3. qalaqebi da istoriuli nagebobebi

3. qalaqebi da istoriuli nagebobebi

„amwyalzed, mTaSiarsbana, awuwodebenfanaqs. aqarseklesiagunbaTianididi, Svenieradnagebi, keTil-Svenieradgils, aRaSenamefeadarnasem, dadaflul arianmefeni, ijdaepiskopozimwyemsifanaskertisadasruliadtaosi, olTisisadanarumakisadaawarscalieri“ (vaxuSti, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa).

`mcxeTasmefemanvaxtangaRaSenaeklesiamociqulTasveticxoveli daupyrasvetsaSinasamxriTadgilsamas, sada-igidacemuliyo eklesiaromelarssionididi~ (juanSeri, cxovreba vaxtang gorgaslisa).

qristianul xelovnebaSi istoriuli qalaqebisa da nagebobebis gamosaxulebani uadresi droidan Cndeba. wminda werilSi naxsenebi qalaqebis gamosaxvis sqema, erTgvari standarti, adreqristianuli xanidan Camoyalibda, dawyebuli venis genezisisa (rebekasa da eleazaris Sexvedra)420 da rosanos kodeqsidan (bzoba)421 . sazogadod, es aris marTkuTxa an samkuTxa moxazulobis qongurebiani da koSkebiani galavniT SemosazRvruli are, romelSic Caxatulia sxvadasxva zomis, formis da feris nagebobebi. xSirad rotondis formis gumbaTiani SenobebiT. qalaqis mniSvnelovan elements warmoadgens didi TaRovani karibWe. niSandoblivia, rom nagebobebis msgavsad, qalaqebi gamosaxulia `garedan~, galavnis mxridan, mciredi xediT karibWeSi da SenobaTa saxuravebi, kamarebi da gumbaTebi galavnis kedlebs zemoT.

VII saukunidan moyolebuli qalaqebs gamosaxaven rogorc cixe-simagres, an sasaxles, umetesad sagangebod aqcentirebuli eklesiis nagebobiT422 . erTi mniSvnelovani nimuSi aris saxelganTqmuli VI saukunis Sua xanis madabas (iordania) iatakis mozaika wminda miwis siwmindeTa topografiiT423 , faqtobrivad wminda miwis piligrimuli ruka, romelzec mniSvnelovani eklesia-monastrebis nagebobebic aris gamosaxuli (magaliTad, uflis saflavis eklesia da sxva); aseve SeiZleba dasaxeldes iordaniaSi VI saukunis wm. ioane naTlismcemlis monastris iatakis mozaika qalaq aleqsandriis gamosaxulebiT424 . kozma indikoplevestis kosmografiis xelnawerSi (X s.) wm. pavles moqcevis amsaxvel miniaturaze kompoziciis zeda kuTxeebSi gamosaxulia ori qalaqi – marcxniv ierusalimi, marjvniv ki damasko. cxadia, garkveul detalebSi gansxvaveba aris, Tumca principi erTnairia: koSkebiani da qongurebiani galavani didi karibWiT da mis SigniT sxvadasxva formis nagebobaTa simravle. rac mTavaria, Sefardeba figurebTan aris sruliad pirobiTi – qalaqebi

420 Architecture as Icon.., gv. 78, sur. 5; A. Grabar, L’Age d’or de Justinien, il. 223. 421 D. Talbot Rice, Art of Byzantine Era, il. 45; A. Grabar, L’Age d’or de Justinien, il. 228. 422 H. G. Saradi, Space in Byzantine Thought, gv. 82. 423 Architecture as Icon.., gv 80, il. 7. 424 iqve, gv. 80, il. 6.

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saTamaSoebs ufro gavs, vidre Sors, siRrmeSi ganlagebis gamo dapataravebul realuri qalaqebis xedebs425 . ufro sada da ganzogadebuli formis, Tumca igive principiT da igive SefardebiT figurebTan, gamosaxulia qalaqebi X saukunis iesu navelis gragnilis miniaturebSi426 . istoriuli qalaqebis saintereso da iSviaTi gamosaxulebaa iordaniaSi, um al-rasas wm. stefanes eklesiis iatakis mozaikis CarCoze, saxelwodebebis miTiTebiT (kesaria, gaza, eleftreopolisi, askaloni da sxva)427 , sakmaod pirobiTi sivrciTi struqturebis mxriv, Tumca bevri arqiteqturuli detaliT – svetebiani klasikuri portikebi, gumbaTebi, koSkebi, karibWeebi da sxva. santa maria majores V saukunis mozaikur dekorSi satriumfo TaRze qveda registrSi erT mxares, gamosaxulia qalaqi ierusalimi, meore mxares ki qalaqi beTlemi, rac warwerebiT dasturdeba. am SemTxvevaSi qalaqebs ufro didi godolis saxe aqvT da ara galavniT Semortymuli arealisa. amave taZarSi, Zveli aRTqmis ciklSi aris ieriqonis gamosaxuleba428 . kvlav koSkebiani galavnis saxiT. imave principiT aris gamosaxuli qalaqi damasko kompoziciaSi pavlesxilvadamaskosgzazeanda sodomi misi ganadgurebis Jams monreales XII saukunis bolo meoTxedis mozaikaSi429 . wina TavSi ukve vaxseneT konstantinopolis aia sofias samxreTi galereis karis timpanSi moTavsebuli sazeimo gamosaxuleba aRsaydrebuli RmrTismSoblis winaSe warmdgari imperatorebis – konstantinesa da iustinianesi, romlebic Tavis qmnilebebs miarTmeven mariams – konstantine qalaqs, iustiniane ki taZars430 . rogorc vxedavT, aq erT kompoziciaSi orive Temaa warmodgenili: istoriuli qalaqic da istoriuli nagebobac. taZari sakmaod msgavsad aris gamosaxuli, qalaqi konstantines xelSi ufro pirobiTia, ufro cixe-simagris models hgavs da ara dedaqalaqis gamosaxulebas. erTgvarad mogvagonebs varZiis moxatulobaSi Tamaris xelT arsebul taZars. sainteresoa konstantinopolis gamosaxulebani, romlebic mravlad aris darCenili ruminuli eklesiebis moxatulobebSi, gansakuTrebiT ki fasadebze (magaliTad, moldovicas taZris fasadze, XVI saukune431). aqac, cxadia, raime mimsgavsebis mcdelobaze arc aris saubari – qalaqi zogadad, gamosaxulia imis saCveneblad, Tu rogor gadaarCina is mariamis xatma432 . Tumca detalebi aq gacilebiT meti, vidre magaliTad, aia sofias mozaikaze.

425 I. Hutter, Early Christian and Byzantine Art, London, 1971, il. 118. 426 iqve, il. 130. 427 Architecture as Icon, gv. 81, il. 8; T. E. Eckersley, Putting Christians on the Map: Topographic Mosaics from Late Antique Jordan as Representations of Authority and Status (2016), Electronic Theses and Dissertations, Paper 2484, https: //doi. org/10. 18297/etd/2484, il. 375-399. 428 A. Grabar, L’Age d’or de Justinien, il. 160. 429 O. Demus, The Mosaics of Norman Sicily, il. 78, 104b. 430 R. Cormack, Byzantine Art, gv. 10-11; il. 5. 431 L. Shafran, Heaven on Earth, il. 311. 432 qalaqebis gamosaxvis TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa rusuli xati, romelzec sam registrad gamosaxulia novgorodelebis brZola suzdalelebTan. aqac mTavari Tema aris mariamis xatis saswaulebrivi mfarvelobiTi Zala, rogorc qalaq novgorodis mfarvelisa. gamosaxulia orive qalaqi, Tumca cxadia, Zalze pirobiTad: Architecture as icon, katalogi, il. 36.

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aranakleb interess iCendnen cnobili da qristianobis TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovani nagebobebis gamosaxvis mimarT. arc Tu didi xnis win taibat al-imamSi (siria) aRmoCenili iatakis mozaikebi amis mSvenieri magaliTia. 440-iani wlebiT daTariRebuli wm. martvilebis eklesiaSi aRmoCnda iatakis unikaluri mozaikebi im drois saxelganTqmuli nagebobebis sakmaod realisturi gamosaxulebebiT: ierusalimis da beTlemis eklesiebi, wm. simeon mesvetes eklesia, yalb lozes taZari da sxva, maT Soris saero nagebobebic433 . sagulisxmoa, rom am da msgavs mozaikebSi (magaliTad, wm. stefanes eklesia um al-rasaSi, iordania)434 nagebobebi ar aris CarTuli raime siuJetSi, arc arafris fonia, aramed damoukideblad, TavisTavadi mniSvnelobiT arian gamosaxulni, rac, udavod, romaul-elinisturi tradiciidan modis. ase rom, am qalaqebs, rogorc mniSvnelovani siwmindeebis Semcvelebs, TavisTavadi Rirebuleba aqvT miniWebuli. bunebrivia, bevri nimuSi asaxavs qalaq ierusalims, romelic qristianTaTvis wminda qalaqi iyo435 . istoriuli nagebobebis gamosaxvis sxva mravali nimuSi SeiZleba moviyvanoT: magaliTad, zemoTnaxsenebi qalaq beTlemis da qalaq ierusalimis gamosaxulebebi romis santa maria majores436 da ravenis san vitales taZrebis satriumfo TaRebze437 , igive ravenaSi san apolinare nuovos bazilikaSi Teodorixis sasaxle438 da qalaqis navsadguri – klasisi439; kievis wm. sofios taZris kibis koSkis kedlebze gamosaxuli konstantinopolis ipodromi440; san markos taZris fasadze gamosaxuli wm. markozis neStis gadmosveneba veneciaSi, sadac san markos taZris sakmaod mimsgavsebuli gamosaxulebaa441; Tesalonikis ulamazesi xedi wm. demetres XVI-XVII saukuneTa kretul xatze442 , qalaq novgorodis gamosaxuleba novgorodelTa da suzdalelTa brZolis amsaxvel XV saukunis cnobil novgorodul xatze443 da mravali sxva. qalaq aleqsandriis gamosaxuleba VI saukunis wm. ioane naTlismcemlis taZris iatakis mozaikaSi igive principiT aris warmodgenili: koSkebian-qongurebiani mravalwaxnaga, didkaribWiani galavani Sig Caxatuli nagebobebiT da mravalricxovani foTlovani xeebiT. sainteresoa karibWis gamosaxuleba – TaRSi Cans diagonalurad siRrmeSi mimavali quCa, svet

