arqiteqturuli naxazebi Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi

daviT xoStaria arqiteqturuli naxazebi Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi1

Senobis dagegmvisa da agebis procesSi uZvelesi droidan gamoiyeneboda arqiteqturuli grafika. gegmis, Wrilis Tu orTogonaluri proeqciis naxazebi dasturdeba Zvel SuamdinareTSi, egvipteSi, urartuSi, saberZneTSi, elinistur aRmosavleTsa da romSi2 . naxazebis momzadebis antikuri kultura gadmovida adreqristianul xanaSic. rTuli arqiteqturuli da urbanuli naxazebisa da maT mosamzadeblad saWiro ganviTarebuli saxazavi xelsawyoebis arsebobas mowmobs V–VI saukuneebis werilobiTi wyaroebi3 . sagangebo yuradRebas imsaxurebs arqeologiuri masala, romelmac arqiteqturuli naxazebis adreqristianuli nimuSebi Semogvinaxa. aseTia ori keramikuli fila oxrididan, savaraudod V saukunisa (sur. 1, 2). filebze datanilia saeklesio SenobaTa gegmebi: erTze – narTeqsiani samnaviani bazilikisa, meoreze – tetrakonqisa. daaxloebiT imave xanisaa aTenis pompeiumze napovni marmarilos fila rotondis gegmis gamosaxulebiT (sur. 3). gegma gviCvenebs Senobis yvela arsebiT elements – ZiriTad wriul sivrces, orafsidian narTeqss dasavleTiT da ZlierSveril samafsidian sakurTxevels aRmosavleTiT. rTulia danamdvilebiT iTqvas, ra SeiZleba yofiliyo am naxazebis daniSnuleba. isini sakmarisad zustad gadmoscems zogad arqiteqturul ideas, magram Zneli warmosadgenia mSeneblobis procesSi aseTi naxazebiT exelmZRvanelaT. maT ufro sademonstracio daniSnuleba unda hqonoda – keramikul Tu qvis filaze datanil gegmas warudgendnen damkveTebs, raTa maT enaxaT ramdenad Seesabameboda xuroTmoZRvris Canafiqri wayenebul moTxovnebs.

1 am narkvevs safuZvlad udevs Cems mier dawerili qveTavi wignisaTvis: d. TumaniSvili, n. nacvliSvili, d. xoStaria, mSenebeliostatebiSuasaukuneebissaqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 2012, gv. 137-143. 2 E. Hadjitryphonos, Presentations and Representations of Architecture in Byzantium: The Thought behind the Image, in: S. Ćurčić, E. Hadjitryphonos (eds), Architecture as Icon: Perception and Representation of Architecture in Byzantine Art, New Haven & London, 2010, gv. 114. 3 magaliTad, arqiteqtor iuliane askalonelis mier 531-533 wlebSi dawerili traqtati, markoz diakvnis `wm. porfiriusis cxovreba~, pavle silentiariusis himni konstantinepolis wm. sofiosadmi da sxva (M. S. Briggs, The Architect in History, Oxford, 1927, gv. 47-50; C. Mango, Art of the Byzantine Empire, 312-1453, Sources and Documents, Emglewood Cliffs, N.J., 1972, gv. 30-32; R. Ousterhout, Master Builders of Byzantium, Princeton, 1999, gv. 62).

