5. zeciuri ierusalimi

kerZod misi sakurTxeveli – maRalsvetebiani kiboriumis qveS dadgmuli trapezi, dabali kariT wina mxares da zogjer kibiT. rogorc vnaxeT, qalaqi ierusalimis gamosaxulebani yvelaze mniSvnelovani da Sinaarsobrivad datvirTuli aris bzobis kompoziciaSi. qristes didebiT Sesvla ierusalimSi gaigivebulia aRTqmis kidobnis SetanasTan ierusalimSi – RmerTis munyofa. qristes msvleloba qalaq ierusalimisken – misi msvleloba msxverplis gaRebisken, jvarcmisken da amavdroulad es aris kacobriobis msvleloba aRdgomisken, zeciuri ierusalimisken.

5. zeciuri ierusalimi

`ganaTldi, ganaTldiaxaloierusalim, dResdidebauflisaSenszedagamobrwyinda, ganscxrebodedaixarebdesiondaSenciSvebode, RmrTismSobeloaRdgomasaZisaSenisa~ (tropari, paseqis Jamni).

`xolozecisaigiierusalimiaznaurars, romeliarsdedaCuenyovelTa~ (pavle, galatelTa mimarT, 4: 26).

Tu miwieri ierusalimis gamosaxulebani sxvadasxva siuJetur kompoziciebSi simbolurad zeciur ierusalimze mianiSnebdnen, arsebobs mTeli rigi gamosaxulebebisa, sadac swored rom uSualod zeciuri ierusalimi aris warmodgenili. zeciuri ierusalimis cneba jer kidev ebraul RvTismetyvelebaSi Cndeba, rogorc winaswarmetyvelebebis aRsruleba meore taZris dangrevis Semdeg. misi saxe oqros, brolis da Zvirfasi TvlebiT aris Seqmnili; es aris dangreuli taZris kompensacia: RmerTi ar myofobs nangrevebSi (ezra, IV)575 . zeciuri ierusalimis mistikuri cnebis vizualizacia qristianuli xelovnebis sawyis etapzeve Cndeba da SemdgomSi sakmaod did ganviTarebas hpovebs. zeciuri ierusalimis cneba simbolurad asaxulia bizantiur saeklesio arqiteqturaSi da mis Semamkobel dekorSic576 . es saxeebi ZiriTadad ioanes gamocxadebis teqsts efuZneba, Tumca, cxadia, mxatvrebis mier sxva wyaroebic mravlad aris gamoyenebuli – winaswarmetyvelTa xilvani (magaliTad, esaia, 65: 17; 1: 26, 2: 1-50; iezekieli, 40: 48), mociqulTa epistoleni (magaliTad, ebraelTa mimarT, 11: 8-10; 12: 22-23; 13: 14; 1 petre, 2: 4-6), eklesiis mamebis Txzulebebi da mravali sxva. zeciuri ierusalimi rogorc gansaxiereba zecaTa sasufevlisa, swored sasaxlis – qalaqis saxiT warmodgeba, brwyinvale kedlebiT da didi karibWiT (gamocxadeba, 22). samoTxe warmodgenilia rogorc baRis, aseve xuroTmoZRvrebis saxiT. zeciuri ierusalimis ZiriTadi komponentebia: galavani, daculi karibWe, daxuruli an Ria ezo, uflis taxti, zeciur ZalTa amala577 . yvelaferi brwyinvalea da SuqmnaTi.

575 B. Kühnel, From the Earthly to the Heavenly Jerusalem, gv. 43-44. 576 A. Lidov, Heavenly Jerusalem: The Byzantine Approach, gv. 341-353. 577 M. C. Carile, Imperial Palaces and Heavenly Jerusalems, gv. 91, 92.

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es aris oTxkuTxa galavniT garSemofargluli qalaqi. igi agebulia oqroTi da vercxliT, Zvirfasi qvebiT, margalitis karibWeebiT, brolis msgavsi sicocxlis wylis mdinariT, mbrwyinaviT viTarca broli (gamocxadeba, 22: 1). baRi xan sasaxlis kedlebs miRmaa, xan kedlebs SigniT. 12 karibWe TiTo margalitisganaa, xolo galavnis kedlebi 12 registri patiosani Tvlebisa da oqrosi. misi maTematikuri moduli aris 7 da 12578 . saydarze mjdomi ufali umetesad aRwerilia, rogorc xma, romelic ismis, naTeli, romelic ar qreba. gaxsnili karibWe, romliTac marTalni qristesTan erTiandebian, Suqi, romelic am qalaqs maradiulad anaTebs da sxva mravali detali, romelic `gamocxadebis~ teqstSi aris mocemuli (gamocxadeba, 21-22). Suqi, naTeli aris uflis sasufevlis umTavresi maxasiaTebeli da niSani, xolo mis asaSeneblad gamoiyeneba is masala, romelic TviT anaTebs, an Zlier aireklavs Suqs (magaliTad, oqro da patiosani Tvlebi, mTis broli). oqro – zeciuri ierusalimis saxea da metafora579 . zeciuri ierusalimis galavnis kedlebi agebulia `cxoveli qvebiT~ (origene)580 , wmindanTa reliqviebiT, romlebic efuZneba qristes, romelic aris `lodi TavkideTa~ (fsal. 117: 22; luka, 20: 17). niSandoblivia, rom am esqatologiur saxes mudam Tan sdevs samSeneblo leqsika581 . zeciuri ierusalimi aris is umTavresi saxe-xati, romelic gansazRvravs saerTod arqiteqturuli gamosaxulebebis sagangebo mniSvnelobas qristianul xelovnebaSi. marTlac, qristianul RvTismetyvelebaSic da saxiTmetyvelebaSic araTu qalaq ierusalimis gamosaxuleba, aramed taZris da saerTod yovelgvari nagebobis gamosaxuleba zeciuri ierusalimis saxea582 . qristianuli taZris materialuri arqiteqtura aris gansaxiereba sulieri samyarosi583 . rogorc zemoTac iqna aRniSnuli, Sua saukuneebis mxatvrobaSi nagebobebi, ganurCevlad imisa, Tu teqstSi xiT xuros Raribuli saxlia naxsenebi Tu mefis sasaxle, TiTqmis uklebliv mdidruli palatebis saxe aqvT. es kidev erTi dasturia imisa, rom xuroTmoZRvrebis gamosaxulebani zeciuri ierusalimis saxeebia. antikur da adre bizantiur xanaSi sasaxlis gamosaxuleba TviT qalaqis gamosaxulebas udrida584 – Sesasvleli, karibWe mTels sasaxles ganasaxierebda. amgvari midgoma (synecdoche)

