6. uflis saflavis eklesia

6. uflis saflavis eklesia

`viTarcanaTliTSemosilsadaviTarcaumSvenieressasamoTxisasa, esreTgicnobTSen, romeligamosCndimxsneladyovlisasoflisa, aRsdegubrwyinvalesiyovlisanaTelTa, qriste, RmerToCveno, dagamosCndasaflaviSeni, viTarcawyaroCvenisaaRdgomisa~ (tropari, paseqis Jamni).

qristianul RvTismetyvelebaSi uflis saflavi aris kosmosis centri, samyaros Wipi – omfalosi629 . qristes aRdgomis vizualuri gamosaxuleba misi saflavi iyo, romelic aRdgomis rotondis centrSi iyo moqceuli. evsebius kesarielis TqmiT, sityvebze metad aRdgomis dasturi swored es saflavi aris630 da qristes saflavis eklesias `axal ierusalims~ uwodebs631 . VI saukunis madabas mozaikuri rukis centrSi gamosaxulia ierusalimi; ierusalimis centrSi uflis saflavis eklesia, eklesiis centrSi ki sakuTriv kuvuklia632 . ukve saxedakargul Zvel ierusalimSi konstantine didis mier axali sicocxlis Caberva misi qristianuli samyaros centrad aRorZineba gaxda, da am centris centri uflis saflavi iyo. wminda saflavi igive zeciuri ierusalimis saxea dedamiwaze633 . aq gamoyenebuli arqiteqturuli tipebi da formebi mTlianad romauli samSeneblo tradiciidan iqna gadmotanili, Tumca axleburad SekavSirebul-kombinirebuli, mTavari iyo `ara forma rogorc forma, aramed axali mniSvneloba, romelic mieniWa am nagebobebs~634 . uflis saflavis eklesiis struqtura bevri TvalsazrisiT aris Zveli aRTqmis taZris refleqsia, simboluri msgavseba, misi ZiriTadi struqturuli, sivrciTi da liturgiuli danawilebis gameoreba635 . uflis saflavis taZris xsenebisas umetesad gulisxmoben aRdgomis rotondasac da kuvukliasac (edikula), maSin roca es aris mravalnawiliani didi eklesia, romlis ZiriTadi Semadgenlebi konstantine didis dros Camoyalibda, Tumca saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi icvleboda maTi arqiteqturuli saxe da maTTvis gamoyofili sivrcec. ZiriTadad es aris sakuTriv kuvuklia (qristes saflavis akldama), mis Tavs dadgmuli aRdgomis rotonda, mis aRmosavleTiT ganlagebuli bazilika-martiriumi, samxreT-aRmosavleTiT golgoTa da uamravi patara kapela da samlocvelo taZris sxvadasxva nawilSi da sxvadasxva doneze. sol

629 B. Kühnel, From the Earthly to the Heavenly Jerusalem, gv. 88, 92-93; R. Ousterhout, The Temple, the Holy Sepulcher and the Martyrion, gv. 46-47; A. D. Temerinski, The Jerusalem Rotunda or the Heavenly Jerusalem, gv. 704. 630 R. Ousterhout, Visualizing the Tomb of Christ, gv. 439. 631 Vita Constantina, III, 33; B. Kühnel, From the Earthly to the Heavenly Jerusalem, gv. 81-82. 632 B. Kühnel, From the Earthly to the Heavenly, gv. 89-91. 633 F. W. Deichmann, Einführung in die christlische Archäologie, Darmstadt, 1983, gv. 96. 634 F. W. Deichmann, Einführung.., gv. 96; misive, Die Architektur des konstantinischen Zeitalters, in: Rom, Ravenna, Konstan-tinopel, Naher Osten. Gesammelte Studien zur spätantikrn Architektur, Kunst und Geschichte, Wiesbaden, 1982, gv. 119. 635 R. Ousterhout, The Temple, the Holy Sepulcher, gv. 46-47.

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omonis taZris struqtura sanimuSo iyo qristianuli taZrebis kompoziciebisTvis (sivrcis samnawilianoba, atriumi da sxva)636 .