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V-VII saukuneebSi detaluri arqiteqturuli grafikis arsebobis damadasturebel irib sabuTad uTuod gamodgeba didad msgavsi saeklesio Senobebis arseboba adreqristianuli samyaros sxvadasxva mxareSi4 . amis kargi magaliTi saqarTveloSic moipoveba – mcxeTis jvari da misi mimbaZveli nagebobebi, upirveles yovlisa ki atenis sioni. originalis gameorebis sizustis iseTi xarisxis miRweva, rogorsac atenSi vxedavT, SeuZlebeli iqneboda ganviTarebuli arqiteqturuli dokumentaciis gareSe. mxolod gegma, cxadia, amisTvis sakmarisi ar iqneboda. bizantiis imperiaSi naxazebis momzadebisa da moxmarebis wesebi ueWvelad cocxali iyo VII saukunemde, sanam xuroTmoZRvarTa profesiuli momzadeba antikur tradicias efuZneboda. ra xdeboda Semdeg, mTlad naTeli ar aris. werilobiT wyaroTa cnobebi, romlebic SeiZleboda Sua da gvianbizantiur xanaSi naxazebis arsebobis damadastureblad mogvexmo, cotaa, Tanac metwilad bundovani. safiqrelia, rom isini, rogorc wesi, gulisxmobs gegmis dakvalvas adgilze da ara masStaburad Semcirebuli naxazebis gakeTebas etratsa Tu qaRaldze. miuxedavad amisa, mkvlevarTa nawils sjera, rom rTuli saproeqto naxazebis momzadebis meTodebi bizantiaSi cnobili iyo VII saukunis Semdegac5 . konstantine rodoselis mier 931-944 wlebs Soris daweril `mociqulTa eklesiis aRweraze~ dayrdnobiT, g. dauni askvnis, rom imxanad bizantielebs unda scodnodaT arqiteqturuli grafikis sami saxe – gegma, Wrili da perspeqtiva, Tumca zogadad bizantiur samSeneblo naxazebze msjelobisas is sakmaod frTxilia6 . e. hajitrifonosi cdilobs axsnas, ratom ar SemorCa samSeneblo naxazebi da, garda zogadi mizezebisa (omebi, xanZrebi...), aRniSnavs praqtikul aspeqtebsac. kerZod, ivaraudeba, rom Zvir masalaze – papirussa da etratze Sesrulebul naxazebs ar inaxavdnen. mas Semdeg, rac Senoba aigeboda da naxazebi saWiro aRar iyo, maT ubralod fxekdnen da etrats Tu papiruss Tavidan iyenebdnen. es praqtika marTlac dasturdeba dasavleT evropaSi (`reimsis palimfsesti~), magram bizantiuri palimfsesti-naxazebi cnobili ar aris. aseTive hipoTeturia mosazreba, rom samuSao naxazebi cviliT dafarul dafebze daitaneboda7 . am faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT r. osterhoti Ffiqrobs, rom VIII saukunidan, rogorc wesi, bizantiaSi samSeneblo naxazebs ar akeTebdnen. ufro cxadi Cans suraTi ruseTSi. p. rapoporti gadaWriT ambobs, rom X-XIII saukuneebSi (da bevrad gvianac) Zveli rusi xuroTmoZRvrebi naxazebs ar xmarobdnen8 . dasavleT evropaSi samSeneblo naxazebis gamoyenebis kulturam ganviTareba mxolod goTikur arqiteqturaSi daiwyo, Tumca aris erTi gacilebiT adrindeli nimuSi – sankt-galenis monastris gegma, daTariRebuli 830 wlis axlo xanebiT9. 1230-40-ian wlebs ganekuTvneba vilar de onekuris cnobili

4 R. Ousterhout, Master Builders of Byzantium, gv. 62. 5 Ch. Bouras, Originality in Byzantine Architecture, in: Mélanges Jean Pierre Sodini, Travaux et mémoires 15, Paris, 2005, gv. 99-108; S. Ćurčić, E. Hadjitryphonos (eds), Architecture as Icon, gv. 114-120. 6 G. Downey, Byzantine Architects, their Training and Methods, Byzantion, T. XVIII, 1948, gv. 114-117. 7 S. Ćurčić, E. Hadjitryphonos (eds), Architecture as Icon, gv. 122. 8 P. Rappoport, Building the Churches of Kievan Russia, Aldershot, 1995, gv. 166. avtoris azriT, XVI-XVII saukuneebSic ki naxazebi sWirdeboda ara imdenad xuroTmoZRvars, ramdenadac damkveTs samuSaos winaswar dasagegmad da gasanawileblad (iqve). 9 Ch. B. McClendon, The Origins of Medieval Architecture, New Haven and London, 2005, gv. 163-172.

