2. eklesiis Semwiravi qtitorebi

maSobda da gansakuTrebul sakralur da mistikur iers aniWebda am movlenebs. mxatvrobaSi velumis (kretsabmelis) gamosaxviT miniSneba xdeboda swored interierze. garda amisa, nagebobebze gadafenili velumi erTgvarad Zveli da axali aRTqmis taZrebis damakavSirebladac gaiazreboda. velumi amavdroulad hyofs da aerTianebs or sivrces – zeciurs da miwiers. swored es funqcia hqonda kretsabmels – velums moses sawameblis karavSi, iseve rogorc samyaroSi cis kabadoni hyofs zeciursa da miwiers295 . velumis sxvadasxva interpretacia arsebobs: gankaceba, evqaristia, taZris kretsabmeli, sazRvari xilulsa da uxilavs Soris; ebraul tradiciaSi – kosmosi da maradisoba, wminda dro – warsuli, awmyo da momavali erTdroulad. ferebi: lurji, Zowisferi, wiTeli da TeTri. taZris kretsabmeli aseve aris simbolo qristes sxeulisa – mariami rTavda Zoweuls taZris kretsabmelisTvis da amavdroulad irTveboda macxovari mis sxeulSi296 . amrigad, Sua saukuneebis saxviT xelovnebaSi arqiteqturis gamosaxulebebs sagangebo mniSvneloba da simboluri datvirTva eniWeba, Tumca raime mcdeloba am gamosaxulebebis prototips mimsgavsebisa, ar Cans. Sua saukuneebis mxatvrobis erTi SexedviT `usaxelo, umisamarTo~ nagebobebi uSinaarsoni sulac ar arian, rac unda pirobiTi da fantastikuri formebi hqondeT, isini pirdapir an miniSnebiT qristianobis umTavres salocavebs da arqiteqturul paradigmebs (arqetipebs) ganasaxierebs. rogorc wesi, isini asocirdeba Zveli da axali aRTqmis taZrebTan, zeciur iurusalimTan, uflis saflavTan, sionTan da sxva. sxvagvari midgoma ikveTeba qtitorTa xelSi gamosaxuli nagebobebis mimarT.

2. eklesiis Semwiravi qtitorebi

`hoimamaomamaTaosabadaudabno[... ]egemravalTasulTamiuZRvigzadRmrTisa[... ] TanamebeqasamandaturTuxucessa[... ]sargissamcxisaspasalarsa[... ] daaRvaSenedaSevamkveeklesia[... ]yovelTasulierTadaxorcielTasa~ (safara, wm. sabas taZari, beqa jayelis qtitoruli warwera).

Sua saukuneebis saxviT xelovnebaSi arqiteqturis asaxvisa da interpretaciis TvalsazrisiT albaT yvelaze mravlismTqmeli aris eklesiaTa nagebobebis gamosaxulebani qtitorTa xelSi, e. w. modelebi, romliTac eklesia- monastrebis momgebeli wardgeba zeciuri mfarvelis winaSe, miarTmevs mas, rogorc Tavisi moRvaweobis nayofs Tavisi RvTismosaobis dasturad, codvaTa mitevebis, sulis ukvdavebisa da zecaTa sasufevelSi saTanado adgilis damkvidrebis imediT. es gamosaxulebebi gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa im TvalsazrisiT, rom aq yvelaze naTlad da mkafiod Cans Sua saukuneebis damkveTTa, ufro ki mxatvarTa `xedva~, maTi mxatvruli da funqciuri midgoma arqiteqturis asaxvisadmi.

295 H. G. Saradi, Space in Byzantine Thought, gv. 91; A. Lidov, The Temple Veil as a Spatial Icon Revealing an ImageParadigm of Medieval Iconography and Hierotopy, IKON, 7, Rijeka 2014, gv. 97-108; M. Evangelatou, Textile Mediation in Late Byzantine Visual Culture: Unveiling Layers of Meaning through the Fabrics of the Chora Monastery, in: Catalogue of the Textiles in the Dumbarton Oaks Byzantine Collection, ed. by G. Bühl and E. Dospěl Williams, Washington, DC, 2019. 296 А. Лидов, Иконы. Мир Святых Образов.., gv. 7-12.

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es gamosaxulebebi arsebiTad saqtitoro gamosaxulebaTa jgufs ganekuTvneba da, Sesabamisad, iziarebs im mizandasaxulobas, motivacias da ambicias, rac qtitorTa da, ufro zogadad, istoriul pirTa portretebis taZarTa mxatvruli Semkulobis programaSi CarTvas ganapirobebs: erTi mxriv, sulis ukvdavebis da sasufevlis mopovebis garantia, meore mxriv ki amqveynad sakuTari Zalauflebis ganmtkiceba-damkvidreba-propaganda: sulis ukvdaveba im qveynad da Tavisi saxelis ukvdavyofa am qveynad297 . eklesia qtitoris xelSi ufro metis mTqmelicaa, erTgvarad iuridiul mniSvnelobasac iZens da damatebiT `garantiebs~ hpirdeba gamosaxul pirs. arqiteqtura, rogorc Sesxmis, gandidebis erTi forma ZvelTaganve miRebuli da aqtualizirebuli iyo qristianul samyaros rogorc literaturaSi, aseve xelovnebaSic. aRmSenebloba udides Rvawlad miiCneoda da lamis sabrZolo da politikur moRvaweobaze metad fasobda, yovel SemTxvevaSi naklebad ara298 . qtitorTa xelSi eklesiis gamosaxulebas umetes SemTxvevaSi gansazRvraven, rogorc eklesiis `models~, rac erTgvar gaugebrobas iwvevs – ras sTavazobs qtitori zeciur mfarvels: eklesiis models Tu TviT eklesias, Tundac Semcirebuli saxiT, rasac qristianuli xelovnebis pirobiTi da simboluri buneba Tavisuflad itans. marTlac, ras swiraven momgebelni ufals? cxadia ara models, aramed maTi RvawliT agebul realur taZars Seswiraven momavali gankiTxvis dRes Tavisi Rvawlis gamoCenisTvis. ase rom, am mizniT `saTamaSo~ eklesia ar gamodgeba. meore mxriv, Sua saukuneebis xelovnebis `enis~ specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT, eklesiis Semcirebuli gamosaxuleba aRiqmeboda ara rogorc fizikuri modeli, aramed rogorc erTgvari teqsti, romelic mouTxrobs mnaxvels, Tu ra Seswira da ra Rvawli gaiRo mavanma uflis sadideblad. erTi mxriv, termini `modeli~ sakmaod sxarti da moxerxebulia, da, Tanac, mecnierTa umetesoba swored mas iyenebs299 . Tumca, misi gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi Tavidanve unda ganimartos, Tu ra Sinaarss vdebT am terminSi. Sua saukuneebis auditoria, romelic miCveuli iyo da sruliad bunebrivad aRiqvamda daxatuli arqiteqturuli nagebobebis bevrad mcire zomas figurebTan SedarebiT, Tanac sakmaod pirobiTad gamosaxuls, arc qtitoris xelSi mcire zomis nagebobas aRiqvamda rogorc models an makets, swored im pirobiTi enis farglebSi, romelic am gamosaxulebas gadaTargmnida, rogorc `didmSveniersa~ taZars. eklesiis gamosaxuleba TavisTavad aris qtitoruli portretis mTavari `monawile~, swored masSi aris Cadebuli da damowmebuli qtitoris mTavari ambicia da portretis Seqmnis mizandasaxuloba. iseve rogorc wmindanis daxatuli gamosaxuleba pirvelsaxis `warmomadgenelia~ da masTan damakavSirebeli300 , daxatuli eklesiis nageboba `warmoadgens~ im

297 Г. Алибегашвили, Светский портрет в грузинской средневековой монументальной живописи, Тбилиси, 1979; A. Eastmond, Royal Imagery in Medieval Georgia, University Park, PA, 1998, gv. 1-2, 19. 298 J. Elsner, The Rhetoric of Building in the De Aedificiis of Procopius, in: Art and Text in Byzantine Culture, ed. by L. James, Cambridge, 2007, gv. 37; d. TumaniSvili, n. nacvliSvili, d. xoStaria, mSenebeli ostatebi Sua saukuneebissaqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 2012, gv. 12-13. 299 magaliTad, v. f. daixmani, k. imi, v. juriCi, o. demusi, v. lazarevi, s. kalopisi-verti, t. velmansi, m. xacidakisi, e. istmondi, e. klinenbergi, s. CurCiCi, S. amiranaSvili, g. alibegaSvili da sxvani. 300 M. C. Carile, Buildings in their Patrons’ Hands? The Multiform Function of Small Size Models between Byzantium and Transcaucasia, Kunsttexte. de, N3, 2014, gv. 2.

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realur taZars, romelic qtitorma aaSena Tavisi sulis ukvdavsayofad da amave dros, sicocxleSive Tavisi Zalauflebis da RvTismosavobis demonstrirebisTvis, es `spiritualuri karibWeebia~301 . garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, terminTan `modeli~ dakavSirebulia mosazreba, rom qtitorebs xelSi realurad cvilis an liTonis modeli/maketi uWiravT, romelic mzaddeboda eklesiis asaSeneblad. TiTqos swored am modeliT sargeblobda mxatvari qtitoris xelSi eklesiis nagebobis gamosaxatavad302 . Tumca, am azrs bevri mkvlevari ar iziarebs303 da arc me meCveneba damajereblad. rac mTavaria, es ewinaaRmdegeba im ZiriTad Sinaarss, romelic eklesiis mpyrobeli qtitoris gamosaxulebaSi aris Cadebuli. cxadia, rom yoveli, Tundac mcire zomis eklesiis mSeneblobis dawyebamde, keTdeboda misi raime saxis monaxazi, rasac dRes proeqts vuwodebT; da SesaZloa am mizniT mcire zomis maketebsac amzadebdnen304 . marTlac, winaswari gegmis gareSe warmoudgenelia mSenebloba (cnobilia Zvel berZnuli paradigmebi da laTinuri egzemplarebi305). Tumca bizantiur samyaroSi aseTi `saproeqto~ naxazebis an maketebis nimuSebi TiTqmis ar moipoveba306 . modelis nacvlad sxva terminebic aris SemoTavazebuli: `eklesiis votivuri gamosaxuleba~307 , `Sewirulobis modeli~308 da sxva. erT SesaZlo variantad `eklesiis Semwiravi qtitori~ SeiZleba vixmaroT, an sulac `Sesawiri taZari~, anda sul martivad, `eklesia~ qtitoris xelSi. imTaviTve Cans, rom eklesiaTa gamosaxuleba qtitoris xelSi aris `ZiriTadi gamosaxuleba~ da ara `momaCarCoebeli~ da arc `arqiteqturuli dekori~ – igi aranakleb mniSvnelovania, vidre TviT qtitoris figura an Tanmxlebi zedawerili.

301 E. S. Klinkenberg, Compressed Meaning. The Donor’s Model in Medieval Art Around 1300, Brepols, 2009, gv. 246-247. 302 С. Радоjчиħ, Портрети Српских Владара у Средњем Веку, Београд, 1997, gv. 76. 303 Č. Marinkovič, The Rpresentation of Architecture on the Donor Portrait in Lesnovo, Macedonian Historical Review, vol. 2, 2011, gv. 103-114; А. Stojaković, Архитектонски простор у сликарству средњовековне Србиjе, gv. 227-228. 304 d. TumaniSvili, n. nacvliSvili, d. xoStaria, mSenebeliostatebiSuasaukuneebissaqarTveloSi, gv. 137-143. 305 M-Ch. Hellman, Recherches sur le vocabulaire de l’architecture grecque d’après les inscriptions de Délos, Paris, 1992, gv. 317-321. 306 sxva sakiTxia, namdvilad saWiroebdnen ki mxatvrebi, romlebic taZrebis (an moxatulobis) momgeblebs gamosaxavdnen, mciremasStabian cvilis an liTonis models an makets maT xelSi eklesiis gamosaxatavad? amis Sesaxeb gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi arsebobs (Č. Marinkovič, Founder’s Model – Representation of a Maquette or the Church, gv. 146-148). Cemi azriT, specialurad mxatvrisTvis taZris modelis damzadeba aradamajerebeli Cans. Tu aseTi modeli ukve arsebobda, mxatvars, cxadia, SeeZlo kidec misi gamoyeneba. miT umetes, rom aseTi modelebis arseboba cnobilia da dadasturebuli, Tumca umetes SemTxvevaSi maT saTayvanebel-memorialur-sasuveniro funqcia gaaCndaT. eWvgareSea, rom mxatvrebi, romlebic Tavis saqmianobas taZris mSeneblobis Semdeg iwyebdnen, maT Tvalwin myof ukve arsebul Senobas daxatavdnen qtitoris xelSi. 307 А. Stojaković, Архитектонски Простор у Сликарству Средњовековне Србиjе, Н. Сад, 1970, gv. 34, 228. terminTan dakavSirebiT ix. E. Lipsmeyer, The Donor and His Church Model in Medieval Art from Early Christian Times to the Romanesque Period, PD Thesis, Rutgers University, New Jersey, 1981; Č. Marinkovič, Founder’s Model – Representation of a Maquette or the Church, Зборник радова Византолошког иститута, XLIV, 2007, gv. 147. 308 С. Радоjчиħ, Портрети Српских владара у средњем веку, Београд, 1997, gv. 74.