433 T. E. Eckersley, Putting Christians on the Map, il. 425-430. 434 iqve, il. 375-398. 435 iqve, il. 359-364. 436 J. Cage, Colour and Culture, London, 1993, il. 42. 437 R. Cormack, Byzantine Art, il. 32. 438 В. Лазарев, История византийской живописи, tab. 50. 439 A. Eastmond, The Glory of Byzantium and Early Christendom, gv. 61, il. 54. 440 iqve, gv. 171, il. 165. 441 iqve, gv. 253, il. 240. 442 Architecture as Icon, gv. 236, katalogi, tab. 34. 443 K. Weitzman, G. Alibegashvili, A. Volskaia, M. Chatzidakis, G. Babič, M. Alpatov, T. Voinescu, The Icon, London, 1982, gv. 275. cnobilia, rom Teofane berZenma didi Tavadis vladimir andreis Zis saxlSi moxata kedeli qalaq moskovis xediT; qalaqis gamosaxulebiT Seamko wm. miqaelis eklesiac; epifane brZenis TxovniT ki zepirad, mexsierebiT dauxata konstantinopolis aia sofias taZari, Tanac sakmaod zustad. (М. Алпатов, Феофан Грек, Москва, 1979. gv. 113).

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nariT da TaRze Sekiduli didi lampioniT444 . karibWis aseTi `Sid-xedebi~ sxva gamosaxulebebzec aris, magaliTad, romis santa maria majores taZris satriumfo TaRze qalaq ierusalimis gamosaxulebaSi445 . qalaqis CarCoSi Casmuli gamosaxuleba yasr libias (Zveli Teodoria, libia) bazilikis iatakis VI saukunis mozaikaze446 faqtobrivad aris suraTi, iseve, rogorc siriuli iatakis mozaikebi taibat al-imamSi447; zogjer ki mTeli kunZuli gamoisaxeba rogorc erTi qalaqi (XVIII saukunis xati wm. spiridonissaswaulikunZulkorfuze448). istoriuli nagebobis erTgvari nimuSia konstantinopolis mociqulTa eklesiis saxe iakob kokinobaTosis homiliebis XII saukunis bizantiuri xelnaweris miniaturaze amaRlebis gamosaxulebiT449 . istoriuli qalaqebis Tu nagebobebis gamosaxvis mxriv bizantiur xelovnebaSi gamorCeuli nawarmoebia ioane skilicas qronikebis dasuraTeba, romelic Zalian mdidar masalas iZleva am TemasTan dakavSirebiT450 . am Temis sailustraciod zRva masalis moyvana SeiZleba451 . am SemTxvevaSi ki sainteresoa TviT es survili istoriuli qalaqebis da cnobili nagebobebis gamosaxulebebis Seqmnisa da maTi gamosaxvis sakmaod mravalgvari mxatvruli midgomebi: Zalian sqematur-pirobiTidan sakmaod detalizebul-zustamde. zogjer e. w. Synecdoches meTodsac mimarTavdnen, roca raime obieqti – qalaqi Tu nageboba, mxolod erTi raime Tavisi nawilis saxiT gamoisaxeboda (magaliTad, karibWe), rac sakmarisi iyo mis amosacnobad452 .

Sua saukuneebis qarTul xelovnebaSi mxolod calkeuli nagebobis damoukidebeli suraTis gamosaxvis magaliTebi CemTvis ucnobia. daxatuli nagebobebi umetesad swored raime ambis `gmirebi da monawileebi~ arian. unda aRiniSnos, rom istoriuli Sinaarsis scenebSi,

444 Architecture as Icon, gv. 80, il. 6. 445 J. Cage, Colour and Culture, il. 42. 446 Architecture as Icon, gv. 82, il. 9. 447 T. E. Eckersley, Putting Christians on the Map, il. 425-426. 448 Architecture as Icon, katalogi, tab. 31. 449 R. Cormack, Byzantine Art, gv. 162, il. 87. Tumca arsebobs mosazreba, rom am miniaturaze zeciuri ierusalimi aris gamosaxuli: A. Lidov, Heavenly Jerusalem. Byzantine Approach, gv. 351. 450 V. Tsamakda, The Illustrated Chronicle of Ioannes Skilitzes in Madrid, Leiden, 2002; A. Eastmond, The Glory of Byzantium and Early Christendom, gv. 222. 451 gvian Sua saukuneebSi, kerZod XVIII saukuneSi Seiqmna piligrimTaTvis gankuTvnili sasuveniro nawarmis axali saxeoba e. w. proskinetariebi. es aris sakmaod didi zomis tiloze zeTis saRebaviT Sesrulebuli palestinis wminda adgilebis gamosaxulebebi, msgavsad VI saukunis madabis taZris iatakis mozaikisa. proskinetariebis warmoeba ZiriTadad XVIII da XIX saukuneebSi xdeboda. Cveni TemisTvis sainteresoa, rom aq gamoisaxeboda bibliuri da axali aRTqmiseuli movlenebis amsaxveli suraTebi da is nagebobebi, romlebic am droisTvis idga wminda adgilebSi. gamosaxulebebs mravali ganmartebiTi warwera axlda. XIX saukuneSi gamosaxulebaTa topografiuli xasiaTi Seicvala hagiografiuliT, anu swored siuJeturma saxeebma daikaves ZiriTadi nawili. rogorc wesi, proskinetariis centrSi uflis saflavis taZari gamoisaxeboda, rogorc eqsterieri, aseve nawilobriv interieric da am droisTvis naTlad SeiniSneba dasavleT evropuli xelovnebis gavlena arqiteqturuli nagebobebis gamosaxvis xasiaTsa da principebze (M. Immerzeel, Souvenirs of the Holy Land: The Production of Proskynetaia in Jerusalem, in: Visual Constructs of Jerusalem, gv. 463-470; M. Nagy, Proskynetaria as Devotional Objects and Preservers of Ethnic Identity, in: Visual Constructs of Jerusalem, gv. 471-478). 452 M. C. Carile, Imperial Palaces and Heavenly Jerusalems, gv. 89.

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sadac xuroTmoZRvreba ubralo fons ki ar warmoadgens, aramed mxatvruladac da Sinaarsobrivadac sakmaod mniSvnelovani adgili eniWeba, igi faqtobrivad protogonistis tolfasia, arqiteqturuli nageboba gacilebiT meti sizustiT gamoisaxeba, vidre es qtitorTa gamosaxulebebis SemTxvevaSia. qarTul kedlis mxatvrobaSi istoriuli nagebobebis gamosaxvis ramdenime nimuSi gvaqvs. maT Soris yvelaze saxelganTqmuli da mniSvnelovania banas taZris 1036 wlis gamosaxuleba oSkis taZris samxreT afsidSi (sur. 68). taZris gamosaxulebas Tan axlavs asomTavruliT Sesrulebuli ganmartebiTi warwera `banasa eklesia dam... ~453 , romelic nagebobis identifikaciaSi eWvs ar stovebs, Tanac gamosaxuleba sakmaod zustad asaxavs realuri taZris saxasiaTo arqiteqturul struqturas, elementebs da detalebs454 . rogorc Cans, aq sxva eklesiaTa gamosaxulebebic iyo, Tumca axla Znelia imis mtkiceba, Tu romeli taZari iyo gamosaxuli. savaraudod, mesame eklesia aseve taos cnobili religiuri centri unda yofiliyo – igive oSki, iSxani, parxali an xaxuli. axla ukve mxolod hipoTezebis wamoyeneba aris SesaZlebeli. maT dasamtkiceblad udavod didad damxmare iqneboda TviT am scenis Sinaarsi, Tumca arc misi identifikacia aris ioli. mkvlevarTa umetesoba iziarebs im varauds, rom aq gamosaxulia mefe bagrat IV-is mefed kurTxeva (1027 weli) an bizantiel ufliswul elenesTan misi qorwineba455 , romelic, rogorc cnobilia, swored banas taZarSi Sedga 1032 wels456 . gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom swored am qorwilTan dakavSirebiT gamogzavna imperatorma roman argirosma qarTlSi uZvirfasesi siwmindeebi, maT Soris uflis samsWvali. es ki erTgvarad exmianeba am scenis vis a vis, amave afsidis aRmosavleT nawilSi gamosaxul jvarcmas. m. bulia swored am siwmindeebis Camotanas da banaSi ganTavsebas miiCnevs warmodgenili scenis ZiriTad Sinaarsad da aq gamosaxul adamianTa simravles – siwmindeTa Tayvaniscemis ritualis gamosaxulebad457 . miuxedavad mecnierebaSi arsebuli banas taZris rekonstruqciaTa simravlisa458 , misi wriuloba, `rotonduloba~ eWvs ar iwvevs da cxadia, samsWvalis aq daunjeba ganamtkicebs misi, rogorc uflis saflavis gansaxierebis Rirsebas.