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albomi, romelic Seicavs eklesiebis gegmebsa da fasadTa naxazebs10 . XIII da metadre XIV saukunidan gamoxazuli arqiteqturuli proeqtebi ukve sakmaod bevria11 . werilobiTi cnobebiT, ufro adrindeli xanidan – ukve VIII-IX saukuneebidan – Cans samSeneblo naxazebi (pergamentze an etratze datanili gegmebi) islamur qveynebSi12 , Tumca es cnobebi epizoduria da, rogorc Cans, gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebs exeba. naxazebis momzadeba-moxmarebis praqtikis farTo gavrceleba XIII-XIV saukuneebidan aris savaraudo, pirvel rigSi ilxanidTa samflobeloebSi13 . ra viTareba gvaqvs am mxriv kavkasiaSi da, kerZod, saqarTveloSi? igive r. osterhoti, romelic, rogorc vnaxeT, skeptikurad uyurebs VII saukunis Semdgom bizantiaSi naxazebis arsebobas, a. RazarianTan erTad daweril narkvevSi SeniSnavs: `kavkasiaSi gancalkevebiT mdebare somxeTisa da saqarTvelos arqiteqtura bevri niSniT gansxvavdeba bizantiis imperiis arqiteqturisagan, romelTanac maT Cveulebriv ajgufeben xolme. rTulma geometriam, arqiteqturuli Canafiqris gadacemam erTi centridan meoreSi da Tlili qvis ganviTarebulma xuroTmoZRvrebam SeiZleba gvafiqrebinos, rom am regionSi uwyvetad xmarobdnen arqiteqturul naxazebs, karga xans mas Semdegac, rac maTi xmareba Sewyvites bizantiaSi. mWidrod morgebuli Tlili qvis Senobebs winaswari momzadebis ufro maRali xarisxi sWirdeboda, vidre bizantiisTvis tipiur qvisa da aguris Senobebs, romlebSic Seusabamobebi SeiZleboda kiris xsnaris uxvi xmarebiT SeniRbuliyo~14 . vfiqrob, es mosazreba sakmaod safuZvliania. ra Tqma unda, yvela eklesiis aSeneba naxazebs ar moiTxovda – martivi struqturis patara Senobebi ostatebs SeiZleba `zepirad~, TavianTi praqtikuli codniTac aegoT, magram iseT rTul, geometriulad srulyofil, Tlili qviT mopirkeTebul taZrebs, rogoricaa mcxeTis jvari, wromi, samSvilde, oSki, kumurdo da mravali sxva, mosamzadebeli naxazebi namdvilad dasWirdeboda15 .

10 Th. Bowie (ed.), The Medieval Sketchbook of Villard de Honnecourt, New York, 2005; C. F. Barnes, Jr., The Portfolio of Villard de Honnecourt, Aldershot, 2009. dRemde sakamaToa, gamoiyeneboda Tu ara es naxazebi praqtikaSi. 11 J. Harvey, The Mediaeval Architect, New York, 1972, gv. 101-119 (mtkiced swams, rom 1200 wlidan mainc dasavleT evropaSi naxazebis gareSe mSeneblobebi ar mimdinareobda); F. B. Andrews, The Mediaeval Builder and his Methods, New York, 1999, gv. 80-87 (fiqrobs, rom adreuli dasavluri naxazebis umetesoba Senebisas an gamouyenebuli iyo, an mxolooden tradiciuli codnis safuZvelze mosaxmari); A. Pacey, Medieval Architectural Drawing, Stroud, Gloucestershire, 2007, gv. 33-58 (arqiteqturul naxazebad ganixilavs ara mxolod etratsa Tu qaRaldze Sesrulebul masStabur proeqtebs, aramed Senobebis kedlebsa da iatakze datanil sqemebsac). 12 J. Harvey, The Mediaeval Architect, gv. 98; G. Necipoğlu, The Topkapi Scroll: Geometry and Ornament in Islamic Architecture, Los Angeles, 1994, gv. 3-4. 13 G. Necipoğlu, The Topkapi Scroll, gv. 4-5. 14 A. Ghazarian and R. Ousterhout, A Muqarnas Drawing from Thirteenth-Century Armenia and the Use of Architectural Drawings during the Middle Ages, Muqarnas, Vol. 18, 2001, gv. 150-151. am azrs aviTarebs k. maranCi (Ch. Maranci, The Architect Trdat: Building Practices and Cross-Cultural Exchange in Byzantium and Armenia, Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, Vol. 62, No. 3, 2003, gv. 294-305). sxvaTa Soris, is ganixilavs stefanoz taronecis cnobasac, romlis mixedviTac xuroTmoZRvar Trdats konstantinopolis aia sofias gumbaTis aRdgena naxazebisa da modelis momzadebiT dauwyia (gv. 297). 15 `eWvgareSea, rom iseT eklesiebs, rogoricaa vaCnaZianis gumbaTiani yvelawminda, hqonda detalurad damuSavebuli samSeneblo naxazebi~ – werda g. CubinaSvili (Г. Чубинашвили, Архитектура Кахетии, Тбилиси, 1959, gv. 588).

