3. eklesiis samganzomilebiani modelis formis liTonis nawarmi

welze bevrad didxans gastana. saboloo jamSi, ekvderebi mainc moangries maT kedlebSi Cadebuli asafeTqebeli saSualebebiT, ramac, ra Tqma unda, ziani miayena taZris ZiriTad korpussac107 . sveticxovlis samxreTi ekvdris zusti arqiteqturuli saxe ucnobia. rogorc gegmis doneze darCenili kedlebiT Cans, is iwyeboda samxreT-dasavleTi kuTxidan da Tavis TavSi moicavda fasadis centralur TaRsac. ekvdris samxreTi fasadi tradiciulad TaRnariT iqneboda gaformebuli. ase daxates is cxoveli svetis momxatvelma grigol guljavaraSvilma XVII saukunis bolos (sur. 83) da rusma mxatvarma nikanor Cernecovma 1829-1831 wlebs Soris (anu sanam ekvders moSlidnen). amdenad, modeli Seqmnili unda iyos XIX saukunis 184050-ian wlebSi, mas Semdeg, rac daangries ekvderi da samxreT fasads dRevandeli saxe misces. Znelia iTqvas, hqonda Tu ara am models raime kavSiri sveticxovelze Catarebul saremonto samuSaoebTan, Tumca faqtia, rom is asaxavs remontis Semdgom viTarebas. miuxedavad aseTi gviani TariRisa, sveticxovlis modeli Suasaukuneobriv mxatvrul tradicias agrZelebs. misi ostati am tradiciazea aRzrdili, rac gansakuTrebiT kargad Cans taZris dasavleTi da aRmosavleTi fasadebis pirobiTad gadmocemaSi. eklesiis modelebis Seqmnis Suasaukuneobrivi tradiciis aseTi mdgradoba mxolod saqarTvelosaTvis ar yofila niSandoblivi, is qristianuli aRmosavleTis sxva qveynebSic aRiniSneba. magaliTad SeiZleba davasaxeloT saberZneTSi, kunZul qiosze, sofel timianaSi 1890 wels agebuli wm. evstratis taZris qvis modeli108 , romelic sveticxovlis ganxilul modelze naxevari saukuniT gvianic kia. dasasruls aRvniSnav, rom arsebobda saeklesio Senobebis xis modelebic. aseTi iyo, magaliTad sefiskveris beWdebi. cnobilia xis beWedi zemo niqozidan jvargumbaTovani eklesiis saxis tariT. masze warwerac aris datanili: i(es)u q(rist)e | Zl(e)va(Á)109 .

3. eklesiis samganzomilebiani modelis formis liTonis nawarmi

qristianul aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTSi saeklesio liturgikul praqtikaSi farTod gamoiyeneboda sxvadasxva liTonisgan (brinjao, vercxli, oqro) damzadebuli eklesiis formis nivTebi, iqneboda es sacecxlurebi, sanawileebi, sawinamZRvro Tu saprocesio jvrebis bunebi, sxvadasxva tipis lamprebi, artoforionebi da sxva. erT-erTi uadresi aseTi nivTi V saukuniT TariRdeba. is mikvleulia alJirSi, orleansvilis siaxloves110 . brinjaos miniaturuli nivTi warmogvidgens bazilikas, romelic gadmocemulia mxolod Sua navis saxiT, TaRnariT gaxsnili grZivi kedlebiT. taZars aqvs aseve TaRebiT gaxsnili Sverili afsidi. amdenad, Senoba sruliad gamWolia, risi wyalobiTac Cans misi interieric. mnaxveli

107 iqve, gv. 236. 108 Ι. Βαραλησ, Εισαγωγη, Επισκοπηση τησ Ερευνασ, in: Architectural Models in Medieval Architecture (Byzantium, S. E. Europe, Anatolia), Ed. by Y. D. Varalis, Thessaloniki, 2009, gv. 21, sur. 9. 109 i. megrelaZe, siZveleebiliaxvisxeobaSi, Tbilisi, 1984, gv. 160-161, sur. 33-34. 110 Byzantine Art in the Collections of Soviet Museums, Introduction and Notes on the Plates by A. Bank, New York, 1978, gv. 16, 273, tab. 15; S. Curcic, Architecture as Icon, in: Architecture as Icon, Perception and Representation of Architecture in Byzantine Art, New Jersey, 2010, gv. 9-10, 158-159, sur. 1.