Sua saukuneebis ritorikaSi uflis saflavis eklesia da uSualod qristes saflavis akldama (kuvuklia) urTierTCanacvlebadia da ganzogadebulad gamoisaxeba umetesad wriuli an oqtagonaluri formis svetebiani gumbaTuri nagebobis saxiT, zogjer kiboriumiT gadaxuruli, romelic gamoiyeneba, rogorc uflis saflavis eklesiis, aseve kuvuklias aRsaniSnavad637 . sxvadasxva SemTxvevaSi am didi taZris sxvadasxva nawilebs gamosaxaven, Tumca ZiriTadad mainc rotondis an kuvuklias saxiT. edikula, rogorc wesi, gamoisaxeba svetebze dadgmuli frontoniani niJarisebri formiT Sevsebuli TaRis saxiT, akanTis formis akroteriumebiT kuTxeebSi, msubuqi alaTebiT svetebs Soris, zemodan dadgmuli gumbaTiT638 . tunisSi, tabarqas taZris V saukunis mozaikuri gamosaxuleba `deda eklesiisa~, adreul periodSi eklesiis gamosaxvis zogadad miRebul sqemas asaxavs639 . uflis saflavis rotondas gamosaxulebebi ufro poligonalur formas atarebs, vidre wriuls. amas emateba cifri 8-s simboluri mniSvneloba, rogorc aRdgomaze mimaniSnebeli, da amitomac, SesaZloa, oqtagoni ufro Sesafer formad iqna miCneuli640 . uflis saflavis gamosaxulebani uadresi droidan iqmneboda, misi Taviseburi versia aris dura evroposis III saukunis saxli-eklesiis freskaze. aq menelsacxeble dedani dganan uzarmazari orqanoba sarkofagis msgavsi nagebobis winaSe, rac, udavod, uflis saflavis gamosaxulebaa641 . xSiria uflis saflavis gamosaxulebani piligrimebis sasuveniro ampulebze (moncas ampulebi, VI saukune, # 5, 9, 13, da sxva642), spilos Zvlis piqsidebze643 da sxva. sagulisxmoa, rom am artefaqtebze gamosaxulia maTi Seqmnis droisTvis arsebuli nageboba, da ara kldeSi nakveTi mRvime644 . j. uilkinsonis rekonstruqcia iZleva warmodgenas mis adreul formaze645 . uflis saflavis gamosaxvis erTi sagulisxmo nimuSia VI saukunis relikvariumi dResaswaulTa scenebiT, sadac menelsacxeble dedani da angelozi karviT gadaxuruli, gamWoli

636 R. Ousterhout, The Temple, the Holy Sepulcher, gv. 44-45; j. uilkinsoni, qristes saflavi: ierusalimi da mcxeTa, saqarTvelossiZveleni, 1, 2002, gv. 61, nax. 4; J. Wilkinson, Jewish Influence on the Early Christian Rite of Jerusalem, gv. 47-359; J. Wilkinson, Jerusalem Pilgrims before the Crusaders, gv. 70-71; 91; И. Языкова, Богословие иконы, gv. 35. 637 S. Filipova, Images of Cities, gv. 290, 291; J. Bogdanovich, The Rhetoric of Architecture in Byzantine Context: the Case Study of the Holy Sepulcher, Зограф, 38, 2014, gv. 1-21. 638 R. Ousterhout, The Temple, the Holy Sepulcher, gv. 49. 639 R. Milburn, Early Christian art and architecture, Berkley and Los Angelos, 1988, gv. 156, il. 102. 640 A. D. Temerinski, The Jerusalem Rotunda or the Heavenly Jerusalem?, gv. 703-704. 641 R. Milburn, Early Christian Art and Architecture, gv. 10-12, il. 5. 642 A. Grabar, Les Ampoules de Terre Sainte, Paris, 1938; R. Ousterhout, The Temple, the Holy Sepulcher, gv. 48, il. 5-6; j. uilkinsoni, qristes saflavi: ierusalimi da mcxeTa, gv. 61, nax 4; G. Vikan, Early Byzantine Pilgrimage Art, 2nd ed., Washington DC, 2010; B. Kühnel, From the Earthly to the Heavenly Jerusalem, gv 93-96, il. 18, 19, 43. 643 B. Kühnel, From the Earthly to the Heavenly Jerusalem, il. 39-42. 644 R. Ousterhout, Visualizing the Tomb of Christ, gv. 440. 645 j. uilkinsoni, qristes saflavi, gv. 61, nax. 4.

