri miniatura, romelic konstantinopolis mociqulTa eklesias warmogvidgens. amaRlebis scena sam navad dayofili xuTgumbaTiani taZris interierSi iSleba. gumbaTqveSa TaRSi suliwmindis mofenaa gamosaxuli282 . am miniaturas garkveulad enaTesaveba grigol nazianzelis homiliebis erTi miniatura, sadac uamravi nagebobebisgan Semdgari taZris interierSi TviT wm. grigoli aris gamosaxuli qadagebebis weris dros283 . aqac vxedavT arqiteqturas, romelic Tavis TavSi moicavs gamosaxul movlenebs da amiT TiTqos cnaurdeba idea samyaros mowesrigebulobisa, kosmosisa, romlis idealuri saxe aris taZris nageboba, saxli uflisa, RvTaebrivi aRmSeneblobis gansaxiereba. unda aRiniSnos, rom bizantiuri xelnaweri wignis dasuraTebaSi kamarebi Tavidanve sakmaod morTul-mokazmulia (magaliTad, rabulas oTxTavSi) da Semdgom saukuneebSic mdidruli dekoriT da fantastikuri formebiT xasiaTdeba. somxuri xelnawerebis dasuraTebaSi wignis Sedgenis adgilis mixedviT kamaris (xoranis) mxatvruli gadawyveta sakmaod gansxvavebulia. zogan is Zalian gamartivebulia – magaliTad, 986 wlis oTxTavis284 da axTamaris 1288 wlis oTxTavis dasuraTebebSi. sxvagan gvxvdeba bizantiuri nimuSebis mibaZviT Sesrulebuli xoranebi – magaliTad, trapzonis X saukunis oTxTavi veneciidan, Zalian detalizirebuli mdidruli ornamentaciiT da sakmaod jmuxi proporciebis svetebiT285 , aseTive garTulebulia 1211 wlis haRpatis oTxTavis xoranis gadawyveta 286 . kilikiur nimuSebSi bizantiuri gavlena sakmaod sagrZnobia. somxur xelnawerTa dasuraTeba kanonis tabulebis SesrulebaSic qarTulTan SedarebiT meti feradovnuli simkveTriT, ornamentuli saxeebis dawvrilmanebiTa da simravliT, meti pirobiTobiT da erTgvari sibrtyovanebiTac gamoirCeva. qarTuli oTxTavebis kamarebi – magaliTad, gelaTis, vanis, labsyaldis – sakmaod did msgavsebas avlens bizantiur nimuSebTan, Tumca umetes nawarmoebebSi meti TavSekavebu

281 n. qavTaria, alaverdis oTxTavis (A-484) gaformebis mxatvruli aspeqtebi, krebulSi: alaverdis eparqiisistoriisfurclebi, 1, samecnierokonferenciismasalebi, Tbilisi, 2006, red. n. burWulaZe, Tbilisi, 2007, gv. 47. 282 R. Cormack, Byzantine Art, Oxford, 2000, il. 87. 283 Architecture as Icon, il. 22. 284 Л. Дурново, Очерки изобразительного искусства средневековой Армении, il. 108. 285 P. Donabédian, J. -M. Thierry, Les arts arméniens, il. 81. 286 Л. Дурново, Очерки изобразительного искусства средневековой Армении, il. 152.

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lobiT gamoirCeva rogorc dekoris xasiaTis, ise feradovnebisa da konstruqciulobis mxriv.

TaRsa da TaReds ukavSirdeba kidev erTi, sagangebo mniSvnelobis arqiteqturuli elementi – karibWe, `ese ars bWe uflisa da marTalni Sevlenan mas Sina~ (fsal. 17: 20); `uyuaran ufalsa bWeni sionisani ufrois yovelTa sayofelTa iakobisaTa. didebul iTqva SenTvis qalaqo RmrTisao~ (fsal. 86: 2, 3). `me var kari – brZanebs ufali~ (ioane, 10, 9). Teodorite kvirelis mixedviT, yoveli miwieri eklesia aris karibWe zeciuri ierusalimisa. garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, kedlis mxatvrobaSi wmindanebis an qtitorebis gamosaxva TaRebs qveS swored am zeciuri karibWis aRmniSvnelia.