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xedavs jvriT Semkul saepiskoposo saydars sakurTxevelSi, `sada-igi qriste meufÀ zis~. is simbolurad ganasaxierebs meored mosvlas, `odes-igi dajdes ufali saydarTa didebisaTa gankiTxvad soflisa~111 . funqciurad es nivTi lamparia – misgan gamoSveril specialur samagrebSi aTi cali sanTeli inTeboda. s. CurCiCi misi ganxilvisas wers, rom `lampari-bazilika warmoadgenda sinaTlesTan asocirebul simbolos, romelic aRniSnavda RvTaebrivi naTlis wyaros imave simboluri azriT, rac realur taZars aqvs~112 . im liTonis nivTebs Soris, romlebic SesaZloa dakavSirebuli iyos qarTvel ostatTa SemoqmedebasTan, pirvel rigSi unda vaxsenoT aaxenis reliqvariumi, romelic eklesiis formis zardaxSas warmoadgens (sur. 84). is amJamad aaxenis ganZTsacavSia daculi da masSi wm. anastasi sparselis Tavis qala inaxeba113 . zardaxSa damzadda antioqiis strategos evstaTesaTvis 969-970 wlebSi antioqiaSi. misi Tavdapirveli funqciis Sesaxeb arsebobs sxvadasxva mosazrebebi114 , romelTagan swori mgonia v. saundersis azri, rom zardaxSa Seiqmna rogorc artoforioni115 . mogvianebiT – XII saukuneSi an XIII saukunis dasawyisSi – is evropaSi moxvda da sabolood aaxenis taZarSi daido bina116 . zardaxSa warmogvidgens gumbaTian eklesias kuburi qveda korpusiTa da naxevarwriulad Sverili afsidiT. sam waxnagze oTx-oTxi jvriT gamSvenebuli orfrTiani karebia naCvenebi. gumbaTis yels Semowers TaRebi, romlebSic TiTos gamotovebiT sarkmlebia gaWrili. uSualod gumbaTs garedan dasaxsruli naxevarsferuli (`gogrisebri~) forma aqvs da jvriT gvirgvindeba. zardaxSis oTxsave waxnagze berZnuli warwerebia, aqedan samze fsalmunis sityvebia: `didebul iTqua SenTvis, qalaqo RmrTisao~ (86, 2), `aRdeg, ufalo, gansasuenebelad Senda, Sen da kidobani siwmidisa Senisa~ (131, 8); `rameTu gamoirCia RmerTman sioni da saTno-iyo samkÂdrebelad TÂsa~ (131, 13), xolo afsidis mxares miZRvniTi warweraa, romelSic antioqiis strategosi evstate ixsenieba. warwerebSi xazgasmulia uflis qalaqis, sionis, uflis gansasvenebelis Tema. zardaxSa simbolurad ganasaxierebs zeciur ierusalimsa da sions da amavdroulad warmoadgens uflis saflavis gamosaxulebasac117 .

111 wmida germane konstantinepoleli, saxismetyvelebiTiganmartebasaRmrToliturgiisa, teqsti gamosacemad moamzada, winasityva da leqsikoni daurTo eqv. koWlamazaSvilma, Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 9-10. 112 S. Curcic, Architecture as Icon, gv. 9-10, sur. 1. 113 W. B. R. Saunders, The Aachen Reliquary of Eustathius Maleinus, 969-970, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Vol. 36, 1982, gv. 211-219. 114 aaxenis reliqvariumis Tavdapirvel funqciasTan dakavSirebiT gamoTqmulia mosazrebebi, rom is warmoadgenda sasakmevles, an wminda cecxlis gadasatan lampars: G. Schlumberger, L’inscription du reliquaire byzantine en forme d’église du trésor de la cathédrale d’Aix-la-Chapelle, MonPiot, 12, 1905, gv. 201-206; A. Grabar, Le reliquaire byzantin de la cathédrale d’Aix-la-Chapelle, L’art de la fin de l’Antiquité et du Moyen-Age, I, 1968, gv. 427-433, tab. 110-115; А. Лидов, Иеротопия. Пространственные иконы и образы парадигмы в византийской культуре, Москва, 2009, gv. 268-269. 115 artoforioni momdinareobs berZnulidan da niSnavs puris Sesanaxs (αρτοσ – puri, πηιρειν– Senaxva). masSi inaxeboda evqaristiuli puri. 116 W. B. R. Saunders, The Aachen Reliquary of Eustathius Maleinus, gv. 219. 117 A. Grabar, Le reliquaire byzantin de la cathédrale d’Aix-la-Chapelle, gv. 427-433, tab. 110-115; W. B. R. Saunders, The Aachen Reliquary of Eustathius Maleinus, gv. 218.