453 v. jobaZe, adreuli Sua saukuneebis qarTuli monastrebi istoriul taoSi, klarjeTsa da SavSeTSi, Tbilisi, 2007, gv. 162; W. Djobadze, Four Deisis Themes in the Church of Oski, Oriens Christianus, Bd. 72, 1988, gv. 180; N. Thierry, Peinture Historiques d’Osk’i (T’ao), Revue des Etudes géorgiannes et caucasiennes, 2, 1986, gv. 137, 146-148, il. 4; r. mefisaSvili, d. TumaniSvili, banas taZari, Seswavlisa da rekonstruqciis sakiTxebi, Tbilisi, 1989, gv. 5-37; z. sxirtlaZe, eklesia-monasterTa gamosaxulebebi qarTul saxviT xelovnebaSi. oSki, xelovneba, #1-2, 1992, gv. 13. 454 banas taZris xuroTmoZRvrebis Seswavlis istoria, iseve rogorc misi rekonstruqciis sxvadasxva versiebi, dawvrilebiT aris mocemuli wignSi: r. mefisaSvili, d. TumaniSvili, banas taZari, Tbilisi, 1989, gv. 27-37. aqve mocemulia avtorebis mier SemoTavazebuli rekonstruqcia da am unikaluri taZris xuroTmoZRvrebis analizi. garda amisa, ganxilulia oSkis mxatvrobaSi arsebuli gamosaxuleba, romelic Sedarebulia taZris amJamindel mdgomareobasTan da savaraudo rekonstruqciebTanac (iqve, gv. 35-37). 455 N. Thierry, Peinture Historiques d’Osk’i, gv. 144; W. Djobadze, Four Deisis Themes in the Church of Oski, gv. 182; e. privalova, zogi ram tao-klarjeTis moxatulobebis Sesaxeb, gv. 325. 456 qarTliscxovreba, s. yauxCiSvilis redaqciiT, t. I, Tbilisi, 1955, gv. 294-295. 457 m. bulia, Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi wminda nawilebis Tayvaniscemis zogi Taviseburebis Sesaxeb, saqarTvelossiZveleni, 21, 2018, gv. 163-169. 458 r. mefisaSvili, d. TumaniSvili, banastaZari, gv. 31, 35-37.

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saero pirTa ramdenime jgufis gamosaxva am scenaSi erTgvarad gvagonebs studenicas taZris narTeqsis XIII saukunis damdegis moxatulobas, sadac adamianebis TiTqmis msgavsad ganlagebuli jgufebi eswrebian wm. stefan nemanias neStis gadmosvenebis rituals hilandaridan studenicas monasterSi459 . SesaZloa, `damswre sazogadoebis~ amgvar jgufebad gamosaxva gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani istoriuli movlenebis asaxvisas erTgvari toposiiyo Sua saukuneebis mxatvrobaSi.

Tumca isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom oSkSi mxolod banas taZari rodi iyo gamosaxuli, aramed minimum kidev ori nageboba mis orsav mxares. an SesaZloa kidev metic – saqarTvelos sina? ase rom es CvenTvis amoucnobi ambavi, romelic aq esoden sazeimod da uCveulod aris warmodgenili, ramdenime taZars exeba, ramdenime monasters moicavs. gasaTvaliswinebelia ikonografiuli konteqstic – e. w. vedrebis gverdiT, jvarcmis pirispir, rac imperatoris mier ZRvnad gamogzavnili samsWvalis Temasac ukavSirdeba460 . Semdgomma kvlevebma, maT Soris freskebis Seswavlam axali teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT, SesaZloa naTeli mohfinos am `saidumloebiT~ mocul ambavs, magram amjerad interesis sagania daxatuli taZris msgavseba-mimarTeba realurad arsebul banas kaTedralTan. msgavseba marTlac sakmaod didia, Tumca arc Tu `fotografiulad~ zusti (sur. 69). samwuxarod, am Sedarebas xels uSlis rogorc taZris Zlier dazianebuli mdgomareoba amJamad da maSinac, roca XIX saukuneSi pirveli Canaxatebi, aRwerebi da anazomebi gakeTda461 , aseve TviT freskis dazianebulobac – aq taZris nagebobis mxolod qveda naxevari Cans. amitom Znelia dabejiTebiT msjeloba gamosaxulebis da originalis msgavsebis xarisxze. darCenil fragmentebze garkveuli gansxvaveba SeiniSneba, rac albaT TviT mxatvris warmosaxvis Sedegia (magaliTad, freskaze nagebobis qveda nawilze gamosaxuli TaRedis ganlageba ar Seesatyviseba amJamad realurad arsebuls462). meore mxriv, sakmaod zustad aris gamosaxuli samxreTi karibWe. samwuxarod, msgavsebis es xarisxi ar aris sakmarisi freskis monacemebis upirobod gamoyenebisTvis banas taZris Tavdapirveli saxis aRdgenisTvis. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom taZris agebidan VII saukuneSi oSkis moxatulobis Seqmnamde 1036 wels da Semdgom, Cvens dromde ramdenime saukunem ganvlo da axla Zneli saTqmelia, am drois manZilze, ra gadakeTebebi ganicada taZarma da Sesabamisad, Znelia SevamowmoT, ramdenad hgavs taZris XI saukunis ferweruli gamosaxuleba imas, rac mxatvris Tvalwin iyo. banas taZris gamosaxuleba bevr sakiTxs wamoWris, magram Cveni TemisTvis sainteresoa TviT faqti istoriuli nagebobis esoden zedmiwevniTi da sazeimo gamosaxvisa. rogorc Cans, qtitorul gamosaxulebebTan SedarebiT istoriul scenebSi nagebobebi meti sizustiT da detalurad gamoixateboda, rasac, cxadia ganapirobebda rogorc maTi mniSvneloba, aseve gamosaxulebaTa masStabi463 .

459 S. Ćirković, V. Korać, G. Babić, Le Monastère de Studenica, Belgrade, 1986, il. 72-73. 460 m. didebuliZe, Sua saukuneebis qarTuli kedlis mxatvrobis Zeglebi tao-klarjeTSi, gv. 94. 461 r. mefisaSvili, d. TumaniSvili, banas taZari, gv. 5-27; z. sxirtlaZe, eklesia-monasterTa gamosaxulebebi qarTul xelovnebaSi. oSki, gv. 16-20. 462 r. mefisaSvili, d. TumaniSvili, banastaZari, gv. 35-37. 463 A. Stojakovic, Les représentations d’édifices réels.., gv. 226.

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sul cota xnis win oSkis taZris sadiakvnes X saukunis mxatvrobaSi mikvleul iqna kidev erTi Zalian saintereso gamosaxuleba, romelic adre mkvlevarebs (maT Soris mec) ar SeuniSnavT. es aris feriscvalebis dazianebuli da fragmentirebuli kompozicia sadiakvnis kamaraze gamosaxuli xarebis scenis qveS. kompoziciis ikonografia TavisTavad sakmaod ucnauria, radgan warmodgenilia arqiteqturis fonze, romelic samkuTxa texili karnizebiT Zalian hgavs oSkis samxreT galereas. mis gagrZelebaze, TiTqmis qristes da moses figurebis zomis nagebobis gamosaxulebaa, aseve fragmentuli, Tumca rac Cans, gvaocebs detalebis simravliT da TviT oSkis gumbaTTan msgavsebiT464 . udavoa, rom aq, iseve rogorc samxreT afsidSi, CvenTvis jerjerobiTY ucnobi istoriuli ambavi aris gamosaxuli, ambavi, romelic albaT oSkTan dakavSirebul mdidar istoriaSi unda iZebnebodes. istoriul nagebobaTa jgufis gamosaxvis kidev erTi saintereso da aseve saidumloebiT moculi nimuSi SemorCenilia samSvildeSi, wm. Tevdores taZris dasavleT da CrdiloeT kedlebze465 . aq sami didi zomis gumbaTiani nagebobaa gamosaxuli, TiTqos gadabmuli erTmaneTze, erTian ansamblad Sekruli– iqneb samSvildis kompleqsi? dasavleTi karis orsav mxares saero pirTa figurebia: erTi figura karis samxreTiT da ori – CrdiloeTiT. garda amisa qtitoris figura gamosaxulia karis samxreT wirTxlSic, darbazuli eklesiiT xelSi. am kedlis qveda registris Crdilo nawilSi, uSualod qtitorTa portretebis gagrZelebaze gamosaxulia didi zomis ori gumbaTiani taZari da maTTan gadabmuli, aseTive zomis mesame gumbaTiani eklesia CrdiloeTi kedlis momijnave monakveTze. moxatuloba Zlier dazianebulia. sainteresoa, Tu ra iyo gamosaxuli CrdiloeT kedelze am nagebobaTa gaswvriv. aq SemorCenili warwerebis mixedviT dgindeba dro – XII saukunis pirveli meoTxedi da ramdenime saxeli. miuxedavad gansxvavebisa warweraTa fragmentebis interpretaciaSi, saerTo azria, rom es samSeneblo warwerebi ekuTvnis vinme erisTavT erisTavsa da mis meuRles darejans, romlebsac daviT aRmaSeneblis mefobis dros augiaT wm. Tevdores eklesia da SeuwiravT misTvis mamuli466 . rogorc vxedavT, sakmaod iSviaTi da uCveulo gamosaxulebaa. yuradRebas iqcevs qtitorebis simravlec. sainteresoa, rom realuri eklesiis Sesatyvisi darbazuli eklesia karis wirTxlSi gamosaxul figuras uWiravs – es misi samSeneblo Rvawlia. didi zomis gumbaTiani taZrebis jgufi ki sxva Sinaarsisaa – aq garkveuli Locus Sancta aris gamosaxuli. yvelaze martivi axsnaa, rom aq samSvildis kompleqsia, Tumca amdeni gumbaTuri eklesia aq TiTqos ar dasturdeba. eklesiebis sakmaod niSandoblivi detalebic aris gamosaxuli – sarkmlebi, Sesasvlelebi, gumbaTebis da mklavebis gadaxurvis feri, egvterebi, karibWe wvrili svetebiT, mklavebis frontonebi da sxva. es nagebobebi TiTqmis figurebis zomisaa (3 m. simaRlis!)467 , sruliad gansxvavebulni qtitoris xelSi gamosaxuli mcire zomis eklesiisgan.