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daxatul Senobas marTlac gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeboda, faqtobrivad esqatologiuri, meored mosvlis dRisTvis gankuTvnili, vinaidan is iyo sabuTi da gancxadeba qtitoris RvTismosavobisa da uflisadmi misi Sewirulobisa (`bileTi samoTxeSi~309). sakmarisia gavixsenoT IX saukunis aSot mefis reliefuri gamosaxuleba opizis taZris fasadidan, sadac aRsaydrebuli macxovris winaSe warmdgari mefis xelSi taZris gamosaxuleba, Tumc sakmaod martivi, Zalian didi zomisaa da uflis xeli swored mas akurTxebs. saeWvoa, aseTi mniSvnelobis sabuTisa da gancxadebisTvis maketi gamoeyenebinaT. aseT gamosaxulebas iseTive mniSvneloba hqonda, rogorc sigels an tipikons, romelic adasturebda mavani adamianis mier gakeTebul Senawirs, misi mflobelobis uflebasac da zogjer politikur ganacxadsac310 . aseTi sigelebi iqve, taZris kedlebzec aris xolme gamosaxuli (magaliTad, studenicaSi, ziCaSi, graCanicaSi, kalambakaSi da sxva311). martvilis taZris CrdiloeT afsidSi kacia Ciqvanis ojaxuri portretis gverdiT faqtobrivad mTeli kompoziciis zomis uzarmazari warweraa312 . qtitoris xelSi taZris nageboba udavod aris misi Rvawlis dadastureba, erTgvari ferweruli `dokumenti~, romelsac samSeneblo warweris mniSvneloba aqvs da agreTve naCuqrobis im sigelis teqstsac ganasaxierebs, romelSic momgebelma Tavisi Sewiruloba daadastura313 . rogorc iTqva, taZris gamosaxuleba qtitoris xelSi TviT qtitoris gamosaxulebis TanabarmniSvnelovani iyo314 . amitomac garegnul msgavsebas didi mniSvneloba hqonda, radgan nageboba `cnobadi~ unda yofiliyo. eklesiis nagebobis gamosaxva momgeblis `portretSi~ qristes, mariamis an romelime wmindanis winaSe ukve IV saukunidan Cndeba qristianul saxviT xelovnebaSi da Semdgom xanaSi sakmaod mravalricxovani nimuSebiT aris warmodgenili rogorc aRmosavleT, aseve dasavleT saqristianoSi – magaliTad, papi feliqsi eklesiiT xelSi romis wm. kozmasa da damianes taZris sakurTxevlis konqis VI saukunis mozaikaSi315; episkoposi eklesiusi taZriT xelSi ravenas san-vitales taZris sakurTxevlis konqis VI saukunis mozaikaSi, sxvaTa Soris, Zalian mimsgavsebuli realur nagebobas; aseve papi pasqal I bazilikuri formis nagebobiT xelSi santa prasedas taZris konqis IX saukunis mozaikaSi da mravali sxva316 .

309 E. S. Klinkenberg, Compressed Meaning, gv. 248. 310 E. S. Klinkenberg, Compressed Meaning, gv. 248. M. C. Carile, Buildings in their Patron’s Hands? gv. 5-6. 311 Č. Marinkovič, The Representation of Architecture on the Donor Portrait in Lesnovo, gv. 110. 312 e. TayaiSvili, arxeologiuri mogzaurobidan samegreloSi, arxeologiuri mogzaurobani da SeniSvnani, wigni II, tfilisi, 1914, gv. 121-122. 313 E. S. Klinkenberg, Compressed Meaning, gv. 248; q. miqelaZe, jayelTa portretebi, saqarTvelossiZveleni, 18, 2015, gv. 38; m. janjalia, zarzmis moxatulobis TariRisaTvis, gv. 85; melqisedek kaTolikosis saqtitoro portreti rom yofiliyo SemorCenili sveticxovelSi, albaT saintereso iqneboda misi Sedareba anderZis teqstTan – ras gamosaxavdnen mis xelSi, mis romel Rvawlsa da qmedebas miiCnevdnen taZris kedelze gamosaxvis Rirsad. cxadia, anderZis mTel CamonaTvals gamosaxuleba ver daitevda, magram misi erTgvari dadastureba iqneboda. 314 Č. Marinković, Founder’s Model – Representation of a Maquette or the Church, gv. 152. 315 es figura XVII saukuneSi aRadgines, Tumca rogorc Cans, ZiriTadi detalebi, maT Soris nagebobac, gameorebulia. 316 E. S. Klinkenberg, Compressed Meaning, gv. 246-248.

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nagebobis Semwiravi qtitoris erTi yvelaze saxelganTqmuli nimuSi aris konstantinopolis wm. sofias taZarSi aRsaydrebuli Cviledi mariamis winaSe ori imperatoris – konstantinesa da iustinianes X saukunis gamosaxuleba; isini TavianTi arqiteqturuli `RvawliT~ arian warmodgenilni – qalaqiTa da taZriT317 . aranakleb cnobilia Teodore metoqitis muxlmodrekili gamosaxuleba macxovris winaSe kahrie-jamis (qoras monastris) eklesiis narTeqsis kedelze, am taZris sakmaod mimsgavsebuli gamosaxulebiT xelSi (XIV saukune)318 da otvilTa dinastiis mefe vilhelm II-is gamosaxuleba RmrTisSoblis winaSe monrealis mozaikur ansamblSi siciliaze (XII saukune)319 . didi raodenobiT gamoisaxebodnen serbi mefeebi Tavis mier agebuli eklesia-monastrebis modelebiT. magaliTad, Stefan uroSi I milutini, wm. ioakimesa da anas taZarSi, studenica (XIV saukune); an Stefan nemania studenicas eklesiiT xelSi (XVI saukune)320; sebastokrator kaloianis da misi meuRlis portreti boianas taZarSi bulgareTSi (1259 weli)321 , didi meteoras monastris feriscvalebis eklesiis narTeqsSi gamosaxulni arian monastris damfuZnebelni Rirsi aTanase da Rirsi iosafi, romlebsac maT Soris gamosaxuli taZris didi zomis modeli uWiravT (XVI saukune)322 . bizantiuri wris kedlis mxatvrobaSi eklesiis mpyrobeli qtitoris uamravi nimuSis dasaxeleba SeiZleba. mavani pirovnebis gamosaxva eklesiiT xelSi qristes, mariamis an romelime wmindanis winaSe, miTumetes sakurTxevlis konqSi, didi privilegia iyo, romelic arc Tu yvelas eZleoda323 , es bunebrivicaa, radgan aseTi gamosaxuleba garkveul damsaxurebas da Rvawls gulisxmobs. unda aRiniSnos, rom sakurTxevlis konqSi qtitorTa gamosaxulebebi, miTumetes eklesiiT xelSi, CvenSi ar aris mikvleuli324 . eklesiaTa gamosaxulebebi qtitorTa xelSi ganxilul unda iqnas saqtitoro kompoziciis mTlian konteqstSi: ra adgilas aris ganTavsebuli qtitoris (-ebis) portreti taZris sivrceSi, misi masStabi, figuris mimarTeba zeciur mfarvelTan, daxatuli nagebobis mimarTeba da masStaburi Sefardeba qtitoris figurasTan, Tanmxlebi warweris Sinaarsi,

317 S. Ćurčić, Architecture as Icon, gv. 14. 318 R. Cormack, Byzantine Art, gv. 206, il. 121. 319 O. Demus, The Mosaics of Norman Sicily, tab. 76B. 320 S. Ćirković, V. Korać, G. Babić, Le monastère de Studenica, Belgrade, 1986, il. 1, 77. 321 D. Talbot Rice, Art of the Byzantine Era, London, 1997, gv. 188, il. 170. 322 А. Преображенский, Ктиторские портреты средневековой Руси XI – начало XVI века, Москва, 2012, il. 419. es sqema – ori qtitoris mier maT Soris centrSi gamosaxuli eklesiis erTi modelis wardgena kidev erTi saxeobaa saqtitoro portretisa eklesiis gamosaxulebiT. sakmaod uCveulo versia aris warmodgenili apoloniis taZris XIII saukunis moxatulobaSi albaneTSi, sadac qtitorTa mTeli jgufia gamosaxuli, xolo taZari ki RmrTismSobels uWiravs da etyoba, maTi saxeliT miarTmevs, savaraudod, macxovars, romlis figura axla ar Cans. sruliad SesaZlebelia, rom aq gamosaxulia mariamis mier Sesawiris miRebis momenti (А. Преображенский, Ктиторские портреты средневековой Руси.., il. 345). aris gamosaxulebebi, sadac qtitors xelSi mTeli qalaqi uWiravs, magaliTad, ohridis wm. mkurnalTa eklesiaSi kliment ohrideli wardgeba wm. kozmas da wm. damianes winaSe mTeli qalaqis – ohridis gamosaxulebiT xelSi (А. Преображенский, Ктиторские портреты средневековой Руси.., gv. 372). 323 E. S. Klinkenberg, Compressed Meaning, gv. 28. 324 vanisa da wiTeli xevis eklesiebSi XVI saukunis `xalxuri~ nakadis kedlis mxatvrobaSi sakurTxevlis afsidSi CarTulia qtitorTa gamosaxulebebi, Tumca eklesiis modelis gareSe. ix.: i. xuskivaZe, qarTulieklesiebisgvianiSuasaukuneebis`xalxuri~moxatulobani, gv. 86, 336.

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TviT nagebobis gamosaxvis principi (msgavsi Tu aramsgavsi, detaluri Tu zogadi), romeli xedidan aris gamosaxuli Senoba, ra mxares aris mimarTuli, romel elementebze aris gamaxvilebuli yuradReba da a. S. yovelive es damkveTis ganzraxvasac gvamcnobs, mis imedebs, mis ambiciebs, mis adgils da rols Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi. am mxriv mniSvnelovania gamosaxulebis istoriuli konteqsti da is cnobebi, romlebic arsebobs konkretuli qtitoris pirovnebisa da misi moRvaweobis Sesaxeb. mniSvnelovania qtitoris Tanmxlebi zedawerilebis Sinaarsic. umetes SemTxvevaSi qtitoris xelSi eklesiis gamosaxuleba sruliad konkretul negebobas ganasaxierebs, asaxulia konkretuli detalebi da maxasiaTeblebi: taZris tipi, gadaxurvis forma (gumbaTiani Tu bazilikuri) proporciebi, Riadebis formebi da raodenoba, egvterebi da sxva. zog SemTxvevaSi vxedavT rac SeiZleba meti sizustis miRwevis naTlad gamoxatul mcdelobas325 . mniSvnelovani kiTxvaa – ramdenad zustad asaxavdnen, ramdenad didi iyo msgavseba realursa da daxatul nagebobebs Soris? da Tu es ar iyo ostatebis mTavari mizani, maSin raze keTdeboda aqcenti?

Sua saukuneebis ostatTa mizani arsebuli nagebobis ara dublireba da gameoreba, aramed misi `wardgena~ iyo326 . am mxriv sainteresoa nagebobebis morfologiaze dakvirveba. rogorc Cans, realuri nagebobis zogi nawilebi da elementebi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iqcevda da sakmaod zustad aisaxeboda, zogis ki ignorireba an miCqmalva xdeboda sxvebis sasargeblod, Tumca saqtitoro portretis masStabSi da imdroindeli teqnologiuri saSualebebiT `fotografiuli~ msgavseba Znelad misaRwevi iqneboda, gansakuTrebiT Tu gaviTvaliswinebT Sua saukuneebis saxviTi xelovnebis Zalze pirobiT bunebas. aseTi msgavsebis miRweva praqtikulad SeuZlebelia, amitom mxatvrebi gamoarCevdnen da gamosaxavdnen im detalebs da elementebs, romlebic yvelaze damaxasiaTebeli iyo konkretuli nagebobisTvis rogorc funqciuri, aseve, da rac mTavria, Sinaarsobriv/simboluri TvalsazrisiT327 .

SesamCnevia im nawilebis aqcentireba romlebic liturgikulad mniSvnelovania (magaliTad, sakurTxeveli), sxva nawilebis ignorirebis xarjze, umTavresad gverdiTi xedebis SerCeva da sxva328 . nagebobebis nawilebis (magaliTad, gumbaTis) sagangebo gadideba an morfologiuri elementebis raodenobis Semcireba, raTa mTliani ufro naTlad gamoisaxos (magaliTad, sarkmlebi, TaRebi, niSebi fasadebze, ornamentebis nawili). Senobas TiTqmis yovelTvis gverdiTi xediT gamosaxavdnen, raTa sakurTxeveli gamoCeniliyo. es iseTive aucilebeli iyo, rogorc jvari saxuravze.

SeiniSneba e. w. paralelizmi gamosaxul nagebobasa da daxatuls Soris – anu imis mixedviT, realuri taZris ra nawilSia ganTavsebuli qtitoris portreti, mis xelT arsebuli

325 Č. Marinkovic, Founder’s Model, gv. 147; E. S. Klinkenberg, Compressed Meaning, gv. 16, 249. 326 E. S. Klinkenberg, Compressed Meaning, gv. 12. 327 S. Ćurčić, Architecture as Icon, gv. 14. 328 E. Lipsmeyer, The Donor and his Church Model in Medieval Art from Early Christiam Times to the Late Romanesque Period, Ann Arbor, 1984. e. lipsmeieri amtkicebs, rom dasavleTSi ufro saeklesio pirebi iyvnen modeliani qtitorebi, aRmosavleTSi ki saero pirebi – mmarTvelebi.

