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4. qalaqi ierusalimi
4. qalaqi ierusalimi
`nudaificebTsruliad: nurccas, radgantaxtiaRvTisa, nurcqveyanas, radgankvarcxlbekiamisferxTa, nurcierusalims, radganqalaqiameufisadidisa~ (maTe, 5: 34-35).
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`ierusalemiSenebulars, viTarcaqalaqi, romelTasayofelnimisnimisTana, rameTumunaRÃdestomni, tomniuflisanisawamebladisraelisa daaRsarebadsaxelisauflisa; raameTumundaidgnessaydarnisaSjelisani, saydarnisaxlsamasSinadaviTissa~ (fsal. 121: 3-5).
rogorc SesavalSi aRiniSna, qalaqi ierusalimi aris miwieri saxe zecaTa sasufevlisa, zeciuri ierusalimisa, romliskenac miiswrafis yoveli qristianis suli. amitom qalaq ierusalimis gamosaxulebas udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba qristianul kulturaSi da xelovnebaSi. qristianul mwerlobaSi ierusalimis oTxi gageba arsebobs: 1. sityva-sityviTi – iudeis dedaqalaqi; 2. alegoriuli – qristes eklesia; 3. anagogiuri – esqatologiuri zeciuri qalaqi; 4. moraluri – adamianis suli525 . adreqristianuli xanidan Camoyalibda miwieri ierusalimis gamosaxvis erTgvari sqema, magaliTad, bzobis scena VI saukunis rosanos kodeqsSi526 . sazogadod, es aris marTkuTxa an samkuTxa moxazulobis qongurebiani da koSkebiani galavniT SemosazRvruli are, romelSic Caxatulia sxvadasxva zomis da formis nagebobebi umetesad rotondis formis da gumbaTiani Senobebi. mniSvnelovan elements warmoadgens koSkebiT flankirebuli didi TaRovani karibWe. ierusalimis gamosaxulebebi adreqristianuli xanidan arsebobs. magaliTad, ukve naxsenebi V saukunis siriuli mozaikebi wm. martvilTa eklesiis iatakze siriaSi, sadac sxva qalaqebTan da cnobil nagebobebTan erTad qalaqi ierusalimic aris warmodgenili527 . ierusalimi gamosaxulia santa maria majores satriumfo TaRzec528 , ravenis san-vitales taZris VI saukunis mozaikaSi529 da sxva. gansakuTrebiT sagulisxmoa madabas VI saukunis iatakis mozaika wminda miwis topografiuli rukiT, sadac gamosaxulia ierusalimis yvela mniSvnelovani nageboba530 .
525 B. Kühnel, From the Earthly to the Heavenly Jerusalem, gv. 72. 526 D. Talbot Rice, Art of Byzantine Era, London, 1997, il. 45; A. Grabar, L’Age d’or de Justinien, il. 228. 527 T. E. Eckersley, Putting Christians on the Map, il. 110. 528 J. Cage, Colour and Culture, il. 42. 529 R. Cormack, Byzantine Art, il. 32. 530 T. E. Eckersley, Putting Christians on the Map, il. 20; Architecture as Icon, gv. 80, il. 7.
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Sua saukuneebis qarTul xelovnebaSi qalaq ierusalimis gamosaxuleba sxvadasxva scenaSi gvxvdeba. magaliTad, garejis udabnos monastris mTavari taZris sadiakvnes XI saukunis damdegis moxatulobaSi, daviT garejelis cxovrebis amsaxvel scenaTa ciklSi, kerZod, scenaSi wm. daviT garejeli ierusalimis karibWes win. freska Zalian dazianebulia, Tanac XIII saukunis damdegs es cikli gadaxates wm. ninos cxovrebis scenebiT, ris gamoc qveda fena mxolod siluetebad aRiqmeba da gamarTulad msjeloba qalaqis gamosaxulebaze SeuZlebelia. rac darCa, ufro eklesiis nagebobas hgavs – maRali Senoba, orqanobiani gadaxurviT, mTels simaRleze ganieri SesasvleliT da dabali egvteriT marjvena mxridan531 . es gamosaxuleba SeiZleba istoriul nagebobaTa (qalaqebis) gamosaxulebaTa jgufSic movaqcioT. jruWis meore oTxTavSi ierusalimi gamosaxulia miniaturaze winaswaruwyebaierusalimisdangrevisa (maTe, 24: 2. f. 111r – sur. 74). aq maRal momrgvalebul, qongurebian galavanze dgas didi wiTelgumbaTiani da wiTel saxuraviani taZari, minaSenebiT, Ria galereebiT, mis gverdiT ki TiTqmis masTan Serwymuli, koSkze dadgmuli kiboriumiani da muqmwvane kamariani nagebobebi – sakmaod STambeWdavi, marTlac rom gamagrebuli qalaqis xedi. aq ierusalimi aRar atarebs zeciuri ierusalimis konotacias, karibWec ki ar aris aRniSnuli. es bunebrivia, radgan teqstSi Zveli ierusalimis damxobazea saubari. marTlac, winaswarmetyvelebebze dayrdnobiT, qristianul RvTismetyvelebaSi damkvidrda azri, rom Zveli aRTqmis ierusalimi unda daingres, raTa aSendes axali, qristianuli wminda qalaqi, `zeciuri ierusalimi~, romelSic myofobs ufali (enoqi, 90: 29. maTe 23: 21; ioane 4: 20; luka, 19: 41-44)532 . axali aRTqmis ierusalimi esqatologiur mniSvnelobas iZens. (ebraleTa, 8: 9; 12: 22-23; galatelTa mimarT, 4: 25-26). faqtobrivad, iesus sikvdili jvarze Zveli aRTqmis qalaqis dasasrulia – ufali tovebs mas da iwyeba qristianuli ierusalimis axali istoria (markozi, 15; saqmeni, 7: 48-50). jruWis meore oTxTavSi jvris zidvis kompoziciaSi (f. 247v) ierusalimi warmodgenilia arastandartuli formiT, orsarTuliani nageboba, ori didi TaRiT qveda sarTulze, romelTa arqitravs zed adgas frontoniani Senoba aseve TaRebiT gaxsnili grZivi fasadis mxridan. sayuradReboa is faqti, rom qalaqs ara aqvs galavani, mxolod erTi didi karibWe da maRali koSkebi, anu sazogadod miRebuli konfiguraciisaa. sxvagvarad aris gamosaxuli es qalaqi keTili samaritelis igavis dasuraTebaSi (luka, 10: 30-35. f. 158v), sadac ori qalaqi – ierusalimi da ieriqoni aris gamosaxuli. aq ieriqoni erTi nagebobis saxiT aris gamosaxxuli kompoziciis qveda marjvena kuTxeSi, samagierod ierusalimi, kompoziciis zeda marcxena kuTxeSi sakmaod did, mravalnawilian nagebobaTa erTobliobas warmoadgens, sxvaTa Soris galavnis gareSe, orTaRovani karibWiT, mis arqitravze Sedgmuli sxvadasxva formis da sxvadasxva kuTxiT danaxuli patara nagebobebiT da Tumca am igavSi TviT ierusalims raime gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba ar eniWeba, igi mainc `zeda~ zonaSi aris gamosaxuli.