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gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom am zardaxSis mWedeli kavkasiuri warmomavlobisa unda yofiliyo118 , savaraudod antioqiaSi moRvawe qarTveli119 . v. saundersisa da r. ostehotis azriT, amas mowmobs iseTi arqiteqturul-dekoratiuli formebi, rogoricaa isruli TaRebi, afsidis sarkmlebs Semoyolebuli lilvovani moCarCoebebi da gumbaTis yelze gadayvanili TaRnari. Tumca isicAaRiniSneba, rom Tavad gumbaTis forma ufro met siaxloves amJRavnebs X saukunis konstantinopoluri arqiteqturis nimuSebTan120 . saqarTveloSi liturgikuli daniSnulebis liTonis nivTebi sakmaod didi raodenobiT SemorCa, Tumca, bevrad meti saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi da gansakuTrebiT ki 1920-iani wlebis antireligiuri moZraobis dros ganadgurda. Cvenamde moRweul nivTTagan cotas Tu aqvs eklesias an eklesiis ama Tu im nawils mimsgavsebuli forma. ZiriTadad esenia sacecxlurebi da sawinamZRvro jvrebis bunebi, romlebic gviani Sua saukuneebiT TariRdeba121 . eklesiis formis sacecxlurebi, savaraudod, XI-XII saukuneebidan Cndeba qristianul dasavleTSi da farTod vrceldeba mTeli qristianuli samyaros saeklesio msaxurebaSi manamde arsebuli sferuli (Tu misi saxesxvaobebis) sacecxlurebis gverdiT122 . saRmrTismsaxuro daniSnulebis sxva nivTebisa Tu mcire arqiteqturuli formebis msgavsad, sacecxlurebsac simboluri datvirTva hqonda. isini gaiazreboda, rogorc qristes sxeuli, romelSic iyo cecxli suli wmindisa123 , maTgan momdinare kvamli ki ganixileboda rogorc wmindanTa locvebi124 . wm. germane konstantinopolelis ganmartebiT, `sasakumevle moaswavebs kacebasa qristessa, xolo cecxli – RmrTeebisa madlsa. surnelebaÁ sakumevelisa – surnelebasa mas sulisa wmidisasa. da kualad, sasakumevle saxe ars wmidisa mis saSoÁsa qalwulisasa, romelman itÂrTa nakuercxali igi RmrTeebisaÁ, romelman jer-iCina misgan ÃorcTSesxmaÁ~125 . garda am zogadi simboluri datvirTvisa, eklesiis formis sacecxlurebs damatebiT eniWeboda gansakuTrebuli simboluri saxismetyveleba, romelic yvelaze kargad vlindeba ber Teofilusis mier 1110-1120 wlebs Soris laTinurad daweril saxelmZRvaneloSi