Sua saukuneebis xelovnebaSi sasaxlesac, taZarsac da qalaqsac xSirad gamosaxavdnen mxolod karibWis saxiT287 , da es sakmarisi iyo. Cveulebrivi mnaxveli mets verc ki xedavda. karibWe gamocxadebis teqstSic aris asaxuli da saxarebiseul Tu apokriful teqstebSic. umetesad or koSks Soris gamosaxuli, daxuruli, odnav an farTod gaxsnili karibWeebi Zalian did simbolur mniSvnelobas ikrebs. aqve unda vaxsenoT sxva wminda arqiteqturuli elementis – svetis gamosaxva wminda mesveteTa `portretebSi~. es gamosaxulebebi sakmaod erTgvarovani sqemis mixedviT keTdeba: bazisi, sveti, romlis simrgvale xSirad ramdenime sxvadasxva feris an tonis vertikaluri zoliT – CaCrdilva – aris aRniSnuli, Tumca bazisi da kapiteli sruliad horizontaluri xazebiT aris Sedgenili. kapiteli umetesad Zalian morTulia, akanTis msgavsi foTlebiT, voliutebiT da sxva. kapitelze ki msubuqi xazebiT aRniSnulia moajiri. wm. mesveteebi rogorc wesi, mkerdamde arian gamosaxulni am moajirs `ukan~, mcire orantis pozaSi. ramdenad Seesatyviseba es sqema mesveteebis realurad arsebul svetebs, Zneli saTqmelia. erTi adreuli gamosaxuleba gvaqvs garejSi, udabnos monasterSi (sur. 49); mesveteebi aris atenis sakurTxevlis sarkmlebSi, zemo krixis sarkmelSi (aq sxvadasxva naxatiT detalurad aris `sarTulebi~ aRniSnuli, sur. 50), garejis udabnos taZarsa da satrapezoSi, yincvisSi, SiomRvimis jvris amaRlebis eklesiaSi, axtalaSi, gelaTis did taZarSi da kedlis mxatvrobis mraval sxva ZeglSi. axtalaSi CrdiloeTi kedlis centrSi, or sarkmels Soris uzarmazari svetia gamosaxuli, uamravi ornamentiT Semkuli kapiteliT, romelic TviT svetze bevrad didi da maRalia. es gamosaxuleba mTeli am kedlis erTgvari centria288 . mesveteTa gamosaxulebebi mTels saqristianoSi iyo gavrcelebuli, dawyebuli V-VI saukuneTa siriuli reliefuri filiT289 da damTavrebuli Teofane berZenis XV saukunis gamosaxulebebiT novgorogis macxovris feriscvalebis taZris moxatulobaSi. sagangebod unda vaxsenoT qarTuli Wedurobis XI saukunis nimuSi – wm. svimeon mesvetis xati laRamidan (sur. 51), romelzec mTels simaRleze gamosaxulia monumenturi sveti da wmindanis naxevarfigura moajiriT Semofarglul kapitelze, svetis winaSe ki cageris

287 M. C. Carile, Imperial Palaces and Heavenly Jerusalems, gv. 89-90. 288 M. Bulia, M. Janjalia, Medieval Art and Modern Approaches. A New Look at the Akhtala Paintings, in: The Medieval South Caucasus: Artistic Cultures of Albania, Armenia and Georgia, ed. by I. Foletti and E. Thunø, 2016, gv. 106-123, il. 7, 9. 289 Byzantium and Islam. Age of Transition. 7th -9th centuries, ed. by H. C. Evans with B. Ratliff, New York, 2012, gv. 96, kat. #63.