531 g. abramiSvili, daviT garejeliscikli qarTulkedlismxatvrobaSi, gv. 55, sur. 9; A. Eastmond, The Cult of St. Davit Garejeli: Patronage and Iconographic Change in the Gareji Desert, gv. 228, nax. 2. 532 B. Kühnel, From the Earthly to the Heavenly Jerusalem, gv. 42-43.
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ierusalimis gamosaxulebebi mravlad aris sxvadasxva scenebSi, yvelaze metad ki cxadia, bzobaSi anu ierusalimad SesvlaSi, romelic gamoxsnili kacobriobis sasufevelSi Sesvlis, adamianis zeciur mamulSi `dabrunebis~ winasaxea. am gamosaxulebebSi sainteresod aisaxa Sua saukuneebis mxatvrebis xedva da midgoma realurad arsebuli xuroTmoZRvrebis gamoxatvis mimarT. cxadia, sxvaa erTi konkretuli taZris gamosaxva qtitorTa portretSi (Tanac, umetes SemTxvevaSi es nagebobebi ostatTa Tvalwin iyo) da sul sxvaa mTeli qalaqisa, miTumetes, rom mxatvarTa umetesobas iqneb arc odesme uxilavs ierusalimi. bzobis kompoziciis gamosaxulebas xangrZlivi istoria aqvs magaliTad, IV saukunis iunius basusis qvis sarkofagis reliefebi533 , VI saukunis rosanos kodeqsis miniatura534 da sxva. kompoziciis ZiriTadi ikonografiuli struqtura im droidan iqna Camoyalibebuli535 , Tumca saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi garkveuli modifikaciebic ganicada. scenaTa umetesobaSi qalaq ierusalimTan erTad TiTqmis mudam aris mTis gamosaxuleba, romelsac ZiriTadad ganixilaven rogorc zeTisxilis mTas, romelic qristesa da misi Tanmdevi mociqulebis figurebs ukan aris xolme ganTavsebuli. qarTul kedlis mxatvrobaSi arsebul uamrav nawarmoebs Soris Sevecdebi gamovyo saxiTmetyvelebiTi TvalsazrisiT ramdenime gansakuTrebiT saintereso nimuSi. sagulisxmoa, rom qarTveli ostatebi qalaq ierusalimis eklesiebs qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis Sesatyvis formebSi gamosaxaven. yvelaze gamorCeuli niSani, am mxriv, aris gumbaTis konusuri saxuravi da gumbaTis yelSi viwro sarkmlebis mijriT gamosaxva. calkeul SemTxvevebSi ki naliseburi TaRebi da specifikurad qarTuli xuroTmoZRvruli ornamenti536 .
Tavisebur interpretacias vxedavT zarzmis (laklakiZis) RmrTismSoblis Weduri xatis CarCoze (XI s.) arsebul bzobiskompoziciaSi: wriuli moxazulobis qongurebiani galavniT SemozRudul qalaqSi konusuri gadaxurviT da jvriT dagvirgvinebuli didi gumbaTiani nageboba dominirebs, aseve ramdenime daudevrad miniSnebuli patara Senoba orqanobiani saxuraviT. unikaluri detali: galavnidan qristes msvlelobas uyurebs qalaqis personifikacia – samefo samosSi gamowyobili qali537 (sur. 21). sainteresod aris gadawyvetili bzobis scena yincvisis wm. nikolozis XIII saukunis damdegis taZris kedlis mxatvrobaSi (sur. 2). igi moTavsebulia CrdiloeTi mklavis CrdiloeT kedelze, meore registrSi, is gaSlilia kedlis mTels siganeze da mxatvruladac da Sinaarsobrivadac ukavSirdeba mis garSemo arsebul kompoziciebs. am scenaSi ierusalimis gamosaxulebas sagangebo adgili ukavia. Tumca, samwuxarod, kompoziciis es nawili sakmaod dazianebulia da qalaqis mTliani monaxazi naTlad ar aRiqmeba. Tumca, zogi niSani mainc TvalSi sacemia – magaliTad, qalaqis wriuloba. qalaq ierusalimis ovaluri formis gala
533 R. Milburn, Early Christian Art and Architecture, Berkley and Los Angelos, 1988, il. 41. 534 D. Talbot Rice, Art of Byzantine Era, il. 45; A. Grabar, L’Age d’or de Justinien, il. 228. 535 G. Schiller, Iconography of Christian Art, vol. 2, London, 1972, gv. 18-23. 536 G. Gagoshidze, Jerusalem in Medieval Georgian Art, gv. 135, 138. 537 G. Gagoshidze, Jerusalem in Medieval Georgian Art, gv. 135. `ixareb friad, asulo sionisa, qadageb, asuli ierusalÀmisaÁ aha, meufe Seni movals Senda marTali da macxovari, Tavadi mSÂidi da mjdomare karaulsa zeda da kicusa axalsa~ (zaqaria 9: 9).