118 W. B. R. Saunders, The Aachen Reliquary of Eustathius Maleinus, gv. 218. 119 R. Ousterhout, Reliquary of Saint Anastasios the Persian, in: The Glory of Byzantium: Art and Culture of the Middle Byzantine Era, A. D. 843-1261, ed. by H. C. Evans and W. D. Wixom, New York, 1997, gv. 461. antioqiaSi qarTvelebis moRvaweobasTan dakavSirebiT ix.: W. Djobadze, Archeological Investigations in the Region West of Antioch On-theOrontes, Stuttgart, 1986; v. jobaZe, masalebiorontisantioqiisdasavleTiTmdebareqarTulimonastrebis kvleva-ZiebisaTvis, Tbilisi, 2017. 120 W. B. R. Saunders, The Aachen Reliquary of Eustathius Maleinus, gv. 217-218; R. Ousterhout, Reliquary of Saint Anastasios the Persian, gv. 461. 121 samwuxarod, am narkvevze muSaobis periodSi, 2018-2020 wlebSi ar momeca SesaZlebloba uSualod Semeswavla saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis S. amiranaSvilis sax. xelovnebis muzeumis saganZurSi daculi nivTebi. miuxedavad erovnuli muzeumis oficialuri nebarTvisa, saganZuris imdroindelma mcvelma saganZurSi ar SemiSva da muSaobis saSualeba ar momca. 122 A. B. Tonnochy, A Romanesque Censer-Cover in the British Museum, Archaeological Journal, Vol. 89, 1932, gv. 1-16; A. B. Tonnochy, The Censer in the Middle Ages, Journal of the British Archaeological Association, Vol. 2, 1937, gv. 49. 123 A. B. Tonnochy, The Censer in the Middle Ages, gv. 49. 124 iqve. 125 wmida germane konstantinepoleli, saxismetyvelebiTiganmartebasaRmrToliturgiisa, gv. 17.

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saxelwodebiT Diversarum Artium Schedula – `sxvadasxva xelovnebaTa sia~126 . masSi aRwerilia sxvadasxva teqnika – magaliTad, rogor unda momzaddes esa Tu is feri wignisa Tu kedlis mxatvrobisaTvis, minanqris damzadebis teqnologia, orRanis Seqmnis teqnologia da a. S. maT Soris moTxrobilia, Tu rogor xdeba samganzomilebiani arqiteqturuli saxis mqone sacecxluris gamoWedva da mocemulia misi simboluri interpretacia (wigni 59, Tavi 3). Teofilusis ganmartebiT, es sacecxlurebi warmoadgenda ezekiel winaswarmetyvelis mier xilvaSi nanax qalaqs – zeciur ierusalims127 (ezekieli 40), romelic winaswarmetyvels xuroTmoZRvris saxiT gamocxadebulma ufalma (`iyo sabeli maSeneblisaÁ Ãelsa Soris missa da lelwami sazomisaÁ Ãelsa Sina missa~) uCvena. ezekieli ufalTan erTad moivlis xilvaSi nanax qalaqs da isini erTad azomaven mis kedlebs, quCebsa da ezoebs. swored am qalaqis Seqmnis instruqciaa mocemuli zemoTnaxseneb saxelmZRvaneloSi: `sacecxluris zeda nawilze arqiteqturuli elementebi registrebad nawildeba; zeda nawilSi centrSi Tavsdeba oqtagonaluri formis, fanjrebiani koSki, romelsac zemoT ukeTdeba jaWvis samagri rgoli, mis qvemoT oTxi kvadratuli koSki orferda gadaxurvebiT da TaRediT, romelSic TiTo mrgvali sarkmelia gaWrili. Semdgom modis rva koSki, romelTagan oTxi mrgvalia da nawildeba zemoT naxsenebi oTxi kvadratuli koSkis qvemoT, es koSkebi SesaZloa gaformebuli iyos mcenareebiT, CitebiT, cxovelebiT an mcire sarkmlebiT; danarCeni oTxi, SedarebiT didi zomis kvadratuli koSki nawildeba mrgval koSkebs Soris, romlebzec angelozTa naxevarfigurebia gamosaxuli. sul qveda registri Sedgeba oTxi TaRisgan, romelTagan TiToeulSi an maxarebelTa simboloebi, an angelozebia gamosaxuli. sacecxluris qveda nawils Semouyveba oTxi lomis an adamianis Tavis gamosaxulebebi, romlebzec Camokidulia sacecxluris sakidi jaWvebi~128 . marTalia, am aRweris srulad Sesabamisi sacecxlurebi SemorCenili araa, magram rigi sacecxlurebi met-naklebi sizustiT asaxavs mas. daaxloebiT msgavsi nimuSi rTuli arqiteqturuli struqturiT, maxarebelTa simboloebisa da angelozTa gamosaxulebebiT daculia britaneTis muzeumSi (sur. 85). qristianul dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTSi SemorCenili sacecxlurebi an srulad gadmogvcems taZris aRnagobas (magaliTad, tismanis monastris sacecxluri, rumineTi, XVI saukune), an nawilobriv, rac gamoixateba sacecxluris zeda nawilisaTvis erTi an ramdenime gumbaTis formis micemaSi. saqarTveloSi gvxvdeba mxolod sacecxlurebi eklesiis zeda nawilis arqiteqturuli formiT. or SemTxvevaSi esaa xuTgumbaTiani sacecxlurebi (nikorwmindidan – qim #3763/362129 da sof. Cxutelidan – cageris muzeumi; sur. 86, 87), erT SemTxvevaSi – SvidgumbaTiani (axalcixis muzeumi; sur. 88). danarCen sacecxlurebs erTi gumbaTi amkobs. am nivTebis gamomWedav ostatTa mizani saeklesio nagebobis ramdenadme srulad asaxva ar aris. maTi mizania sacecxluris Seqmna, romelic formiT eklesiis yvelaze saxasiaTo elementTan asocirdeba. mnaxvelisTvis gumbaTebiT warmodgenili arqiteqtura sakmarisi