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episkoposi antoni wardgeba. gamosaxulebis sada fonis didi nawili asomTavruli warweriT aris Sevsebuli 290 . am xatze sveti sakmaod detalurad aris warmodgenili: igi waxnagovania da Sua waxnagis amoburculobis gamo marTlac iqmneba moculobis iluzia. Sua welze Cadgmulia erTgvari medalioni. kapiteli ki gadaSlil yvavils hgavs, Tanac sagulisxmoa, rom wmindanis figura moajiris `win~ aris gamosaxuli da marTlac TiTqos yvavilidan amodis. antonis figura kapitelamdec ki ar wvdeba. aq svetis gamosaxvas sagangebo yuradReba da mniSvneloba eniWeba da saTanadod morTul-mokazmulia, Tanac es ar aris ubralod martivi arqiteqturuli forma, aramed dawaxnagebuli, dekoratiuli gafarToebiT Sua simaRleze, Tumca samsafexuriani bazisi aqac mkacrad horizontaluria da wriulobaze aranairad ar mianiSnebs. sainteresoa SevadaroT cnobili siriuli relikvariumis mooqrovil vercxlis firfitas (luvri, VI-VII saukuneebi), romelzec aseve svimeon mesvetea gamosaxuli – aqac sveti sakmaod monumenturad aris gamosaxuli, Tanac iseTi detaliT, rogorc diagonalurad midgmuli kibe. wmindani aq muxlebamdea warmodgenili, TiTqos kalaTidan amodis. magram saerTo STabeWdilebas mainc gansazRvravs svets Semoxveuli msxvili daklaknili gveli da niJara wmindanis Tavze: gveli – cduneba, boroteba291 , niJara – triumfi, wmindanis gamarjveba cdunebaze. bevr rusul xatze mesvetis sveti gamosaxulia, rogorc viwro, Zalian maRali mravalsarTuliani nageboba, kibeebiT, aivnebiT, portalebiT da a. S. 292 . qarTul xelovnebaSi aseTi gadawyveta ar aris miRebuli. mesveteTa gamosaxulebani kargi nimuSia im pirobiTobisa, romelic Sua saukuneebis saxviTi xelovnebis erTi mTavari maxasiaTebelia. marTlac, wmindani gamosaxulia mkerdamde, kapitelze, TiTqos sxeuli gadaWrilia, Tanac arc sveti Cans iseTi maRali, rogoric albaT iyo (30 metri). svetic, figurac, moajirebic – yvelaferi pirobiTad aris gamosaxuli, ufro niSania, vidre aRwera. rac mTavaria, es im xelovnebis konteqstSi araviTar uxerxulobas da gaugebrobas ar iwvevs, mTavaria mesvetis idea293: sveti – damakavSirebeli zecisa da miwisa, RvTaebrivisa da adamianurisa, erTgvarad iakobis kibesTan gaigivebuli. velumi, kretsabmeli ar aris pirdapiri gagebiT arqiteqturuli elementi, Tumca daxatul arqiteqturul anturaJSi sakmaod mniSvnelovani adgili da sazrisi eniWeba. fardis gamosaxuleba adreve Cndeba bizantiur eklesiebSi (siriul sakurTxevlebSi, bauitis freskebze, santa maria antikvas freskebze, wm. dimitris taZris mozaikebze TesalonikSi da sxva). velumi – kretsabmelis nairsaxeobaa rogorc taZris, aseve saimperatoro sasaxlis interierSi da iq ganxorcielebuli movlenebis (liturgikuli qmedebebis Tu sasaxlis ceremoniebis) ganuyofeli da aucilebeli elementi iyo294 . igi erTgvarad maorganizebel rols Ta

290 Г. Чубинашвили, Грузинское чеканное искусство, gv. 302-307, tab. 205-a. 291 S. Ćurčić, Architecture as Icon, gv. 13, il. 6. 292 iqve, il. 39-41. 293 iqve, gv. 13. 294 M. G. Parani, Mediating Presence: Curtains in Middle and Late Byzantine Imperial Ceremonial and Portraiture, Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies, 42 (1), 2018, gv. 1-25.

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