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vans zeda da qveda xazze gauyveba mwvane aguriT nagebi qongurebi, samwuxarod, ar Cans karibWe, romlidanac gamodis xalxi538 . mTavari, rac TvalSi gvxvdeba, aris TaRovani formebis simravle. maRali firuzisfergumbaTiani eklesiis nagebobac Cans, Tumca mkrTalad. formaTa wriuloba da rkaluroba Zalze STambeWdavia. Tanac firuzisferi, naTeli oqris da mwvane ferebi uTuod qmnian zeciuri qalaqis asociacias.
TiTqmis amave epoqaSi Sesrulebul timoTesubnis moxatulobis kompoziciaSi ierusalimi ufro hgavs erT, didi portalis mqone Senobas, niJarisebri timpaniT (rogorc adrec aRiniSna, niJara zecaTa sasufevlis saxed aRiqmeba) da ramdenime mcire zomis orqanobiani gadaxurvis mqone nagebobiT portalis zemoT539 . Tumca am zeda nawilis gadaxurvebi TiTqos `siRrmeSi~ aris mimarTuli, anu diagonaluri xazebiTaa Seqmnili, qalaqis, rogorc sivrciTi mTlianobis gancda, rogorc es aris yincvisSi, aq naklebia.
XIII saukunis TanRilis mTavarangelozTa eklesiis moxatuloba (zemo svaneTi) gvTavazobs am scenis sakmaod iSviaT versias540 . kompoziciis marcxena nawilSi, macxovrisa da mociqulebis figuraTa `ukan~ gamosaxulia mTa dabali borcvis saxiT. mis Txemze safexurovan kvarcxlbekze aRmarTulia jvari, romelic erTgvari winaswaruwyebaa da saxe momavali jvarcmisa, rac am borcvs golgoTas mniSvnelobas aniWebs. garda amisa, jvris gverdiT dabali nagebobaa, romelic erTnavian eklesias hgavs – svanuri eklesiebis tipiuri forma, savaraudod, qristes saflavis eklesias ganasaxierebs. amave dros, sakuTriv qalaq ierusalimis galavnis SigniT gamosaxuli taZrebi gumbaTuri formisaa, rac sruliad gansxvavdeba tradiciuli svanuri saeklesio arqiteqturisgan. udavoa, rom ostati sargeblobda raRac nimuSiT, xelnaweri wignis dasuraTebidan an sxva wyarodan, xolo golgoTas saxe misi sakuTari migneba unda iyos, vinaidan msgavs nimuSs CemTvis cnobil masalaSi ver mivakvlie. jvarcmis winaswaruwyeba aq gaZlierebulia iseTi xarisxiT, rac ucnobia qarTul mxatvrobaSi (sur. 75). am scenis saintereso interpretacias gvTavazobs g. gagoSiZe. qalaqis galavans SigniT ori eklesia mas gaigivebuli aqvs mcxeTis sveticxovelTan (uflis kvarTis daflvis adgili, anu igive uflis saflavi), da samTavrosTan – sioni. xolo qalaqis kedlebs gareT, mTaze aRmarTuli jvari da mcire taZari mis gverdiT – mcxeTis Tavze aRmarTul wm. jvris taZarTan541 . mcxeTa, rogorc axali ierusalimi – uZvelesi interpretaciaa542 . vfiqrob, TanRi
538 yincvisis kompoziciis kidev erTi saintereso niSani: qalaqis karibWidan gamosuli xalxis did jgufSi ori figura – mamakaci da qali – sxva mxares, ukan iyureba – anu faqtobrivad mimdebare kedelze gamosaxuli jvarcmisken. sazrisebiT `TamaSi~ saerTodac miRebulia xelovnebaSi, miTumetes Sua saukuneebSi. 539 Е. Привалова, Роспись Тимотесубани, gv. 60, nax. 20. 540 Н. Аладашвили, Роспись церкви Тангил в Верхней Сванетии, qarTuli saxviTi xelovnebis sakiTxebi. samecniero Sromebis krebuli, Tbilisi, 1983, gv. 17-37; T. Velmans, Le Peintures de L’église dite “Tanghil” , en Georgie, Byzantion, tome LII, 1982, gv. 389- 412. 541 G. Gagoshidze, Jerusalem in Medieval Georgian Art, gv. 137. 542 T. mgalobliSvili, axali ierusalimebi saqarTveloSi, 2013; М. Чхартишвили, Мцхета как Новый Иерусалим: Иеротопия “Жития св. Нино” , Новые Иерусалимы. Иеротопия и иконография сакральных пространств, ред. А. Лидов, Москва, 2009, gv. 131-150.
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lis ostati mainc ufro sakuTriv ierusalims gamosaxavda, Tumca saxiTmetyvelebiTi midgoma namdvilad aisaxa am scenis gadawyvetaSi. qalaq ierusalimis originaluri interpretaciaa XVI saukunis Walis eklesiis moxatulobaSi. bzobis scena or momijnave kedelze (dasavleTsa da samxreTze) aris gamosaxuli, TiTqos or nawilad gayofili. qalaq ierusalimis gamosaxuleba calke aris, Tanac garegnulad arastandartuli forma aqvs – igi ufro hgavs ori koSkiT flankirebul taZars, Tanac arc galavani aqvs da arc nagebobebi mis SigniT; da rac mTavaria, qarTuli asomTavruli warwera gvamcnobs `saydari~543 – kidev erTi miniSneba am qalaqis sagangebo mniSvnelobaze (sur. 76). am mxriv sainteresoa Semoqmedis X saukunis Wedur firfitaze gamosaxuli bzoba, sadac ierusalimi erTiani gumbaTiani nagebobis saxiT aris warmodgenili rogorc taZari da ara rogorc qalaqi544 , Tanac gumbaTuri taZari, konusuri gadaxurviT, sarkmlebiT da portaliT, gverdiTi egvteriTac (samxreT-aRmosavleTi xedi)545 .