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nageboba gamoisaxeba ise, rom misi xedi realur sivrciT danawilebas Seesabamebodes (anu Tu portreti xatia CrdiloeT kedelze, eklesiis gamosaxuleba samxreTi fasadidan iqneba warmodgenili)329 . nagebobis gamosaxvisas aranakleb niSandoblivia, romeli xedi aris SerCeuli, ra korelaciaSia gamosaxuleba realur sivrcesTan (magaliTad, daxatuli afsidi realuri sakurTxevlis mxares da a. S.). xSirad Semcirebulia sarkmlebis an TaRebis raodenoba, an fasadebis ornamentaciis kidev sxva detalebi. meore mxriv, SesaZloa iyos aqcentirebul-gadidebuli sxvadasxva elementebi – magaliTad, portali, gumbaTi, sakurTxevlis afsidi da sxva330 . calkeul nawilTa garegnul msgavsebas an proporciul Sesabamisobas, arc fizikur zomas ar eniWeboda mniSvneloba. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom nagebobebi, rogorc wesi, garedan aris gamosaxuli, rac sruliad bunebrivia – isini amocnobadi unda yofiliyo. daxatuli arqiteqturis msgavsebis xarisxi realur nagebobasTan marTlac sagulisxmo sakiTxia331 , gansakuTrebiT mocemuli kvlevisTvis, radgan swored aq vlindeba arqiteqturis aRqma da interpretacia Sua saukuneebis qarTul xelovnebaSi. gamosaxvis forma sakmaod mravlismTqmelia. marTlac, roca ki gvaqvs SesaZlebloba daxatuli gamosaxuleba SevadaroT realurad arsebul nagebobas, vlindeba mxatvrobis bevri aspeqti: risi gancxadeba surda damkveTs, gamosaxulebis romeli elementebi iyo ufro mniSvnelovani mxatvrisTvis da ratom, ra iyo misi informaciis wyaro (piradi gamocdileba, monayoli, Canaxati Tu sxva ram) da, rac mTavaria, am mxatvrobis pirobiTobis xarisxi332 . sainteresoa, im niSnebis gamoyofa, romlebic erTgvari standartia yvela saxis gamosaxulebisTvis – rogorc Zalian didi msgavsebis mqonesa (`realisturis~), aseve ukiduresad pirobiTisTvisac. am sakiTxis ukeT gasarkvevad Zalian dagvexmareba Sua saukuneebis kulturaSi aslis gagebis moxmoba, romelic sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba Tanamedrove gagebisgan, romelic gulisxmobs ama Tu im nawarmoebis masalis, zomis, kompoziciis, feradovnebis, da sxva detalebis zedmiwevniT zust gameorebas, Tanac sagangebo teqnikuri kvlevis safuZvelze. Sua saukuneebis asli ki imeorebs nawarmoebis mxolod arss, mis mTavar ideas da xSirad sruliad ugulvebelyofs garegnuli msgavsebis sizustes. cnobilia, ramdeni, arqiteqturulad sruliad gansxvavebuli taZari iqna agebuli uflis saflavis eklesiis aslad rogorc aRmosavleT, ise dasavleT saqristianoSi333 . igive midgomas vxedavT Sua saukuneebis mxatvrobaSi realuri nagebobis da misi daxatuli versiis urTierTmimarTebis mxriv. es midgoma qristianuli xelovnebis siRrmiseul xasiaTs efuZneba da gamosaxulebis realisturobis ugulvebelyofidan momdinareobs (erTi SexedviT, Sua saukuneebis teqstebSi `realizmis~ moTxovna paradoqsulad JRers, Tumca aq

329 Č. Marinkovič, The Representation of Architecture on the Donor Portrait in Lesnovo, gv. 107. 330 S. Ćurčić, Architecture as Icon, gv. 14 -17. 331 E. S. Klinkenberg, Compressed Meaning, gv. 12, 16; S. Ćurčić, Architecture as Icon, gv. 14-15. 332 E. S. Klinkenberg, Compressed Meaning, gv. 15-16, 151; Č. Marinkovič, The Representation of Architecture, gv. 107. 333 R. Krautheimer, Introduction to an “Iconography of Medieval Architecture”, in: Studies in Early Christian, Medieval and Renaissance Art, New York – London, 1969, gv. 116-130; d. xoStaria, nimuSi da asli Sua saukuneebis qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi, literaturada xelovneba, #1, 1990, gv. 27-48; Б. Успенский, Семиотика иконы, gv. 222223; S. Ćurčić, Architecture as Icon, gv. 13.

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sul sxva realizmze aris saubari334). amave dros naTlad SeiniSneba erTgvari `mowiweba~ istoriuli avTenturobis mimarT335 da mimsgavsebis survilic. gamosaxvis sisworisa Tu `realizmis~ TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba ramdenime midgoma gamovyoT: • erTi, roca daxatuli nageboba qtitoris xelSi maqsimalurad zustad da detalurad asaxavs realurad arsebul Senobas. • meore – roca msgavseba met-naklebia, gadmocemulia mxolod mTavari maxasiaTeblebi (magaliTad, nagebobis tipi), sxva mxriv ki gamosaxuleba ufro zogadi xasiaTisaa. • mesame, roca qtitoris xelSi gamosaxulia eklesiis nageboba zogadad, realuri Senobis raime konkretuli maxasiaTeblebis aRniSvnis gareSe. msgavsebas rac Seexeba, zogjer arsebuls ki ar aklebdnen garkveul detalebs meti mkafioebisTvis, aramed piriqiT, originalSi ararsebul nawilebs Tu elementebs umatebdnen, raTa warmodgenili Senobis simboluri mniSvneloba gaezardaT, Tundac miemsgavsebinaT uflis saflavis taZrisaTvis336 . wminda mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT ki ramdenime niSani aris sagulisxmo: masStaburi Sefardeba figurasa da nagebobas Soris; qtitorul kompoziciaSi nagebobis adgili; misi feradovneba da TviT am portretis adgili taZris sakralur sivrceSi.

Tu gadavxedavT Sua saukuneebis qarTuli saxviTi xelovnebis nimuSebs, vnaxavT, rom qtitorTa uamravi gamosaxuleba aris Semonaxuli, Tumca arc Tu ise bevri nimuSia qtitorisa eklesiiT xelSi – daaxloebiT 40-mde. garda amisa, amgvari gamosaxulebebi ar aris xatweraSi, wignis dasuraTebaSi, WedurobaSi, minanqarSi, rac bunebrivia, radgan es dargebi ar asaxavs qtitoris mier eklesiis agebis an moxatvis faqtebs. samagierod sakmaod bevria qvis reliefebSi337 .

Cvens dromde SemorCenili erTi uadresi nimuSi qtitoris gamosaxulebisa eklesiiT xelSi garejis udabnos monastris mTavari taZris XI saukunis moxatulobaSia: CrdiloeT kedlis qveda registrSi gamosaxul qtitors uWiravs martivi darbazuli tipis nageboba raime konkretuli detalebis gareSe (sur. 52). sagulisxmoa, rom garejis eklesiebis umetesoba kldeSi nakafia da garegnulad darbazuli nagebobis forma ar aqvT, ase rom es gamosaxuleba warmoadgens eklesiis Senobas zogadad, rogorc gansaxierebas da dasturs qtitoris RvTismosaobisa da qvelmoqmedebisa. an iqneb aq aRdgomis eklesiaa (VIII-IX ss.) gamosaxuli, romelic erTaderTi mTlianad qviT nagebi eklesiaa udabnos monasterSi. safiqrebelia, rom tao-klarjeTis taZarTa mxatvrobaSi bagrationTa qtitoruli portretebic iqneboda, romlebic ase mravlad aris am regionis eklesiebis qvis qandakebaSi. e. TayaiSvili miuTiTebs kidec warwerebs, romlebic amis dasturi unda iyos338 , Tumca gamosax

334 S. Ćurčić, Architecture as Icon, gv. 2, 32, 120; В. Бычков, Византийская эстетика.., gv. 10, 495-496. 335 A. Stojakovic, Les représentations d’édifices réels.., gv. 226. 336 E. S. Klinkenberg, Compressed Meaning, gv. 250. 337 ufro adrindeli periodis nimuSebs vxedavT qarTuli taZrebis fasadebis, qva-jvarebisa da kankelebis reliefebze: Н. Аладашвили, Монументальная скульптура Грузии (фигурные рельефы V-XI веков), Москва, 1977; К. Мачабели, Каменные кресты Грузии, Тбилиси, 1998; k. maCabeli, qarTuliqvajvarebi, Tbilisi, 1988; T. dadiani, e. kvaWataZe, T. xundaZe, SuasaukuneebisqarTuliqandakeba, Tbilisi, 2017. 338 e. TayaiSvili, 1917 wlisarqeologiurieqspedicia, Tbilisi, 1960, gv. 22, 36-37.

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ulebaTa amJamad ar arsebobis gamo, Zneli saTqmelia, epyraT Tu ara maT eklesiebi, rogorc, magaliTad, oSkis samxreTi fasadis vedrebis qvis reliefze. e. TayaiSvili oTxTa eklesiaSi TiTqos arCevda kidec qtitoris figuras eklesiiT xelSi339 . ar aris gamoricxuli axali fragmentebis aRmoCena, rogorc sul axlaxans moxda xaxulSi, sadac swored rom qtitoris aqamde ucnobi gamosaxuleba iqna mikvleuli macxovris xatis winaSe, Tumca eklesiis modelis gareSe340 . sagulisxmoa, rom eklesiis mpyrobeli qtitorebis gamosaxuleba ufro iSviaTia XI-XIII saukuneebis kedlis mxatvrobaSi gansxvavebiT safasado qandakebebisgan, yovel SemTxvevaSi, samefo portretebSi. ase, magaliTad, atenis sionis341 (XI saukunis bolo meoTxedi) da garejis naTlismcemlis342 (XIII saukunis damdegi) moxatulobaTa samefo rigSi arc erT figuras ar ukavia eklesia. sxvaTa Soris arc zemo krixSi (XI s.) gamosaxul vaCianebs343 da arc qolagirSi gamosaxul XIII saukunis sxvadasxva rangis didebulebsa da saeklesio moRvaweebs344 . arc gelaTis taZrebSi SemorCenil ufro mogviano xanis (XVI-XVII saukuneebi) mefeebisa da mTavarepiskoposebis xelSi vxedavT eklesiis gamosaxulebas (daviT aRmaSeneblis garda).

Tamar mefis Cvens dromde SemorCenil xuT gamosaxulebas Soris igi mxolod varZiaSia warmodgenili eklesiiT (cixe-simagriT/qalaqiT) xelSi (sur. 53), sxvagan ki arsad345 . yincvisSic, beTaniaSic, garejis berTubansa da naTlismcemelSic TviT Tamari, misi mamac da misi Zec gamosaxulni arian meoxebis pozaSi mimarTulni zeciuri mfarvelisadmi, oRond eklesiis gareSe. yincvisisa da beTaniis moxatulobaSi es pativi samefo portretis mopirdapire kedelze gamosaxul didebulsa da saeklesio moRvawes ergoT, romlebic faqtobrivi momgebelni arian. es midgoma sakmaod gansxvavebulia sakuTriv bizantiuri tradiciisgan346 . varZiaSi Tamari mamis, giorgi III-s ukan dgas, orive vedrebad mimarTulia Cviledi RmrTismSoblis gamosaxulebisken, romelic maT win, kompoziciis aRmosavleT nawilSia daxatuli, Tanac ufro maRlaa ganTavsebuli, vidre mefeebis figurebi347 . am ukanasknelTa Tavze gamosaxul angelozs samefo insignia uWiravs da warudgens mariams giorgi III-sa da Tamars, romelsac xelSi uWiravs da mariams `miarTmevs~ eklesias – sada martiv marTku

339 Е. Такаишвили, Археологические эскурсии, разыскания и заметки, I, Тифлис, 1905, gv. 85-86. 340 n. CakvetaZe, ucnobi saqtitoro gamosaxuleba xaxulis sakaTedro taZarSi, saistoriokrebuli, t. 6, 2017, gv. 259-285. 341 T. virsalaZe, qarTulimxatvrobisistoriidan, gv. 202-236. 342 m. bulia, istoriul pirTa gamosaxulebebi `naTlismcemlis~ monastris sakrebulo taZarSi, saqarTvelossiZveleni, 7-8, 2005, gv. 168-210. 343 Т. Вирсаладзе, Избранные труды, gv. 33-38. 344 z. sxirtlaZe, istoriul pirTa portretebi garejis mravalmTis qolagiris monasterSi, Tbilisi, 2000. 345 Г. Алибегашвили, Светский портрет, gv. 17-20, 30-31; A. Eastmond, Royal Imagery, gv. 101-103; g. gafrindaSvili, varZia, gv. 63-65. 346 saerTod, qarTul da bizantiur kedlis mxatvrobebSi qtitorTa gamosaxvis principebic sakmaod gansxvavebulia: Г. Алибегашвили, Светский портрет, gv. 17-20, 30-31; q. miqelaZe, jayelTa portretebi, gv. 217-246. 347 Г. Алибегашвили, Светский портрет, gv. 17-20.

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Txa nagebobas, muqi mwvane feris, mkafiod aRniSnuli qvebis wyobis rigebiT da sxvadasxva formis RiadebiT. nagebobis zeda abrisi sada horizontalia, yovelgvari qongurebis an koSkebis gareSe. aq ramdenime momentia saintereso: Tamari mariamis winaSe dgas rigSi meore, da swored mas ukavia eklesiis gamosaxuleba, anu daculia ierarqia da Tanac dafiqsirebulia faqti Tamaris qtitorobisa – igia varZiis qalaqi-simagris aRmSenebeli348 . meore mxriv, amave CrdiloeTi kedlis dasavleT nawilSi, aseve kedlis TaRiT mofarglul areze da aseve Cviledi mariamis winaSe (am SemTxvevaSi fexze mdgomis) gamosaxulia saero piris, samefo karis didebulis samosSi gamosaxuli mamakacis figura, romelsac qarTlis erisTav rati suramelTan aigiveben. warwera swored mas miawers eklesiis moxatvas349 , maSin roca Tamari warweraSi moxsenebulia, rogorc `yovlisa aRmosavleTisa mefeTa mefe, Svili giorgisa Tamar, romeli mravalmJameulobsmca~350 da araferia naTqvami misi monawileobis Sesaxeb eklesiis gamokafvasa Tu moxatvaSi, rac mis realur qtitorobas eWvis qveS ayenebs351 . sainteresoa TviT es nageboba, romelic mas xelT upyria: sada marTkuTxa formis Senoba, qvis wyobis aRniSvniT kedelze da bevri RiadiT. es SeiZleba iyos eklesia, simagre, qalaqi Tu monasteri – varZia yvela am funqcias atarebda. mkvlevarebi Tvlian352 , rom es swored is darbazuli eklesiaa, romelSic qtitorebia gamosaxuli, da, Tumca es kldeSi nakafi sivrcea da ara nagebi taZari, misi samxreTi kedeli qvis wyobiT aris amoyvanili, rogorc es asaxulia kidevac modelze353 . cxadia, TviT faqti, rom eklesia kldeSi aris nakafi, ganapirobebs misi gamosaxulebis ucnaur formas, Tundac sruliad erTgvarovan horizontalur saxuravs. es ufro cixe-simagris STabeWdilebas tovebs, Tumca arc qongurebi aqvs da arc koSkebi. etyoba mainc darbazuli eklesiis variaciaa, samxreTi fasadidan danaxuli, romelic, rogorc iTqva, qvis wyobiT iyo nagebi. beTaniis kedlis mxatvrobaSi (XIII saukunis damdegi) samefo ojaxis dinastiuri rigi CrdiloeT kedelzea gamosaxuli, Sesasvlelis pirdapir, rogorc es miRebuli iyo qarTul kedlis mxatvrobaSi354 , magram, rogorc aRiniSna, eklesia arc erTs ar uWiravs xelSi, isic ki gaurkvevelia, vis winaSe wardgebian bagrationebi. miTumetes, rom rogorc kvlevam aCvena, es portreti, iseve rogorc dasavleT kedlis moxatuloba, XIII saukunis dasawyisSia damatebuli355 .