464 n. CakvetaZe, ucnobi saqtitoro gamosaxuleba xaxulis sakaTedro taZarSi, gv. 273, SeniSvna 43, sur. 19-23. 465 z. sxirtlaZe, eklesia-monasterTa gamosaxulebebi Sua saukuneebis qarTul saxviT xelovnebaSi. samSvilde, akad. s. janaSiassax. saqarTvelossaxelmwifomuzeumismoambe, XXXIX-B, 1987, gv. 53-57. 466 iqve, gv. 54. 467 iqve, gv. 53.

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vinaidan samSeneblo warwerebSi daviT aRmaSenebelia naxsenebi, sakmaod macduneblad Cans aq gelaTis monastris gamosaxulebis daSveba, miTumetes rom amdeni gumbaTiani eklesia gelaTSi ufro iyo, vidre samSvildeSi. Tumca isic unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom gelaTis taZrebi Tanadrouli ar aris (wm. giorgis eklesia XIII saukuniT TariRdeba). asea Tu ise, faqtia, rom aq raRac mniSvnelovani saeklesio an samonastro centria warmodgenili, romelic imsaxurebda amgvar masStabur gamosaxvas. hipoTezis saxiT SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom aq wminda miwis, uflis saflavis gamosaxulebaa? an sulac mcxeTa, wminda qalaqi, meore ierusalimi? es sakiTxi, etyoba, jerac gaurkveveli da saidumloebiT moculi rCeba, Tumca aranakleb mniSvnelovnad mimaCnia is faqti, rom Tundac CvenTvis ucnobi, magram udavod mniSvnelovani arqiteqturuli ansambli esoden masStaburad, monumenturad, STambeWdavad iqna gamosaxuli darbazuli eklesiis kedlebze, sakmaod bevri detalebiT da damaxasiaTebeli niSnebiT. es uflebas gvaZlevs davuSvaT, rom istoriuli nagebobebis gamosaxva, rogorc gamosaxuli ambis `gmirisa~, ar iyo ucxo Sua saukuneebis qarTuli xelovnebisTvis. sul sxva xasiaTisaaYoTxTa eklesiis (X saukunis bolo meoTxedi) aRmosavleT sarkmlis TaRSi warmodgenili sakuTriv am bazilikis gamosaxuleba, romelic sionad saxeldebul gvirgvinosan qals marcxena, daburvili xeliT ukavia, marjvenaTi odnav exeba nagebobas, TiTqos masze miuTiTebs468 . es gamosaxuleba istoriul SenobaTa jgufs SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT, radgan daxatuli nageboba TiTqmis zustad imeorebs oTxTa eklesiis arqiteqturul saxes da formebs (sur. 70), Tumca mTliani kompoziciis Sinaarsi sxvaa. am SemTxvevaSi gamosaxulebis klasifikacia cota Zneldeba – es istoriuli nagebobis gamosaxulebaa Tu qtitoruli portretis tipis kompozicia, Tu sulac eklesiis gansaxierebaa: sionis – deda yovelTa eklesiaTa – simboluri saxe da Sesabamisad, zeciuri ierusalimis vizualizacia. rogorc SesavalSi aRiniSna, daxatuli arqiteqturis nimuSebis mkacri gamijvna jgufebad cota xelovnuria. am SemTxvevaSic, oTxTa eklesiis aRmosavleTi sarkmlis TaRSi arse

468 samecniero literaturaSi am figuris warweris wakiTxvisa da identifikaciis Taobaze ramdenime mosazreba gamoiTqva: e. TayaiSvils miaCnda, rom es aris qtitoris gamosaxuleba (Е. Такайшвили, Археологическая экспедиция 1917-го года в южные провинции Грузии, Тбилиси, 1952, gv. 85). am azrs iziarebs S. amiranaSvili (Ш. Амиранашвили, История грузинской монументальной живописи, gv. 104). n. tieri Tvlida, rom aq gamosaxulia dedofali nana (N. et M. Thierry, Peintures du Xe siècle en Géorgie méridionale et leurs rapports avec la peinture byzantine d’Asie Mineure, Cahiers Archéologiques, XXIV, 1975, gv. 78), Tumca mere Tavadac gamoTqva eWvi amgvari interpretaciis Taobaze. n. aleqsiZe kiTxulobda `sofios~ (n. aleqsiZe, oTxTa eklesiis moxatulobis Teologiuri safuZvlebi, literatura da xelovneba, #4, 1991, gv. 105). ufro adre es wakiTxva SemogvTavaza virsalaZem (T. virsalaZe, wminda sofios gamosaxuleba oTxTa eklesiis moxatulobaSi, 26-e samecniero konferencia, miZRvnili g. CubinaSvilis 100 wlisadmi, Tezisebi, Tbilisi, 1981, gv. 26), Tumca bolo publikaciaSi adasturebs warweras `sioni~ (T. virsalaZe, qarTuli mxatvrobisistoriidan, gv. 29). v. jobaZem (W. Djobadze, EarlyMedievalGeorgianMonasteriesinHistoricTao,Klardjeti and Šavšeti, Stuttgart, 1992, gv. 167), e. privalovam (e. privalova, zogi ram tao-klarjeTis moxatulobebis Sesaxeb, gv. 320) da z. sxirtlaZem (Z. Skhirtladze, The Mother of All the Churches. Remarks on the Iconographic Programm of the Apse Decoration of Dort Kilisse, Cahiers Archéologique, XLIII, 1995, gv. 103) warweraSi amoikiTxes `sioni~, rac, rogorc Cans, yvelaze swori wakiTxvaa (m. didebuliZe, Sua saukuneebis qarTuli kedlis mxatvrobis Zeglebi tao-klarjeTSi, gv. 36-37).

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buli gamosaxuleba erTi mxriv, qtitorTa gamosaxulebebs emsgavseba, igive sqemas iyenebs. aki e. TayaiSvilic469 da n. tieric470 miiCnevdnen mas qtitoris figurad, kerZod ki dedofal nanas portretad. magram es ar aris qtitoruli portreti, radgan aq gamosaxuli mandilosani ar aris konkretuli istoriuli piri. igi, rogorc warwera gvamcnobs, ganasaxierebs sions – dedas yovelTa eklesiaTa da, aqedan gamomdinare, qristianuli eklesiis personifikaciacaa. mas gvirgvini adgas, romelsac nagebobis, kerZod ki bazilikis forma aqvs, rac kidev ufro aRrmavebs mis msgavsebas eklesiis personifikaciasTan471 . amave dros mas xelT upyria udavod oTxTa eklesiis, rogorc istoriuli nagebobis, sakmaod zusti gamosaxuleba, Crdilo-aRmosavleTi kuTxiT danaxuli472 . Tumca, mxatvari amcirebs TaRebis raodenobas gverdiT fasadze, magram inarCunebs mniSvnelovan niSans: aRmosavleT fasadze Svidi TaRia da Sua TaRi sxvebze maRalia. garda amisa, aRmosavleT fasadze TaRedi frontonis umaRles wertilamde adis, anu am fasadis gadakeTebamde aris daxatuli473 . mocemuli naSromis ZiriTadi mizandasaxulobis gaTvaliswinebiT sainteresoa ramdenad zustad aris gamosaxuli realuri taZari daxatul versiaSi. SesavalSi iTqva, rom miuxedavad Zlieri survilisa da mondomebisa, nagebobis (miTumetes didi taZris) mcire zomis gamosaxuleba yvela detals da yvela elements ver asaxavs, ise rogorc es SeuZlia, magaliTad, fotos. es Tavidanve naTelia. magram am `miaxloebiTobis~ farglebSic aris gansxvaveba midgomebis TvalsazrisiT. oTxTas gamosaxulebis ostatma scada am istoriuli nagebobis maqsimalurad zusti asaxuloba Seeqmna. damkveTis surviliT, es taZari zeciuri ierusalimis – sionis gamosaxuleba unda gamxdariyo (pavle, ebr. mimarT, 12: 22-23; gamocxadeba, 14: 1). amave dros, ikveTeba kavSiri RvTaebrivi sibrZnis – sofias ideasTan474 . yvelaze metad am aluzias ganapirobebs patiosani TvlebiT Semkuli jvari mandilosnis odesRac oqroTi daferil Saravandze, rac yovelgvari eWvis gareSe samebis meore pirs, ieso qristes mianiSnebs475 . wm. sofiasTan sionis personifikaciis gaigiveba mWidrod ukavSirdeba solomonis igavs `sibrZnem iSena Tavisa Tvisisa saxli da queSe Seudga mas Svidni suetni da ubrZana TvisTa monaTa ganumzadon tablai sibrZnis moyuareTa~ (igavebi, IX, 5), qarTul xelovnebaSi sakuTriv solomonis igavis pirdapiri ilustraciebi iSviaTia, aris gviani drois mxatvrobaSi: zarzmaSi, sakurTxevlis Bbemis CrdiloeT kedelze (XIV s.) da ierusalimis jvris monasterSi, samxreT-aRmosavleTi burjis dasavleT waxnagze (XVII s.)476 .