578 B. Kühnel, From the Earthly to the Heavenly Jerusalem, gv. 57-58; H. G. Saradi, Space in Byzantine Thought, gv. 93-94; M. C. Carile, Imperial Palaces and Heavenly Jerusalems, gv. 91. 579 И. Языкова, Богословие иконы, gv. 26. 580 E. Thunø, ‘Living Stones’ of Jerusalem: TheTriumphal Ark ch Mosaics of Santa Prassede in Rome, in: Visual Сonstructs of Jerusalem, ed. by B. Künel, G. Noga-Banai, H. Vorholt, Brepols, 2014, gv. 229. 581 `romelsa-igi mouÂediT lodsa cxovelsa, romeli-igi kacTagan Seuracx-iqmna, xolo RmrTisagan rCeul da patiosan. 5. da Tquenca, viTarca lodni cxovelni aReSenebodeT saxlad sulierad, samRdelod wmidad, Sesawiravad msxverplTa sulierTa, saTnoTa RmrTisaTa ieso qristes mier. 6. rameTu weril ars wignsa Sina: aha esera davsdeb sions Sina lodsa sakidursa, rCeulsa, patiosansa da romelsa hrwmenes misa mimarT, arasada hrcxuendes~ (1 petre, 2: 4-6). 582 rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, qtitorTa xelSi eklesiaTa gamosaxulebebisa da konkretul konteqstSi gamosaxuli konkretuli istoriuli nagebobebis garda. 583 d. TumaniSvili, simboluroba Sua saukuneebis qarTul sataZro xuroTmoZRvrebaSi, krebulSi: werilebi, narkvevebi, Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 59; H. G. Saradi, Space in Byzantine Thought, gv. 99. 584 M. C. Carile, Imperial Palaces and Heavenly Jerusalems, gv. 87; S. Ćurčić, Late Antique Palaces: The Meaning of Urban Context, Ars Orientalis, 23, 1993, gv. 67-90.

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Semdgom zeciuri ierusalimis gamosaxulebebSic aisaxa. sinamdvileSic, Cveulebrivi adamianebi swored mxolod sasaxlis karibWes xedavdnen, SigniT ki iSviaTad Tu vinme SeaRwevda gansakuTrebulad daaxloebuli pirebis garda585 . swored qristianuli eklesia aris gansaxiereba zeciuri samoTxisa, realurad arsebuli miwaze586 . axali ierusalimis saxe pirvelad Cndeba esaias (1: 26, 2: 1-5, 60; 1: 22 da iezekielis (40-48) winaswarmetyvelebebSi da, cxadia, Semdgom gamocxadebaSi, rogorc gamagrebuli qalaqi-taZari-sasaxle, naTliT moculi, oqroTi agebuli, patiosani qvebiT Semkuli da sxva (gamocxadeba, 21-22). swored gamocxadebaSi zecaTa sasufeveli naxsenebia rogorc axali ierusalimi. es aris RmerTis sauflo, sadac is rCeulebs SeuSvebs da sadac igi hgiebs da amiT wminda hyofs am adgils, rogorc taZars. es axali ierusalimi Tavs avlens mxolod xilvebSi da arsebiTad gansxvavdeba rogorc realuri, miwieri ierusalimisgan, aseve winaswarmetyvelTa mier danaxuli momavali ierusalimisgan. teqstebis umetesobaSi zeciuri sasufeveli warmodgeba swored rogorc brwyinvale sasaxle587 .

Teodorite kvirelis mixedviT, yoveli miwieri taZari aris karibWe zeciuri ierusalimisa, `sions uwodebs zeciur qalaqs, rogorc gvaswavla netare pavlem, xolo bWeni misni arian dedamiwaze yvelgan arsebuli eklesiebi, romelTa gziTac misken miiwevian morwmuneebi~588 . zecaTa sasufeveli gamoCndeba meored mosvlis Semdeg (maTe, 24: 30-31; luka, 4: 43; ioane 18: 36). aRmosavleT qristianul RmrTismetyvelebasa da xelovnebaSi zeciuri ierusalimi ufro metaforaa, simboluri saxe da ara konkretuli teqstis ilustracia, Tumca am teqstSi naxseneb maxasiaTeblebs met-naklebad asaxavs. zeciuri ierusalimi aris taZari, sasaxle, qalaqi, zeciuri karibWe, koSki589 . zeciur ierusalims gamokveTilad esqatologiuri Sinaarsi aqvs. zeciuri ierusalimi upirispirdeba miwier ierusalims, es ukanaskneli aRar iarsebebs, roca zecidan Camova axali, zeciuri qalaqi. amavdroulad, es axali qalaqi, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, imeorebs miwieri qalaqis formebs. Tumca, aris erTi didi gansxvaveba, romelic gamocxadebaSia aRwerili: zeciur ierusalimSi ar aris taZari, vinaidan iq TviT ufali sufevs, kravi da yvela is vinc Cawerilia sicocxlis wignSi (gamocxadeba 21: 22). `gamocxadebaSi~ mocemul aRweras garkveulad esadageba ierusalimis gamosaxuleba santa maria majores satriumfo TaRis mozaikuri dekoris qveda registrSi, rac dadasturebulia warweriT da kravebiT mis karibWesTan590 . qalaqi warmoadgens eqvswaxnaga galavanSemortymul nagebobas, viwro maRali koSkebiT yvela kuTxeSi. ganieri maRali karibWiT, romelSic moCans diagonalurad `siRrmeSi~ mimavali svetebis rigi (cardo maximus), xolo karibWis TaRSi patiosani TvlebiT mooWvili didi oqros jvaria Sekiduli; aseTive, oRond ufro didi zomis sxvadasxva feris patiosani Tvlebi da margalitebi amkobs galavnisa da koSkebis

585 M. C. Carile, Imperial Palaces and Heavenly Jerusalems, gv. 89. 586 iqve, gv. 91, SeniSvna 59. 587 iqve, gv. 94. 588 PG 80: 928; z. sxirtlaZe, oTxTaeklesiisfreskebi, gv. 123. 589 B. Kühnel, From the Earthly to the Heavenly Jerusalem, gv. 40-41. 590 J. Cage, Colour and Culture, il. 42.