Zalauneburad ibadeba kiTxva: ierusalimis amsaxveli taZrebis nagebobebSi xom ar aris asaxuli sveticxovlis, rogorc uflis saflavis eklesiis garkveuli niSnebi? macxvariSis eklesiis 1140 wlis moxatulobaSi, sadac am scenas dasavleTi kedlis mTeli Sua registri ukavia, qalaqi ierusalimi gamosaxulia galavnis gareSe, ramdenime orqanobiani saxuraviT gadaxuruli nagebobis saxiT, maRal, frontonian korpusze dadgmuli konusuri gumbaTiani nagebobiT wina planze, romelic, savaraudod, rotondas ganasaxierebs, Tumca qalaqi, ise, rogorc miRebulia, aq ar aris gamosaxuli, aqcenti ebraelTa jgufzea gadatanili (sur. 77). sul sxvagvaria ierusalimis gamosaxuleba udabnos xarebis eklesiis bzobis kompoziciaSi (sur. 78). aq mTeli aqcenti keTdeba karibWeze, romlidanac moqalaqeebi gamodian, SuqmnaTi limnisferi karibWis marTkuTxa arqitravze ki pawawina nagebobebia – ori sada formis orqanobiani gadaxurvis mqone Senoba SesasvlelebiT da TaRovani sarkmlebiT, maT Soris ki aseve mcire zomis konusuri gumbaTiT dagvirgvinebuli Senoba – taZari546 .
Taviseburad aris gadawyvetili ierusalimis gamosaxuleba bzobis scenaSi aWis XIII saukunis moxatulobaSi547 . qalaqi warmodgenilia rogorc erTi mTliani, ovaluri formis qongurebiani godoli, erTi maRali koSkiT, romelsac wawvetebuli gumbaTi adgas Tavs, didi ornamentirebuli TaRovani karibWe, romlidanac qristes Sesagebeblad gamodis ramdenime figura. niSandoblivia, rom TviT qalaqSi, anu ovalurad ganlagebul qongurebs Soris araferia gamosaxuli – muqi laqaa. saerTo gadawyveta sruliad sibrtyobrivia548 . sxvaTa Soris, TiTqmis aWis nairi forma aqvs qalaq ierusalims moqvis oTxTavis dasuraTebaSi, bzobis scenaSi (f. 70v). aqac ovaluri moxazulobis godolis formis nagebobaa, qongurebiT zeda konturis gayolebaze da kidev ufro gamartivebuli – dekoris gareSe,
543 i. xuskivaZe, qarTulieklesiebisgvianiSuasaukuneebis`xalxuri~moxatulobani, gv. 53. 544 Г. Чубинашвили, Грузинское чеканное искусство, gv. 98-99, il. 107. 545 m. bulia, daviTgarejisudabnosmonastrisxarebiseklesiismoxatuloba, gv. 126-128. 546 iqve. 547 Дж. Иосебидзе, Роспись Ачи, gv. 41-43, tab. 23. 548 iqve, nax. 16.
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Tumca moqvis miniaturaze qongurebs Soris pawawkina ori Tu sami nageboba gairCeva. marTkuTxa karibWec sruliad sadaa549 . ubisis XIV saukunis moxatulobaSi ukve naTlad Cans paleologosTa stilis niSnebi, maT Soris pirvel rigSi arqiteqturis erTgvari `sivrciTi~ ageba, siRrmeze miniSneba550 . cxadia, bzobis scenaSi es niSnebi Sesabamisad aris asaxuli (sur. 79) – paleologosTa stilisTvis damaxasiaTebeli rkalurad SeRunuli galavnis kedliT, gaugebari funqciis afsidis Tu eqsedris msgavsi didi formiT ukana planze, sxvadasxva zomis mravalricxovani nagebobiT, romelTa Soris gamoiyofa didi zomis rotonda wiTeli naxevarsferuli gumbaTiT dabal yelze. sxvadasxva zomis nagebobebis daxvavebis gamo ikargeba qalaqis Semomfarglavi galavnis struqtura: marjvena mxares is rkalurad evleba qalaqs, mere ikargeba da saerTod aRar Cans kompoziciis marcxena mxares. qalaqis karibWe qongurebiani kedliT da ori koSkiT aris aRniSnuli, Tumca moqalaqeebis jgufi faravs mis did nawils. karibWe da rotonda gamokveTen im simbolur mniSvnelobas, romelic miwier qalaq ierusalims zeciuri ierusalimis Rirsebas aniWebs. niSandoblivia, rom soris XIV saukunis moxatulobaSi ierusalimis gamosaxuleba TiTqmis zustad imeorebs ubisisas: paleologosTa stilisTvis damaxasiaTebeli rkalurad SeRunuli galavnis kedliT, nagebobaTa daxvavebiT da didi zomis rotondiT.