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Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi arqiteqturuli naxazebis gamoyenebis dadastureba werilobiT wyaroebSic moipoveba. XI saukunis II naxevris mwerali efrem mcire qarTlis moqcevis ambebis gadmocemisas mogviTxrobs mcxeTaSi pirveli eklesiis agebis ambavs da aRniSnavs, rom wm. ninom mefe-dedoflis TxovniT `dausaxa maT taZari~, Semdeg ki igive gaakeTa mSeneblebisTvis: `igi dahsaxvida, xolo igini aRmokuÀTdes da aSenebdes~16 . efrem mcire aq Teodorite kvirelis `eklesiis istorias~ (dawerilia 449 wels) efuZneba. motanili cnoba wmindanTa mier saeklesio Senobebis dagegmvis istoriebis mdgrad sqemas misdevs, magram Tundac vendoT mas, wm. nino kapadokielis SesaZlo ganswavluloba arqiteqturuli naxazis gakeTebis saqmeSi romaul-elinistur samyaroSi miRebul codnaze migviTiTebs da IV saukunis qarTvel mSenebelTa meTodebis sailustraciod ar gamodgeba. samagierod, is Rirebulia XI saukunis saqarTvelos viTarebis gasagebad. bunebrivia, efremi `taZris dasaxvaze~ laparaks ver daiwyebda, mas rom ar scodnoda aseTi praqtikis arseboba. misi teqsti gulisxmobs, rom arsebobs `aRSenebadi taZris~ saxe, proeqti, romelsac winaswar `dasaxaven~ da Semdeg `dasaxulis~ mixedviT aSeneben17 . amas garda, Cven gvaqvs `namdvili~ gegmac – qoroRos X saukunis miwurulis eklesiis cnobil saqtitoro gamosaxulebaze, sadac is momgebels taZris saxebis magivrad uWiravs18 (sur. 4). es gamosaxuleba sruliad unikaluria, mas miaxloebiTi paralelic ar moeZebneba arc saqarTveloSi da arc sadme sxvagan, amitom masze sagangebod SevCerdebi. reliefi gamokveTilia qvis marTkuTxa blokze, romelic Tavidan albaT kapitelis funqcias asrulebda, amJamad ki Tavdayiraa CarTuli uxeirod nageb gviandel samxreT minaSenSi. reliefi warmogvidgens sam qtitors, amaTgan marcxnidan mesames – zomiT sxva orze dids – marcxena xeliT vertikalurad wagrZelebuli didi marTkuTxa sagani uWiravs. misi simaRle qtitoris simaRlis daaxloebiT ⅔-s Seadgens. am sagnis zedapiri warmoadgens swor sibrtyes, romelzec Rrma RariT datanilia Senobis gegma – sakmaod martivi, marTkuTxa, zemoT (unda vigulisxmoT – aRmosavleTiT) sami rkaliT daboloebuli. qoroRos eklesia, rogorc cnobilia, Taviseburadaa agebuli – orqanoba saxuraviT dasrulebuli, garedan igi calnavian Senobas hgavs, magram Sida struqtura uCveulod rTu

16 efrem mcire, uwyebaÁ mizezsa qarTvelTa moqcevisasa, Tu romel wignTa Sina moiÃsenebis, T. bregaZis gamocema, Tbilisi, 1959, gv. 7. 17 v. beriZe, qarTulixuroTmoZRvrebisistoria, Tbilisi, 2012, gv. 213. Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi winaswari samSeneblo naxazebis arsebobis mowmobad efrem mcires cnoba moaqvs v. jobaZesac (W. Djobadze, The Georgian Churches of Tao-Klarjet‘i: Construction Methods and Materials, Oriens Christianus, 62, 1978, gv. 116). iqve damatebiT igi uTiTebs `serapion zarzmelis cxorebis~ epizods, romelSic naTqvamia, rom winamZRvar miqaelis dros `iwyes eklesiaÁ igi, winaÁswar gamosaxuli wmidisa mier~ (ZveliqarTuliagiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, I, Tbilisi, 1964, gv. 344). vfiqrob, aq `winaÁswar gamosaxuli wmidisa mier~ wm. serapionis mier miqaelisadmi CvenebiT uwyebas gulisxmobs (razec manamdea saubari) da ara Senobis naxazis gakeTebas. Tavis droze es epizodi daimowma i. javaxiSvilmac (mSeneblobis xelovneba Zvel saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 1944, gv. 142) 18 Р. Меписашвили, Рельефы рубежа X-XI вв. со сценами строительства в храме у селения Корого, Советская археология, №4, 1969, gv. 228-229, sur. 9; Н. Аладашвили, Монументальная скульптура Грузии, Москва, 1977, tab. 116117; R. Ousterhout, Master Builders of Byzantium, gv. 69-70, sur. 43; A. Ghazarian and R. Ousterhout, A Muqarnas Drawing from Thirteenth-Century Armenia.., gv. 151, sur. 14; S. Ćurčić, E. Hadjitryphonos (eds), Architecture as Icon, gv. 119, sur. 11; d. TumaniSvili, n. nacvliSvili, d. xoStaria, mSenebeliostatebiSuasaukuneebissaqarTveloSi, gv. 140-141, sur. 110.