126 A. B. Tonnochy, The Censer in the Middle Ages, gv. 50. 127 An Essay upon Various Arts, in three books by Theophilus, called also Rugerus, translated, with Notes by R. Hendrie, London, 1847, gv. 293. 128 iqve, gv. 291-293. 129 sacecxluri 1926 wels g. boWoriZem Caitana gelaTis monastridan quTaisSi.

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iqneboda, raTa maTSi amoekiTxaT sacecxlurTa simboluri sazrisi da daenaxaT eklesiiT gadmocemuli zeciuri ierusalimis xateba. saqarTveloSi SemorCenil eklesiis formis sacecxlurTagan erT-erTi uadresi – savaraudod, XVII saukunisa – momdinareobs axali SuamTis monastridan. is amJamad saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis S. amiranaSvilis sax. xelovnebis muzeumSi inaxeba. XVIII-XIX saukuneebiT TariRdeba sacecxlurebi, romlebic dRes quTaisis, cagerisa da axalcixis muzeumebSia daculi (sul cxra). g. boWoriZis monacemebiT, eklesiis formis sacecxluri inaxeboda cxinvalis yvelawmindis somxur eklesiaSi130 . aseve, d. ermakovis mier gadaRebul kacxis monastris nivTTa Soris Cans msgavsi tipis vercxlis sacecxluri (sur. 89). isic XVIII saukunisa unda iyos, misi dRevandeli samyofeli ucnobia. kacxisa da gelaTis monastris sacecxlurebi (sur. 89, 90) mxatvrul-dekoraciuli gadawyvetiT Zalian hgavs erTmaneTs, maT Soris mxolod mciredi gansxvavebebi SeimCneva. orive dagvirgvinebulia erTi gumbaTiT, romlis yelsac eqvsmaliani dekoratiuli TaRnari evleba. werilobiTi cnobebis ararsebobis gamo Znelia iTqvas, erT saxelosnoSia isini damzadebuli, erTi nimuSiT sazrdoobdnen Tu sulac erTi meores imeorebs. aseve zogadi agebulebiT erT saxesxvaobas ganekuTvneba sacecxlurebi nikorwmindidan (qim #3763/362) da Cxutelidan (cageris muzeumi) (sur. 86, 87). orive warmogvidgens xuTgumbaTian struqturas didi Sua gumbaTiTa da mis qvemoT oTxsave mxares amoyvanili SedarebiT mcire zomis gumbaTebiT. amgvari struqtura erTi SexedviT mogvagonebs qristianuli samyaros sxvadasxva regionebSi kargad cnobil xuTgumbaTian eklesiebs (konstantinopolis libos monastris 907 wlis e. w. CrdiloeTi eklesia; XII s-is gerumanas pantanasas eklesia saberZneTSi; nerezis wm. panteleimonis XII s-is eklesia; Tesalonikis XIV s-is mociqulTa eklesia; graCanicas monastris XIV s-is mTavari taZari da sxva). sacecxlurebis msgavsi nimuSebi saqarTvelos gareTac moipoveba da, SesaZloa, maTi STagonebis wyaro am tipis eklesiebi yofiliyo, razec aseve metyvelebs gumbaTebis dabali momrgvalebuli gadaxurvebi. am gumbaTebis wyalobiT mnaxveli cxadad xedavs sacecxluris kavSirs saeklesio SenobasTan. liTonSi gamoWedili gumbaTi, Tumca ki pirobiTobisa da dekoratiulobis maRali xarisxiT, mainc naTlad aCvenebs iseT saxasiaTo elementebs rogoricaa gumbaTis yelis sarkmlebs Semoyolebuli TaRnari, an kidev sarkmelTa alaTebi (kacxisa da gelaTis zemoxsenebuli sacecxlurebi; sur. 89, 90). rac Seexeba sacecxlurTa Sua da qveda nawilebs, isini arsebiTad ar asaxavs eklesiaTa qveda korpusis xuroTmoZRvrebas. Tumca aris erTi elementi, romelic ase Tu ise mogvagonebs arqiteqturas – esaa sacecxluris Suawelze, gumbaTis yelis qvemoT Semoyolebuli pirobiTi `TaRnari~ (sur. 91, 92). is sacecxlurTa umetesobaze gvxvdeba. eqvsTaRedi Semowers, magaliTad, XVIII saukunis meore naxevris sacecxlurs gelaTis monastridan (qim #3761/359) (sur. 93). is warweris Tanaxmad ioseb kaTalikosis saflavis ekvderisTvis SeuwiravT131 . msgavsi eqvsTaRedia gelaTis taZris meore sacecxlurzec (qim #3762/363; sur. 94), romelic 1816 wels aznaur nikoloz qorqaSvils Seuwiravs gelaTis eklesiis wm. petresa da pavles ekvder