XVI saukunis qoreTis eklesiis moxatulobaSi, romelic `xalxuri~ nakadis mxatvrobebs ganekuTvneba, bzobaSiierusalimi gamosaxulia mravalsarTuliani Senobis saxiT, bevri RiadebiT, horizontaluri danawevrebis xazebiT, Tanac absoluturad brtylad. bzobis Zalze iSviaTi saxea mocemuli amaSukeTis XVI saukunis moxatulobaSi (sur. 80). qalaqi ierusalimi gamosaxulia mravalsarTuliani, horizontalurad gaSlili nagebobis saxiT, RiadebiT, Tumca karibWis gareSe. mis win ki dgas erTaderTi figura – RmrTismSobeli mariami – erTmniSvnelovnad am scenis simboluri saxiTmetyvelebiTi arsis gamoxatuleba551 . bzobis scenis gamosaxvis erTi mniSvnelovani nimuSi aris gelaTis monastris RmrTismSoblis Sobis taZris mTavari sivrcis CrdiloeTi mklavis CrdiloeTi kedlis XVI saukunis moxatulobaSi, qtitorTa rigis zemoT (sur. 81). ierusalimis gamosaxulebas sakmaod didi adgili ukavia, es aris kristalurad mkafio formebis mqone galavani, amJamad monacrisfro tonis, kapitelebiani qongurebiT, pilastrebiT, ornamentebiT, didi portaliT. sagulisxmoa, rom xalxis simravle am portalis fonze ki ar aris warmodgenili, aramed mis marcxniv, `win~, ufro qristesken axlos. amitom qalaqi TiTqos damoukideblad dgas da amiT ufro iwvevs asociacias zeciur ierusalimTan. galavans SigniT ramdenime nagebobaa orqanobiani saxuraviT, centrSi ki maRal yeliani gumbaTovani eklesia, konusuri gadaxurviT. am nagebobebis ferebi muqi wiTeli oqra, yviTeli oqra da nacrisferia. aq mkafiod horizontaluri da vertikaluri xazebi Warbobs, rac kristalurobisa da mowesrigebulobis saerTo STabeWdilebas ufro amZafrebs. rogorc iTqva, bzobis scenaSi qalaq ierusalimis gamosaxuleba amavdroulad zeciuri ierusalimis saxea. zeciuri ierusalimis saxe ki swored krista
549 i. WiWinaZe, moqvisoTxTavisgaformebismxatvruliprincipebi, il. 64. 550 S. amiranaSvili, qarTvelimxatvaridamiane, gv. 11-14, tab. 63-64; n. burWulaZe, ubisismonastris xatebi, gv. 118-121. 551 i. xuskivaZe, amaSukeTi – eklesia deda RmrTisa.., gv. 195-214.
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luri struqturisaa – kldis broli, Zvirfasi qvebi, kristaluri tba da sxva msgavsi maxasiaTeblebi. midgomis da interpretaciis TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa bzobis scena gelaTis taZris Crdilo-aRmosavleT egvteris XVII saukunis moxatulobaSi, sadac ierusalimis galavani TiTqos sagangebod TeTrad aris datovebuli, maSin roca didi gumbaTiani nageboba qalaqis centrSi mkafio Rvinisferi da yviTeli ferebiT aris Sesrulebuli, iseve rogorc mcire zomis kiboriumi mis marcxniv – rotonda sferuli maRali gumbaTiT aris gadaxuruli – ara konusuri – da udavod uflis saflavis rotondas ganasaxierebs. qalaqis galavnis kedlebis amgvari `siqaTqaTe~ udavod droisa da uxeiro gawmendis Sedegia, Tumca naTelia, rom galavnis da rotondis feradovneba imTaviTve kontrastuli unda yofiliyo (sur. 82) 552 . 1678 wlis sauflo dResaswaulTa xatze samebis gamosaxulebiT553 bzobaSi qalaqi ierusalimi warmodgenilia marTkuTxa qongurebian galavanSi moqceuli patara nagebobebiT, romelTa centrSi wiTelgumbaTiani rotondis msgavsi nagebobaa – uflis saflavi. amave 1678 wliT TariRdeba bzobis ferweruli xati Sio mRvimedan554 , savaraudod, templonis nawili. aq sakmaod gavrcobilia qalaqis xuroTmoZRvreba – ZiriTadad momwvano-nacrisferi, sqlad dadebuli TeTri xazebiT ornamentebis qongurebian kedlebze, centrSi ki sakmaod kontrastulad wiTel kedlebiani da konusurgadaxurviani nageboba – rotonda – qristes saflavi. dazianebis gamo ar Cans, karibWis forma da zoma. galavnis gamosaxvaSi erTgvari miniSnebaa siRrmis gadmocemaze, Tumca Zalian susti. dazianebis miuxedavad, mainc Cans, rom ierusalimis gamosaxulebas sakmaod didi da mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoba. ierusalimis saintereso gamosaxulebaa bzobis kompoziciaSi ostat mamnes sadgeris jvarze (XVI saukune)555 , gumbaTiani nagebobiT, romelic TiTqos rotondas ganasaxierebs (sur. 83). mamnes jvarze zogi scenis kompoziciuri struqtura da arqiteqturuli formebi laklakiZis xatidan gadmoRebuls hgavs (magaliTad, mirqma, Soba)556 . aseve, udavod laklakiZis xati aqvs nimuSad awyuris RmrTismSoblis xatis karedis frTebis SidamoWedilobas (XVIII s.). magaliTad, bzobaSizustad meordeba qongurebian kedelze gadmomdgari qalis figura – qalaqis personifikacia557 .
XVI saukunis Semoqmedis xatis CarCoze bzobis scenaSi qalaqi ierusalimi Zalian Taviseburad aris gamosaxuli: kompoziciis didi nawili saxedarze amxedrebuli qristes msxvil figuras ukavia, qalaqis gamosaxuleba erTgvarad `meore planzea~ kompoziciis zeda marjvena kuTxeSi, Tanac misi formac ukiduresad gamartivebulia: grafikulad moniSnul marTkuTxeds, romelSic qristesken mimarTvis JestebiT gamosaxuli xuTi figuraa, muxlamde, zemodan naxevarwriT Semoxazuli TaRi Tu gumbaTi adgas, masSi ki sami, mcire zomis Se
552 sxvaTa Soris, aseTi `qaTqaTa~ kedlebi aqvs amave egvteris moxatulobaSi mariamis ukan gamosaxul nagebobas xarebisscenaSi da lazaresaRdginebaSimTebs ukan gamosaxul beTaniis kedlebsac. 553 n. burWulaZe, qarTulixatebi, gv. 250-251. 554 iqve, gv. 270. 555 Г. Чубинашвили, Грузинское чеканное искусство, gv. 522-528; T. sayvareliZe, XIV-XIX saukuneebis qarTulioqromWedloba, gv. 85. 556 T. sayvareliZe, XIV-XIXsaukuneebisqarTulioqromWedloba, gv. 54. 557 Г. Чубинашвили, Грузинское чеканное искусство, il. 552.