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alaTebiT Semofargluli rTuli, wriuli nagebobis win arian gamosaxulni, am nagebobas ki uzarmazari naxevarsferuli gumbaTi adgas Tavs sarkmlebiT perimetris gayolebaze – udavod, kuvuklia da mis Tavze dadgmuli rotondis asaxva646 . miunhenis spilos Zvlis firfitaze (IV-V saukuneTa mijna), romelzec ori siuJeti aris gaerTianebuli: menelsacxeble dedani uflis saflavTan da amaRleba647 , angelozi zis ara mRvimis SesasvlelTan, aramed sakmaod didi nagebobis win, romlis pirvel sarTulze gamosaxulia didi kari da mis orsav mxares niSebi qandakebebiT. am kubur sarTuls adgas moxdenili gumbaTi maRali yeliT, romelic ormag svetebze dayrdnobili TaRediT da figuratiuli medalionebiT aris Semkuli. es arqiteqtura garkveulad asaxavs uflis saflavis rotondas ukve konstantines aRmSeneblobis mere, sakmaod gavrcobil da rTul formebSi. im drois adamianebisTvis imdenad zust msgavsebas ki ar hqonda mniSvneloba, aramed ZiriTadi, saxasiaTo, arsebiTi niSnis gameorebas, rac kvlav gvagonebs aslis Tavisebur gaazrebas Sua saukuneebis xelovnebaSi648 . mTavaria, rom gumbaTiani nagebobaa. aseTive, cota ufro martivi forma aqvs amave scenaSi gamosaxul uflis saflavis eklesias rabulas VI saukunis saxarebaSi649 . anda luvris XI saukunis spilos Zvlis (amalfis) firfitaze, sadac zedxedSi gamosaxul, yuTis msgavs samarxs daxveuli sudariT da TavsaburaviT zemodan adgas koxta proporciebis ormag svetebze dayrdnobili gumbaTis maRali naxevarsfero650 . saqarTveloSic, msgavsad sxva qristianuli qveynebisa, macxovris saflavis gamosaxulebas did simbolur mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen. yvelaze adrindeli gamosaxulebebi aris qvis reliefebze, magaliTad, xandisis stelis zeda nawili, romelic jvris budes warmoadgens651 . uflis saflavis gamosaxulebad aris miCneuli taZris sarkmlis zedanze gamosaxuli reliefi `Savi soflidan~ (VIII-IX ss.), iseve rogorc safaris miZinebis taZris dasavleT fasadze jvrisamaRlebiskompozicia, romelSic angelozebis mier amaRlebuli wreSi Caxatuli jvari, romelic `efuZneba~ ormagi TaRis damagvirgvinebel erTgvar gumbaTs, rac mTlianobaSi aseve uflis saflavis asociacias iwvevs652 . mxatvrobaSi da WedurobaSi bevria qristes saflavis gamosaxuleba, gansakuTrebiT iseT scenebSi, rogoricaa menelsacxeblededaniqristessaflavTan, datireba, saflavaddade

646 D. Talbot Rice, Art of Byzantine Era, gv. 40, il. 29. 647 I. Hutter, Early Christian and Byzantine Art, il. 37. 648 R. Krautheimer, Introduction to an “Iconography of Medieval Architecture”, in Studies in Early Christian, Medieval and Renaissance art, gv. 116-130; d. xoStaria, nimuSi da asli Sua saukuneebis qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi, gv. 27-48. 649 R. Cormack, Byzantine Art, il. 39. 650 E. S. Klinkenberg, Compressed Meaning, il. 19. 651 Н. Аладашвили, Монументальная Скульптура Грузии, il. 16; k. maCabeli, qarTuli qristianuli xelovnebissaTaveebTan, Tbilisi, 2014, gv. 133-134, il. 29; Н. Чубинашвили, Хандиси, Тбилиси, 1972, gv. 5-31; T. xundaZe, e. kvaWataZe, T. dadiani, Sua saukuneebis qarTuli qandakeba, gv. 63, il. 97-99; G. Gagoshidze, Jerusalem in Medieval Georgian Art, gv. 133. 652 Н. Аладашвили, Монументальная скульптура Грузии, gv. 41, il. 37; Н. Чубинащвили, Хандиси, Тбилиси, 1972. gv. 17, il. 48; k. maCabeli, qarTuliqristianulixelovnebissaTaveebTan, gv, 128-144; gv. 65- 73; T. dadiani, e. kvaWataZe, T. xundaZe, SuasaukuneebisqarTuliqandakeba, gv. 109, il. 181; gv. 29-30; il. 6.