130 g. boWoriZe, qarTliseklesia-monastrebidasiZveleebi, Tbilisi, 2011, gv. 112. 131 nivTi quTaisis muzeumSi 1923 wels Sevida gelaTis monastridan. sacecxluris qveda nawilSi SemorCenili warwera ase ikiTxeba: `Cvenis Zmis kaTolikozis iosebis saflavis ekudrisaTvis Segviwiravs, da vinc gamoswiros SeCvenebuli iyos~ (m. nikoleiSvili, quTaisis muzeumis epigrafikuli Zeglebi, quTaisissaxelmwifomuzeumisSromebi, kr. XIII, quTaisi, 2001, gv. 50-51, #52).

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isTvis132 . maTgan gansxvavebiT, imereTis mefe solomonis sacecxluris (qim #3768/366133; sur. 95) Sua nawili oTxadaa danawevrebuli, mTel simaRleze gadayvanili oTxi `TaRiT~, romlebSic TiTo jvaria gamosaxuli. maT Soris kuTxeebSi vercxlis aJuruli zedapiri wiboTia amoSverili da zemoT samkuTxeds miaxloebuli formiT bolovdeba. saerTo jamSi am yovelivem jvargumbaTovani nagebobis mklavebi da gumbaTqveSa konstruqciis gareT gamovlenili moculobebi SeiZleba mogvagonos, magram isini imdenad pirobiTad da dekoratiuladaa gadmocemuli, rom asociacia realur arqiteqturul formebTan Zalze Soreulia. yvelaze metad gamarTul arqiteqturul formebs uaxlovdeba saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis S. amiranaSvilis sax. qarTuli xelovnebis muzeumis saganZurSi daculi sacecxluri. warweris Tanaxmad, is SuamTis monastridanaa. arqiteqturuli forma masSic zeda nawilzea warmodgenili. aq ostats amouyvania jvris oTxi mklavi, mklavTaSorisi gadaxurvis donemde. TiToeul mklavs orferda gadaxurva aqvs da maT aJurul zedapirze SuaSi grexili lilviT Semoyolebuli sarkmlebia gamosaxuli, rombebisgan Semdgari alaTebiT. mklavTa Soris zeda nawilSi, gumbaTis ZirSi, amoyvanilia samkuTxa moculobebi, romlebic miuTiTebs gumbaTqveSa konstruqciaze. rac Seexeba gumbaTis yels, aq rvawaxnaga zedapirze TiTo TaRovani sarkmelia mocemuli, qveda korpusis sarkmlebis identuri alaTebiT. konusuri gumbaTi sakmaod maRalia, misi gadaxurvis waxnagebi TiTos gamotovebiT aJurulia; gaumWvirvale zedapirze ki xeebia reliefurad gamosaxuli.