348 Tumca varZiaSi bevrad ufro adreuli samSeneblo moRvaweobis kvalic aris mikvleuli. 349 `hoi RmrTisa dedao miiTuale... . msaxurebaÁ Cem mier monisa Senisa rati erisTavT-erisTavisa da qarTlisa erisTvisagan, romelman vigulsmodgine da moxatviT aRvamkve wmidaÁ ese taZari didebisa SenisaÁ da nacval mege winaSe Zesa Sensa da RmerTsa Cuensa dResa mas didsa saSjelisasa da amas sofelsa Sina ZeTa CemTa Tana mcvelada da mfarvelad meqmen~. 350 g. gafrindaSvili, varZia, gv. 63. 351 A. Eastmond, Royal Imagery, gv. 113. 352 Г. Алибегашвили, Светский портрет, gv. 17-20; g. gafrindaSvili, varZia, gv. 63-64. 353 A. Eastmond, Royal Imagery, gv. 103. 354 Г. Алибегашвили, Светский портрет, gv. 30-74. 355 Е. Привалова, Новые данные о Бетании, qarTuli xelovnebisadmi miZRvnili IV saerTaSoriso simpoziumi, Tbilisi, 1983, gv. 13-15.

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namdvili qtitori beTaniis taZris ganaxlebisa da moxatvisa XII saukunis II naxevarSi gamosaxulia samxreT kedelze – sumbat didi mandaturTuxucesi da amirspasalari356 . igi wardgeba gumbaTiani eklesiiT xelSi Cviledi mariamis xatis winaSe (sur. 54). nageboba, romelsac sumbati miarTmevs RmrTismSobels, erTi SexedviT namdvilad asaxavs taZris arqiteqturas, rogorc is Camoyalibda XII saukunis 70-iani wlebisTvis. gamosaxulia erTdroulad sami fasadi – sami mklavi – dasavleTi, samxreTi da aRmosavleTi Sesabamisi orqanoba gadaxurvebiT, ris gamoc eklesiis gadaxurva TiTqos qolgisebur forma Rebulobs. gumbaTis yeli maRali da viwroa, rogorc arsebul nagebobaze. gumbaTis konusuri gadaxurvis naxatSi naTlad Cans gadaweris kvali – igi amaRlebulia. gadakeTeba Cans sumbatis figurazec – TiTqos gadidebulia da Sesamoselic Secvlilia, beris samosi `Caacves~357 . yincvisis wm. nikolozis eklesiaSic bagrationTa dinastiuri portreti sazeimod aris gamosaxuli CrdiloeTi kedlis qveda registrSi, ulamazesi naxati TaRedis qveS, aRsaydrebuli macxovris kedelze daxatuli xatis winaSe. realur qtitorad ki warmodgeba antoni glonisTavisZe, Wyondideli da mandaturTuxucesi, romelic wm. nikolozs miarTmevs gumbaTur eklesias358 . misi figura gamosaxulia samxreT kedelze da mxatvrulad bevrad naklebad aris gamoyofili, naklebad iqcevs yuradRebas. Tanac amJamad igi gacilebiT ufro dazianebulia da anareklis saxiTRa aRiqmeba. Zveli sqemebidan da aRwerebidan Cans, rom antonis orive xeli win aqvs gawvdili da gumbaTiani eklesiis models uwvdis wmindans. amJamad gamqrali aris warwerac, romliTac moxda qtitoris identificireba359 . ase rom Tu CavTvliT, rom eklesiis gamosaxuleba istoriuli piris xelSi misi qtitorobis dadasturebaa (an Tundac meored maSeneblis, an momxatavis) Tamari faqtobrivad arc erT taZarSi, garda varZiisa, ar aris gamosaxuli, rogorc realuri momgebeli. eklesiis mpyrobeli mandilosnis gamosaxulebas vxedavT rkonis RmrTismSoblis taZris XII-XIII saukuneebis mijnis moxatulobaSi. aq gamosaxulia qtitorTa samfiguriani jgufi: ori mandilosani da erTi mamakaci, romelic, misi samosiT Tu vimsjelebT, beri unda iyos. SuaSi, frontalurad mdgom, mdidrul moqargul samosiT Semosil mandilosans marcxena xelSi uWiravs taZari – proporciebis TvalsazrisiT sakmaod sworad gamosaxuli didi zomis samnaviani bazilika – sakuTriv rkonis taZari. rkonis qtitorebis vinaoba jer-jerobiT ucnobia. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom isini Torelebis Zlevamosili ojaxis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen. sayuradReboa, rom garda rkonis moxatulobisa, eklesiis Semwirveli qali qtitoris sul ramdenime gamosaxuleba aris cnobili, kerZod Tamar mefisa varZiaSi (XII s.) da garsevan ColoyaSvilis asul anastasiasi matanis

356 Е. Привалова, Новые данные о Бетании, gv. 13-15; Г. Алибегашвили, Светский портрет, gv. 20-22, 34-35; A. Eastmond, Royal Imagery, gv. 156-163. 357 Е. Привалова, Новые данные о Бетании, gv. 14-16. 358 Г. Алибегашвили, Светский портрет, gv. 23-24, 35-36; A. Eastmond, Royal Imagery, gv. 144-148. 359 warwera qtitoris qudis orsav mxares iyo horizontalurad gaSlili or striqonad, zeda CarCos paralelurad: `anton Wy[ondidel]i m[Tavar]e[pis]k[opo]si mwignobarTuxucesi, ││ protoÂpertimosi~ (k. vaCeiSvili, yinwvisis maSeneblis gamosaxulebis Sesaxeb, saqarTvelos ssrmecnierebaTaakademiis moambe, t. XXXII, #3, 1963, gv. 745-752).

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bazilikaSi (XVI s.)360 . sxvaTa Soris, axali SuamTis mxatvrobaSi mis damfuZnebel dedofal TinaTins eklesia ar uWiravs361 .

XIII saukuniT daTariRebuli udabnos monastris xarebis eklesiis moxatulobaSi, romelic cnobilia mefe demetre Tavdadebulis monumenturi gamosaxulebiT, samxreT kedelze, wm. daviT garejelis didi figuris winaSe wardgeba mRvdelmTavari ioane anCeli362 , romelic wm. daviTs miarTmevs eklesias. es sakmaod ucnauri nageboba gamoqvabulisa da qviT nagebi Senobis erTgvari Serwymaa. igi garkveulad exmianeba varZiaSi Tamaris xelT arsebul gamosaxulebas: orivegan kldeSi nakafi taZris saxea. samwuxarod, kargad ar ikiTxeba da detalebi bundovania. gansxvavebul sqemas vxedavT qtitorTa gamosaxulebaSi baCkovos anu petriwonis (bulgareTi) monastris saZvalis XII saukunis kedlis mxatvrobaSi, romelTagan erTi wyvili qarTvel saeklesio da politikur moRvaweebs, grigol bakuriansa da mis Zmas gamosaxavs363 . baCkovos saZvales freskebi vaxsene, radgan mis moxatvaSi monawileobda vinme ioane iviropulosi – savaraudod qarTveli364 , Tumca mTlianad moxatulobas qarTul nawarmoebad ver CavTvliT miuxedavad imisa, rom petriwonis monasteri qarTvelTa mier daarsebuli saeklesio da saganmanaTleblo centri iyo da aq eklesiis dasavleT kedelze qarTvel saeklesio moRvaweTa portretebis rigia warmodgenili365 . Sesrulebis manera ufro XII saukunis mesame meoTxedis berZnul nawarmoebebs enaTesaveba. sxvaTa Soris, Zalian sagulisxmoa, rom bakurianis da misi Zmis xelSi eklesiis gamosaxuleba sakuTriv saZvales arqiteqturas ki ar asaxavs, aramed jvar-gumbaTian taZars warmoadgens366 da, savaraudod, monastris mTavar taZars unda gulisxmobdes. aq vxedavT sqemas, romelic arc Tu xSirad gamoiyeneboda qarTul xelovnebaSi – centrisken ¾-Si Setrialebul figurebs, romlebsac ori mxridan ukaviaT erTi eklesia da miarTmeven maT Tavs zemoT gamosaxul mariams, romelic akurTxebs maT ori gaSlili xeliT. msgavsi sqema – qtitorTa figurebs Soris eklesiis gamosaxva gviana xanis qarTul mxatvrobaSi xSirad gamoiyeneba, Tumca qtitorebi rogorc wesi, frontalurad dganan da kompozicia ufro horizontalurad iSleba, vidre vertikalurad, ufro reprezentaciulia, ufro mimarTulia mnaxvelisken. ojaxuri saqtitoro portretis saintereso nimuSia samcxis aTabagebis, jayelebis portretebi XIII-XIV saukuneTa mijnis samcxis oTxi eklesiis moxatulobebSi (safaris wm. sabas taZari, safaris miZinebis eklesia, zarzmis feriscvalebis eklesia, Wules wm. giorgis ekle

360 f. devdariani, matanis samonastro kompleqsi. kedlis mxatvroba, saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturisZeglTaaRweriloba, t. 2, Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 117. 361 orfiguriani portreti qvabisxevis eklesiis moxatulobaSi ganisazRvreba rogorc SoTa da ia. aqac qalis xelSi TiTqos raRac oTxkuTxa sagania, Tumca Znelad gairCeva, Tanac saarqivo fotoze es sagani ar Cans. 362 Г. Чубинашвили, Пещерные монастыри Давид-Гареджи. Очерк по истории искусства Грузии, Тбилиси, 1948, gv. 74; m. bulia, daviTgarejisudabnosmonastrisxarebiseklesiismoxatuloba, gv. 13-15. 363 Е. Бакалова, Бачковската костница, София, 1977, gv. 169-175, il. 138. 364 iqve, gv. 133, 242. 365 iqve, gv. 101, il. 82. 366 iqve, gv. 172.

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sia). aqedan eklesiiT xelSi erT-erTi jayeli mxolod or SemTxvevaSi aris warmodgenili: safarasa da WuleSi. safaraSi (XIII-XIV saukuneTa mijna367) jayelebi samxreT kedelze arian warmodgenilni, mTeli dinastiuri rigi ukve gardacvlili mamamTavris, sargis-sabaTi dawyebuli, romelic sagangebo CarCoTi gamoyofil wm. saba ganwmendilis winaSe wardgeba da Tavis STamomavlobas warudgens (iseve, rogorc es iyo giorgi III-sa da misi memkvidreebis dinastiur portretebSi). zecidan ki uflis marjvena akurTxebs. sagulisxmoa, rom wm. saba frontalurad mdgomi didi figuris saxiT aris warmodgenili, viTarca xati368 . niSandoblivia, rom eklesia ukavia beqas, romelic dinastiur rigSi meore adgilzea gamosaxuli sargis-sabas Semdeg (sur. 55). beqa moqmedi aTabagia, mandaturTuxucesi, misi moRvaweobiT gaZlierda samcxe-saaTabago, rogorc damoukidebeli politikuri erTeuli. gamosaxulebas axlavs eqvs striqoniani warwera: `hoi mamao mamaTao saba da udabno [... ] ege mravalTa sulTa miuZRvi gzad RmrTisa [... ] Tana me beqasa mandaturTuxucessa [... ] sargis samcxisa spasalarsa [... ] da aRvaSene da Sevamkve eklesia [... ] velTa sulierTa da xorcielTasa~369 . beqas xelSi taZari, rogorc Cans, CrdiloeTi mxridan aris gamosaxuli, razec miuTiTebs mklavis frontonis areSi gamoqandakebuli, naxevarwriul TavsarTze dayrdnobili didi jvari. swored am fasadis gamosaxva ganpirobebulia imiTac, rom saqtitoro portretebi taZris samxreT kedelzea warmodgenili. aq e. w. `paralelizmis principi~ vlindeba370 . miTumetes, taZris ganTavseba reliefze iseTia, rom igi mnaxvels swored CrdiloeTi fasadiT warudgeba.

Tumca originalTan didi msgavsebiT es gamosaxuleba ver daikvexnis, vinaidan arc proporciebia daculi, arc gumbaTis yelSi sarkmlebis raodenoba da maT Soris intervalebi, xolo TviT fasadze `gamotovebulia~ sarkmeli da misi adgili kars uWiravs – etyoba am masStabSi orive Riadis gamosaxva ver xerxdeboda. pirobiTad, magram mainc miniSnebulia sakurTxevlis sarkmeli. taZris gamosaxuleba mimarTulia afsidiT aRmosavleTisken – realuri sakurTxevlisken. kidev ufro pirobiTi da gamartivebulia taZris gamosaxuleba WuleSi, romlis moxatuloba bevrad dabali mxatvruli donisaa, vidre safarisa. aq jayelebi wm. giorgis winaSe wardgebian da aqac taZari beqas upyria (sur. 56). Zneli saTqmelia, ramdenad didi iyo msgavseba daxatuli taZrisa Tanadroul nagebobasTan, vinaidan XIV saukunis Tavdapirveli nagebobis mxolod nangrevebma moaRwia Cvens dromde da taZris amJamindeli saxe restavraciis Sedegia. savaraudod, eklesia aqac CrdiloeTi fasadis mxridan aris gamosaxuli, vinaidan qtitorebi kvlav samxreT kedelze arian warmodgenilni371 .

Tumca safarac da Wulec XIII-XIV saukuneebis mijnaze moixata (Wule etyoba ufro pirvel naxevarSi, safaris moxatvis Semdeg372), maTSi paleologosuri stilis niSnebi jer kidev

367 g. xuciSvili, safariskedlismoxatuloba, gv. 70-72; q. miqelaZe, jayelTa portretebi, gv. 218-225; n. burWulaZe, safara, krebulSi: axalcixisadatao-klarjeTiseparqia, Tbilisi, 2013, gv. 282-293. 368 g. xuciSvili, safariskedlismoxatuloba, gv. 70-71; q. miqelaZe, jayelTa portretebi, gv. 224. 369 v. beriZe, samcxisxuroTmoZRvreba, XIII-XIVsaukuneebi, Tbilisi, 1956, gv. 51; g. xuciSvili, safaris kedlismoxatuloba, gv. 75; q. miqelaZe, jayelTa portretebi, gv. 218. 370 Č. Marinkovič, The Representation of Architecture on the Donor Portrait in Lesnovo, gv. 107. 371 q. miqelaZe, jayelTa portretebi, gv. 225-231; m. janjalia, zarzmis moxatulobis TariRisaTvis, gv. 66-67, 88. 372 q. miqelaZe, jayelTa portretebi, gv. 225-231; m. janjalia, zarzmis moxatulobis TariRisaTvis, gv. 66.