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lia (sur. 5). interierSi sami sveti dgas, ris Sedegadac dasavleTiT ori `navi~ warmoiqmneba, sakurTxeveli ki samnawiliania. gegmaSi samive nawili marTkuTxaa, magram gadaxurulia konqebiT19 . gegmis qvaze amokveTisas gamomqandakebelma ar daitana svetebi, samagierod morkalvebiT gadmosca aRmosavleTiT sami naxevargumbaTi – is, rac mas, etyoba, umTavresad miaCnda. anu, aq arsebiTad gvaqvs kombinirebuli naxazi, romelSic Serwymulia gegma da gadaxurvis proeqcia. ra Tqma unda, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom es Tavad samuSao gegma ki ara, gegmis skulpturuli reprezentaciaa, romlis mizansac detalebis Cveneba ar Seadgens. vfiqrob, qoroRos reliefze naCvenebi gegma cxadi mowmobaa X-XI saukuneebis saqarTveloSi arqiteqturuli grafikis arsebobisa. metic, is adasturebs, rom gegmis naxazis idea nacnobi da gasagebi iyo ara mxolod mSenebeli ostatebisTvis, aramed damkveTebisTvisac da, safiqrelia, ufro farTo wrisTvisac. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi mis warmodgenas eklesiis fasadze azri ar eqneboda.

SeiZleba gavixsenoT manxutis zeda eklesiis (VI-VII saukuneebi) samxreT-aRmosavleT kuTxis did qvaze amokawruli ucnauri, erTi SexedviT qaoturi naxazic (sur. 6). gamoTqmulia azri, rom is warmoadgens dakvalvis eskizur sqemas, romelic iTvaliswinebs Senobis proporciul danawevrebas20 . arqiteqturuli naxazis ufro TvalsaCino nimuSebi Semoinaxa ruisis taZris CrdiloeT fasadze. isini Sesrulebulia Temurlengis mier dangreuli Senobis safuZvliani aRdgenis dros mefe aleqsandre I-is xanaSi (1412-1442)21 . rogorc Cans, naxazebi am aRdgenaze momuSave ostatebma gaakeTes praqtikuli mizniT, mSeneblobis procesSi mosaSvelieleblad (sur. 7, 8, 9). naxazebi datanilia CrdiloeTi fasadis dasavleT nawilze, karis marjvniv. isini sakmaod dablaa – iseT simaRleze, rom Semsrulebels xazvisas kibis moSvelieba ar dasWirdeboda. sul sami nagebobis naxazia: eklesiisa, mis uSualod qvemoT – eklesiis karibWisa da maT marjvniv, cota moSorebiT – samreklosi. eklesiisa da samreklos naxazebi moicavs cokolis zemoT safasado wyobis meore-mexuTe rigebs, karibWisa – pirvels da cota gadadis meoreze. Cans, rom mxazveli SeZlebisdagvarad erideboda bazaltis svretil blokebs da cdilobda naxazi qviSaqvis kvadrebis gluv zedapirze daetana. naxazebi Sesrulebulia wiTeli saRebaviT, alag-alag (samreklos naxazze) moruxo feris miSveliebiT. amJamad saRebavi didwilad gadasulia, mxolod alag-alag ganirCeva, magram jer kidev 70-iode wlis win naxazebi bevrad ukeT Canda22 .

19 eklesiis xuroTmoZRvrebis Sesaxeb vrclad ix.: n. vaCeiSvili, qoroRos RmrTismSoblis eklesia da misi maSenebelni, literaturadaxelovneba, #2, 1993, gv. 137-175. 20 i. banZelaZe, sigrZis sazomi erTeuli da nagebobis gegmis dakvalvis xerxebi Zvel saqarTveloSi, ZveliqarTulixuroTmoZRvrebisZeglTaanalizisdadacvissakiTxebi, Tbilisi, 1988, gv. 74. 21 ruisis taZris samSeneblo istoriisaTvis ix.: Г. Чубинашвили, К истории Руисского Храма, Вопросы истории искусства, т. I, Тбилиси, 1970, gv. 184-205. 22 1951 wels tatiana Seviakovam gaakeTa ruisis naxazebis Semcirebuli aslebi, romlebic inaxeba saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSi (Zveli saqarTvelos monumenturi mxatvroba da misi moamageni, katalogi, teqsti da SeniSvnebi n. CixlaZisa, Tbilisi, 2017, gv. 104, sur. 94-95). msjelobisas didwilad am aslebiT vxelmZRvanelob da sailustraciodac maT viSvelieb. Znelia iTqvas ram gamoiwvia naxazebis gaqrobis procesis mkveTri daCqareba bolo aTwleulebSi. savaraudo mizezi SeiZleba iyos klimaturi cvlilebebi da haeris dabinZureba.