T. sayvareliZis dakvirvebiT, XV saukunidan qarTul WedurobaSi, kerZod ki sawinamZRvro jvris struqturaSi Cndeba saintereso elementi, romelic tradiciulad sionad iwodeba134 da, Sesabamisad, ganasaxierebs ierusalimis sionis taZars. es aris jvris buni, erTgvari saxeluri grZeli taris Casamagreblad135 . calkeul SemTxvevebSi (marivalt wirqvalelis, martvilisa da gelaTis evdemon CxetiZis sawinamZRvro jvrebi) sioni wamodgenilia, rogorc wagrZelebuli marTkuTxa moculoba. misi TiToeuli gverdi moCarCoebulia TaRebiT, romelTa SuaSic macxovris, RmrTismSoblisa Tu wmindanTa Weduri gamosaxulebebia xolme mocemuli, xolo zeda nawili momrgvalebuladaa dasrulebuli. zeda mxare an sruliad sadaa, an gamosaxulebebiTaa dafaruli, an kidev centrSi gvirilis msgavsi ornamentiT Semkuli jvris samagria moTavsebuli. Tu es forma Znelad Tu mogvagonebs eklesiis Senobas, amasve ver vityviT sxva nimuSebze, romlebSic sioni warmodgenilia gumbaTiani taZris modelis saxiT. aseTia, magaliTad, caiSis136 (sur. 96), Semoqmedisa137 (sur. 97) da jumaTis138 (sur.

132 warwera ase ikiTxeba: `Cven aznaurman nikoloz qorqaSvilman Sevwire sasakmevle ese wmindasa gelaTis eklesiis ekvders petresa da pavlesa saoxaT sulisa Cvenisa: Cyiv welsa~ (1816). 133 nivTi quTaisis muzeums 1926 wels gadasca g. boWoriZem (m. nikoleiSvili, quTaisis muzeumis epigrafikuli Zeglebi, gv. 51, #58). 134 T. sayvareliZe, XIIsaukunisqaTuliWedurixelovnebisistoriidan, Tbilisi, 1980, gv. 10, Sen. 11; G. Gagoshidze, Jerusalem in Medieval Georgian Art, Visual Constructs of Jerusalem, ed. by B. Kühnel, G. Noga-Banai, and H. Vorholt, Turnhout, Brepols, 2014, gv. 134. 135 T. sayvareliZe, XIIsaukunisqaTuliWedurixelovnebisistoriidan, gv. 10. 136 e. TayaiSvili, arxeologiuri mogzaurobani da SeniSvnani, w. II, tfilisi, 1914, gv. 177-178; l. beraia, samegreloSidaculi X-XIXsaukuneebisjvar-xatebiswarwerebi, Tbilisi-zugdidi, 2000, gv. 11. 137 Н. Кондаков, Д. Бакрадзе, Опись памятников древности в некоторых храмах и монастырях Грузии, С. -Петербург, 1890, gv. 117, sur. 57. 138 iqve, gv. 110, sur. 53.