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sustad aris gamovlenili da gacilebiT sagrZnobia wina saukuneebis qarTuli mxatvrobis tradiciebis midevneba373 . gacilebiT mkafiod aisaxa paleologosuri stili soris jvarcmis eklesiis moxatulobaSi374 , romelic XIV-XV saukuneebSi Sesrulda da Semdeg nawilobriv ganaxlda XVII saukuneSi375 . samxreT kedelze gamosaxulia aRmosavleTiT vedrebad Setrialebuli qtitorebis mTeli rigi, WarelisZeebis gvaris warmomadgenlebi, romelTagan pirvels, arCils, uWiravs eklesia, anu igi aris aRmSenebeli, Semdegi figura, warweris mixedviT, aris giorgi, swored is, romelsac amave kedelze ganTavsebuli ferweruli warwera (aw ukve TiTqmis srulad gamqrali) moixsenebs, rogorc moxatulobis damkveTs. sainteresoa eklesiis gamosaxuleba arCilis xelSi. es darbazuli eklesiaa, TaRovani minaSeniT CrdiloeTidan, aRmosavleTiT mimarTuli Sverili afsidiT, mravali arqiteqturuli detaliT, saxuravis saburvelis naxatiT, qvebis wyobiT, svetebis konstruqciiT da sxva. Tumca amJamindel taZarze yovelive es ar Cans. safiqrebelia, rom mxatvarma ki ar Sealamaza nageboba, aramed im dros taZars marTlac gaaCnda es elementebi376 . aseve paleologosTa stils ganekuTvneba nabaxtevis RmrTismSoblis eklesiis XV saukunis moxatuloba377 . sami TaRiT danawevrebul samxreTi kedlis aRmosavleTi da Sua TaRi Semowers qtitorTa portretebs, romlebic sakmaod cudad aris SemorCenili; sul 7 figuraa, romelTagan aRmosavleTi TaRis qveS saqarTvelos mefe aleqsandre I-sa da misi meuRlis frontaluri figurebia. kedlis Sua monakveTze ki gamosaxulia realuri qtitori, mefis papa dedis mxridan, didi Tavadi qucna amirejibi, eklesiiT xelSi, misi meuRle rusa da maTi sami vaJi. amaTgan umetesi figurebi Zalian cudad ikiTxeba. aq kvlav vxedavT qarTul kedlis mxatvrobaSi ukve miRebul sqemas – samefo portretebi sazeimod aris warmodgenilni, sakurTxevlis mimdebare areze, Tanac damatebiT ferweruli ormagi TaRiT aqcentirebuli, magram xelSi eklesia ar upyriaT. rogorc Cans, realuri momgebeli iyo aleqsandres papa, didi feodali qucna amirejibi da eklesiac swored mas uWiravs xelSi. misi figura zomiT odnav aRemateba kidec mefisas, Tanac igi kedlis centralur nawilSi aris ganTavsebuli da amiT TiTqos met yuradRebas iqcevs. eklesiis gamosaxuleba qtitoris xelSi Zlier dazianebulia, magram rogorc am fragmentebiT Cans, sada formis darbazul nagebobas warmoadgenda378 . paleologosTa xanas ganekuTvneba bediis XIV saukunis mxatvrobaSi samxreT kedelze bagrat III-is portreti eklesiiT xelSi (sur. 57), savaraudod, XI saukunis droindeli moxatulobis gameoreba-ganaxleba, vinaidan saqarTvelos gaerTianebuli samefos pirveli mefe mis mierve agebul taZarSi mis sicocxleSive aucileblad iqneboda gamosaxuli. bediis taZari sakmaod detaluradaa gamosaxuli, radgan, rogorc cnobilia, bediis sakaTedro

373 g. xuciSvili, safariskedlismoxatuloba, 129-121; m. janjalia, zarzmis moxatulobis TariRisaTvis, gv. 66. 374 i. WiWinaZe, soris qtitorTa gamosaxulebani, mnaTobi, 1975, #2, gv. 178-182. 375 z. sxirtlaZe, soriseklesia, Tbilisi, 2009, gv. 17-18. 376 iqve, gv. 17-21. 377 i. lorTqifaniZe, nabaxtevismxatvroba, Tbilisi, 1973, gv. 20-29. 378 iqve, gv. 20-29, il. 7, 8.

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taZars didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos religiur da politikur cxovrebaSi379 . paleologosTa xanas, XIV saukunes ganekuTvneba mxeris (laSTxveris Temis) eklesiis moxatuloba zemo svaneTSi, Tavisi specifikurad adgilobrivi elferiT. aq Crdilo kedelze gamosaxulia miqel iveldiani ojaxiT. mas sakmaod maRla aweul xelSi patara eklesia ukavia. Tumca faqtobrivad arc ki ukavia, radgan qtitoris mavedrebeli xelebi eklesiis nagebobis `win~ aris daxatuli, Tumca gamosaxulebaTa erTdrouloba eWvs ar iwvevs (sur. 65). gamosaxulebas Tan axlavs 12 striqoniani warwera: `aRvaSene me miqel iveldianman eklesiaÁ ese, davxate, xatiTa da jvariTa mogikazme sadideblad RmrTisa da mTavarangelozisa moxerisa da salxineblad sÂlisa CemisaTÂis. Semindven RmerTo~380 . paleologosTa xanidan eklesiis mpyrobeli qtitorebis sxva gamosaxulebebi TiTqmis ar gvaqvs. ar aris aseTi gamosaxuleba walenjixaSic, rac cota moulodnelia, radgan iseTi ambiciuri da gulzviadi adamiani, rogorc vamey dadiani iyo, romelmac walenjixis taZris mosaxatavad TviT konstantinopolidan moiwvia ostati kir manuel evgenikosi, am taZarSi eklesiis gareSe aris gamosaxuli. rogorc Cans, TviT taZris aRmSeneblis Rvawls ver daiCemebda, taZris moxatulobis damkveTis roli ki arasakmarisad miaCnda? meore mxriv ki mis mier moxatulobis dakveTis ambavi da misi Rvawli dawvrilebiT aris aRweril-dadasturebuli freskul warwerebSi381 . qarTul xelovnebaSi eklesiaTa mpyrobeli qtitorebis yvelaze meti nimuSi XV saukunis Semdgomi xanidan aris SemorCenili. sagulisxmo da saintereso jgufs qmnian levan kaxTa mefis (1520-1574) qtitoruli portretebi. marTlac, raodenobrivad levanis portretebi Tamar mefisasac ki aWarbebs382 , TiTqmis Svidia (sabueSi mxolod savaraudoa), maTgan xuTSi mas xelT upyria misi monagari – taZari. is sagangebod xazs usvams da aqcentirebs am Rvawls. esenia: kawareTis sameba (1518 weli), alvani (1529-30 wlebi), nekresis sameklesiani bazilika (1550-iani wlebi), gremis mTavarangelozis taZari (1577 weli) da aTonis filoTeosis monastris satrapezo (1550-iani wlebi)383 .

Tu gadavxedavT levan kaxTa mefis qtitorul portretebs, vnaxavT, rom umetesad mis xelT gamosaxuli nageboba Seesabameba im taZris saxes da ZiriTad niSnebs, romelSic misi portreti aris gamosaxuli. kawareTis samebaSi axladgamefebuli levanis portreti uCveulo

379 Л. Шервашидзе, Средневековая монументальная живопись в Абхазии, gv. 53-56; Р. Шмерлинг, К вопросу датировки храма Бедиа, Сообщения АН ГССР, т. XVIII, №4, 1957, gv. 503-505. 380 e. kavlelaSvili, mxeris eklesiis mxatvari, saqarTvelos xelovnebis saxelmwifo muzeumis narkvevebi, V, Tbilisi, 1999, gv. 96-100; m. yenia, zemo svaneTi, gv. 8. 381 i. lorTqifaniZe, m. janjalia, walenjixa, gv. 5, il. 22. 382 rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, ganviTarebul Sua saukuneebSi bagrationTa mefeebis ferwerul portretebs Soris maTi gamosaxuleba eklesiiT xelSi Zalian cotaa. 383 m. vaCnaZe, levan kaxTa mefe da postbizantiuri qarTuli monumenturi ferwera, gv. 123-137. bolo dros gamoiTqva mosazreba, rom alaverdSi gamosaxuli arian levan kaxTa mefe, misi memkvidre aleqsandre da misi mama giorgi, rac moxatulobis TariRs XVI saukunisken gadaswevs (n. burWulaZe, mefeTa portretebi alaverdis taZris moxatulobaSi, alaverdis eparqiis istoriis furclebi, samecnierokonferenciismasalebi, Tbilisi, 2007, gv. 53-62).

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adgilas aris gamosaxuli – burjebis CrdiloeTi rigis meore burjis aRmosavleT waxnagze. levans marjvena, ganze gawvdil xelSi ukavia bazilikis konfiguraciis nageboba, romelic Crdilo-dasavleTi kuTxiT aris daxatuli, da bazilikis mxolod ZiriTad moxazulobas imeorebs. aq ar Cans am bazilikis xazgasmuli sigrZe. aRniSnulia Riadebi centraluri navis da gverdiT navis kedlebSi, Tumca raodenoba miaxloebiTia. arc dasavleTi fasadis konfiguracia aris zusti da Tanac orive fasadi erT sibrtyeSia moqceuli. cxadia, aqsonometriuli naxazis Seqmna arc iyo mxatvris amocana – mTavaria, rom bazilikis forma iqna gadmocemuli. alvanis naTlismcemlis bazilikaSi dasavleTi kedlis qveda registrSi, Seisruli TaRebiT mofargluli, wm. ninos, wm. elenesa da wm. konstantines rigSi levan mefe da dedofali TinaTini arian gamosaxulni. levan mefes aqac bazilikis formis nageboba uWiravs, Tumca axla cudad gairCeva, ramdenad Seesatyviseba realuri eklesiis proporciebs da detalebs – mTavaria, rom bazilikis konfiguracia aqac naTlad ikiTxeba. yvelaze STambeWdavi mxatvrulad da Tanac kargad SemorCenilia nekresis taZris samxreT kedelze qtitorTa jgufuri portreti: levan mefe, TinaTin dedofali (?) da maTi memkvidre ufliswuli aleqsandre (sur. 58). am jgufis centrSi gamosaxul levan mefes sakmaod mozrdili bazilika uWiravs, romelsac realurTan SedarebiT cota dabali proporciebi aqvs, sxva mxriv ki sakmaod msgavsia originalis. aqac Crdilo-dasavleTi xedia, anu daxatuli afsidi realuri sakurTxevlisken aris mimarTuli. sainteresoa, rom eklesia mefes sakurTxevlisken aqvs gawvdili, TviTon, iseve rogorc mis gverdiT mdgomi figura, marjvniv, Tavisi memkvidrisken ixedeba, TiTqos abarebs mas am monasters. mefis Tavze berZnuli warwera gvamcnobs: `morwmune patroni... yovlisa iberiisa~384 . ai, gremSi ki mefe levani marto aris gamosaxuli dasavleT kedelze (sur. 59). xelSi mas ukavia eklesia da miarTmevs aRsaydrebul Cviled mariams, romelic kompoziciurad cota ufro maRlaa gamosaxuli, Tumca TiTqmis mefis figuris zomisaa (figuraTa masStabur SexamebaSi naTlad gamovlinda berZeni ostatebis monawileoba). mefis Saravandis gverdiT warweraa: `mefe levan aRmaSenebeli. ~ aq gamosaxulia gumbaTovani eklesia, rac Seesabameba kidec gremis taZris tipologias, magram gremis taZris zeatyorcnili proporciebis nacvlad horizontalurad gaSlil ZiriTad korpuss vxedavT. ver vityviT, rom mxatvarma didi Zalisxmeva gawia, rom miemsgavsebina realuri nagebobisTvis, romelic faqtobrivad mis Tvalwin iyo – etyoba, amis aucileblobas ver xedavda. levan kaxTa mefis bolo portreti mis memkvidre aleqsandresTan erTad aTonis mTis filaTeosis monastris satrapezoSia gamosaxuli. berZnuli warwera adasturebs maT vinaobas: `leoni mefe kaxeTisa da mTeli iberiisa da ktitori wmindis sameufeos monastrisa filoTeosisa. aleqsandre Svili misi, mefe kaxeTisa da mTeli iberiisa da ktitori wmindis sameufeos monastrisa filoTeosisa~385 . marTlac, maT, xelT upyriaT ara taZris, aramed mTlianad monastris gamosaxuleba, romelic am droisTvis sakmaod Camoyalibebuli qalaqis gamosaxvis wess Seesatyviseba – koSkebiani da qongurebiani galavniT Semofargluli

384 T. yauxCiSvili, saqarTvelosberZnuliwarwerebiskorpusi, Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 333. 385 m. vaCnaZe, levan kaxTa mefe da postbizantiuri qarTuli monumenturi ferwera, gv. 130.

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sivrce Sig Caxatuli nagebobebiT386 . gavixsenoT Tundac qalaq konstantinopolis gamosaxuleba aia sofias samxreT galereis mozaikaSi.