469 Е. Такайшвили, Археологическая экспедиция 1917-го года, gv. 85. 470 N. et M. Thierry, Peintures du Xe siècle en Géorgie méridionale, gv. 78. 471 z. sxirtlaZe, oTxTaeklesiisfreskebi, gv. 122-139. 472 v. jobaZe, adreuliSuasaukuneebisqarTulimonastrebi, gv. 190-191. 473 e. privalova, zogi ram tao-klarjeTis moxatulobebis Sesaxeb, gv. 220-221. 474 T. virsalaZe, qarTuli mxatvrobis istoriidan, gv. 29-36; T. mgalobliSvili, axaliierusalimebi saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 2013, gv. 60-88; n. aleqsiZe, oTxTa eklesiis moxatulobis Teologiuri safuZvlebi, gv. 103-122. 475 z. sxirtlaZe, oTxTaeklesiisfreskebi, gv. 65. 476 Т. Вирсаладзе, Роспись Иерусалимского Крестного Монастыря, gv. 15, tab. XIX.

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cnobilia, rom wm. sofio aris samebis meore piris saxe (jvruli Saravandi); amave dros misi `Tvisebaa~477 . xolo mis mier agebuli saxli – eklesiaa, RmrTismSobeli mariami, mis mier gaSlili tabla ki eklesiis umTavres saidumloze – evqaristiaze mianiSnebs, romlis gareSe SeuZlebelia zecaTa sasufevlis anu zeciuri ierusalimis miRweva. misi Svidi boZi – Svidi saTnoeba, Svidi netareba, suli wmindisa Svidi madli, Svidi msoflio saeklesio kreba. oTxTa eklesiis nimuSi ar aris am igavis teqstis uSualo dasuraTeba, Tumca aq gamosaxuli qalis figura, romelic ganisazRvreba warweriT rogorc sioni (deda eklesia), dedoflis samosiT, jvruli SaravandiT da bazilikuri gvirgviniT Tavze, amavdroulad wm. sofios – uflis sibrZnis gansaxierebac aris da mis xelT Senoba swored is `saxlia~, romelic eklesias warmoadgens. wminda sofio, sibrZne uflisa, swored arqiteqturasTan asocirdeba, anu taZarTan. sofias saxli – es zeciuri taZaria, zeciuri ierusalimi. wm. sofias xSirad gamosaxavdnen qristes ikonografiiT, samebis meore piris saxiT, romelic aris uJamo logosi, romlis Tvisebaa sibrZne478 . es urTierTgamsWvalavi sazrisebi qristianuli xelovnebis polisemantikuri bunebis kidev erTi dasturia, magram am SemTxvevaSi warmodgenili kvlevis interesis sagani realurad arsebuli istoriuli nagebobis gamosaxvis koncefcia da mxatvruli midgomaa. oSkSi daxatul banasa da igive samSvildis nimuSisgan gansxvavebiT, oTxTa eklesiis aRmosavleT sarkmelSi daxatuli taZari ar aris didi zomis, figuris mklavze Tavisuflad aris ganTavsebuli. es udavod oTxTa eklesiis bazilikis gamosaxulebaa da, amavdroulad, zogadad sionis eklesiis saxea, romelic umetesad swored bazilikis formiT xatavdnen xolme479 . anu kvlav vxedavT urTierTgamsWvalav sazrisebs – sioni xom RmrTismSobeli mariamis saxea, amavdroulad zeciuri ierusalimia480 . bizantieli himnografi kozma maiumeli sibrZnis mier aSenebul saxls swored RmrTismSoblis xatad xedavs481 . niSandoblivia, rom eklesiis personifikaciebi, romelic qarTuli Sua saukuneebis xelovnebaSi moipoveba, umetesad CarTulia jvarcmis kompoziciebSi (sabereebis #7 eklesiis kedlis mxatvroba, jvarcmis xati macxvariSidan, jruWis meore oTxTavis miniatura da sxva). calke, damoukidebel saxed igi ar gvxvdeba ise, rogorc es aris dasavlur evropul xelovnebaSi482 . meore mxriv, timoTesubanSi gvaqvs wminda dedis gamosaxuleba jvriT xelSi, romelsac aqvs warwera `sufia~, mis pirispir, kamaris mopirdapire kalTaze aris misi sami Svilis nax

477 T. virsalaZe, qarTulimxatvrobisistoriidan, gv. 29. 478 A. Grabar, Iconographie de la Sagesse Divine et La Vierge, Cahiers Archéologique, VIII, 1956, gv. 254-258; XVI-XVII saukuneTa rusul xatebze wm. sofia vedrebis kompoziciaSi qristes figuras Caanacvlebs da amiT maT identurobaze keTdeba aqcenti. uSualod solomonis igavis sailustracio rusul xatebSi Svid svetze dayrdnobili kiboriumis an gumbaTis qveS (eklesia) RmrTismSobeli aris gamosaxuli sofias adgilas. 479 z. sxirtlaZe, oTxTaeklesiisfreskebi, gv. 122-154. 480 T. mgalobliSvili, axaliierusalimebisaqarTveloSi, gv. 66-68. 481 J. Meyendorff, L’iconographie de Sagesse Divine dans la tradition byzantine, Cahiers Archéologique, X, 1959, gv. 262-264. 482 z. sxirtlaZe, oTxTaeklesiisfreskebi, gv. 125-129, 136-137.

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evarfigurebi: pisti, elpi, aRapi483 . es unikaluri gamosaxulebaa qarTul xelovnebaSi. oTxTas medalionis gamosaxuleba ki sul sxva Sinaarsisaa. aseve sagulisxmoa daxatuli taZris forma – bazilika, rac oTxTa eklesiis SemTxvevaSi zustad esadageba realuri nagebobis tips da eWvs gareSea, rom mxatvari Segnebulad asaxavda am realobas. magram axla vnaxoT sionis/sofias gamosaxuleba iSxnis taZarSi CrdiloeTi mklavis sarkmlis TaRSi. aqac sofia-sionis (eklesiis personifikaciis) xelT kvlav bazilikis formis taZaria, Tumca iSxnis taZari jvar-gumbaTur tips ganekuTvneba. am SemTxvevaSi, rogorc Cans, mxatvris mizani aris ara realuri taZris asaxva, aramed sionis personifikaciis sakadrisi arqiteqturuli tipis SerCeva – bazilika484 . marTlac, sxvadasxva drois, qveynis da dargis namuSevrebSi, romlebic eklesiis personifikacias asaxaven, swored bazilikuri tipi aris prioritetulad miCneuli – deda yovelTa eklesiisa aris bazilikis tipis nageboba485 , radgan sionis mTaze ierusalimSi IV saukuneSi swored bazilika iqna agebuli. oTxTas taZris aRmosavleTi sarkmlis TaRSi, siuxvis rqebis ulamazesi ornamentebiT Semkul medalionSi Caxatuli mdidrul samefo samosSi gamowyobili, bazilikis formis gvirgviniT Semkuli wm. dedis saxe mraval sazriss da Sinaarss moicavs Tavis TavSi, urTierTgamsWvalav da urTierTdakavSirebuls. warweris mixedviT, es aris sioni – zeciuri ierusalimi, amavdroulad Zveli aRTqmiseuli solomonis taZari, jvruli oqros Saravandi ki mas wm. sofios – uflis sibrZnesTan aigivebs, rac kvlav eklesiis – miwieris da zeciuris ideas aZlierebs da Tanac erTdroulad mariamis da macxovris cnebebic Semoaqvs. es eklesiis Temaze Seqmnili mTeli ferweruli sagalobelia, rasac exmianeba da ganamtkicebs amave sarkmlis wirTxlebSi gamosaxuli winaswarmetyvel melqisedekisa (evqaristiuli xonCiT xelSi taZris kretsabmelis fonze) da moses (sinas mTaze rjulis ficrebis miRebisas) figurebi, rac swored sayovelTao eklesiis cnebas gamoxatavs (kanoni da liturgia)486 . oTxTa eklesiis aRmosavleTi sarkmlis gamosaxulebis interpretacias ramdenime Zalian mniSvnelovani naSromi mieZRvna487 da momavalSic uTuod iqneba msjelobis sagani. am SemTxvevaSi ki yuradReba gamaxvilda mxolod erT mis aspeqtze – xuroTmoZRvrul aluziebze da realuri taZris mxatvrul interpretaciaze. es aris nimuSi im evristikuli midgomebisa, razec SesavalSic iyo saubari488 . saxviT xelovnebaSi istoriuli nagebobebis gamosaxvis TvalsazrisiT sagangebo yuradRebis Rirsia mcxeTis kaTedralSi, cxoveli svetis salxinoblis aRmosavleT waxnag