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oqros kedlebs. xolo galavnis SigniT (anu mis zemoT) gamosaxulia sxvadasxva tipis nagebobebi: gumbaTiani rotonda, orqanoba saxuraviani Senoba frontoniani svetnariT fasadze, konusur gadaxurviani svetebiani Senobebi da sxva. TiTqmis identuri gamosaxulebaa ravenis san-vitales taZris aseve satriumfo TaRze591 . es gamosaxulebebi warmodgenas gviqmnis imaze, Tu rogor xedavdnen zeciur ierusalims qristianuli xelovnebis ganviTarebis am adreul etapze. sxva interpretacias gvTavazobs romis santa pudencianas taZris konqis kompozicia (V saukune), romelic qristianul xelovnebaSi zeciuri ierusalimis gamosaxvis Cvens dromde SemorCenili yvelaze adreuli da yvelaze monumenturi saxea592 . aq macxovris dideba swored zeciuri ierusalimis fonze aris gaSlili. miuxedavad mravali aRdgena-gadawerisa Semdgom epoqebSi, kompoziciis Tavdapirveli wyoba da ikonografia SenarCunebulia. aRsaydrebuli macxovris da mis qvemoT gamosaxuli mociqulebis figurebi zeciuri qalaqis grandiozuli xedis fonzea warmodgenili. rogorc Cans, es nagebobebi asaxavs konstantines aRmSeneblobas realur ierusalimSi593 , kompoziciis Semadgenloba esadageba zeciuri (axali) ierusalimis aRweras. qristes figuris Tavze didi, patiosani TvlebiT Semkuli golgoTis jvaria, imave RerZze, qristes figuris qvemoT, kravi, zecaSi ki maxarebelTa simboloebi winaswarmetyvelTa xilvebis Tanaxmad. mociqulTa figurebs `zeda~ zonidan gamoyofs kedeli 12 karibWiT, romelTagan axla mxolod ramdenime aris darCenili. es gamosaxuleba gankiTxvis dRis Sinaarsac moicavs. kidev ufro sagulisxmoa V saukuniT daTariRebuli Tesalonikis wm. giorgis rotondis gumbaTis mozaikuri dekori (V-VI saukuneTa mijna), sadac qristes amaRlebis grandiozul kompozicias gumbaTis naxevarsferos perimetrze gars miuyveba uzarmazari registri, romelSic gamosaxulni arian orantis pozaSi frontalurad mdgomi wmindanTa oci figura patriciul SesamoselSi mdidruli da mravalferovani (eqsedrebi, TaRebi, sakurTxevlebi, kiboriumebi da sxva) arqiteqturis fonze, romelic Tavisi didebulebiT da oqros naTebiT swored zeciuri ierusalimis amsaxveli unda iyos. rva segmentad ganlagebuli gamosaxulebani gamdidrebulia oqros ornamentaciiT, patiosani TvlebiT, margalitebiT, mTis broliT, lampionebiT, farSevangebiT. romauli xuroTmoZRvrebis gemovnebiT agebul wm. giorgis rotondis grandiozul sivrceSi arqiteqturuli formebis es brwyinvaleba da siuxve Tavisi zomebiTac erTgvarad jabnis kidec wmindanTa figurebs594 . zeciuri ierusalimis apokalifsSi mocemul aRweras kidev ufro zedmiwevniT mihyveba romis santa prasedas eklesiis satriumfo TaRisa da afsidis TaRis mozaikebi (IX saukune), sadac am teqstis TiTqmis yvela elementi aris mocemuli595 . es is midgomaa, romelic wamyvani gaxdeba dasavleT qristianul xelovnebaSi. sagangebod unda aRiniSnos, rom dasavleTqristianuli da bizantiuri wris xelovnebaSi zeciur ierusalims sxvadasxva saxiTa da midgomiT gamosaxaven. dasavluri nimuSebi ufro

591 R. Cormack, Byzantine Art, il. 32. 592 A. Grabar, L’Age d’or de Justinien, il. 145; B. Kühnel, From the Earthly to the Heavenly Jerusalem, gv. 63-72. 593 B. Kühnel, From the Earthly to the Heavenly Jerusalem, gv. 65-67. 594 R. Cormack, Byzantine Art, gv. 23-31, il. 10. 595 E. Thunø, ‘Living Stones’ of Jerusalem, gv. 223-230.

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sityva-sityviT misdeven gamocxadebis teqsts. sakmarisia davasaxeloT: madridis ferdinandisa da sanCas, leonis, sent-severis, triris, kambres, bambergis apokalifsebis xelnawerTa dasuraTebebi da sxva. iq TiTqmis yvelgan aris oTxkuTxa galavani karibWeebiT, zogjer Zalian pirobiTad `zedxedSi~ gamosaxuli, koSkebi da karibWeebi TiTqos sxvadasxva xediT aris danaxuli, oTxive mxares `gadawvenilia~ sibrtyeze. galavans SigniT kravi, angelozi sazomiT xelSi da sxva. xSiria ioane RmrTismetyvelis gamosaxva angelozTan erTad, romelic aCvenebs zeciur qalaqs (magaliTad, kambres apokalifsi596). aq Camoyalibebulia erTgvari `standarti~, romelsac met-naklebi sizustiT miyvebian mxatvrebi, rogorc wignis dasuraTebaSi, aseve monumentur mxatvrobaSi, magaliTad, san pietro al monte, Civates XI saukunis freskebi597 . aRmosavleT saqristianoSi gamocxadebis teqstis aseTi sityva-sityviT dasuraTeba ar xdeba – ufro `Tavisufali~ midgoma vlindeba, ufro mravalferovania am Temis vizualizacia da raime mdgradi standartis moZieba rTulia. aRmosavleTqristianuli midgoma erTgvarad emyareba evristikul meTods, anu garegnuli msgavsebis da aRweris nacvlad asociaciebis, warmosaxvis, mexsierebaSi daleqili saxexatebis gaaqtiurebis, calkeuli detalebis gameorebis, miniSnebebis, warmodgenebis safuZvelze faqtobrivad axali realobis Seqmna, romelic mnaxvelisTvis uyoymanod da ueWvelad namdvilad aris mTavari ideis gamosaxuleba da ganxorcieleba. zeciuri ierusalimis gamosaxvisTvis miwieri ierusalimis qristianuli arqiteqturis saxeebs iyeneben – sionis bazilikac da uflis saflavis taZaric xom zeciuri ierusalimis miwieri gansaxierebebia. marTlac, Zveli ierusalimi, iudevelTa wminda qalaqi qristes jvarze sikvdilis mere daingra da igi Secvala axalma, aw ukve qristianTa wminda qalaqma, sadac RmerTi myofobs (maTe, 23: 21; luka, 12: 49; ioane 4: 20, 2: 16.). amitom zeciur ierusalims xSirad swored miwieri ierusalimis saxiT warmoadgenen, isic miniSnebiT. adreqristianuli xanis santa pudencianasa an wm. giorgis rotondis msgavsi gamosaxulebebi TiTqmis aRar iqmneba. saqarTveloSic iSviaTia amgvari gamosaxulebebi. sakuTriv moxatulobaTa programebSi zeciuri ierusalimis saxe iqmneba asociaciaTa jaWvebis, simboloTa erTobliobis meSveobiT. magaliTad, yincvisis wm. nikolozis taZris XIII saukunis damdegis moxatulobaSi es idea JRers niadagis zolebis kaSkaSa siTeTreSi, medalionSi Caxatuli sxvadasxva zomis ganedlebuli jvrebis simravleSi, SuqmnaTi laJvardis araamqveyniur brwyinvalebaSi, rac erToblivad swored zeciuri ierusalimis, uflis sasufevlis asociacias qmnis, Tumca es aq ar aris vizualizirebuli arqiteqturul saxeebSi. gumbaTiani taZrebis afrebSi maxarebelTa figurebi xSirad arqiteqturuli nagebobis fonze gamoisaxeba (magaliTad, gelaTis did taZarSi – sur. 90, martvilSi – sur. 91, caiSSi, nikorwmindaSi da sxva). cxadia, aqve gvaxsendeba oTxTavebis dasuraTebaSi maxarebelTa `portretebi~, romlebic aseve gamoisaxeba nagebobaTa fonze. orsave SemTxvevaSi, rogorc monumentur mxatvrobaSi, aseve xelnawerTa dasuraTebaSi, es nagebobebi (zogan rTuli da mravalnawiliani, zogjer ki sakmaod lakonuri) TiTqosda mxolod fonia, magram sinam