Zneli saTqmelia, ramdenad Seesabameba es gamosaxuleba realuri monastris garegnul saxes. xelmisawvdomi fotoebis mixedviT Znelia amis dadgena, miTumetes rom XVI saukunis mere monasterSi SesaZloa bevri ram gadakeTda. niSandoblivia, rom levans da mis memkvidres xelSi uWiravT ara erTi konkretuli eklesiis nageboba, aramed galavanSemortymuli monasteri maRali koSkiT – igrZnoba aTonuri monastrebis gamosaxvis saerTo standarti. sxvaTa Soris, qarTul masalaSi mTlianad monastris gamosaxuleba TiTqmis ar gvxvdeba, es gamonaklisi nimuSi albaT aTonurma tradiciebma ganapiroba da adgilobrivi berZeni ostatebis namuSevari unda iyos. amave dros, es iyo mtkicebuleba levan mefis didi moRvaweobisa aTonze387 . taZris gamosaxuleba, romelsac wm. mefe daviT aRmaSenebeli (1089-1125) miarTmevs macxovars gelaTis RmrTismSoblis Sobis taZris moxatulobaSi (CrdiloeTi kedeli) sakmaod didi zomisaa da, rac ufro sagulisxmoa, did msgavsebas avlens arsebul nagebobasTan (sur. 60). daculia Senobis proporciebi, mklavebis ganlageba da dekoratiuli TaRedi fasadebze. taZari samxreTi mxridan aris gamosaxuli da Sesabamisad, daxatulia samxreTi karibWe da orive egvteri, dekoratiuli TaRedebiT (Tumca realurad samxreT-dasavleTi egvteris samxreT fasads TaRedi ar aqvs). msgavsia karibWis arqiteqturuli struqturac, Tavisi didi zomis lunetiT frontonSi. msgavsebis maRali xarisxiT aris gamosaxuli sami sarkmeli samxreTi mklavis kedelSi da is wveTis formis ornamentuli motivebi, romlebic sarkmlebis momCarCoebeli TaRebis gadakveTaze aris gamoyvanili. aseve sarkmlebis alaTebi da sxva (sur. 61). taZris gamosaxuleba sruliad gamarTulia, miuxedavad dekoratiuli TaRebis raodenobis araidenturobisa, sxva niSnebi imdenad msgavsia, rom es arc aris TvalSi sacemi, ar aris arsebiTi. daviT aRmaSeneblis portreti XVI saukuneSi aris Sesrulebuli, savaraudod, igi imeorebs daviTis an misi memkvidris sicocxleSi Sesrulebul mxatvrobas388 . `daviT didi, mefeTa Soris warCinebuli, aRmaSenebeli, saukunomca ars xsneba misi amin~389 . am mxriv Zalian sainteresoa martvilis taZris Crdilo-aRmosavleT sammeoTxedovani niSis qveda registrSi SemorCenili gamosaxuleba ori qtitorisa, romlebic berZnuli warwerebiT390 ganisazRvrebian rogorc konstantine afxazeTis mefe (893-922) da giorgi II afxaze

386 iqve, gv. 130-131. 387 timoTe gabaSvilis `mimosvlis~ ramdenime redaqciidan erTSi jvris monastris freskebSi qarTvel mefeTa portretebis CanaxatebTan erTad daculia levan kaxTa mefis fanqriT Sesrulebuli portreti, eklesiiT xelSi, warweriT `qristes saflavi~. mefis figuras Tan erTvis warwera: `RvTismoyvare leon mefe qarTlisa da kaxeTisa, aoxrebuli ierusalimis damxsneli da axlad aRmaSenebeli qristes saflavisa da golgoTisa~, da damateba: `da kvlavad aRmaSenebeli mTa wmindas filoTeonis monastrisa~ (m. vaCnaZe, levan kaxTa mefe da postbizantiuri qarTuli monumenturi ferwera, gv. 125-126). 388 T. virsalaZe, r. mefisaSvili, gelaTi, arqiteqtura, mozaika, freskebi, Tbilisi, 1992, gv. 14; d. TumaniSvili da sxvani, gelaTi 900, Tbilisi, 2007, gv. 260; m. janjalia, zarzmis moxatulobis TariRisaTvis, gv. 72. 389 T. virsalaZe, r. mefisaSvili, gelaTi, gv. 14. 390 T. yauxCiSvili, saqarTvelosberZnuliwarwerebiskorpusi, gv. 123.

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Tis mefe (922-957)391 . es portretebi gansxvavdeba sxva saqtitoro gamosaxulebisgan: aRmosavleTisken, Cviledi RmrTismSoblisken locvad mibrunebulni, es sakmaod didi zomis figurebi erTmaneTis miyolebiT, erTimeores `ukan~ arian gamosaxulni da orives TiTo eklesia uWiravs xelSi. dazianebis gamo detalebis garCeva Zneldeba, miuxedavad amisa, mainc Cans, rom eklesiebs sakmaod didi, ganieri gumbaTebi aqvT da moulodnelad dabali korpusebi. Tumca Zneli saTqmelia, erTi da igive eklesias warudgenen RmrTismSobels Tu sxvadasxvas. martvilis moxatulobis es nawili XVI saukuniT TariRdeba392 , gamosaxuli pirebi ki ramdenime saukuniT adre, X saukuneSi moRvaweobdnen. rogorc Cans, aq an ukve iyo maTi adrindeli gamosaxulebis naSTebi, anda es madlieri STamomavlobis mexsierebis gamovlinebaa. ase Tu ise, saeklesio aRmSeneblobis Rvawlis aseTi `ormagi~ wardgena iSviaTia. adrindeli gamosaxulebis gameoreba SeiZleba iyos ukve naxsenebi bediis XIV saukunis mxatvrobaSi bagrat III-is portreti eklesiiT xelSi, savaraudod, XI saukunis droindeli gamosaxulebis gameoreba393 . ase rom gvaqvs sami SemTxveva, roca pirvelaRmSeneblebs ramdenime saukunis mere gamosaxaven eklesiiT xelSi (bedia, gelaTi, martvili (Tumca aq X-XI saukuneebis meored aRmSeneblebi arian da ara VII-sa), axla Zneli saTqmelia, es aris gameoreba adre arsebulis (aSenebis Tanadroulis), Tu istoriuli mexsierebis gaaqtiureba, winaparTaTvis pativis migeba da sakuTari genealogiis xazgasma. gvaqvs iseTi SemTxvevebic, rodesac taZari xelT upyriaT pirebs, visac mis dafuZnebaSi da agebaSi ar miuZRvis Rvawli (magaliTad, walenjixaSi levan II dadiani, nikorwmindaSi wulukiZe, martvilSi kacia Ciqvani, levan kaxTa mefe VII saukuneSi agebul nekresis bazilikaSi). es garkveulad istoriuli memkvidreobiTobis xazgasmac aris da sakuTari ambiciebis gancxadebac. Tumca am SemTxvevebSi maTi qtitoroba kedlis mxatvrobis dakveTaSi an egvteris miSenebaSi mdgomareobda. arsebobs sainterso nimuSebi qtitorTa xelSi eklesiaTa `araswori~ gamosaxvisa da `Tavisufali~ interpretaciisa, magaliTad, Woxuldis XIII saukunis moxatulobaSi, dasavleT kedelze gamosaxul qtitors uWiravs martivi darbazuli eklesia yovelgvari dekoris gareSe394 , maSin roca Woxuldis eklesiis fasadebi dekoratiuli TaRediT aris Semkuli gansxvavebiT umetesi svanuri eklesiebisgan da amiT aris gamorCeuli. Tumca, mxatvarma amas saerTod ar miaqcia yuradReba. meore mxriv ki uRvalis XV saukunis moxatulobaSi qtitors, anton onofrians dekoratiuli TaRediT Semkuli darbazuli eklesia upyria xelT, Tumca realobaSi es aris marTkuTxa afsidiani, martivi nageboba sruliad sada fasadebiT395 . ase rom zogjer eklesiis gamosaxulebis SeqmnaSi mxatvrebis fantaziac ereoda da damkveTis survilic – iqneb ostats surda onofrianebis naRvawi ufro sazeimo da mdidruli gamoeCina. amrigad, rogorc Cans, eklesiis tipi aris mTavari aspeqti, romelic aucileblad aisaxeba, Tumca proporciebi, detalebis xasiaTi (Riadebis raodenoba, forma da a. S.) SeiZleba arc iyos zedmiwevniT daculi.

391 n. CixlaZe, martvilis taZris moxatulobis fenebi, gv. 98-99. 392 iqve, gv. 98. 393 Л. Шервашидзе, Средневековая монументальная живопись в Абхазии, gv. 53-56. 394 m. yenia, zemosvaneTi, gv. 156. 395 iqve, gv. 148.

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Ggviana Sua saukuneebis, kerZod ki XVI saukunis qarTuli kedlis mxatvrobaSi Camoyalibebuli `xalxur~ mimarTulebis ZeglebSi qtitorebis didi raodenobaaa, Tanac ara imdenad mefeebisa, ramdenadac ufro dabali rangis feodalebis da aznaurebisac ki396 . rogorc wesi, aseTi mxatvrobebi martivi formis darbazul eklesiebs amkobs (Tumca gelaTis mTavari taZris egvterebSic vxedavT da martvilis kaTedralSic). moxatulobaTa qveda registrebi saTavad-aznauro ojaxebis mTeli SemadgenlobiT aris xolme Sevsebuli. isini frontalurad arian gamosaxulni, Tumca maT Soris eklesiis mpyrobelni arc Tu xSirad arian. aseTs vxedavT bugeulSi, tabakinSi, WalaSi, nakuraleSSi, kulaSSi da sxva. arc Tu bevri nimuSia SemorCenili, Tanac, rogorc wesi, saerTo gadawyveta sakmaod martivia, eklesiis formac ar gamoirCeva sagangebo detalizaciiT, Tumca magaliTad, kulaSSi, miqelaZis xelSi gamosaxuli darbazuli eklesia Tavis minaSenianad sakmaod zustad imeorebs realurad arsebuls. eklesiis Senobis igive `upirovno~ formas vxedavT XVI saukunis Walis eklesiis moxatulobaSi (imereTi), sadac modeli isedac TiTqmis ar ikiTxeba, vinaidan daxatuli TaRedis imposts emTxveva. Tanac qtitoris figurasTan SedarebiT Zalian mcire zomisaa. Tumca eklesiis nageboba, Tundac esoden ganzogadebuli formiT, mainc konkretuli taZris tips ganasaxierebs, kerZod darbazul nagebobas397 . tabakinis eklesiis XVI saukunis moxatulobaSi episkopos gerasime CxetisZis portreti eklesiis gamosaxulebiT xelSi (samxreT kedelze), garTulebulia ripidebiani angelozebis da kidev erTi saeklesio piris gamosaxulebebiT gragniliT xelSi, rac iwvevs mosazrebas, rom aq CxetisZis mier aRdgenili eklesiis kurTxevis aqtia warmodgenili398 . warwera gvamcnobs: `aqa wminda giorgis monasteri Zlevisa da yola wmidisa RvTismSoblisa daknilebuli daoxrebuli aRvaSene me, CxetiZema QquTaTelma gerasime: codvani misni Seundos RmerTma amin da kirialeso [... ] misTa deda mamaTa da misTa micvalebulsa Seundos RmerTma~399 . amave mimarTulebas ekuTvnis amaSukeTis eklesiis XVI saukunis mxatvroba, romelSic Zalian sainteresod aris warmodgenili arsebuli martivi darbazuli nageboba egvteriT. samxreT kedelze gamosaxuli qtitoris ganze gawvdil marjvena xelSi gamosaxulia orsarTuliani nageboba, mravali sarkmliT da RiadiT, frontoniT da zed dadgmuli gumbaTis msgavsi formiT, erTgvarad rotondas mogvagonebs, Tumca ki sruliad brtyelia. aq udavod an raime nimuSi iqna gamoyenebuli, an saxezea damkveTis da mxatvris mcdeloba gansakuTrebulad sazeimo ieri mianiWos qtitors, nagebobas ki uflis saflavis saxe misces400 .

396 i. xuskivaZe, qarTulieklesiebisgvianiSuasaukuneebis`xalxuri~moxatulobani, gv. 389-405. 397 iqve, gv. 20-36. 398 И. Мамаиашвили, Роспись Табакини, gv. 13. 399 iqve. 400 i. xuskivaZe, amaSukeTi – eklesia deda RmrTisa da misi moxatuloba, saqarTvelossiZveleni, 21, 2018, gv. 198. amave kedelze, karis marcxniv gamosaxuli kidev ori saero piris ferxTiT, ymawvilis figurasTan Cans saintereso warwera: `ros(a)f g(i)org(a)[Z]e, m(o)ZRv(a)ri T[a]v(a)d(i)si~ (iqve). logikurad warwera kedlis am monakveTze gamosaxul istoriul pirs unda ekuTvnodes, Tanac xelSi mas gragnili uWiravs (Senawiris sabuTi?), Tumca didi cdunebaa, rom es rosaf giorgaZe eklesiis mpyrobel pirTan gavaigivoT.