483 Е. Привалова, Роспись Тимотесубани, gv. 100, tab. XLLVIII. 484 T. virsalaZe, qarTulimxatvrobisistoriidan, gv. 29. 485 z. sxirtlaZe, oTxTaeklesiisfreskebi, gv. 107-178. 486 m. didebuliZe, Sua saukuneebis qarTuli kedlis mxatvrobis Zeglebi tao-klarjeTSi, gv. 32-79. 487 T. virsalaZe, qarTulimxatvrobisistoriidan, gv. 29-36; N. et M. Thierry, Peintures du Xe siècle en Géorgie méridionale.., gv. 73-113; e. privalova, zogi ram tao-klarjeTis moxatulobebis Sesaxeb, gv. 315-316; T. mgalobliSvili, axaliierusalimebisaqarTveloSi, gv. 42-100. 488 M. Meyer, “Remembering Zion” and Simulacra, gv. 451-452.

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ze warmodgenili sveticxovlis taZari, Sesrulebuli mxatvar grigol guljavaraSvilis mier kaTolikos nikoloz amilaxvaris dakveTiT489 . aq gamosaxuli figuris identifikaciis ramdenime versia arsebobs: antioqiis patriarqi evstaTe490 , mefe aleqsandre pirveli491 , ufro damajerebeli Cans mosazreba, rom aq gamosaxulia kaTolikosi nikoloz amilaxvari492 , romelmac udidesi Rvawli gaswia sveticxovlis taZris ganaxlebisTvis493 . rac mTavaria, swored misi dakveTiT moixata cxoveli sveti, rac dadasturebulia TviT svetze gakeTebuli warweriT, romelSic kaTolikosi nikoloz amilaxvari da mxatvari grigol guljavaraSvili arian moxsenebulni494 . kaTedrali gamosaxulia ise, rogorc igi XI saukuneSi aigo da Semdeg ramdenjerme ganaxlda. sakmaod didi msgavsebaa originalTan da garda zogi detalisa, rac am masStabSi da am tipis gamosaxulebaSi SeuZlebelia aisaxos, ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi sakmaod zustad aris gadmocemuli. im egvteris CaTvliT samxreT fasadze, romelic rusebma moangries XIX saukuneSi495 . sveticxoveli marTlac Zalian STambeWdavad aris warmodgenili, mravali detalis sizustiT (sur. 71). magaliTad, islamur yaidaze gawyobili `stalaqtitebiani~ niSa, aseve akroterioni samxreTi mklavis frontonis Tavze, centraluri TaRis timpanis maraosebri forma da sxva. SenarCunebulia proporciebic. rogorc Cans, mxatvrisTvis am detalebis sizuste mniSvnelovani iyo. arc aris gasakviri, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, ra mniSvneloba eniWeboda sveticxovels maSin ukve daqucmacebuli saqarTvelos saxelmwifosTvis: deda yovelTa eklesiaTa, didi sioni, faqtobrivad uflis saflavis eklesiad agebuli wm. ninos mier, mTeli saqarTvelos sulieri da religiuri gamaerTianebeli. am gamosaxulebaSi taZari udavod mTavari `personaJia~, masTan mimarTebaSi arian gamosaxulni kaTolikosic da misi Tanmxlebi diakvanic. aq, rogorc Cans, moTxrobilia ganaxlebuli taZris kurTxevis ceremonia496 . cxoveli svetis kedlebze arsebuli kompoziciebidan kidev ramdenime SeiZleba miviCnioT istoriuli nagebobis gamosaxulebad, Tumca araviTari Sesadarebeli masala ar gvaqvs. aq gamosaxulia rogorc sauflo dResaswaulis scenebi (jvarcma da jojoxeTis warmotyvevna), aseve qarTlis gaqristianebis scenebi. am scenebs didi istoriuli mniSvneloba aqvT da amave dros es aris magaliTi istoriuli nagebobebis Taviseburi gamosaxvisa polisemanti

489 v. beriZe, mcxeTis kaTedrali `sveticxoveli~ da qarTlis moqcevis siuJetebi mis freskebSi, saqarTvelossaxelmwifomuzeumismoambe, t. XV-B, 1948, gv. 141-142. 490 А. Муравьев, Грузия и Армения, ч. I, С-Петербург, 1848, gv. 228. 491 v. beriZe, mcxeTis kaTedrali `sveticxoveli~, gv. 150-152; S. amiranaSvili, qarTulixelovnebis istoria, Tbilisi, 1971, gv. 386. 492 n. CixlaZe, sveticxovlis moxatulobani, gv. 255. 493 Ф. Девдариани, Миниатюры Анчисхатского Гулани, gv. 18. 494 v. beriZe, mcxeTis kaTedrali `sveticxoveli~.., gv. 141-142; n. CixlaZe, sveticxovlis moxatulobani, gv. 251. 495 v. beriZe, mcxeTis kaTedrali `sveticxoveli~.., gv. 150. 496 n. CixlaZe, sveticxovlis moxatulobani, gv. 251.

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kuri midgomiT, evristikuli, anu mogonebebze, warmosaxvasa da asociaciebze damyarebuli xedviT. es exeba dasavleT da samxreT waxnagebze gamosaxul kompoziciebs cxoveli svetis saswaulebiT – cxovelisvetisamaRleba, mefemirianidadedofal nanaslocvasvetiswinaSe, Sahri-xaTunis amalis ganadgureba svetidan gadmosuli cecxliT (sur. 72). sagulisxmoa, rom am kompoziciebSi sveti gamosaxulia ara rogorc arqiteqturuli elementi – sakuTriv sveti, rogorc es aris magaliTad, anisis tigran honencis taZris moxatulobaSi497 anda udabnos didi taZris sadiakvnis moxatulobis meore fenaze498 , aramed rogorc nageboba, ramdenime sarTulad ganlagebuli sarkmlebiT, karebiT, konusuri gadaxurviT, kiboriumiT da a. S499 . mcxeTis samive kompoziciaSi cxoveli sveti cota gansxvavebulad aris gamosaxuli detalebis TvalsazrisiT, Tumca koncefcia erTia – aq gamosaxulia arqiteqturuli nageboba. yvelaze sainteresoa dasavleTi waxnagis qveda registrSi gamosaxuli cxoveli svetis amaRlebis scena. wm. ninos cxovrebis da moqcevai qarTlisais teqstebis mixedviT. wm. nino dgas svetis win, romelsac ori angelozi aamaRlebs. miuxedavad kompoziciis qveda nawilis Zlieri dazianebisa, mainc gairCeva fexze mdgomi wm. ninos figura da misi Tanmxlebi qalebis mkrTali siluetebi. es scena Sinaarsobrivad identuria cxovelisvetisamaRlebis kompoziciisa anisis taZris moxatulobaSi500 , mxolod TviT sveti aris gansxvavebuli formis da gansxvavebuli Sinaarsis. am scenis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba xazgasmulia furclovani oqros gamoyenebiT ara mxolod angelozTa Saravandebze, aramed nagebobis kedlebzec, aseve mis wverze dadgmul kiboriumze. am scenasTan dakavSirebiT ramdenime mosazrebaa gamoTqmuli – cxoveli svetis amaRleba501; saswauli cxovelmyofeli svetis aRmarTvisa502 . garda amisa, bolo dros gamoTqmulia sakmaod damajerebeli mosazreba, rom aq pirveli eklesiis dafuZnebis scenaa, roca wm. nino gamousaxavda mSeneblebs eklesiis saxes `viTarca axali beselieli~ da xelmZRvanelobda pirveli eklesiis agebas503 . eklesiis dafuZnebis scenad ganixilavs am gamosaxulebas v. beriZec504 .