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ba; Tumca arc Tu bevri mianiSnebs uflis saflavis eklesiis realur arqiteqturas – qarTul xelnawerebSic da freskebzec umetesad aris kldeSi gamokveTili mRvime, da Zalian iSviaTad – nageboba. uflis saflavis erT-erTi adreuli nimuSi adiSis oTxTavis dasuraTebaSia: evsebiusis kanonebis Semdeg warmodgenilia salxinoblis gamosaxuleba (f. 5v) – oTx svetze dayrdnobili karvisebri gadaxurviani fanCaturi (sur. 4) akanTis kapitelebian svetebs Soris, kidura TaRebSi rombiseburi alaTebia Cadgmuli, xolo Sua TaRi gamonaskuli fardiT aris Semkuli. svetis bazisebi erT horizontalzea, TaRebis damagvirgvinebeli lavgardanebis orTogonaluri moxazuloba ki TiTqos siRrmesac miuTiTebs samwaxnagiani karviseburi gadaxurvis `ukan~; formiT qarTuli taZrebis qolgisebur gadaxurvas gvagonebs. TviT gadaxurva erTianad yvavilebiT aris Semkuli, jvriT dagvirgvinebuli da CitebiT garSemortymuli – samoTxe. mecnierTa azriT, es udavod uflis saflavis gamosaxulebaa, Tavisi formiT sakmaod axlo mdgomi moncas ampulebze arsebul gamosaxulebebTan, Tumca arc erTis zust asls ar warmoadgens653 . garkveuli TvalsazrisiT am gamosaxulebas enaTesaveba X saukunis eCmiaZinis oTxTavis miniatura salxineblis gamosaxulebiT, jvriT dagvirgvinebuli da sami gadaweuli kretsabmeliT svetebs Soris, Tumca misi gadawyveta gacilebiT ufro sibrtyobrivia654 .

Semoqmedis Wedur firfitaze (XI s.) uflis saflavi gamosaxulia nagebobis saxiT – martivi, orqanoba saxuraviT, qvebis wyobiT (gverdxedi) da zedxedSi danaxuli saflavi saxvevebiT. Tumca, aq arc wriuli gumbaTiani nagebobaa da arc oqtagoni655 . uflis saflavis saintereso gamosaxulebaa oTxTa eklesiis sakurTxevlis moxatulobis qveda registrSi, scenaSi menelsacxeblededaniqristessaflavTan (sur. 99). dazianebis miuxedavad sakmaod naTlad Cans nagebobis (da ara mRvimis) forma – rotonda mravalwaxnagiani karviseburi gadaxurviT. anu wminda miwaze, ukve konstantines da misi dedis moRvaweobis Sedegad realurad arsebul nagebobas mimsgavsebuli forma656 . uflis saflavis gamosaxuleba aris XIII saukunis setis karedis aw ukve gamqral da mxolod fotoebze SemorCenil Wedur CarCoze, hetimasiaze dabrZanebulia eklesia – maRali, viwro `orsarTuliani~ nageboba didi jvriT wawvetebul saxuravze. igi moTavsebuli yofila karedis satriumfo TaRze, da karedis daxurvis dros misken mimarTuli iyvnen frTebze gamosaxuli wm. petre da wm. pavle. es udavoa, uflis saflavis gamosaxulebaa657 . es forma Zalauneburad gvaxsenebs sveticxovlis taZarSi, cxoveli svetis kiboriumis XVII saukunis moxatulobaSi TviT am svetis viTarca nagebobis gamosaxvas.