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XVII saukunis qarTuli kedlis mxatvrobis mniSvnelovani nawarmoebia walenjixis macxovris taZris egvterebis moxatulobebi, romlebSic gamoirCeva levan II dadianis (1611-1657) da misi ojaxis saqtitoro portreti401 . levan II dadianis da misi col-Svilis portreti samxreT-dasavleTi egvteris samxreTi kedlis TaRSia moqceuli, rac aZlierebs mis reprezentaciulobas (sur. 62). levan II da misi meuRle nestan-darejani frontalurad dganan da erTmaneTisken gawvdili maRla aweuli xelebiT eklesia uWiravT, faqtiurad maTi Tavebis doneze, maT Soris, kompoziciis centrSi, rogorc erTgvari simetriis RerZi, riTac xazgasmulia misi mniSvneloba. qtitorebi TiTqos zecisken aRmarTaven taZars, sadac wvrili xaziT gamoyofili (anu sxva sivrceSi myofi) macxovris naxevarfiguraa gamosaxuli, romelic dadianebis Senawirs orive xeliT akurTxebs. levansa da mis meuRles Soris, maTi norCi vaJis figuraa, zustad eklesiis gamosaxulebis qveS, TiTqos misi sagangebo mfarvelobis qveS imyofeba, xolo kompoziciis kideebSi, maTi Svilebis zilixanisa da manuCaris mcire zomis figurebia402 . unda aRiniSnos, rom egvteris am monakveTis sivrcesTan SefardebiT es saqtitoro portreti sakmaod didia, monumenturad aRiqmeba da, eWvs gareSea, akmayofilebda damkveTis, levan meoris ambiciebs. eklesiis nageboba ar aris zedmiwevniT msgavsi realuri taZrisa, Tumca gumbaTis proporcia SenarCunebulia, kedlebze qvis wyobaa datanili; saTanadod aRniSnulia samxreTi mlavis frontoniani fasadi; Tumca, rom SevadaroT realur xeds, aq bevri ram ar aris SesabamisobaSi, magaliTad, samxreT fasadze dabali samxreTi egvteri ar aris gamoyofili, rogorc moculoba. samagierod miniSnebulia gumbaTis `daZvra~ aRmosavleTisken. qveda xazi erTiania da amitom nagebobis moculobebis sivrceSi ganawileba ugulvebelyofilia. erTi sityviT, sakmaod bevri niSani aris msgavsi, Tumca, rogorc Cans, am msgavsebas mainc da mainc ar eswrafodnen. eklesiis nageboba samxreT-dasavleTi xediT aris warmodgenili, anu ufro zustad, samxreTi fasadis mxridan, romlis marcxniv Cans dasavleTi galereis TaRedis nawili. cxadia aqcenti samxreT fasadze imitomac gakeTda, rom swored es nawili ekuTvnis levan II dadians da swored aq aris ganTavsebuli misi saqtitoro portreti. Tanac, niSandoblivia, rom es Zalian sazeimo da xazgasmulad reprezentaciuli portreti samegrelos Tavadis, `xelmwifis~, isea ganTavsebuli, rom galereidan Sesvlisas swored igi wardgeba mnaxvelis winaSe. am sqemas – eklesiis gamosaxuleba ganTavsebulia kompoziciis centrSi, or frontalurad mdgom qtitors Soris, romlebsac aweul xelebSi uWiravT igi, ufro Zveli tradiciac gaaCnia, adre qristianuli da gardamavali xanis qarTul qvis reliefebze (magaliTad, fetobani, X s.)403 . igi kidev ramdenime ferwerul ansamblSi aris gamoyenebuli (magaliTad, nikorwmindis sakaTedro taZris XVII saukunis da martvilis taZris aseve XVII saukunis moxatulobis fenaze). nikorwmindaSic da martvilSic Zalian sazeimo, wardgeniTi gamosaxulebebia. aqac garkveuli TvalsazrisiT swored taZris gamosaxulebaa yovelmxriv aqcentirebuli, Tumca arc wulikiZeebi nikorwmindaSi da arc Ciqvanebi martvilSi ar iyvnen damfuZneblebi da aRmSeneblebi

401 i. lorTqifaniZe, m. janjalia, walenjixa, gv. 11-12, il. 165-167. 402 iqve, gv. 11-12. 403 Н. Аладашвили, Монументальная скульптура Грузии, il. 72. bizantiaSi amgvari sqemis nimuSebi warmodgenilia magaliTad, didi meteoras XVI saukunis qtitorTa portretebSi.

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am taZrebisa; magram maT garkveuli aRdgena-ganaxleba-gadakeTebebi ganaxorcieles taZarTa struqturaSi, da, rac mTavaria, interierSi kedlis mxatvrobis (nawilobriv mainc) damkveTni da momgebelni iyvnen. taZris gamosaxuleba zomiTac gamoirCeva da aSkarad etyoba originalTan mimsgavsebis mcdeloba. marTlac, nikorwmindaSic da martvilSic taZari sagangebod aris gamoyofili zomiT, kompoziciaSi centraluri mdebareobiT, figurebTan mimarTebiT. nikorwmindaSi qtitorebi – merab (?) wulukiZe da misi Tanamecxedre kopaZis qali ana gamosaxuli arian Crdilo-dasavleT afsidis aRmosavleT nawilSi, qveda registrSi, anu isini faqtobrivad iyurebian ara sakurTxevlisken, aramed dasavleTi Semosasvlelisken, mnaxvelisken (sur. 64). martvilisgan gansxvavebiT nikorwmindaSi am sazeimo qtitorul portrets kompoziciis zeda nawilSi naxevarfiguris saxiT gamosaxuli qriste akurTxebs (rogorc walenjixaSi)404 . unda aRiniSnos, rom nikorwmindis afsidebis qveda registrebi `gavsebulia~ qtitorTa – wulikiZeebis gvaris ramdenime Taobis wevrTa gamosaxulebebiT, magram taZari mxolod am wyvils uWiravs.

TviT taZris gamosaxuleba sakmaod Tavisufali interpretaciiT aris mocemuli. erTi mxriv, misi Sida sivrcis mravalafsidianobas TiTqos epasuxeba gadaxurvebis ramdenime done, meore mxriv daxatuli taZris xedi arc erTi fasadis monaxazs ar Seesatyviseba zedmiwevniT, albaT, ufro dasavleTisas – didi portali or-ori niSiT Sesasvleli karis orsav mxares da, rogorc Cans, amave sibrtyeSia gamosaxuli ori mimdebare fasadis nawilebic TiTo-TiTo kariT, rac gvarwmunebs, rom eklesia marTlac dasavleTi mxridan aris daxatuli. Gam mklavis gadaxurva Zalian ganieria da ufro maRalia, vidre gverdiTebis, rac, etyoba, miuTiTebs, rom es gverdiTi fasadebi mxolod nawilobriv Cans, anu rakursis gadmocemis erTgvari mcdelobaa. gumbaTi ganieri da mZimea, iseve rogorc realobaSi, gumbaTis yelze oTxi sarkmeli aris daxatuli, TiTqmis aseve Cans am mxridan gadaRebul fotoebze. Sesasvlelebis garSemo mcenareuli ornamentebis xveulebia gamosaxuli, gumbaTze da dasavleTi mklavis gadaxurvaze jvrebic aris dadgmuli, xolo gumbaTis yelis sarkmlebSi ki wriuli alaTebia, Tanac sxvadasxvagvari. faqtia, rom mxatvars Tvalwin hqonda ramdenime saukunis win agebuli taZari da araviTari cvilis modeli ar esaWiroeboda. ase Cans, rom man daxata nikorwmindis taZris rTuli struqturis `STabeWdileba~ (mravalafsidiani Sida sivrce da marTkuTxa oTxmklava gare masebi). Zalian dinamikuri da efeqturi saxe gamovida, Tumca arc mainc da mainc Seesatyviseba realurad arsebuls. SesaZloa, mxatvars surda garegnul saxeSi gadmoeca interieris grandiozuloba da dinamikuroba. aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom miuxedavad daxatuli taZris da figurebis sakmaod didi zomisa, am kompoziisTvis gamoyofili are ar aris didi, gamosaxuleba cota `gaWedilia~, rac erTgvarad asustebs monumenturobis da zeimurobis gancdas. am mxriv walenjixis kompozicia ufro efeqturia. rac Seexeba martvils405 , iq msgavsi kompozicia ganTavsebulia CrdiloeTi afsidis aRmosavleT nawilSi, qveda registrSi, anu esec mimarTulia dasavleTisken da taZaric eWvs gareSea, dasavleTi fasadis mxridan aris daxatuli, im saxiT, rogoric mas XVII saukunisT

404 i. xuskivaZe, nikorwmindis taZris moxatuloba, gv. 113-114. 405 n. CixlaZe, XVI-XVII saukuneebis istoriul pirTa gamosaxulebebi martvilis eklesiaSi, xelovnebissaxelmwifomuzeumisnarkvevebi, III, 1997, gv. 110-112.

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vis hqonda (sur. 63) am xedis yvela mniSvnelovani elementi aris aRniSnuli: sami sarkmeli fasadis frontonSi, gverdiTi afsidebis kedlebi SesasvlelebiT (Tumca daviwroebuli proporciebiT). Tanac isini dasavleTi mklavis gadaxurvis qveS arian moqceulni. gumbaTi proporciulad ufro mcire Cans, Tumca gasaTvaliswinebelia am didi zomis taZris aRqmisas Seqmnili rakursi. orsafexurovani stilobatic aris gamosaxuli (amJamad rom ar Cans); aRniSnulia gumbaTqveSa kvadrati kuTxeebis kramitiani gadaxurviT. ase rom, martvilis SemTxvevaSi meti msgavseba ikveTeba realur nagebobasTan. am sami nimuSis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, mxatvrebi originalTan absolutur msgavsebas arc isaxavdnen miznad, Tumca cdilobdnen taZris nageboba `cnobadi~ yofiliyo406 .

XVII saukunis damdegis Semoqmedis monastris zarzmis feriscvalebis xatis taZarSi samxreT kedelze gamosaxul qtitors, mamia II guriels zecad apyrobili xeliT ukavia sakmaod didi da ucnauri formis taZari – didi wiTeli saxuraviT gadaxuruli horizontalurad gaSlili korpusiT da aseve wiTeli kramitiT dafaruli sakmaod dabali gumbaTiT, marjvnidan midgmuli TaRovani karibWiT an egvteriT. Zneli saTqmelia, romeli eklesia aris aq gamosaxuli. TiTqos erT xedSi gaaerTianes orive taZari – macxovris ganieri dabali bazilika TaRebiani karibWiT da masze midguli zarzmis gumbaTiani eklesia. arsebobs mosazreba, rom ferwerul saqtitoro portretze taZris mxolod im nawilebs gamosaxavdnen, romelic konkretulad am qtitoris mier iqna agebul-ganaxlebuli407 . Tumca ara mgonia, es sazogado midgoma iyos, magaliTad, walenjixaSi levan meore dadianis portretze mTliani taZari aris gamosaxuli; Tumca iqve, sxva egvterSi, levan pirvel dadians raRac gaugebari mcire zomis gumbaTiani `kapela~ ukavia (XVI s.)408 . asevea yincvisSi zaza fanaskertelis orjer gadaweril-aRdgenil portretze (XVII s.), sadac mas gumbaTiani taZari ki ar upyria xelT, aramed mcire zomis darbazuli eklesiis msgavsi nageboba – etyoba misi dakveTiT moxatuli egvteri (sur. 67) 409 . eklesiis mpyrobeli qtitoris gamosaxulebis erT-erTi maxasiaTebeli niSania, Tu rogor uWiravs eklesia, romel xelSi, mxris doneze, mkerdTan, mklavze dadebuli Tu TiTebis wverebiT. magaliTad, mxerSi qtitoris mavedrebeli xelebi eklesiis nagebobis `win~ aris daxatuli, Tumca gamosaxulebaTa erTdrouloba eWvs ar iwvevs (sur. 65). ramdenime nimuSSi (walenjixa, martvili) or qtitors – mamakacsa da mandilosans maRla aweuli xelebiT ukaviaT eklesia TiTo xeliT, Tanac sakmaod mkvidrad uWiravT. levan kaxTa mefes nekresis bazilika orive xeliT ukavia, mkerdis doneze da Tanac aRmosavleTisken (sakurTxevlisken) mimarTavs. Tumca kawareTis samebasa da alvanSi TviTon frontalurad dgas, eklesia ki ganze gawvdili marjvena xeliT uWiravs, sakmaod msubuqad. gelaTSi daviT aRmaSenebels taZari marcxena, idayvSi moxril mklavze aqvs dayrdnobili, mkerdis doneze, ganze gaweuli, aRmosavleTisken da kompoziciis zeda nawilSi gamosaxuli macxovris makurTxebeli marjvenisken.

406 R. Krautheimer, Introduction to an “Iconography of Medieval Architecture”, gv. 116-130. 407 Č. Marinković, Principles of the representation of the founder’s (ktetor’s) architecture in Serbian medieval and Byzantine art, https: //www. academia. edu/2127838/Principles–of–the–representation–of–the–founder–s–ktetor–s–architecture–in–Serbian–medieval–and–Byzantine–art. 408 i. lorTqifaniZe, m. janjalia, walenjixa, il. 148. 409 o. firaliSvili, yinwvisi, Tbilisi, 1979, il. 68.

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safaraSi beqa jayels orive xeliT uWiravs eklesia, Zalian saTuTad – marjvena mklavs ayrdnobs, Cans mxolod TiTebi Senobis qvemodan, marcxena xelis TiTebi aseve nagebobis Zirs exeba, TiTqos amagrebs, mkvidrad uWiravs. WuleSi piriqiT, mcire zomis taZari marjvena xelis cera da saCvenebeli TiTebiT ukavia da TiTqos haerSi unda aagdoso. rkonSi frontalurad mdgom qtitors didi zomis bazilika mkerdTan uWiravs, marcxena xelze aqvs dayrdnobili, meore ki aRiarebis JestiT aqvs iqve, mkerdTan aweuli. beTaniis qtitorsac orive xeliT uWiravs eklesia da miarTmevs Cviled mariams. varZiaSi Tamars eklesiis es ucnauri gamosaxuleba orive xeliT ukavia, Tumca realurad misi marjvena xelis TiTebi odnav exeba nagebobas. ori xeliT miarTmevs macxovars Tavis agebul eklesias soris qtitoric, esec sam-meoTxedSi Setrialebuli zeciuri patronisken. rogorc Cans, rodesac zeciuri `adresati~ iqvea gamosaxuli, uSualo siaxloves, mirTmevis, miZRvnis qmedeba iTxovs orive xeliT miawodon nageboba. Tumca es ar aris sayovelTao wesi, magaliTad, xobSi, giorgi dadians mxris doneze aweul da ganze gawvdil cal xelSi ukavia `saydari~, TviTon ki frontalurad dgas da arc ki ixedeba macxovris naxevarfigurisken, romelic kompoziciis zeda marjvena kuTxeSia gamosaxuli410 . igive gadawyvetas vxedavT bugeulis moxatulobaSi, laSxa laSxiSvilis saqtitoro gamosaxulebaSi. (sur. 66)