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nobaa Caxazuli, centrSi gumbaTiani, mis gverdiT erTi aseve gumbaTiT, oRond dabali konusis formis, meore mxares ki kiboriumis msgavsi nageboba. sakmaod ucnauri gadawyvetaa – am kompoziciaSi aqcenti ierusalimze namdvilad ar keTdeba558 . aseve `miCqmalulia~ qalaqis gamosaxuleba anCisxatis frTebis garemoWedilobaze559 . samagierod 1619 wlis caiSis malaqia gurielis mier dakveTili xatis560 CarCoze bzobis kompozicia or nawilad aris gayofili – Tavi xatidan marjvniv da marcxniv. ierusalimi aqac pirobiTad aris gamosaxuli da mcire zomisaa, magram aq gamoyenebulia sami nagebobiT Seqmnili motivi, romelic, Cemi azriT, swored zeciuri ierusalimis saxea Cvens WedurobaSi, da romlis adreuli nimuSi saRolaSenis lorfinis xarebis kompoziciaSi vnaxeT. 1644 wlis martvilis 12 dResaswaulis xatis CarCoze bzobaSi ierusalimi erTgvari kiboriumis msgavsi formiT aris mocemuli561 . sxvadasxva interpretacia aqvs bzobaSiierusalimis gamosaxulebas Sua saukuneebis xelnawerTa dasuraTebaSic. zaqaria valaSkertelis svinaqsarSi, bzobaSi (f. 35v – sur. 84) qalaqi ierusalimi faqtobrivad warmodgenilia didi TaRovani karibWis saxiT, romlis Tavze saTamaSoebiviT pawawkintela, sxvadasxva formis nagebobebia daxvavebuli562 . gelaTis oTxTavis bzobis(f. 64v – sur. 85) miniaturaze ierusalimi Zalian ubralod aris mocemuli: kuTxiT dayenebuli qongurebiani koSki, faqtobrivad zedxedSi danaxuli da mis gagrZelebaze kedeli. orive nawilze aRniSnulia qvebis wyoba. jruWi meore oTxTavis bzobis miniaturaze (f. 106r) horizontalurad gaSlili kompoziciis mTeli marjvena naxevari ierusalimis gamosaxulebas ukavia. ebraelebis jgufis marjvniv maRali, Ria feris, TiTqmis TeTri qongurebiani galavania, mis zemoT ramdenime msxvili Senobaa – wiTelsaxuraviani bazilika, TeTrgumbaTiani rotonda, baniani nageboba Ria aivnebiT, dabali mwvane gumbaTi karibWis Tavze da viwro, maRali, kuTxiT dayenebuli koSkebi mis orsav mxares. gelaTis nimuSTan SedarebiT, aq zeciuri ierusalimis asociacia gacilebiT Zlierad aris gamoxatuli. gviani xanis xelnawerTa dasuraTebaSi, magaliTad, anCisxatis gulanSi, bzobisramdenime kompoziciaa (magaliTad, f. 156r), da miuxedavad garkveuli gansxvavebisa mxatvruli maneris mxriv, qalaq ierusalimis gamosaxuleba msgavsi principiT igeba: marTkuTxedSi Cawerili TaRovani an sworkuTxa maRali karibWe, romelzec dadgmulia patar-patara nagebobebi, zogi konusuri gadaxurviT, zogi kiboriumis msgavsi, zogic gumbaTiani563 . amgvarad, bzobisgamosaxuleba sakmaod bevria, faqtobrivad yvela ferwerul ansamblSi, romelic met-naklebad aris SemorCenili. aranaklebi nimuSebia xelnawerTa dasuraTebaSi da gviani xanis Wedur namuSevrebSi. erTi saerToO niSani udavoa – qalaq ierusalimis gamosaxulebebSi galavans SigniT umetesad aris gumbaTiani an rotondis formis nageboba, rac, cxadia, uflis saflavis ekle
558 g. alibegaSvili, T. sayvareliZe, qarTulixatebi, il. 60-61. 559 Г. Чубинашвили, Грузинское чеканное искусство, il. 485; T. sayvareliZe, anCis karedi, gv. 87-89. 560 g. alibegaSvili, T. sayvareliZe, qarTulixatebi, il. 80. 561 iqve, il. 72. 562 Г. Алибегашвили, Художественный принцип иллюстрирования.., il. 15b. 563 Ф. Девдариани, Миниатюры Анчисхатского Гулани, il. XXXIII, L, LI, LII.
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sias aRniSnavs da aqac vlindeba Sua saukuneebis qristianuli xelovnebis pirobiTi buneba – droSi gansxvavebuli movlenebis Tanadroulad gamosaxva scenis Sinaarsis saxiTmetyvelebiTi gagebisTvis. saxiTmetyvelebiTi TvalsazrisiT qristes msvleloba ierusalimisken aris misi msvleloba msxverplSewirvisken jvarze da amavdroulad misi Sesvla zeciur ierusalimSi. qalaq ierusalimis ganuyofeli nawilia solomonis taZari. es ori cneba urTierTCanacvlebadicaa, Tumca taZari, rogorc siwminde, inarCunebs Tavis mniSvnelobas mxolod qristes aRdgomamde. axal aRTqmaSi qalaqi ierusalimi da taZari TiTqmis gaigivebulia. Zveli aRTqmis taZris dangrevasa da sam dReSi axlis aSenebaze saubrobs TviT macxovari (ioane 2: 19; maTe, 2: 40; markozi, 14: 58). qristianul epoqaSi aw ukve dangreul solomonis taZars Caenacvla uflis saflavis eklesia. Tumca, axali aRTqmis narativSi igi kvlav sakmaod aqtiuri saxea. Tanac cnobilia, rom solomonis taZris struqtura safuZvlad daedo qristianuli taZrebis sivrciT agebulebas da ikonografias564 . qristianul saxviT xelovnebaSi ierusalimis taZari ramdenime siuJetSi figurirebs: zaqariasxareba, zaqariasmokvdineba, ZRvenisuaryofa, mariamistaZradmiyvaneba, kverTxebissaswauli, mirqma, TormetiwlisiesotaZarSimRvdelmTavrebTan, movaWreTagandevnataZridan, jvarcma da sxva. Sua saukuneebis xelovnebis Casaxvisa da Camoyalibebis periodisTvis es taZari aRar arsebobda da amitom misi gamosaxulebani, cxadia, mxatvarTa fantaziis nayofi iyo anda ukve arsebuli nimuSebis gamoyenebis Sedegi.