596 B. Kühnel, From the Earthly to the Heavenly Jerusalem, gv. 41-43, il. 59, 60. 597 iqve, gv. 122-138.

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dvileSi isini, eWvs gareSea, gamosaxaven zeciur ierusalims. am mxriv Zalian sainteresoa martvilis taZris afrebis moxatuloba. zeciur ierusalims unda ganasaxierebdes saRolaSenis X saukunis lorfinze, xarebis kompoziciis zeda nawilSi gamosaxuli sami Senobisgan Semdgari motivi: nagebobaTa gamosaxva `Weris~ aRmniSvnel xazs zemoT, TiTqmis simetriulad, kompoziciis zeda areSi (zeciur registrSi). es aris ori identuri, orqanobiani saxuraviT gadaxuruli Senoba, maT Soris ki, centrSi, niJaris formis naxevarsfero, erTgvari gumbaTi (sur. 22). es rigi xazgasmulad `zeciur zonaSi~ ganTavsebuli, udavod iwvevs asociacias zeciur ierusalimTan, iseve rogorc Zveli da axali aRTqmis eklesiebTan. amgvari `zeciuri zona~ bevr sxva nimuSSic gvxvdeba. magaliTad, oTxTa eklesiis sakurTxevlis qveda registris Crdilo nawilis sarkmlis gverdiT gamosaxuli scena, savaraudod mirqma, romlis zeda, zeciur zonaSi klasikur nimuSebTan miaxloebuli arqiteqturuli formebi naTlad gairCeva: didi TaRovani Sesasvlelis Semomfarglavi frontonebi, ornamentirebuli lavgardnebiT, eklesiis msgavsi sxvadasxva zomis Senobebi, didi TaRebi – ierusalimis taZari, sakurTxevlis kiboriumiT, da ufro metic – erTgvari suraTi zeciuri ierusalimisa. laklakiZis Weduri xatis CarCoze (XI saukune), mirqmaSi (sur. 3) kompoziciis zeda nawilSi ramdenime horizontalur zolze dadgmulia sami nageboba – samive sxvadasxva formis, Tumca samive jvrebiT dagvirgvinebuli. Sua maTgani gansakuTrebiT aris gamoyofili – naxevarwriul formaze, romelic niJarisebri motiviT aris Sevsebuli, dadgmulia konusuri gumbaTi radialurad qveviT gaSlili xazebiT – sxivebiT, rac Zalian sazeimo ganwyobas qmnis da Seesabameba am scenis Teofaniur Sinaars – uflis gancxadebas598 . albaT am xatis mibaZviT, igive motivi gameorebulia mirqmis kompoziciaSi awyuris RmrTismSoblis xatis karedis frTebis XVIII saukunis Sida moWedilobaze. kompoziciis zeda nawilSi horizontalur xazze sami Senobis ganlageba, romlebic figurebisa da kompoziciis ZiriTadi birTvisgan sagangebodaa gamoyofili, sakmaod xSirad gamoiyeneba qarTul xelovnebaSi, metadre WedurobaSi. centrSi umetesad gumbaTiani nagebobaa, orqanoba saxuraviT gadaxuruli kidura Senobebi ki ufro dabalia. es motivi Weduri xatebis bevr nimuSSi gvxvdeba (magaliTad, caiSis 1619 wlis aTormet dResaswaulTa xatze (mirqma), anCisxatis XVII saukunis garemoWedilobaze (sulTmofenoba) da sxva). anCisxatis karedis frTebis SidamoWedilobaze zeda TaRovan nawilSi gamosaxulia xareba, sadac angelozis da mariamis figurebi orive TaRebs qveS arian moqceulni, gadaweuli da svetze Semoxveuli kretsabmelis standartuli motiviT mariamis mxares. am TaRebs zemodan adgas sami Senoba, centrSi oqtagonaluri nagebobiT da jvriT dagvirgvinebuli konusuri gumbaTiT – uflis saflavis eklesia, romelic, Tavis mxriv, zeciur ierusalims ganasaxierebs599 . es motivi meordeba agreTve XIII saukunis minanqrul firfitebze mirqmis da sulTmofenobisgamosaxulebiT600 .

598 Г. Чубинашвили, Грузинское чеканное искусство, gv. 194-212; g. alibegaSvili, T. sayvareliZe, qarTuli xatebi, il. 17, 19, 23, 25, 26; n. burWulaZe, qarTulixatebi, gv. 80-83. 599 T. sayvareliZe, XIV-XIXsaukuneebisqarTulioqromWedloba, gv. 17. 600 Л. Хускивадзе, Грузинские эмали, gv. 133-134, tab. XXXVIII-XL.

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mTel rig nawarmoebebSi qalaqi ierusalimi amgvarad – kompoziciis zeda, zeciur zonaSi sami nagebobis saxiT – gamoisaxeba bzobis kompoziciaSi (magaliTad, caiSis xatze, anCisxatis frTebis gare moWedilobaze da sxva). sami nagebobis es motivi gamoyenebulia XVI saukunis bugeulis moxatulobaSic (xareba, mirqma, yvedrebaiosebisa), Tumca ufro gamartivebuli da sqematuri saxiT601 . am motivis ramdenime interpretacia SeiZleba iyos – Zveli da axali aRTqma, zeciuri ierusalimi, qristianuli taZari, rogorc saxli uflisa da sxva. msgavsi motivi TiTqos ar Cans bizantiur nawarmoebebSi. zeciuri ierusalimis ufro pirdapiri da dauqaragmebeli saxe unda iyos martvilis XVI saukunis moxatulobaSi gumbaTis yelSi, sarkmlebs Soris gamosaxul winaswarmetyvelTa figurebis da sarkmlebis Tavze gaSlili arqiteqturuli motivebis rigi, romlebic, rogorc Cans, erTian zolad gauyveboda gumbaTis naxevarsferos mTel perimetrs (sur. 92)602 . es rigi axla ukeT Cans aRmosavleT nawilSi. aq gamosaxulia kiboriumebi, frontoniani Senobebi, gumbaTebi, TaRnarebi – daxatuli xuroTmoZRvrebis Cveuli repertuari. Tumca, am adgilas arqiteqturis gamosaxva CvenSi TiTqmis ucnobia. am kompoziciis Sinaarss adasturebs gumbaTis yelis aRmosavleT nawilSi ganTavsebuli didi warwera, sagangebod gamoyofili CarCoTi da fonis TeTri feriT: `saydari uflisa ars~ (fsal. 10: 4), rac eWvs aRar tovebs, rom aq swored zeciuri ierusalimis gamosaxulebaa603 . saidan movida es saxe – raime nimuSi arsebobda, an damkveTis piradi survili Tu mexsiereba adre nanaxi saxe-xatisa, axla Zneli saTqmelia. magram am gamosaxulebis Sinaarsi sruliad naTelia da Tavis droze albaT Zalian efeqturi iqneboda. miuxedavad uzarmazari gansxvavebisa droSi, masalaSi da rac mTavaria mxatvrul doneSi, es saxe iwvevs asociacias Tesalonikis wm. giorgis rotondis gumbaTis mozaikebTan, sadac orantebis pozebSi gamosaxuli wmindanebi mdidruli arqiteqturuli motivebis fonzea warmodgenilni da cxadia, imTaviTve gaiazreba maTi yofna zeciur ierusalimSi. gamosaxulebisadmi polisemantikuri midgoma sainteresod aisaxa XVI saukunis pirveli naxevris moxatulobaSi gelaTis RmrTismSoblis Sobis taZris CrdiloeTi ekvderis Sua saTavsis aRmosavleTi kedlis moxatulobaSi (sur. 93). zeciuri ierusalimis gamosaxuleba CarTulia mefed kurTxevis scenaSi, romelic iSleba aRmosavleT samlocveloSi Sesasvleli karis garSemo: timpanSi qristes gamosaxulebaa, ori angelozi eSveba Zirs, qveda registrSi, Riadis orsav mxares gamosaxuli mefis bagrat III-isa da dedoflis figurebisken. angelozebs samefo insigniebi upyriaT (gvirgvini, diadema da xmali), riTac xazgasmulia gamosaxulebis mTavari sazrisi: mefis Zalauflebis RvTivkurTxeuloba. zeciur ierusalims am SemTxvevaSi wriuli forma aqvs da igi gamosaxulia mefis figuris zemoT604 . angelozi