497 Ani. Documents of Armenian Architecture, No 12, Milan, 1984, il. 32; z. sxirtlaZe, wm. nino da Zveli qarTuli saxviTi xelovneba, krebulSi: wmindanino, red. r. siraZe, Tbilisi, 2008, il. 4. 498 m. bulia, a. volskaia, d. TumaniSvili, daviTgarejismonastrebi. lavra. udabno, il. 62; aseve gviani periodis mravalricxovan xatebze, miniaturebSi, bodbis taZris XIX saukunis moxatulobaSi: wm. nino embaziqarTlisa, red. d. Rlonti, a. oqropiriZe, m. CxaiZe, mcxeTa, 2015, il. 29, 52, 85-87, 95, 97 da sxva. 499 n. CixlaZe, sveticxovlis moxatulobani, il. gv. 283-284. 500 v. beriZe, mcxeTis kaTedrali `sveticxoveli~.., gv. 144; S. amiranaSvili, qarTuli xelovnebis istoria, gv. 386; n. CixlaZe, sveticxovlis moxatulobani, gv. 253. 501 v. beriZe, mcxeTis kaTedrali `sveticxoveli~.., gv. 144. 502 S. amiranaSvili, qarTulixelovnebisistoria, gv. 386. 503 n. CakvetaZe, eklesiis dafuZnebis scena cxovelmyofeli svetis moxatulobaSi, samecniero konferenciismoxsenebaTakrebuli`sveticxoveli~, Tbilisi, 2018, gv. 84-94. 504 v. beriZe, mcxeTis kaTedrali `sveticxoveli~.., gv. 160.

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rogorc aRiniSna, gansxvavebiT magaliTad, anisis an udabnos mTavari eklesiis sadiakvnes moxatulobebisgan, sveticxovlis XVII saukunis moxatulobaSi, cxoveli sveti gamosaxulia, rogorc nageboba da misi gaigiveba uflis saflavis kuvukliasTan sakmaod damajereblad gamoiyureba. ras eyrdnoboda grigol guljavaraSvili – xelnawerebis dasuraTebas, sakuTar STabeWdilebas wminda miwaze savaraudo mogzaurobis dros; iqneb, am sam scenaSi gamosaxuli nageboba swored is salxinobelia, romelic aigo uflis kvarTis daflvis adgilas da mis mierve moixata kidec XVII saukuneSi505 . erTi ram udavoa, rom mxatvarma mTeli Tavisi niWi, unari da mondomeba gamoiyena sveticxovlis didebuli taZris Rirseuli gamosaxulebis Sesaqmnelad. aris iseTi SemTxvevebic, rodesac mxatvari gamosaxavs istoriul nagebobas, romelic SesaZloa arc ki hqonda nanaxi, misi saxe raime aRwerilobiT, nimuSiT an gadmocemiT icoda. garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, istoriuli nagebobis nimuSs warmoadgens anCisxatis gulanSi gamosaxuli konstantinopolis vlaqernis taZari kompoziciaSi mariamis Sesamoselis dabrZaneba vlaqernis taZarSi506 . taZars didi, maRalyeliani gumbaTi aqvs sami sarkmliT, romlebSic sacecxlurebi Cans, ZiriTadi korpusi ki ganieri, talRiseburi abrisis odnav Seisruli TaRiT aris gaxsnili da naCvenebia interieri, sadac ramdenime figura trapezze aTavsebs mariamis maforiumsa da qamars (f. 220r). msgavsi kompoziciaa gulanSi S-1277. ramdenad Seesabameba taZris es gamosaxuleba konstantinopolur taZars, axla Zneli saTqmelia, savaraudod, aq gamoyenebuli iyo berZnuli nimuSi, radgan postbizantiur xanaSi es sakmaod gavrcelebuli siuJeti iyo507 . qarTul saxviT xelovnebaSi istoriuli nagebobebis gamosaxvis Taobaze saubrisas, SeuZlebelia ar davasaxeloT XVII-XVIII saukuneebis fsalmunTa xelnaweri I-182 saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis koleqciidan. am xelnaweris dasuraTeba sakmaod gansxvavdeba sxva qarTuli xelnawerebisgan, radgan miniaturebis SesrulebaSi naTlad Cans evropuli anu realisturi xelovnebis gavlena508 . am fsalmunis dasuraTebaSi CarTulia ramdenime miniatura sinas wm. ekaterines monastris gamosaxulebiT – monasteri sinas sam-mwvervaliani mTis kalTazea gamosaxuli, sakmaod miaxloebuli im saxes, romelic XV-XVII saukuneebis Zvel Canaxatebze Tu graviurebzea damowmebuli509 . erTgvar aqsonometriaSi, TiTqmis zedxedSi, gamosaxul oTxkuTxa galavanSi moqceul monastris nagebobebis forma da maTi ganlagebis wesi sakmaod zustad aris asaxuli (TaRovani karibWe, wm. ekaterines didi bazilika, orqanobiani gadaxurvis mqone sxvadasxva tipis nagebobebi, Tumca, Cans gumbaTiani Senobac, aseve maRali minareTic, romelic XVII saukunis graviurebze ukve aRar aris datanili).

505 iqve. 506 Ф. Девдариани, Миниатюры Анчисхатского Гулани, gv. 47, il. XXV. 507 iqve, gv. 114, SeniSvna 230. 508 Ш. Амиранашвили, Грузинская миниатюра, gv. 35-36. 509 Л. Шервашидзе, К вопросу о средневековой грузинской светской миниатюре, gv. 118-122; Ш. Амиранашвили, Грузинская миниатюра, gv. 36.

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rogorc Cans, am msgavsebas sakmaod did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen. aseTi sizuste gvafiqrebinebs, rom mxatvari, SesaZloa, Tavad imyofeboda sinaze da sakuTari STabeWdilebiT asaxa monasteri510 . Tumca, ufro savaraudoa, rom im drois graviurebiT sargeblobda. amitomac gamosaxa minareTi, romelic XVII saukuneSi iq ukve aRar iyo. es miniaturebi kidev ufro sainteresoa imis gamo, rom faqtobrivad zustad ase aqvs gamosaxuli sinas mTa da wm. ekaterines monasteri domenikos Teotokopuloss (el grekos) Tavis erT-erT suraTze (XVI saukunis bolo)511 . suraTi zeTis saRebavebiT aris Sesrulebuli da sakmaod realisturad asaxavs am adgils. ase rom, el grekos suraTis mixedviT realur xedTan msgavsebis xarisxis Sesaxeb SeiZleba vimsjeloT. swored amitom ufro safiqrebelia, rom qarTul fsalmunSi arsebuli gamosaxulebebi graviurebis an suraTebis safuZvelze Seiqmna. am periodSi marTlac matulobs dasavleT evropidan saqarTveloSi Semosuli nimuSebis, gansakuTrebiT ki graviurebis gavlena, magaliTad, 1688 wlis an 1736 wlis poloneTSi damzadebuli graviurebis msgavsi512 . miniaturebze (121v, 223v, 207v da sxva) wm. ekaterines monasteri ukana planze aris gadatanili, wina plani ki eTmoba ebraelTa Wrel zolebian karvebis fonze gamosaxul scenas moses mier udabnoSi wylis gadmoyvana; meore miniaturaze aseve galavniT garSemortymul `qveyanas~ an qalaqs wina planze didi lurji mdinare moedineba. S. amiranaSvili Tvlis, rom aq gamosaxulia egvipte, saidanac mosem gamoiyvana ebraelTa tomebi aRTqmuli miwis mosapoveblad. xolo didi lurji mdinare nilosia513 . es qveyana Tu qalaqi mravalricxovani sxvadasxva tipis nagebobiT aris Sevsebuli: quCebi, moednebi, da rac yvelaze sagulisxmoa, marjvena nawilSi lurjgumbaTiani nagebobaa – eklesia (?). qalaqis zeda nawilSi erTgvari momwvano borcvia, zed bazilikis msgavsi nagebobiT – xom ar aris es sionis mTa zed sionis `saxliT~? da TviT es gamosaxuleba, romelsac kompoziciis udidesi nawili ukavia, xom ar aris aRTqmuli qveyana? anda ierusalimi? mxolod erTi miniatura (f. 223) eTmoba uSualod ekaterines monasters da mis garSemo mTebis ferdobebze mimofantul skitebs. aqac vxedavT erTgvar `asinqronulobas~: moses ambebi viTardeba im monastris fonze, romelic mravali saukunis Semdeg aigo. cxadia, aq saxiTmetyvelebiTi kavSiri ufro mniSvnelovani iyo. mkvlevarTa umetesoba Tvlis, rom am fsalmunTa dasuraTebaSi yvelaze adre gamovlinda dasavleT evropuli xelovnebis nimuSebis gavlena514 . aq igrZnoba planebad sivrcis agebis mcdeloba, xazovani perspeqtivis wesebis Sesabamisad, metia Suq-CrdiliT modelireba, bunebrivi proporciebi da a. S. Tumca, Sua saukunovani xelovnebis niSani – disproporcia figurebsa da nagebobebs Soris jer kidev SenarCunebulia (magaliTad, miniatura qalaqisalya)515 .

510 Ш. Амиранашвили, История грузинского искусства, Москва, 1963, gv. 310-311, il. 196. 511 Д. Тальбот Райс, Три Синайских горы, в сб.: Византия, Южные славяне и Древняя Русь. Западная Европа. Сборник статей в честь В. Н. Лазарева, Москва, 1973, gv. 172-178. 512 iqve, gv. 176. 513 Ш. Амиранашвили, Грузинская миниатюра, gv. 35-36. 514 Л. Шервашидзе, К Вопросу о средневековой грузинской светской миниатюре, gv. 118, 120, 122. 515 iqve, tab. XVIII.