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98) monastrebis sawinamZRvro jvrebi. caiSisa da jumaTis jvrebis bunebi (`sionebi~) asaxavs `Tavisufali jvris~ tipis nagebobebs oTxi mokle mklaviT, romlebsac zemodan naxevarwriuli moxazuloba aqvT. Semoqmedis jvarze amave tipis eklesiis modelis mklavebi orferda gadaxurviTaa dasrulebuli, rac maT metad amgvanebs qarTuli taZris arqiteqturul iers. jumaTisa da caiSis jvrebze sionis gumbaTis cilindruli yeli maRalia da danawevrebulia TaRovani sarkmlebiT, caiSis nimuSze sarkmlis alaTebic kia aRniSnuli, liTonis zedapiris CaCxvletviT. Semoqmedis jvris sionis gumbaTis yeli qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebisTvis uCveulod dabalia. sayuradReboa bizantiaSi saprocesio jvrebisTvis eklesiaTa formis gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi. sxvadasxva muzeumTa koleqciebSi gabneuli nimuSebi, romlebic X, XI-XII da XIV saukuneebiT TariRdeba139 , didad sxvaobs qarTuli gviani periodis magaliTebisagan. isini warmogvidgens gumbaTiani eklesiis gamWol modelebs. miCneulia, rom es modelebi ganasaxierebs ara mxolod sionsa da zeciur ierusalims, aramed uflis saflavis taZarsac140 . dasasruls, unda iTqvas werilobiTi monacemebis Sesaxebac. rodesac Sua saukuneebis qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebi axseneben ama Tu im eklesia-monastrisTvis Sewirul liturgikul nivTebs – sacecxlurebs, sasakmevleebs, sanawileebs da sxvas, maTSi verasodes vnaxavT am nivTTa vizualuri mxaris aRweras. teqstebi iZlevian informacias masalisa da raodenobis Sesaxeb, iSviaTad aseve zomis zogad Sefasebas – `didni~, `mcireni~. magaliTad, melqisedek kaTalikosis 1031-1033 wlebis anderZSi141 vkiTxulobT: `sacecxurni da sasakumevleni oqroÁsani a. da sxuani sacecxurni didni vecxlis(a)ni, sasakumevleni didni orni, orinive oqroÁTa curvebulni~. mxolod erTganaa naxsenebi sada sacecxluri, sasakmevle da sanawile: `da sadagni sacecxurni da sasakumevloni verxlisani didni a... sad(a)gni sanawileni b~. Tumca es cxadia ar gviqmnis warmodgenas melqisedekis mier Sewirul nivTTa formis Taobaze. igive SeiZleba iTqvas petriwonis monastris 1083 wlis tipikonSi CamoTvlil SewirulobebTan dakavSirebiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom xatTa aRwerisas aq cota meti konkretikaa (`sxuaÁ xati erTi... rvakedlovani. da sxuaÁ xati erTi qvisaÁ, equs-karedi, juarcumisaÁ. da sxuaÁ barZim-feSxuemi vecxlisaÁ, xatovani~142), roca saqme sacecxlur-sasakmevleebs exeba daxasiaTebebi kvlav Zalian zogadia: `sacecxurni vecxlisani samni. sasakumevle vecxlisaÁ erTi~143 . msgavsi viTarebaa am periodisa Tu gviani Sua saukuneebis sxva SewirulobebTan dakavSirebiTac. amdenad, Znelia werilobiTi wyaroebiT warmovidginoT Tu ra formis sacecxlur-sasakmevleebi da sanawilebi hqondaT Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi, iyo Tu ara maT Soris arqiteqturuli formis nivTebi. am sakiTxebze samsjelod erTaderT wyarod sxvadasxva muzeumTa sacavebSi gabneuli arqeologiuri masala rCeba.

139 J. A. Cotsonis, Byzantine Figural Processional Crosses, Washington, 1994, gv. 108-111, sur. 39-40; The Glory of Byzantium: Art and Culture of the Middle Byzantine Era, gv. 55-57; Architecture as Icon, Perception and Representation of Architecture in Byzantine Art, gv. 260-271. 140 The Glory of Byzantium: Art and Culture of the Middle Byzantine Era, gv. 56. 141 qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebi, IX-XIII ss., Seadgines da gamosacemad moamzades T. enuqiZem, v. silogavam, n. SoSiaSvilma, Tbilisi, 1984, gv. 22-31. 142 a. SaniZe, qarTvelTamonasteribulgareTSida misitipikoni, Tbilisi, 1971, gv. 118. 143 iqve, gv. 119.

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