Zveli aRTqmis taZris saxea sibrZnis saxli solomonis igavSi – `sibrZnem iSena Tavisa Tvisisa saxli da queSe Seudga mas Svidni suetni da ubrZana TvisTa monaTa ganumzadon tablai sibrZnis moyuareTa~ (9: 1-5), sadac saxli Svid boZze udavod eklesiis simboloa, xolo tabla ki evqaristiis winasaxea. qarTul xelovnebaSi am igavis pirdapiri dasuraTeba gvaqvs zarzmis XVI saukunis moxatulobaSi da ierusalimis jvris monastris freskaze565 . garkveuli TvalsazrisiT am igavis dasuraTebaa daviTnis qarTul xelnawerSi H-1665 CarTuli miniatura (f. 187r)566 , romelzec gamosaxulia mefe solomoni mis mier aSenebuli taZris win da am taZris sayrdeni swored Svidi svetia – rTuli bazisebiT (orad gayofil sabjenebze dadgmul or horizontalur Taros Soris sfero), msgavsi kapitelebiT da maTze gadebuli ornamentirebuli arqitraviT (sur. 86). imTaviTve cxadia, rom wm. sibrZnis saxlze aris miTiTeba. taZris zeda nawili erTmaneTze daxvavebuli sxvadasxva feris da tipis nagebobebisgan Sedgeba. yvelaze maRalia viwro yelze dadgmuli gumbaTi, romlis orsav mxares oTxkuTxa KkoSkebia, erTdroulad winxedSi da zedxedSi gamosaxuli. amgvari daxvaveba nawilebisa, cxadia, mimaniSnebelia taZris xuroTmoZRvruli struqturis sirTulesa da sidideze.
564 J. Wilkinson, Jewish Influence on the Early Christian Rite of Jerusalem, gv. 347-359; J. Wilkinson, Jerusalem Pilgrims before the Crusaders, Warminster, 1977, gv. 70-71, 91; R. Ousterhout, The Temple, the Holy Sepulcher, gv. 44-47, 50; A. D. Temerinski, The Jerusalem Rotunda or the Heavenly Jerusalem?, gv. 701-704. 565 Т. Вирсаладзе, Роспись Иерусалимского Крестного Монастыря, gv. 15, tab. XIX. 566 m. karanaZe, v. kekelia, e. maWavariani, ZveliaRTqmisminiaturebi, il. 168.
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aseTive rTuli da sagangebod didebuli saxe aqvs ierusalimis taZars amave xelnaweris sxva miniaturaSi (f. 225r), romelic aseve solomonis igavs asuraTebs (5: 3-4). taZari aq kidev ufro xazgasmuladac aris warmodgenili567 . ierusalimis taZari unda iyos gamosaxuli daviTni H-1665-s miniaturaze (f. 186v), sadac mariami loculobs Tavisi Zis xatebis winaSe568 . aqac aris TaRedi, Sua ufro ganieri da maRali TaRiT, romelic RmrTismSoblis figuras evleba Tavs. TaReds zemoT jvriT dagvirgvinebuli maRalyeliani gumbaTia gamosaxuli qongurebiani kedlis fonze. is flankirebulia ori msxvili kvadratuli koSkiT, romelTagan erTi winxedsa da erTic zedxedSia gamosaxuli. mTavari gumbaTis orsav mxares ufro dabali da mcire zomis aseTive maRalyeliani gumbaTebi da `SirmasaviT~ dazigzagebuli kedlebia daxatuli. ZiriTadi motivebi sakmaod axlosaa ukve naxsenebi solomonis igavis miniaturasTan. rogorc Cans, mxatvari (Tu mxatvrebi) garkveuli nimuSis erTgulni iyvnen. ierusalimis taZari orad gapobili kretsabmeliT xSirad aris gamosaxuli jvarcmaSi, magaliTad, sabereebisa da beTaniis eklesiebis moxatulobebSi. sabereebSi, VII eklesiaSi CrdiloeTi mklavi mTlianad eTmoba jvarcmis grandiozul kompozicias, mravalnawiliansa da sakmaod TxrobiTs. aq kamaris aRmosavleT kalTaze gamosaxulia ierusalimis taZari oradgapobili kretsabmeliT (sur. 87). taZari Zalian pirobiTad aris gamosaxuli – es aris orqanoba gadaxurviani Senoba frontoniT, Tumca frontonisa da saxuravis nawili CamoWrilia swori vertikaluri xaziT. grZiv fasadze didi zomis marTkuTxa Riobia, romelSic Cans orad gapobili kretsabmeli, anu interieri da eqsterieri erT sibrtyeSia mocemuli. am fasadis kidura nawilebze miniSnebulia sarTulebi, sarkmlebi, erTmaneTze dadgmuli TaRebi. yovelive es sruliad sibrtyovania, ufro niSania da ara gamosaxuleba da sul sxva xasiaTisaa, vidre zemoTxsenebul miniaturebSi asaxuli taZris saxe. beTaniis XII saukunis moxatulobaSi, CrdiloeT kedelze, vnebis ciklis ramdenime scenaSi ierusalimis taZari kidev ufro gamartivebulad aris gamosaxuli: jvris ganmzadebaSi, mTis ferdobze gamosaxulia sam TaRs dayrdnobili gumbaTi, faqtobrivad salxinebeli da TaRebs Sekiduli afrialebuli wiTeli kretsabmeli (sur. 88). mis gverdiT, jvarcmiskompoziciaSi ki igive formis mcire zomis salxinebeli amjerad gamosaxulia ukve orad gapobili wiTeli afrialebuli kretsabmeliT. ase rom beTaniaSi arqiteqturis gamosaxva bevrad ufro martivi da lakonuria, ufro niSnis saxe aqvs569 .