653 j. uilkinsoni, qristes saflavi, gv. 61, nax. 3; Р. Шмерлинг, Художественное оформление грузинской рукописной книги, gv. 30-31, nax. 1; C. Nordenfalk, Die spätantiken Kanonstafeln, gv. 10; Ш. Амиранашвили, Грузинская Миниатюра, il. 6. 654 D. Talbot Rice, Art of the Byzantine Era, il. 138. 655 Г. Чубинашвили, Грузинское Чеканное Искусство, t. I, gv. 115-117; g. alibegaSvili, T. sayvareliZe, qarTulixatebi, il. 11. 656 z. sxirtlaZe, oTxTaeklesiisfreskebi, gv. 72-81, 176. 657 n. WiWinaZe, `hetimasiis~ ikonografiisTvis, religia, #4-5-6, 1997, gv. 197-115.

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uflis saflavis eklesiis saxeebi sxva siuJetebis amsaxvel scenebSic aris, erTgvari simboluri gamosaxulebis saxiT, magaliTad, martvilSi, samxreTi afsidis Sua registrSi saflavad dadebis kompoziciaSi. qristes cxedars faqtobrivad `Seasveneben~ uzarmazar gumbaTovan nagebobaSi, romelic Tavisi ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebiT swored rom uflis saflavis taZaria (sur. 36). martvilis es kompozicia erT-erTi STambeWdavi nimuSia uflis saflavis taZris gamosaxvisa mTeli misi rTuli SemadgenlobiT, arqiteqturuli mravalferovnebiT da didebulebiT. aq kvlav vxedavT saxiTmetyvelebiT midgomas da arasinqronulobas, rodesac ambis realuri momentisTvis ar arsebuli Senobaa gamosaxuli, raTa scenis Sinaarsis simboluri JReradoba ufro mkafio gaxdes. es didebuli taZari uflis sxeulia, misi msxverplze dafuZnebuli da aRdgomaze mimaniSnebeli. marTlac, mis gverdiT jojoxeTiswarmotyvevnaagamosaxuli, anu swored aRdgomis xati. kedlis mxatvrobis kompoziciebSi, rogoricaa menelsacxeblededaniuflissaflavTan, datireba, saflavad dadeba uflis saflavs umetesad mainc kldeSi gamokafuli mRvimes forma aqvs, zogjer, magaliTad, yincvisSi, mRvimis SesasvlelSi gisosebi aris Cadgmuli, rac erTgvarad nagebobis iers aniWebs. mRvimis forma aqvs saflavs beTaniaSi, walenjixaSi, laRamSi, faris svifis jgragis eklesiaSi, mxeris da mraval sxva moxatulobaSi. nesgunis XII saukunis moxatulobaSi kompoziciis qveda nawilSi aris zedxedSi gamosaxuli marTkuTxa saflavi (rogorc Semoqmedis lorfinze). aseve aris safaris XIII-XIV saukuneTa mijnis moxatulobaSi. TanRilis eklesiis XIII saukunis moxatulobis bzobaSi, golgoTas mTaze aRmarTuli jvris gverdiT mcire zomis darbazuli nagebobac swored uflis saflavze miuTiTebs (sur. 75). bzobis scenaSi qalaq ierusalimis SigniT xSirad aris jvriT dagvirgvinebuli rotondis formis taZari, rac udavod uflis saflavis rotondis mimaniSnebelia. magaliTad, gelaTis RmrTismSoblis taZris Crdilo-aRmosavleT egvteris XVII saukunis moxatulobaSi, sadac qalaq ierusalimis centrSi uzarmazari gumbaTovani wriuli Senoba udavod uflis saflavis eklesiaa (sur. 100). uflis saflavis taZris miniSnebas vxedavT sxva siuJetur gamosaxulebebSi, magaliTad, XVI saukunis axali SuamTis moxatulobaSi, lazaresaRdginebis kompoziciaSi, kldeebs Soris didi zomis oriarusiani, maRalgumbaTiani wriuli nagebobaa. Sinaarsobrivad igi beTanias unda miuTiTebdes, Tumca uflis saflavis eklesiis daufaravi konotacia aqvs. uflis saflavis gamosaxulebis sakmaod bevri nimuSia qarTuli xelnaweri wignebis dasuraTebaSi. zaqaria valaSkertelis svinaqsarSi menelsacxeblededebis scenaSi (f. 42r) uflis saflavi mRvimis formiT aris gamosaxuli; asevea gelaTis oTxTavis ramdenime miniaturaSi, aseve jruWi meores dasuraTebaSi – mRvime kldeSi da saxvevelni masSi. Tumca, igive jruWi meores erT-erT miniaturaze, romelzec mosyiduli romaeli jariskacebi arian gamosaxuli(f. 77r), didi frontoniT dagvirgvinebuli nagebobaa warmodgenili (sur. 101) ganieri TaRovani karibWiT, da mis zemoT kidev ramdenime koSki Tu Senoba es ukve sxva gadawyvetaa, da naTlad Cans saxiTmetyvelebiTi midgoma.