601 i. xuskivaZe, qarTulieklesiebisgvianiSuasaukuneebis`xalxuri~moxatulobani, il. 35, 39. 602 n. CixlaZe, martvilis taZris moxatulobis fenebi, gv. 98. 603 iqve. 604 i. mamaiaSvili miiCnevs, rom es wre warmoadgens aseve samefo insignias – sferos, romelsac angelozi miarTmevs mefes: i. mamaiaSvili, gelaTis monastris RvTismSoblis taZris XVI saukunis mxatvroba, sadoqtoro disertaciis avtoreferati, Tbilisi, 2005, gv. 9.

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TiTqos exveva mas, gadascems ra mefes xmals, lorons da TviT am wreSi Caxatul qalaqsac605 . zeciuri ierusalimis wriuli moyvaniloba TiTqos ewinaaRmdegeba apokalifsSi aRweril 12 karibWiani galavnis kvadratulobas, Tumca, rogorc vnaxeT, aRmosavleT qristianul xelovnebaSi sakmaod Tavisufali interpretaciebia zeciuri qalaqisa da ufro metad miwieri eklesiebis formebiT gamoisaxeba606 . wriul qalaqs kveTs ori mdinare, mis centrSi gamosaxulia didi zomis gumbaTiani taZari, romelic Zalian hgavs gelaTis mTavar taZars – TiTqmis zustad imeorebs mis arqiteqturul saxes (sur. 94). sagulisxmoa, rom gelaTis monasteri mefe daviT aRmaSenebelma XII saukuneSi daafuZna, rogorc `meore ierusalimi~. am gamosaxulebis polisemantikuri xasiaTi sruliad naTelia. zeciuri ierusalimis es gamosaxuleba SesaZloa amavdroulad gelaTis monasters – meore ierusalimsac gamosaxavdes da agreTve mTlianad imereTis samefos, qveyanas, romelic imereTis mefes uflis kurTxeviT gadaecema607 . zeciuri ierusalimis Taviseburi gamosaxulebaa, ierusalimis jvris taZarSi sakurTxevlis Bbemis CrdiloeT mxares, kamarasa da kedelze gamosaxuli mariamis dideba akaTvistos mixedviT – Sengigalobs – da RrublebiT zecas aRmavali wmindanTa naxevarfigurebis oTxi rigi. aRsaydrebuli mariamis da misi Tanmxlebi angelozebis gundis ukan miuxedavad dazianebisa, naTlad ikiTxeba koxta proporciebis svetebze dadgmuli kamarovani kiboriumebi – zeciuri ierusalimis gansaxiereba. mTlinad am kedlis kompozicias swored zeciuri ierusalimis cnebasTn akavSireben608 . `uyuaran ufalsa bWeni sionisani ufrois yovelTa sayofelTa iakobisaTa. didebul iTqva SenTvis qalaqo RmrTisao; dedad sionsa hrqua kacman, rameTu kaci iSva mas Sina, da Tavadman daafuZna igi maRalman~ (fsal. 86: 2, 3, 5); `keTili uyav ufalo sionsa da aRaSenne zRudeni ierusalimisani~ (fsal. 50: 20); `rameTu gamoarCia ufalma sioni da saTno-iyo igi samkvidreblad Tvissa. ese ars gansasuenebeli Cemi ukuniTi – ukunisamde, amas davemkvidro, rameTu mTnavs ese~ (fsal. 131: 13, 14). sionis taZari – kidev erTi mniSvnelovani arqiteqturuli saxe, romelic ukavSirdeba zeciur ierusalims. sioni xSirad TviT qalaq ierusalimTanac aris gaigivebuli. isini urTierTCanacvlebadi cneba-saxeebia, gansakuTrebiT fsalmunebSi.

605 a. kldiaSvili, mefed kurTxevis gamosaxulebisTvis qarTul kedlis mxatvrobaSi, literatura daxelovneba, #3, 1991, gv. 161-186; r. mefisaSvili, T. virsalaZe, gelaTi, gv. 14. 606 a. kldiaSvili, mefed kurTxevis gamosaxulebisTvis, gv. 175. 607 iqve, gv. 178, 185-186; d. TumaniSvili da sxvani, gelaTi 900, Tbilisi, 2007, gv. 264. 608 Т. Вирсаладзе, Роспись Иерусалимского Крестного Монастыря, gv. 24, tab. II. Sua saukuneebSi rusul xelovnebaSi mravlad aris am dasaxelebis xatebi, romlebzec gamosaxulia aRsaydrebuli Cviledi mariami rusuli yaidis mravalgumbaTiani taZris fonze, samoTxis baRiT garSemortymuli da misi madidebeli wmindanebis dasebi mis win (Architecture as icon, il. 78). taZari zogadad, – gviani periodis rusuli xatebi, sadac mariamis dideba gamoisaxeba, rogorc wesi, mravalgumbaTiani taZris fonze, mariami – miwieri eklesiis gansaxiereba. Tanac, rogorc wesi TeTr fonze gamoisaxeba – samoTxe. rusul xatebze taZrebs wminda rusuli arqiteqturuli ieri aqvT – xaxvis bolqvis formis gumbaTebiT, kokoSnikebiT da zakomarebiT. xuroTmoZRvrebas aq mniSvnelovani datvirTva aqvs. es gamosaxulebebi (О Тебе радуется) aris amavdroulad zeciuri ierusalimis saxe (А. Лидов, Иконы. Мир святых образов.., gv. 115).