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eklesia naxazze warmodgenilia dasavleTi fasadiT. SuaSi datanilia orferda saxuraviT gadaxuruli karibWe, ZiriTadi korpusis kideebze – kuTxis nawilebis saxuravebis damreci kalTebi. dasavleTi mklavis orferda saxuravi naCvenebi ara aris. fasadis sibrtyis didi nawili (garda Sesasvlelis aresi) sxvadasxva konfiguraciis marTkuTxa ujredebad aris dayofili. Senobas maRali gumbaTi agvirgvinebs, aseve SemaRlebuli konusuri saxuraviT, romelzec didi jvari dgas. gumbaTisa da qveda korpusis simaRleebis Sefardeba sakmaod axloa realurTan, magram sxva mxriv naxazs cota ram Tu aqvs saerTo arsebul SenobasTan. is arsebiTad ar warmoaCens ruisis taZris – `Caxazuli jvris~ tipis nagebobis moculobiT agebulebas. gansxvaveba realuri nagebobisagan aSkaraa ara mxolod zogad struqturaSi, aramed detalebSic – magaliTad, daxatul gumbaTs yelze 16-maliani dekoratiuli TaRnari evleba da, Sesabamisad, unda vigulisxmoT, rom yeli 16-waxnagaa. ruisis taZris gumbaTi ki 12-waxnagaa. naxazis yvelaze ucnauri Tavisebureba urTierTmarTobuli xazebiT Seqmnili badea, romelic fasadis mniSvnelovan nawils edeba da masze marTkuTxa ujredebs qmnis. savaraudod, es asaSenebeli xaraCos sqemaa: vertikaluri xazebi Seesabameba boZebs, horizontalurebi – platformebs. ramdenadac bizantiuri da dasavleTevropuli gamosaxulebebiT SeiZleba vimsjeloT, erTiani boZebiani xaraCoebi iq XV saukunidan Cndeba23 . Tu ruisis naxazze (romelic swored XV saukunisaa) marTlac xaraCoa naCvenebi, unda davaskvnaT, rom es teqnikuri siaxle saqarTveloSic droulad auTvisebiaT. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom ruisis taZars XV saukuneSi ki ar aSenebdnen, aramed aRadgendnen. kedlebis mniSvnelovani nawili da gumbaTi kvlavac idga da mxolod gamagrebas an perangis Secvla-ganaxlebas saWiroebda. aseT pirobebSi ver gamoiyenebdnen Sua saukuneebis mSeneblobaSi farTod miRebul dakidul platformebs, romlebic iqmneba mSenebare kedelSi erT simaRleze Catanebul or an ramdenime Zelze gadebuli ficrebiT. Sesabamisad, boZebiani xaraCoebis aRmarTva gardauvali iyo. me mgonia, rom eklesiis naxazi swored xaraCos mowyobis sqemis saCveneblad gakeTda. amiT aixsneba masze eklesiis formebis pirobiTi warmodgena. gamoxazuli xaraCo arsebiTad `universaluria~, is dasavleT fasadTan aris naCvenebi, magram am sqemiT is sxva fasadebTanac SeiZleboda dadgmuliyo. eklesiis karibWis naxazi bevrad ufro martivia. is warmogvidgens erTi farTo TaRiT gaxsnil orferdasaxuravian portiks. sagulisxmoa specifikuri konstruqciuli detalis Cveneba – datanilia ara mxolod portikis kamara, aramed misi sabjeni TaRic Tavisi kronStainebiT. samreklo naxazze orsarTuliani nagebobaa, romlis orive sarTuli TiTo TaRiT aris gaxsnili. TvalSisacemia mkveTrad gazviadebulad naCvenebi karnizisa da meore sarTulis kapitelebis Sverilebi. meore sarTulis TaRis sayrden svetebs Soris gadebulia zaris Camosakidi Zeli. sainteresoa, rom gansxvavebiT struqturuli elementebisagan, es Zeli ruxi saRebaviTaa datanili24 . SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom mxazvelma sxvadasxva feriT aCvena

23 d. TumaniSvili, n. nacvliSvili, d. xoStaria, mSenebeliostatebiSuasaukuneebissaqarTveloSi, gv. 148. 24 N. Natsvlishvili, Bell Towers in Medieval Georgia: Architecture and Ritual, sajaro leqcia wakiTxuli 2021 wlis 14 dekembers florenciis xelovnebis istoriis institutis mier giorgi CubinaSvilis sax. erovnul kvleviT centrTan erTad organizebul leqciaTa seriaSi `esTetika, xelovneba da arqiteqtura kavkasiaSi~.