XIII saukunis fsalmunSi angelozi zis sakmaod maRla, borcvze, mis marjvniv ki gamosaxulia koxta kiboriumiT Semkuli Senoba, maRali TaRovani RiadiT, romelSic Cans saxvevlebi. kiboriumis gamosaxva TiTqmis aucilebeli xdeba. aseve udavod uflis saflavis taZari aris nagulisxmebi anCisxatis gulanSi (XVII s.) jvris aRmarTvis kompoziciaSi – gumbaTiT dagvirgvinebuli or iarusad wriulad ganlagebuli

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TaRebiani nageboba (f. 30r, sur. 102)658 da XVIII saukunis Semoqmedis gulanis TiTqmis identur kompoziciaSi. somxur miniaturebSi qristes saflavis arqiteqtura zogjer ukiduresad gamartivebulia, zogjer ki fantastiuri formebis daxvavebas warmoadgens. magaliTad, 1305 wlis saxarebaSi arCesidan, oTxkuTxa sarkofagi zedxedSic aris daxatuli (saxvevlebi Cans), da gverdxedSic, xolo Tavze orTaRovani kiboriumi adgas, lampionebiT da kretsabmeliT – uflis saflavis akldama (?)659 . gacilebiT ufro mravalnawiliani da wardgeniTia uflis saflavis arqiteqtura vostanis 1419 wlis miniaturaze660 . sami sxvadasxva elementisgan Sedgenil svetebze dadgmuli ori `islamuri~ tipis TaRi, Sekiduli lampionebi, sami gumbaTi arqitravze da maRali, viwro konusiT dagvirgvinebuli koSki – am rTuli, Tumca sruliad sibrtyovani arqiteqturis orsav mxares ganTavsebulia angelozis da menelsacxeble dedaTa figurebi, romelTa Sesrulebis manera katalonuri da arabuli wignis dasuraTebis stilebis nazavs mogvagonebs. TviT uflis saflavi ki viwro horizontaluri zolis saxiT, romelSic saxvevlebi da sudara Cans – zedxedi – sadRac kompoziciis ZirSia, TiTqmis SeumCneveli, anu mTeli aqcenti arqiteqturazea. vaspurakanis skolis mxatvroba sxvadasxva periodSic gamoirCeva ukiduresi sibrtyovanebiT da pirobiTobiT, siriuli xelovnebis gavleniT. qarTuli saxviTi xelovnebis zRva masalidan mravali magaliTis moyvana SeiZleba. erTi ram naTelia: nagebobis wriuloba an oqtagonuroba, farTo yeliani gumbaTi, kiboriumi umetesad swored am Sinaarsis matarebelia. erTgvar aluzias uflis saflavis kuvukliasTan vxedavT sveticxovlis taZris XVII saukunis moxatulobaSi, romelic amkobs cxoveli svetis salxinobels661 . istoriuli nagebobebis jgufSi es moxatuloba ukve iqna ganxiluli. salxinoblis dasavleT waxnagze, qveda registrSi, pirveli eklesiis dafuZnebis scenaSi662 (sur. 103), cxoveli sveti gamosaxulia, rogorc nageboba bevri RiadiT, aivnebiT da kiboriumiT mis wverze. es ki naTeli miTiTeba uflis saflavze. marTlac, vinaidan wm. ninom locvis dros ganWvrita es nakveTi, rogorc uflis kvarTis daflvis adgili, masze aRmarTuli nageboba, bunebrivia, garegnulad Tu ara, Sinaarsobrivad uflis saflavis eklesias ganasaxierebda. marTlac, saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriaSi mcxeTa meore ierusalimad aRiqmeboda, xolo kvarTis daflvis adgili macxovris saflavTan iyo gaigivebuli663 . kvlav uflis saflavis Temas unda ukavSirdebodes sveticxovlis taZris dasavleTi mklavis Crdilo TaRze warmodgenili sakmaod iSviaTi gamosaxuleba mociqulTa krebisa, romlis centrSi gamosaxul Tavmociqulebs wm. petresa da wm. pavles xelSi uWiravT ro