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TviT saxelwodeba sioni mraval cnebas moicavs – igi ierusalimsac aRniSnavs, pirvel eklesiasac, wminda mTasac da momaval zeciur sasufevelsac (gamocxadeba, 14: 1). amgvari polisemantikuroba Sesabamisad iwvevs misi gamosaxvis mravalgvar formebs.

Zvel aRTqmaSi sioni daviT mefis saxelTan aris dakavSirebuli: mTa sioni (fsal. 48: 1213), taZris mTa (fsal. 26), daviTis citadeli, daviTis qalaqi (II mefeTa, 5, 7), wminda qalaqi, wminda mTa (isaia, 40: 1-21; iezekieli, 4: 1-2; fsal. 68: 36; fsal. 47: 2-3 da sxva), zeciuri ierusalimi (ebraelTa mimarT, 12: 22). gansakuTrebiT savsea sionis xsenebiT fsalmunni, magaliTad, 2: 6; 50: 20; 86: 2; 83: 8; 131: 13; 133: 3 da sxva. `uyvars ufalsa bWeni sionisani ufrois yovelTa sayofelTa iakobisaTa, didebul iTqva SenTvis qalaqo RmrTisao~ (fsal. 86: 2-3). aseve mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs mas axal aRTqmaSi (maTe, 21: 5; ioane, 12: 15; saqmeni, 1: 4; 2: 1-36; pavles epistoleni, romaelTa mimarT, 9: 33; ebraelTa mimarT, 12: 22; gamocxadeba, 14: 1 da sxva). axal aRTqmaSi sioni ukve sxva mniSvnelovan datvirTvasac Rebulobs – es aris TviT qristes mier miTiTebuli saxli (zeda oTaxi, mofardagebuli – luka, 22: 12), sadac gaimarTa seroba uflisa da dadginda evqaristiis saidumlo; aq afarebdnen Tavs mociqulebi qristes jvarcmis mere; aq gamoecxadaT maT aRdgomili qriste `daxSul karSi~ (ioane 20: 19); aq gardamovida suliwminda mociqulebze da dafuZnda qristianuli eklesia (saqmeni, 1: 13-14; 2: 1-13); aq miiZina RmrTismSobelma mariamma da aq Segrovdnen sxvadasxva qveynidan angelozebis mier RrublebiT gadmoyvanili mociqulebi; sionis saxli naxsenebia axal aRTqmaSi (ioane 20: 19, 26). am adgilas, romelic esoden bevri SinaarsiT da asociaciiT iyo datvirTuli, pirveli eklesia aSenda dedofal elenes nebiT, patriarq maqsimes dros IV saukunis Sua xanebSi, xuTnaviani bazilikis formiT; igi X saukuneSi dangrevis Semdgom mravalgzis gadakeTda da yovelTvis bazilikis forma hqonda. kirile aleqsandrieli adasturebs, rom IV saukuneSi aq ukve idga eklesia609 . es eklesia iTvleboda TviT macxovris da misi mociqulebis mier dafuZnebulad da ewoda mas `deda yovelTa eklesiaTa~610 .

Cveni Temis konteqstSi sioni sainteresoa swored misi arqiteqturuli saxeebis TvalsazrisiT. saxviT xelovnebaSi sioni umetesad bazilikis formiTaa gamosaxuli, bizantiuri arqiteqturis saxasiaTo elementebis gamoyenebiT, rac asociaciebis meTods efuZneba. aseve xSiria misi personifikaciebi gvirgvinosani qalis saxiT, romelsac nagebobis formis gvirgvini adgas da aseve nagebobis win (fonze) aris gamosaxuli. Tumca, amgvari personifikaciebi ufro xSiria dasavleT evropul xelovnebaSi611 . sionis personifikaciis ramdenime nimuSi aris qarTul xelovnebaSi, kerZod, zemoT ukve ganxiluli oTxTa eklesiis X saukunis aRmosavleTi sarkmlis moxatuloba, sadac bazili

609 T. O’Loughlin, “Remembering Sion”: Early Medieval Latin Recollections of the Basilica on Mount Sion and the Interplay of Relics, Tradition and Images, in: Visual Constructs of Jerusalem, gv. 1-10. 610 Theodosius, De itu terra sanctae, 7b., in: Jerusalem Pilgrims Before the Crusades, trans. by J. Wilkinson, Warminster, 2002, gv. 107; sionis taZarSi daculi iyo eklis gvirgvini, dafa pilates warweriT, sionis karibWis kari, gaSoltvis sveti, lodi TavkideTa, daviTis zeTiscxebis yanwi, Subi da sxva. 611 sionis personifikaciebis Taobaze ix. z. sxirtlaZe, oTxTaeklesia, gv. 122-154.

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kurgvirgviniani Saravandmosili qalis naxevarfiguraa bazilikiT xelSi (sur. 70). aseTive Sinaarsisaa iSxnis taZris samxreTi kedlis sarkmlis moxatuloba612 . sionis, rogorc taZris gamosaxuleba, Zalian xSirad aris fsalmunTa dasuraTebaSi, gansakuTrebiT xatmebrZoleobis Semdeg. magaliTebad SeiZleba davasaxeloT xludovis IX saukunis fsalmuni (fsal. 51, 86, 77, 101), pantokratoris monastris fsalmuni (fsal. 86), Teodores XI saukunis fsalmuni (fsal. 86), barberinis XI saukunis fsalmuni (fsal. 88), sadac aris sionis personifikacia qalis saxiT arqiteqturuli gvirgviniT. yvela am gamosaxulebaze taZars aqvs bazilikis forma, maRali Sua naviT, farTo kariT, kibiT, maRali koSkiT da mariamis xatiT sxvadasxva arqiteqturul nawilze (timpani, niSa), rac adasturebs sionis gaigivebas mariamTan, rogorc miwieri eklesiis saxesa da simbolosTan. es qristianuli RvTismetyvelebis da himnografiis mniSvnelovani Temaa. ioane damaskeli sions swored mariamTan aigivebs613 . sioni amavdroulad zeciuri wminda qalaqis saxelicaa da saxec. ase ikveTeba gamosaxulebebSi urTierTSemavsebeli, urTierTCanacvlebadi, urTierTganmamartebeli cnebebi da saxeebi. gansakuTrebiT ki mariamis saxe – damakavSirebeli miwisa da cisa, kibe iakobisa, damtevnebeli dautevneblisa. mariamis gaigivebiT miwier eklesiasTan, sionTan aixseneba kidec RmrTismSobelTan dakavSirebul scenebSi (xareba, miZineba, mirqma) xuroTmoZRvrebis aqtiuri gamosaxva. vinaidan wminda qalwulis miZineba sionis mTaze arsebul saxlSi moxda, am scenaSi xazgasmulad bazilikuri tipis Senobebs gamosaxaven xolme (magaliTad, atenis XI saukunis, yincvisis XIII saukunis damdegis, aWis XIII saukunis miwurulis (sur. 95) lixnes XIV saukunis da mravali sxva eklesiis moxatulobaSi). sagulisxmoa, rom sionis saxeliT cnobili eklesiebis umetesoba swored RmrTismSoblis saxelzea agebuli614 .