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sxvadasxva masala (wiTliT – qva, ruxiT – xe), rac naxazis praqtikuli daniSnulebidan gamomdinare, savsebiT gasagebia. Tumca gaugebaria ratom aris daxatuli imave ruxi feriT samreklos fanCaturis zeda nawili – esec xiT unda agebuliyo?

Cven ar viciT auSenes Tu ara ruisis taZars samreklo XV saukuneSi da Tu auSenes, ramdenad hgavda is gamoxazul nagebobas. axlandeli samreklo, romelic kedelze datanili naxazisagan sruliad gansxvavebuli saxisaa, ufro gvian aris agebuli.

Senobebi naxazebze sxvadasxva masStabiTaa gamosaxuli (eklesia masStaburad aSkarad ufro Semcirebulia, vidre samreklo). Sesrulebis xarisxi dabalia, zogan mxazvels arqiteqturuli forma `ganze gaurbis~. wriuli xazebi sakmaod sworadaa gamoyvanili, unda vivaraudoT, rom mxazveli fargals iyenebda. naxazebis nagebobis kedlebze (zogjer iatakzec) warmodgenis praqtika kargad iyo cnobili Sua saukuneebSi. isini sxvadasxva daniSnulebisaa da, Sesabamisad, didad sxvaobs erTmaneTisgan Sesrulebis xarisxiT, sizustiT, masStabiTa da zomiT. nubiis eklesiebis (farasis kaTedrali, banganarti, vadi abu domi) kedlebze gvxvdeba XI-XV saukuneeTa Soris Sesrulebuli sqematuri naxatebi gegmebisa da fasadebisa25 . maTi funqcia mTlad naTeli ar aris. sruliad sxvagvaria somxeTSi astvacankalis monastris gavitis kedelze amokawruli mkacrad geometriuli badisebri naxazi, romelic muyarnasis sqemas wamoadgens26 . dasavleT evropis XIII-XIV saukuneTa araerT nagebobaSi uSualod qvis kedlebze an Selesilobaze SemorCenili samSeneblo naxazebi27 aseve, rogorc wesi, gviCvenebs ara mTel Senobas, aramed mis detalebs – pirvel rigSi vitraJian fanjrebs. ilis kaTedralis kedelze daaxloebiT 1250 wels Sesrulebuli naxazi aseTi fanjris sakmaod zust sqemas warmoadgens, Riobis formisa da vitraJis tixrebis CvenebiT28 . xSirad aseTi sqemebi sruli masStabiT (erTi erTze) keTdeboda, rac, bunebrivia, mSeneblebs saqmes gauadvilebda. XIV-XV saukuneebiT daTariRebuli sxvadasxva saxis naxazebi Semoinaxa eSvelis sent meris eklesiis kedlebze hertfordSirSi. zogi am naxazTagan TiTqos SemTxveviTi grafitia, zogi geometriaSi varjiSs hgavs, zogic namdvili arqiteqturuli naxazia29 . iatakze datanili naxazebi aris klermon-feranisa da suasonis goTikur kaTedralebSi30 . samSeneblo naxazebi am sityvis namdvili gagebiT saqarTveloSi mxolod XVIII saukunidan SemogvrCa, isic mxolod ori da Tanac orive samoqalaqo (arasaeklesio) nagebobebisa31 . maTgan uadresia 1720 wels Sesrulebuli garejis wm. daviTis lavris ori koSkis proe

25 P. Makowski, In Search of the Nubian Master-Builders: An Architectural Drawing From the Faras Cathedral, Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, Annual of the Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology, University of Warsaw, XXV, 2016, gv. 808-825. 26 A. Ghazarian and R. Ousterhout, A Muqarnas Drawing from Thirteenth-Century Armenia.., gv. 146-150, sur. 11, 13. 27 A. Pacey, Medieval Architectural Drawing, gv. 33-58. 28 iqve, gv. 33, sur. 2. 1. 29 iqve, gv. 40, sur. 2. 5. 30 M. T. Davis, On the Drawing Board, in: Ad Quadratum: the Principal Application of Geometry in Medieval Architecture, ed. by N. Y. Wu, Aldershot, 2002, gv. 183-204. 31 maTi dawvrilebiTi ganxilva ix.: v. beriZe, XVIII s-is qarTvel xuroTmoZRvarTa naxazebi, saqarTvelossaxelmwifomuzeumismoambe, XIV-B, 1947, gv. 219-236.