658 Ф. Девдариани, Миниатюры Анчисхатского Гулани, gv. 51-52, tab. III. 659 Г. Акопян, Армянская миниатюра, il. 3. 660 iqve, il. 52. 661 n. CakvetaZe, eklesiis dafuZnebis scena, gv. 84-95. 662 iqve, gv. 89, 92-93. 663 iqve, gv. 92; e. WeliZe saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis istoriidan, saqarTvelos sapatriarqo, #1, 1997, gv. 6-16; e. bubulaSvili, sveticxovelis siwmindeebi, krebulSi: sveticxoveli, Tbilisi, 2000, gv. 118.

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tondis tipis eklesia, romelic swored uflis saflavis taZarTan aris gaigivebuli (sur. 104). wm. TavmociqulTa petresa da pavles wyviladi gamosaxulebebi jer kidev adreqristianul droSi Cndeba664 . saqarTveloSic aris TavmociqulTa wyviladi gamosaxvis nimuSebi, magaliTad, tbeTis saxarebis ydaze, medalionSi gamosaxuli macxovris naxevarfiguris winaSe, sam-meoTxedSi misken Sebrunebulni (XII s.)665 . konkretulad ki es kompozicia – Tavmociqulebi taZriT xelSi, ufro XV saukunidan vrceldeba saqristianoSi rogorc xatweraSi, aseve kedlis mxatvrobasa da wignis dasuraTebaSi. am ikonografiul saxes feraras saeklesio krebas ukavSirebdnen da qristianuli samyaros erTianobis qadagebad aRiqmeboda666 (magaliTad, XVI saukunis miwurulis xati korfudan)667 . yvelaze cnobilia kretul-veneciuri XIV-XV saukuneTa mijnis xati florenciidan668 . fiqroben, rom aq simbolurad warmodgenilia taZarSi gansaxierebuli yvela qristianis erTianoba – wm. petre da wm. pavle, rogorc qristianuli rwmenis da eklesiis ori burji: `da me gety Sen, rameTu Sen xar klde, da amas kldesa zeda aRvaSeno eklesiaÁ Cemi, da bWeni jojoxeTisani ver ereodian mas~ (maTe, 16: 18). gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iqcevs taZris gamosaxuleba, romelic faqtobrivad, pirdapiri perspeqtiviT aris daxatuli, wina kedeli gaxsnilia da Cans interieri xatebiani kankeliT. bevri niSniT es nageboba swored uflis saflavis rotondis gansaxierebaa da, Sesabamisad, zeciuri ierusalimis mimaniSnebelic. garkveulad aluzia iqmneba solomonis taZarTanac669 , romelic zeciuri ierusalimis prefiguracia iyo da, amavdroulad, qristianuli taZris paradigma. saqarTveloSi es Tema sakmaod iSviaTia. gremSi, XVI saukunis moxatulobaSi, romelic berZeni ostatis Sesrulebulia670 , CrdiloeTi mklavis aRmosavleT kedelze, zemodan III registrSi, gamosaxulni arian wm. petre da wm. pavle taZriT xelSi, wm. damianes gverdiT, aq taZars oqtagonaluri forma aqvs, dabali, gumbaTiT dagvirgvinebuli korpusiT da didi maRali wiTeli feris gumbaTiT.