RmrTismSobeli – taZari uflisa Sua saukuneebSi arqiteqturis gamosaxvisa da misi simbolur-semantikuri JReradobis kidev erTi saintereso Temaa. uSualod zeciur ierusalimTan da zogadad qristianul taZarTan, da kerZod sionis cnebasTan aris dakavSirebuli RmrTismSobeli mariamis gamosaxulebani xuroTmoZRvrebis fonze. arqiteqturuli anturaJis sagangebo simboluri mniSvnelobis mxriv sagulisxmoa xarebis kompozicia. amis mravali nimuSi arsebobs da yovel maTganSi es motivi sxvadasxva saxiT da sxvadasxva formiT aris gamosaxuli, magram umetes SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs qristianuli taZris gamosaxuleba, xSirad svetebiani egvteriT an kiboriumiT, romlis svetze gadaxsnil-gadaweuli kretsabmelia Semoxveuli – uflis gankacebiT zecaTa sasufevlis gaxsna adamianisTvis, sulis xsnisa da ukvdavebis sawindari da SesaZlebloba. faqtobrivad mariami TviT aris taZari RvTisa, damtevnebeli dautevneblisa (daujdomeli, ikosi 8), aseve miwieri eklesiis gansaxierebaa da, Sesabamisad, iseve rogorc eklesiis

612 T. virsalaZe, qarTulimxatvrobisistoriidan, gv. 29; z. sxirtlaZe, oTxTaeklesiismoxatuloba, gv. 138; m didebuliZe, Sua saukuneebis qarTuli kedlis mxatvrobis Zeglebi tao-klarjeTSi, gv. 50. 613 John of Damsacus, In Dormition, hom. 2. 3; On the Dormition of Mary: Early Patristic Homilies, trans. and ed. by B. E. Daley, Crestwood and New York, 1997, gv. 208. 614 Г. Чубинашвили, Болнисский Сион, Известия Института языка, истории и материальной культуры им. акад. Н. Я. Марра, IX, Тбилиси, 1940, gv. 83-86.

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Senoba, materiisa da sulis damakavSirebeli615 . yoveli taZari da taZris gamosaxuleba faqtobrivad mariamis saxea616:

gixaroden RmrTisa dautevnelisa damtevnelo (daujdomeli, ikosi 8). gixaroden, savaneo yovlad didebulo serabinTa zeda gansuenebulisao. gixaroden sibrZnisa RmrTisa savaneo (ikosi 9). gixaroden, karao RmrTisa sityvisao, gixaroden wmidisa wmindaTasa uaRreso, gixaroden, eklesiisa Seuryevelo godolo (ikosi 12). mgalobelni Sobisa Senisani SegasxamT Sen yovelni, viTarca suliersa taZarsa, RmrTismSobelo (ikosi 12).

xludovis fsalmunSi (IX saukune), romelic cnobilia ilustrirebis saxiTmetyvelebiTi principebiT, 86-e fsalmunis dasuraTebaSi taZris gamosaxuleba ukavSirdeba an sulac ganasaxierebs RmrTismSobels617 . aqac sionis taZars bazilikis forma aqvs, aRniSnulia rogorc wminda sioni, mis win dgas daviTi (mariamis erTgvari metaforebi: karibWe, eklesia, koSki, kibe618). taZari da taZris gadaxsnili kretsabmeli Zalian xSirad aris swored mariamis metafora. es Tema sainteresodaa asaxuli santa maria majores V saukunis mozaikebSi, sadac satriumfo TaRis xarebis sakmaod uCveulo kompoziciis orsav kideSi gamosaxulia ori nageboba, romelTagan erTis SesasvlelSi daxuruli kretsabmelia, Semdeg modis xarebis scena da mere meore gamosaxuleba taZrisa, ukve gadaweuli, gaxsnili kretsabmeliT. oTxTa eklesiis moxatulobaSi, iseve rogorc Tanadrouli saRolaSenis lorfinze xarebis kompoziciaSi, es sazrisi naTlad aris asaxuli mxatvruli formebiT, rac zemoTac iyo ganxiluli. ifraris 1096 wlis moxatulobaSi, xarebis kompoziciaSi (sur. 96) fexze mdgomi mariami ramdenime sxvadasxva simaRlis da zomis nagebobis, rogorc Cans, bazilikebis fonze aris gamosaxuli – sioni619; garejis udabnos monastris xarebis eklesiaSi xarebis arqiteqturul fons warmoadgens limnisferi maRali didi marTkuTxedi zed patara kiboriumiT da darbazuli eklesiiT angelozis mxares, samagierod mariamis figuris ukan, faqtobrivad ki mis Tavze didi jvargumbaTiani eklesiis gamosaxulebaa, ori mcire egvteriT da fardaSemoxveul koxta svetebze dayrdnobili fanCaturiT gumbaTis gverdiT (aq meore taZris moxazu

615 K. E. McVey, Spirit Embodied, gv. 63. ubisis didi karedis centralur nawilze gamosaxuli Zveli aRTqmis scenebSi swored mariamis figurebia Caxatuli siuJetis sxvadasxva nawilebze, rac vizualurad adasturebs mariamis bibliur winasaxeebs. 616 ferapontes monastris RmrTismSoblis Sobis eklesiis mxatvrobaSi daujdomelis dasuraTebaSi daxatulia gumbaTiani taZari (oriarusiani rotondis msgavsi konusurgadaxurviani gumbaTiT, anu ara-rusuli arqiteqturis tipis) da Sesasvlelis Tavze, kedlidan amozrdili gamosaxuleba Cviledi mariamis – xazgasma misi da qristianuli taZris identobisa. 617 А. Лидов, Иконы. Мир святых образов.., gv. 100-101; Architecture as Icon, gv. 86, il. 16. 618 S. Filipova, Image of Cities in the Macedonian Collection, gv. 291. 619 Н. Аладашвили, Г. Алибегашвили, А. Вольская, Живописная школа Сванетии, gv. 3-4, nax. 12; m. yenia, zemo svaneTi, il. gv. 59.