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am miniaturebSi, zemoT ganxiluli nimuSebisgan gansxvavebiT, istoriuli nageboba, anu wm. ekaterines monasteri, Tumc ki msgavsebis sakmao xarisxiT gamosaxuli, mainc ukana planzea, ar aris mTavari `personaJi~. amave fasalmunis xelnawerSi aris miniatura daviTi sioniswinaSe (f. 73), sadac S. amiranaSvilis azriT, sionis nageboba Zalian hgavs sveticxovlis taZars516 . msgavseba arc ise didia, Tumca qarTuli eklesiebis damaxasiaTebeli maRalyeliani gumbaTi konusuri gadaxurviT, cxadia, mravlismTqmelia. am gamosaxulebis Seqmnaze albaT imoqmeda sayovelTaod aRiarebulma azrma, rom mcxeTa meore ierusalimia, xolo sveticxoveli – deda yovelTa eklesiaTa, da aqedan gamomdinare, ierusalimis sionis taZari da sveticxoveli urTierTCanacvlebadi saxeebia. am fsalmunis dasuraTeba sainteresoa imiT, rom aq naTlad Cans siRrmis da `swori~ sivrciTi agebis gadmocemis mcdeloba517 . istoriuli nagebobis gamosaxvis saintereso nimuSi aris warmodgenili 1809 wlis solomon II-is mier jruWis monastrisTvis micemuli yma-mamulis wyalobis sigelSi (Hd-1329)518 . aq sakmaod didi msgavsebiT gamosaxulia jruWis monasteri da samreklo. monastris mTavari taZari STambeWdav gumbaTovan nagebobad aris warmodgenili. wina planze gamosaxulia gveleSapis mZleveli wm. giorgi, mis win ki, kompoziciis marjvena nawilSi, muxlmodrekili solomon mefe, Sesabamisi warweriT. mas win gawvdil marjvena xelSi uWiravs wyalobis sigeli, romelsac wm. giorgis awvdis, xolo zemodan zeciT gadmosuli angelozi samefo gvirgvins adgams mefes fafaxiT damSvenebul Tavze. zemoT, RrubelSi macxovris naxevarfiguraa, romelic orive xeliT akurTxebs monasters da mefe solomons. rac Seexeba monastris gamosaxulebas, Tu SevadarebT Zvel, XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnis fotoebs519 sakmaod didi msgavseba Cans formebSic da proporciebSic. am gamosaxulebaSi naTlad SeiniSneba evropuli mxatvrobis gavlena – erTgvar realizmSi, formaTa gamarTulobaSi, figuraTa da nagebobaTa SefardebaSi, sivrciT konkretulobaSi da sxva. rogorc vxedavT, konkretuli realuri istoriuli nagebobis rogorc ambis sruluflebiani `monawilis~, gamosaxvis zemoTganxilul ramdenime nimuSSi, udavod SeiniSneba rac SeiZleba meti msgavsebis miRwevis survili. es gacilebiT metad igrZnoba, vidre qtitorTa gamosaxulebebSi, sadac xSirad nagebobis ZiriTadi tipis miniSnebac sakmarisad iyo miCneuli. cxadia, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom istoriuli Sinaarsis scenebSi nagebobebis zoma bevrad didia qtitoris xelSi eklesiis zomasTan SedarebiT da amitom meti detalizaciac iyo SesaZlebeli. Tumca, aq garkveuli principic udavod Cans. cxadia, logikuria imis daSveba,

516 Ш. Амиранашвили, Грузинская миниатюра, gv. 36. 517 am xelnaweris daTariRebis Taobaze sxvadasxva mosazreba arsebobs: l. ServaSiZe da S. amiranaSvili mas XVI saukuniT aTariReben (Л. Шервашидзе, К Вопросу о средневековой.., gv. 118-123; Ш. Амиранашвили, Грузинская миниатюра, gv. 35-36), i. arseniSvili sulac XIV saukuniT (i. arseniSvili, saqarTvelos xelovnebis muzeumSi daculi fsalmunis (I-182) miniaturuli ferweris Sesaxeb, Zeglis megobari, 2, 1989, gv. 19-24). ufro damajerebeli Cans mosazreba XVIII saukuniT daTariRebis Taobaze: m. abuTiZe, S. amiranaSvilis sax. saqarTvelos xelovnebis muzeumSi daculi daviTnis (I-182) SemkveTTa gamo, saqarTvelos siZveleni, 9, 2006, gv. 128-134; m. karanaZe, v. kekelia, e. maWavariani, Zveli aRTqmis miniaturebiqarTulxelnawerebSi, gv. 5, Sen. 1). 518 xsenebuli miniaturis Taobaze informaciis mowodebisTvis madlobas vuxdi Cems kolegas natalia CitiSvils. 519 e. TayaiSvili, jruWismonasterida misisiZveleni, Tbilisi, 2010, gv. 22.

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rom mxatvari ama Tu im istoriul nagebobas im saxiT gamosaxavda, rogoric mis Tvalwin iyo, anu rogoric is mis epoqaSi iyo. miuxedavad am sizustisa, ufro sworad sizustis survilisa, rTuli saTqmelia, ramdenad gamodgeba es gamosaxulebebi rogorc dokumenturi sabuTebi konkretuli taZris arqiteqturuli saxis istoriisTvis – gadakeTebebi, axali aRmSenebloba, Senebis etapebi da sxva. magaliTad, e. privalova Tvlis, rom oTxTa eklesiis sarkmelSi taZris gamosaxuleba asaxavs mdgomareobas nagebobis gadakeTebamde, radgan aq TaRedi uSualod adis aRmosavleTi fasadis frontonis qimamde520 . qarTul xelovnebaSi qalaqebis gamosaxva mihyveba zemoT aRweril `standartebs~, zogjer mTel qveyanasac ase gamosaxaven (magaliTad, egvipte XVIII saukunis qarTuli fsalmunis miniaturaze sinas monastris gamosaxulebiT521), Tumca aris sruliad gansxvavebuli midgomac – magaliTad, jruWis II oTxTavSi qalaq kapernaumis gamosaxva sul sxva gadawyvetas asaxavs – aq mTeli foni Sevsebulia erTmaneTze daxunZlul-daxvavebuli sxvadasxva formis, zomis, feris nagebobebiT (sur. 19). qarTul xelovnebaSi realuri qalaqebis gamosaxva iSviaTia, ZiriTadad mainc esaa ierusalimi, beTania, ieriqoni. istoriuli qalaqis iSviaTi da saintereso gamosaxulebaa alaverdis oTxTavis dasuraTebaSi, kerZod, qalaq edesis xedi, romelic avgarozis ciklSi Sedis (f. 320v – sur. 15). aq mTel miniaturaze galavani da karibWea gamosaxuli, Tanac erT sibrtyeSi da ara mTlianad qalaqi, rogorc magaliTad, ierusalimi bzobaSi522 . aris cnobebi, rom mandilionis istoriis cikli gamosaxuli iyo anCisxatis taZris gviani periodis freskaze, maT Soris qalaq edesis gamosaxulebac523 . qarTul xelovnebaSi qalaqi sainteresod aris asaxuli sakmaod popularul scenaSi wm. giorgissaswaulilasiaqalaqSi524 . es scena mravali eklesiis moxatulobaSi aris CarTuli da didi mravalferovnebiT da gansxvavebuli midgomebiT gamoirCeva. magaliTebad SeiZleba davasaxeloT adiSi (XI s.), favnisi (XII s.), vani (XII-XII ss-Ta mijna), boWorma (XII s.), ikvi (XII s.), aWi (XIII s-is bolo – sur. 73), ubisi (XIV s.), saydari (XV-XVI ss.) da mravali sxva. umetesad es aris sakmaod standartuli koSkis msgavsi or an metsarTuliani qongurebiani nageboba, didi karibWiT, ZiriTadad brtylad gadawyvetili. Tumca vanSi, favnisSi, saydarSi, nikorwmindaSi sakmaod garTulebuli, rkalur struqturaze agebuli gamosaxulebebia, bevri detaliT – patara kiboriumebiT, frontonebiT, diagonaluri, qonguriani Sida kedlebiT, niJarisebri timpanebiT, Sekiduli aivnebiT, romlebidanac mefe da dedofali icqirebian da sxva. bevri TvalsazrisiT qalaqi lasia ierusalimis gamosaxulebebs imeorebs, Tumca gamartivebuli struqturiT da taZrebis gareSe – ZiriTadad galavnis erTi fasadis CvenebiT.

Sua saukuneebis qarTul xelovnebaSi qalaqebis gamosaxulebebi arc Tu bevria, cxadia, ierusalimis garda, romelic uamrav siuJetur gamosaxulebaSi aris CarTuli.

520 e. privalova, zogi ram tao-klarjeTis moxatulobebis Sesaxeb, gv. 320-321. 521 Ш. Амиранашвили, Грузинская миниатюра, il. 78. 522 n. qavTaria, alaverdis oTxTavis.., gv. 100; Z. Skhirtladze, Canonizing the Apocrypha: The Abgar Cycle in the Alaverdi and Gelati Gospels, gv. 80. 523 T. sayvareliZe, anCis karedi xati, gv. 79. 524 Е. Привалова, Павниси, Тбилиси, 1977, gv. 79-90.

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