664 magaliTad, minaze oqroTi mkerdamde gamosaxuli maTi wyviladi portreti (A. Grabar, Christian Iconography, A Study of its Origins, London, 1969, gv. 68-69), wm. petre da pavle, medalionebi – oqro, mina; IV saukune; vatikani (T. Velmans, L’art de l’Icône, Paris, 2013, gv. 46) da sxva. 665 Г. Чубинашвили, Грузинское чеканное искусство, t. II, il. 431; T. sayvareliZe, tbeTis oTxTavis ydis moWediloba, Zeglismegobari, #9, 1967, gv. 36-42, il. gv. 36. TavmociqulTa wyviladi gamosaxulebebic arsebobs – magaliTad, XIV saukunis konstantinopoluri xati sinadan, an mozaikuri wyvili kahrie jamis taZarSi, naosSi Sesasvlelis orsave mxares (K. Weitzman, G. Alibegashvili, A. Volskaia, M. Chatzidakis, G. Babič, M. Alpatov, T. Voinescu, The Icon, London, 1982, gv. 70-71). ufro mogviano xanaSi aseve gavrcelda wminda mociqulebis Sexvedris scena – simbolurad `mSvidoba msoflios~ (magaliTad, XVI saukunis kretuli xati, aTonis mTis didi lavris wm. aTanases egvteridan: K. Weitzman et al, The Icon, gv. 336). 666 D. Temerinski, The Jerusalem Rotunda or the Heavenly Jerusalem?, gv. 701-702. 667 Architecture as Icon, tab. 52. 668 iqve, gv. 30. 669 D. Temerinski, The Jerusalem Rotunda or the Heavenly Jerusalem?, gv. 711. 670 М. Вачнадзе, Кахетинская школа живописи XVI века и ее связь с афонской живописью, 1983; q. miqelaZe, xelovan-momxatvelTa warwerebis mniSvneloba.., gv. 169.

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am kompoziciis mkrTali anareklebi ikiTxeba sasxoris taZris samxreT kedelze, rac berZnuli warweriT dasturdeba671 . misi nimuSi SemorCenilia martvilis taZris XVII saukunis moxatulobaSic, Crdilo afsidis qveda registrSi, kacia Ciqvanis sazeimo ojaxuri portretis rigSi. Tavmociqulni neitralur fonze arian warmodgenilni, taZris gamosaxuleba maT xelT sakmaod dazianebulia, Cans rom gumbaTovani nagebobaa, magram ra struqtura aqvs wriuli, oqtagonaluri Tu sxva, Zneli saTqmelia672 . es kompozicia aris XVII saukunis anCisxatis gulanSic (f. 213r)673 , Tumca aqac taZari ar aris aqcentirebuli. aseve gviani xanis qarTul xelnawerSi A-215 (f. 245r)674 . sveticxovlis taZris dasavleTi mklavis Crdilo kedlis zeda registrSi gamosaxuli es scena sakmaod gavrcobili ikonografiiT aris warmodgenili: Tav mociqulebTan erTad aq gamosaxulni arian danarCeni mociqulebic – mociqulTa kreba, rac arc aris gasakviri, radgan sveticxovlis taZari swored 12 mociqulis saxelobisaa. figuraTa simravlis gamo taZari, Tumc kompoziciis centrSi gamosaxuli, ar aris ise aqcentirebuli, rogorc zemoTnaxseneb berZnul xatze florenciidan675 . saerTod, TviT sveticxovlis taZari xom swored uflis saflavis eklesias ganasaxierebs, mas uwodeben `wmidai wmidas~, aseve sions – dedas yovelTa eklesiaTa. ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom sveticxovlis taZris samxreT-dasavleT mklavTaSorisSi XIII-XIV saukuneTa mijnaze Cadges uflis saflavis taZris `simboluri asli~676 (sur. 105), radgan sveticxoveli aRimarTa qristes kvarTis – macxovris erTaderTi materialuri reliqviis daflvis adgilas, da, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, kvarTi kidevac warmoadgens qristes, xolo misi daflvis adgili – qristes saflavs ganasaxierebs da, Sesabamisad, zeciur ierusalims, yoveli qristianis sanukvar sasufevels.

671 T. yauxCiSvili, saqarTvelosberZnuliwarwerebiskorpusi, Tbilisi, 2009, gv. 209. 672 n. CixlaZe, martvilis taZris moxatulobis fenebi, gv. 101. 673 Ф. Девдариани, Миниатюры Анчисхатского Гулани, gv. 53, tab. XXIII. 674 wmindaÁninoembaziqarTlisaÁ, il. 99. 675 n. CixlaZe, sveticxovlis moxatulobani, gv. 249-250. 676 d. xoStaria, nimuSi da asli Sua saukuneebis qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi, gv. 47.

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