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lobac ikveTeba, romelsac es salxinebeli agvirgvinebs)620 . feradovnulad Zalze eqspresiuli, es gamosaxuleba cxadia gamosaxavs ara nazareTis Raribul sacxovriss, aramed sions – zeciur ierusalims, romelic mTlianad qarTuli sataZro xuroTmoZRvrebis formebSi aris mocemuli (sur. 97). amgvari gadawyveta garkveul paralels poulobs XIII saukunis oTxTavis (A-26) xarebis miniaturasTan (f. 23r), sadac mariami TiTqmis identuri taZris fonze aris gamosaxuli. am miniaturaze taZari kidev ufro monumenturad aris gamosaxuli, maRali gumbaTis yeliT da jvriT dagvirgvinebuli konusuri gadaxurviT, romelic kveTs miniaturis CarCos, mariamis figura TiTqos moculia taZris nagebobiT, angelozis figurisgan mas taZris koxta, sada kapiteliani sveti gamohyofs, romelzec gadaxveulia kretsabmeli – gankacebiT gaxsnili sasufeveli caTa da taZari amiT kidev ufro emsgavseba zeciur ierusalims – uflis sasufevels. miT umetes rom taZris jvriT damSvenebuli gumbaTi kveTs miniaturis CarCos da marTlac rom `zecamde~ adis621 . macxvariSis eklesiis moxatulobaSi xarebis scenaSi mariamis figuris ukan ramdenime nagebobaa, Tanac dazianebulobis miuxedavad Cans, rom dabal nagebobas TiTqos mravalfrontoniani gadaxurva aqvs, xolo mariamis `win~ salxinoblis maRal svetze kretsabmeli aris Semoxveul-gamonaskuli – kvlav miTiTeba gankacebiT gaxsnil zecaTa sasufevelze622 . didi bazilikis fonzea gamosaxuli mariami 1030 wlis zaqaria valaSkertelis svinaqsarSi (A-648; f. 33r), aseve laklakiZis Weduri xatis xarebiskompoziciaSi (XI saukune), XVI saukunis sadgeris jvris xarebis kompoziciaSi da mravali sxva. STambeWdavad iyo es scena warmodgenili XI saukunis miwurulis zemo krixis mTavarangelozTa taZris xarebis scenaSi, romelic sakurTxevlis afsidis Tavze, satriumfo kedelze iyo warmodgenili623 . mravali nimuSi SeiZleba moviyvanoT, sadac es idea: mariami – taZari uflisa aris mxatvrulad asaxuli arqiteqturis gamosaxvis meSveobiT. mariamis figuris ukan gamosaxuli taZari an, miT umetes, kedeli da taZari erTad swored miuTiTebs zecis karibWeze da mariamisa da eklesiis identobaze624 . xarebis kompoziciebSi gansakuTrebiT xazgasmulia da gamokveTili mariamis da uflis taZris gaigiveba da ufro metic, mariamis da zeciuri ierusalimis gaigiveba. marTlac, umetes ikonografiul redaqciebSi xarebis kompoziciis nawili mariamis mxares erTi an ori SenobiT mainc aris Sevsebuli, xSirad es sakmaod ganviTarebuli da mravalnawiliani arqiteqturuli fonia, sadac dominirebs maRal karSi Sekiduli gadaweuli kretsabmeli, zogjer ki lamis mTeli qalaqia mis `ukan~ gaSlili (magaliTad, anisisa da nikorwmindis moxatulobebSi da sxva). es ki udavo dasturia, Tu raoden mniSvnelovan saxiTmetyvelebiT funqcias asrulebs arqiteqtura ferwerul gamosaxulebebSi.

620 m. bulia, a. volskaia, d. TumaniSvili, daviTgarejismonastrebi, gv. 30, il. 119. 621 Ш. Амиранашвили, Грузинская миниатюра, il. 52. 622 m. yenia, zemosvaneTi, gv. 107. 623 Т. Вирсаладзе, Грузинская средневековая монументальная живопись, il. 18. 624 S. Filipova, Image of Cities, gv. 293-294; A. Eastmond, Art and Identity in Thirteenth-century Byzantium. Hagia Sophia and the Empire of Trebizond, Birningham, 2004, gv. 130.

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nikorwmindis taZris XVII saukunis moxatulobaSi afrebis aRmosavleT wyvilSi gamosaxuli xareba (sur. 98) marTlac rom mTeli qalaqis fonzea warmodgenili, romelic udavod swored zeciur ierusalims ganasaxierebs625 . es aris farTod gaSlili qalaqis xedi karibWeebiani galavniT, kamarovani da orqanoba gadaxurviani didi nagebobebiT, grZel stoaze dadgmuli sami patara SenobiT da, rac mTavaria, centrSi, SroSanebiT savse larnakiT, romelic nagebobebzec ki ufro didi Cans. es vrceli xedi erTgvarad agrZelebs danarCen oTx afraSi gamosaxul maxarebelTa figurebis arqiteqturul fons da mTlianobaSi sworedac rom zeciuri ierusalimis saxe iqmneba, martvilis gumbaTis kompoziciis msgavsad. aseTive ganviTarebuli da mravalnawiliani arqiteqturis fonzea gamosaxuli xareba sveticxovlis taZris dasavleTi mklavis Crdilo kedelze, Tumca lokalizaciis gamo iseT Sinaars ver Rebulobs, rogorc es nikorwmindaSia626 . gremis XVI saukunis moxatulobaSi sakurTxevlis pilastrebze gamosaxul xarebaSimariami dabrZanebulia saydarze, romelic faqtobrivad eklesiis nagebobas warmoadgens: mariamis figura moqceulia svetebze dayrdnobil kamaris qveS, romlis gadaxurvis centraluri nawili aweulia, calke kamarovani gadaxurva aqvs, fasadze sarkmlebiT, rogorc bazilikas da mTlianobaSi, gadaxurvis kramitebis naxatianad, swored eklesias ganasaxierebs. mariamis da eklesiis gaigivebis erTi Zalian mravlismTqmeli da iSviaTi saxea mocemuli amaSukeTis XVI saukunis zemoTnaxsenebi moxatulobis (sur. 80) bzobis kompoziciaSi. qalaqi ierusalimi gamosaxulia mravalsarTuliani, horizontalurad gaSlili nagebobis saxiT, RiadebiT, Tumca karibWis gareSe, mis win ki dgas erTaderTi figura – RmrTismSobeli mariami, rogorc ganmasaxierebeli deda eklesiisa. es namdvilad simboluri saxiTmetyvelebiTi xasiaTis gamosaxulebaa627:

RmrTismSobelsa vadidebdeT –mSobelsa da qalwulsa, venaÃsa goniersa taZarsa pirmetyuelsa, takuksa mas suliersa sadgursa mananaisasa, Rrubelsa savsesa naTliTa, magrilobelsa sulTa CvenTasa, samRrTosa zRudesa mtkicesa, mcvelsa yovlisa soflisas628 .

rogorc vnaxeT, aRmosavleT saqristianoSi zeciuri ierusalimis vizualuri saxe qristianuli ierusalimis arqiteqturuli nagebobebis gamosaxviT iqmneba, metadre ki uflis saflavis eklesiisa, romelic swored zeciuri ierusalimis simbolo da miwaze misi gansaxiereba gaxda.

625 i. xuskivaZe, nikorwmindis taZris moxatuloba, gv. 109-110. 626 n. CixlaZe, sveticxovlis moxatulobani, il. 279-281. 627 i. xuskivaZe, amaSukeTi – eklesia deda RmrTisa.., gv. 203, sur. 9. 628 ioane minCxi, poezia, marxvani, red. l. xaCiZe, YTbilisi, 1987, gv. 160.

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