QgelaTis oTxTavis dasuraTebaSi qristes cdunebis scenaSi (f. 22r) macxovari gamosaxulia ierusalimis taZris saxuravze. TviT taZari sakmaod mcire zomis TaRediani nagebobaa, baniT meore sarTulze. aseve mcire zomis taZaria vaWrebis gandevnis scenaSi (f. 123v), ormagi TaRediT, oRond kamariT gadaxuruli, gverdiTi fasadi aqac ucnaurad CamoWril-CamokveTilia. saintereso
567 iqve, il. 169. 568 iqve, il. 238. 569 garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, ierusalimis taZris Temas ukavSirdeba xarebis kompoziciaSi arsebuli gamosaxulebebi, gansakuTrebiT mariamis saydari da mis garSemo xuroTmoZRvreba (ix. qveTavi `zeciuri ierusalimi~).
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detals warmoadgens TaRedis `win~ trapezi zed dadgmuli ori barZimiT da savaraudod, feSxumiT, rac evqaristiis saidumlos winaswaruwyebaa. ierusalimis taZars xSirad gamosaxaven mxolod misi nawiliT –sakurTxevliT – trapezi salxinoblis qveS. iseT scenebSi, rogoricaa magaliTad, ZRvenisuaryofa, mariamistaZrad miyvaneba, kverTxebis saswauli, mirqma, zaqarias xilva da sxva – taZari gamoisaxeba trapezis saxiT svetebiani kiboriumis qveS, xSirad dabali orfrTiani kariT wina mxares. faqtobrivad es aris interieris gamosaxva, Tumca mxolod nawilis. sineqdoqes es meTodi, anu erTi detaliT mTelis miniSneba an asaxva sakmaod aqtiurad gamoiyeneba Sua saukuneebis mxatvrobaSi (magaliTad, karibWiT mTeli qalaqis gamosaxva da sxva)570 . salxinebliT dagvirgvinebuli trapezis gamosaxviT mTeli taZris iluziis Seqmna bevr scenaSia, magaliTad, atenis sionis samxreTi afsidis XI saukunis moxatulobaSi, mariamis taZrad miyvaneba, mariamis gamocda wyliT (sur. 89) da sxva. aseve SeiZleba davasaxeloT magaliTad, gelaTis RmrTismSoblis Sobis taZris sakurTxevlis bemaSi gamosaxuli `sataZro~ scenebi, romlebic Sinaarsobrivad taZris interierSi xdeba, da gamosaxulia mxolod sakurTxeveli (kverTxebis saswauli da sxva), igives vxedavT ubisis didi karedi xatis frTebis moxatulobaze. anda, moqvis oTxTavSi zaqariasdamunjebis (f. 163v) scenaSi sruliad neitraluri oqros fonze mxolod sakurTxevelia gamosaxuli kuTxiT dayenebuli kiboriumis qveS571 . saintereso gadawyvetas vxedavT lixnes taZris sakurTxevlis XIV saukunis moxatulobaSi, sadac gare-Sidas urTierToba sakmaod warmatebiT aris asaxuli sawameblis karavis gamosaxvisas572 . iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom karavis kideebi gadaweulia da Cans magida zed dabrZanebuli aRTqmis kidobniT, SvidsanTeliT, qerubimebiT da oqros TasiT, romelSic RmrTismSoblis saxea aRbeWdili Sesabamisi warweriT. Sida-gares amgvari gamosaxulebani sakmaod xSiria paleologosTa xelovnebaSi, igive ubisis kared xatze573 . ierusalimis taZris gamosaxulebebi sakurTxevlis saxiT yvelaze metad da aqtiurad gamoiyeneba mirqmis kompoziciaSi da mariamistaZradmiyvanebaSi. mirqmaSi Zveli taZris da axali, qristianuli taZris identoba xSirad aRniSnulia trapezze saxarebis an jvris gamosaxviT (magaliTad, aWis moxatulobaSi)574 . gviani periodis mxatvrobaSi ierusalimis taZris gamosaxvis bevri nimuSia, magaliTad, xobSi, mariamistaZrad miyvanebis scenaSi, rotondis formis sami msxvili gumbaTiani nagebobaa, odnav `Seberili~ gumbaTebiT, Tanac yvela jvrebiT dagvirgvinebuli, isini kompoziciis mTel fons avseben. ierusalimis taZris gamosaxvis uamravi magaliTis moyvana SeiZleba, Tumca sakmarisia imis aRniSvna, rom umetes SemTxvevaSi, ierusalimis taZari gamoisaxeba misi nawilis saxiT,
570 M. C. Carile, Imperial Palaces and Heavenly Jerusalems, gv. 89. 571 i. WiWinaZe, moqvis oTxTavis gaformebis mxatvruli principebi, il. 120. 572 Л. Шервашидзе, Средневековая монументальная живопись в Абхазии, gv. 101-106, tab. XXII-2. 573 n. burWulaZe, ubisis monastris xatebi, gv. 118-121; g. alibegaSvili, T. sayvareliZe, qarTuli xatebi, gv. 144; g. alibegaSvili, paleologosTa stilis qarTuli ferweruli xatebi, Ars Georgica, 11, 2001, gv. 92-93; n. burWulaZe, qarTulixatebi, gv. 387-389. 574 Дж. Иосебидзе, Роспись Ачи, gv. 35-36, tab. VI.
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