410 saerTod, gvian Sua saukuneebSi qtitorTa figurebis frontalurad Semobrunebam maTi kavSiri zeciur mfarvelTan ufro formaluri gaxada. miZRvnis, Sewirvis aqti nakleb emociuri da ufro pirobiTi gaxda, metad `fasobda~ is, Tu ra STabeWdilebas axdenden Tanamedroveebze, uSualod mnaxvels mimarTavdnen. Cvens Temas uSualod ar exeba, magram mainc masTan arsebiTad dakavSirebulia qtitorebis gamosaxulebisa da zeciuri mfarvelis figuraTa proporciuli da kompoziciuri urTierToba. qarTul kedlis mxatvrobaSi qtitorebi (gind eklesiiT xelSi da gind ueklesiod) umetes SemTxvevaSi gamoisaxebian mTeli taniT, didi zomis monumenturi figurebis saxiT, xolo maTi zeciuri patronebi ki bevrad ufro mcire zomis naxevarfiguris saxiT zecis segmentSi, an xatis saxiT. amiT xazi esmeva maT `sxvaganyofnas~, sxvadasxva sulier sivrceebSi. Tumca aris gamonaklisebi, roca zeciuri mfarvelis da qtitoris figurebi TiTqmis erTi zomisaa, magram erTgvari `sivrciTi~ gansxvaveba – qveda doneebi – mainc gamokveTilia, magaliTad, zemo krixSi, udabnos xarebis eklesiaSi, safaraSi, varZiaSi, gremSi. amave TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa, rom qarTul nimuSebSi, yovel SemTxvevaSi CemTvis cnobil masalaSi, saerTod ar aris muxlmodrekili qtitori eklesiiT xelSi patroni wmindanis masStaburi figuris winaSe, rogorc magaliTad, bizantiaSi – Teodore metoqiti kahrie jamiSi, vilhelm meore monrealeSi da sxva. kidev erTi gansxvaveba: gvian bizantiur da gansakuTrebiT ki bulgarul da serbul-makedonur moxatulobebSi qtitorebs (rogorc taZris modeliT, aseve modelis gareSec) umetes SemTxvevaSi romelime wmindani an sulac RmrTismSobeli mariami xelgadaxveulebs an xelCakidebulebs warudgenen qristes (magaliTad, mefe vladislavis portreti XIII saukunis mileSevas moxatulobaSi; aseTive sqema xSirad gamoiyeneba XV-XVI ss-is ruminul mxatvrobebSi, magaliTad, : humoris eklesiaSi da mravali sxva). qarTul xelovnebaSi aseTi `familiaruli wardgenis~ nimuSebi ucnobia. gvian Sua saukuneebSi, gansakuTrebiT im kompoziciebSi, sadac qtitorTa mravalfiguriani rigia, zogjer patroni-wmindani saerTod ar gamoisaxeba da, Tumca figurebi frontalurad dganan, maTi mavedrebeli xelebi sakurTxevlisken aris mimarTuli, anu isini sakurTxevlis konqSi gamosaxuli macxovris an RmrTismSoblis winaSe wardgebian (magaliTad, bugeuli, leRTagi da am mimdinareobis sxva Zeglebi); zogjer mxolod uflis marjvenaa gamosaxuli (magaliTad, gelaTis mTavari taZari, xobi, safara da sxva); zogjer Sewirulobis `adresati~ kompoziciis Tavzea gamosaxuli (magaliTad, levan II-is ojaxuri portreti walenjixaSi, sadac qtitorTa jgufis Tavze, wiTeli zoliT gamoyofili qristes naxevarfiguraa farTodD gaSlili makurTxebeli xelebiT; anda nikorwmindaSi macxovris naxevarfigura qtitorebis Tavze).

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ra zogadi niSnebi SeiZleba gamovkveToT eklesiaTa mpyrobeli qtitorebis gamosaxulebebSi. Tu davakvirdebiT ganxilul magaliTebs, vnaxavT, rom TiTqmis yvelgan daculi da gameorebulia realuri nagebobis tipi – gumbaTiani, bazilikaluri, darbazuli da sxva. arc Tu zustad icaven gumbaTis yelSi sarkmlebis raodenobas, aqcenti keTdeba centralur sarkmlebze da Sesasvlelebze, TaRovan garSemosavlelebze. xSirad aris miniSnebuli qvis wyoba, gadaxurvis kramitebis naxati; imis mixedviT, taZris romel kedelzea qtitoris gamosaxuleba, nagebobas gamosaxaven im mxridan, rom daxatuli eklesiis sakurTxeveli aRmosavleTiT iyos mimarTuli. taZrebi umetesad im fasadis mxridan aris gamosaxulni, romelic interierSi qtitoris ganTavsebis kedlis sapirispiroa (gamosaxulebis paralelizmi411). ufro iSviaTad sami fasadi erTdrouladaa gamosaxuli (beTania, nikorwminda), magram wminda orTogonaluri xedi iSviaTia. umetes gamosaxulebebSi ori fasadi aris mocemuli, Tumca ver vityviT, rom isini kuTxiT aris dayenebuli – es ar aris aqsonometriuli ageba, radgan orive fasadis qveda konturis xazi swori horizontalia. gelaTis taZari daviTis xelSi mxolod samxreTi mxridan aris danaxuli, frontalurad, aRmosavleTi afsidis Zalian mcire miniSnebebiT. beTaniaSi ki faqtobrivad sami fasadi erT sibrtyeSia erTdroulad gamosaxuli, ris gamoc qolgiseburi gadaxurvis STabeWdileba iqmneba. rogorc Cans, is, Tu romeli xedidan aris daxatuli nageboba da romel mxares eqceva misi sakurTxeveli, Zalian mniSvnelovani da mravlismTqmeli unda yofiliyo412 . vis gamosaxulebebs vxedavT eklesiis kedlebze mis mier an misi winaprebis mier agebuli an moxatuli taZris modeliT xelSi? iSviaTad esaa mefeebi, ufro xSirad erisTavebi, didi feodalebi, mRvdelmTavrebi, Tavad-aznaurebi.

Cvens dromde SemorCenil qtitorTa gamosaxulebebs Soris mxolod oTxi warmoadgens saeklesio pirs: antoni glonisTavisZe, Wyondideli mRvdelmTavari yincvisis moxatulobaSi413; mTavarepiskoposi ioane anCeli udabnos monastris xarebis eklesiis moxatulobaSi414; gerasime CxetisZe tabakinis mxatvrobaSi415 da mTavarepiskoposi Ciqvanebis ojaxidan nakuraleSis mxatvrobaSi.

Tu siuJetur scenebSi gamosaxuli arqiteqturuli nagebobebi umetesad sakmaod ganzogadebulia, gamartivebuli da ar avlens romelime arsebul nagebobas mimsgavsebis mcdelobas, qtitorTa xelSi eklesiaTa votivuri gamosaxulebebi swored rom isaxaven miznad originalTan msgavsebas, SesaZleblobisamebr `realizms~, anu `cocxali arqiteqturis~ Seqmnas416 . Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom bizantiuri da miTumetes serbuli nimuSebi ufro meti detalizaciiT gamoirCeva, ufro `aRweriTi da TxrobiTi~ xasiaTisaa. qarTul xelnawerTa dasuraTebaSi eklesiis mpyrobeli qtitoris gamosaxulebebi ar aris garda erTi gamonaklisisa: esaa XIV-XV saukuneTa mijnis moRvawis virSel III erisTavis

411 Č. Marinkovič, The Representation of Architecture on the Donor Portrait, gv. 107. 412 E. S. Klinkenberg, Compressed Meaning, gv. 249-250, 745-752. 413 k. vaCeiSvili, yinwvisis maSeneblis gamosaxulebis Sesaxeb, gv. 745-752. 414 m. bulia, daviTgarejis udabnos monastris xarebis eklesiis moxatuloba, gv. 126-128; m. bulia, a. volskaia, d. TumaniSvili, daviTgarejismonastrebi. lavra. udabno, Tbilisi, 2007, gv. 19, il. gv. 117. 415 И. Мамаиашвили, Роспись Табакини, gv. 8-15, tab. I. 416 A. Stojakovic, Les représentations d’édifices réels.., gv. 230.

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portreti eklesiiT xelSi, romelic ganTavsebulia xelnaweris `Zegli erisTvTa~ mTlian gverze (f. 9v) Sesabamisi minaweriT, sadac moxseniebulia wm. giorgi, im eklesiis patroni, romlis aSenebis Taobaze mogviTxrobs es xelnaweri417 . miuxedavad Semdgomi drois damaxinjebisa (eklesiis kedelze uxeSad gamosaxulia mamakacis saxe), didi feodalis es gamosaxuleba qmnis precendents, roca ama Tu im piris saaRmSeneblo moRvaweobis aRwera xelnaweris teqstSi dasuraTebulia eklesiis mpyrobeli qtitoruli gamosaxulebiT. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom aseTi `TvalsaCino Txroba~ sxva xelnawerebSic yofiliyo, Tumca amis magaliTebi jer-jerobiT ar Cans. virSel erisTavis gamosaxulebas mTeli gverdi eTmoba. igi warmodgenilia frontalurad, idayvSi moxrili da locvad gawvdili xelebiT, marcxenaTi uWiravs martivi formis darbazuli eklesiis gamosaxuleba, orqanobiani gadaxurviT, rogorc Cans, samxreT-dasavleTi xediT – sarkmeli mokle fasadis frontonis qveS da didi zomis TaRovani Sesasvleli grZel fasadze; mas mosavs saerisTavo wamosasxami, kaba, sartyeli da qudi. aRniSnul gamocemaSi warmodgenili foto, samwuxarod, cota bundovania, Tanac Sav-TeTri da srul warmodgenas ar iZleva gamosaxulebis detalebze. am teqstis gamomcemeli S. mesxia aRniSnavs, rom qtitoris portreti ferebiT aris Sesrulebuli. mxatvari avgaroz bandaisZea, romelsac ekuTvnis largvisis XIV saukunis oTxTavis moxatvac (1316-1321 wlebi)418 . rogorc ukve aRiniSna, qarTuli saxviTi xelovnebis sxva dargebSi maTi specifikidan gamomdinare eklesiis mpyrobeli qtitorebis gamosaxulebebi ar gvxvdeba419 . samagierod, daxatuli arqiteqturis sxva jgufebi TiTqmis yvela dargSi aris damowmebuli.

qtitori eklesiiT xelSi Sua saukuneebis qarTul kedlis mxatvrobaSi (winaswaruli sia)

1. daviT gareji, udabno, mTavari taZari, ucnobi qtitori, X-XI saukuneebis mijna 2. beTania, sumbat orbeliani XII saukune 3. varZia, Tamar mefe, 1186 weli

417 S. mesxia, Zegli erisTavTa (qsnis erisTavTa sagvareulo matiane), masalebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis istoriisTvis, nakv. 30, Tbilisi, 1954, gv. 305-374, il. gv. 311. am informaciis mowodebisTvis madlobas vuxdi Cems kolegas, Nnatalia CitiSvils. 418 kidev erTi nimuSi istoriuli pirisa eklesiiT xelSi aris XVIII saukunis xelnawerSi A-338, 1v. aq gamosaxulia ioane damaskeli samgumbaTiani eklesiiT xelSi, Tumca Sinaarsobrivad am gamosaxulebas qtitorTa portretebTan da eklesiaTa votivur gamosaxulebebTan ver gavaigivebT (ZlispirnidaRmrTismSobelisani, qarTulxelnawerTaaRweriloba, yofilisaeklesiomuzeumis (A) koleqciisa, el. metrevelis redaqciiT, t. I4, Tbilisi, 1985, gv. 49-50). madlobas vuxdi Cems kolegas eTer ediSeraSvils am informaciis mowodebisTvis. 419 xatweris nimuSebs Soris iSviaT gamonakliss warmoadgens aTonze, dionises monasterSi daculi XIV saukunis xatze gamosaxuli aleqsi III didi komnenosi, romelsac taZari uWiravs wm. ioane naTlismcemelTan erTad, rac sakmaod uCveuloa (Č. Marinkovič, Fouder’s Model, gv. 146; Byzantium. Faith and Power (1261-1557), ed. by H. C. Evans, New York, 2004, sur. 1, 7; А. Преображенский, Ктиторские портреты средневековой Руси, il. 344).

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96 4. samSvilde – (erisTavT-erisTavi?), XII saukune 5. baCkovo, saZvale, grigol bakurianis Ze da misi Zma, XII saukune 6. ozaani, ucnobi qtitori, XII-XIII saukuneebi 7. mzewveri, ucnobi qtitori, XII-XIII saukuneebi 8. yincvisi, antoni glonisTavisZe, XIII saukunis damdegi 9. axatani, ucnobi qtitori, XIII saukune 10. gareji, xarebis eklesia, ioane anCeli, XIII saukunis bolo meoTxedi 11. rkoni, ucnobi qtitori, XIII saukune 12. Woxuldi, ucnobi qtitori, XIII saukune 13. mRvimevi, raWis erisTavi kaxaberiZe rati, XIII saukunis II naxevari. 14. safara, beqa jayeli, XIII-XIV saukuneTa mijna 15. Wule, beqa jayeli, XIV saukunis pirveli naxevari 16. bedia, bagrat III, XIV saukune 17. sori, arCil WareliZe, XIV saukune 18. nabaxtevi, qucna amirajibi, XV saukune 19. mxeri (laSTxveri), miqel iveldiani, XV saukune 20. uRvali, miqel da anton onofrianebi, XV saukune 21. gremi, levan kaxTa mefe, XVI saukune 22. axali SuamTa, levan kaxTa mefe, XVI saukune 23. nekresi, levan kaxTa mefe, XVI saukune 24. alvani cxrakara, levan kaxTa mefe, XVI saukune 25. aTonis filoTeosis monasteri, levan kaxTa mefe, XVI saukune 26. walenjixa, levan I dadiani, XVI saukune 27. martvili, mefe konstantine da mefe giorgi II, XVI saukune 28. bugeuli, lasxiSvilebi, XVI saukune 29. gelaTi. daviT aRmaSenebeli, XVI saukune 30. Wala, abaSiZeebi, XVI saukune 31. tabakini, gerasime CxetisZe, XVI saukune 32. tabakini, bagrat III (?), XVI saukune 33. amaSukeTi, ucnobi qtitori, XVI saukune 34. xtana, SalbeliqisSvili, XVI saukune 35. matani, bazilika, garsevan ColoyaSvilis asuli anastasia, XVI saukune 36. matani, darbazuli eklesia, ucnobi qtitori, XVI saukune 37. walenjixa, levan II dadiani, XVII saukune 38. korcxeli, levan II dadiani, XVII saukune 39. xobi, giorgi I dadiani, XVII saukune 40. martvili, kacia Ciqovani ojaxiT, XVII saukune 41. nikorwminda, merab wulukiZe ojaxiT, XVII saukune 42. Semoqmedi, zarzmis eklesia, mamia II gurieli, XVII saukune 43. kulaSi, paata miqelaZe da misi meuRle leluka, XVII saukune 44. yincvisi, zaza fanaskerteli, XVII saukune 45. nakuraleSi, mTavarepiskoposi CiqvanTa ojaxidan, XVII saukune