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qti, romelic Seicavs asagebi Senobebis TiTo fasadis naxazs da vrcel ganmartebiT teqsts (sur. 10). naxazi daferilia da Cans masalis (aguris, qvis) feris Cvenebis cda. Sesruleba sustia, Tumca yvelaferi gasagebad aris mocemuli32 . saxazavi xelsawyoebi Semsrulebels aSkarad aklda. rogorc Cans, mas fargalic ar hqonia – gumbaTebisa da sarkmlis TaRebis naxevarwreebi xeliT aris moxazuli. mxolod zogierTi swori xazia saxazaviT gavlebuli. proeqti ar ganxorcielebula. meore proeqti qolagiris cixisaa, TariRdeba XVIII saukunis boloTi. is sam naxazs Seicavs – gegmis pirveli variantis Sav naxazs (mis meore gverdze ganmartebiTi baraTia), gegmis meore variantis Sav naxazsa da amave variantis TeTr naxazs. zogan zomebic aris miTiTebuli sityvierad. gegmebi sqematuria, magram cixis ageba met detalizacias albaT arc saWiroebda. rogorc samarTlianad SeniSnavs v. beriZe am naxazebis ganxilvisas, `ar gvaqvs safuZveli vifiqroT, rom esaa umaRlesi done, romelsac CvenSi xuroTmoZRvruli Canafiqris grafikulma gamosaxvam miaRwia~33 . es proeqtebi ufro im dacemis maCvenebelia, romelic qarTul arqiteqturaSi XIV saukunidan daiwyo da axal dromde gagrZelda. safiqrelia, rom adrindeli naxazebi ufro xarisxianad unda yofiliyo Sesrulebuli. dasasruls, oriode sityva unda iTqvas moculobiTi proeqtirebis Sesaxeb. cnobilia, rom Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi didi raodenobiT iqmneboda saeklesio SenobaTa qvis an, iSviaTad, Tixis samganzomilebiani modelebi, romelTac akroterionebad an saflavis Zeglebad iyenebdnen (maT Sesaxeb ix. natalia CitiSvilis narkvevSi am wignSi). magram keTdeboda Tu ara modelebi saxelmZRvanelo an sademonstracio daniSnulebiT? am sakiTxze gadaWriT arafris Tqma SegviZlia. SesaZloa, aseTi daniSnuleba hqonoda cvilis modelebs, romelTa arseboba werilobiTi cnobiT dasturdeba. arseni vaCesZis (iyalToelis) `dogmatikonis~ erT gviandel nusxas (xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, S-401) aqvs aseTi minaweri: `arsenissa misruli mRÂmes ityÂs daviT mefe: me maSindeli kaci var, odes arseni darojidi Wama, marjuÀnasa guÀrdsa zeda wva, noselsa ikiTxvida da doRmatikonsa awamebda da cÂlisa sofia wmidasa igive martoÁ iqmodao“34 . didi albaTobiT aq laparakia daviT aRmaSenebelsa da arsen iyalToelze, romelic sicocxlis bolos SiomRvimeSi (`mRÂmes~) cxovrobda; Tumca asec rom ar iyos35 , mTavari axla CvenTvis naxseneb pirTa identifikacia ar aris. gansaxilveli sakiTxisaTvis mniSvnelovani isaa, rom minaweris mixedviT arseni cvilisgan `sofia wmidas iqmoda~. ras unda niSnavdes es? `sofia/sofio~ Zvel qarTulSi zogjer mozaikis mniSvnelobiT ixmareba (`taZarTa... . sofioÁTa mowerilTa, maocnebelTa TualTaÁsa~36), magram aq am

32 v. beriZe, XVI-XVIIIsaukuneebisqarTulixuroTmoZRvreba, t. I, Tbilisi, 1989, gv. 19. 33 iqve, gv. 21. 34 qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba, yofili qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis (S) koleqciisa, t. I, e. metrevelis redaqciiT, Tbilisi, 1960, gv. 504. S-401 xelnaweri XVIII saukuniT TariRdeba (iqve, gv. 502). zemoTmotanili minaweri teqstis xeliTvea Sesrulebuli (iqve, gv. 504), vfiqrob ueWvelia, rom cnoba daviTisa da arsenis Sesaxeb gadmotanili unda iyos ufro adrindeli wyarodan. 35 T. Jordania uSvebda, rom aq naxsenebi daviT mefe da arseni SesaZloa yofiliyvnen daviT kurapalati da kaTalikosi arseni II (T. Jordania, qronikebi, I, tfilisi, 1892, gv. 246, 311). 36 i. abulaZe, Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni, Tbilisi, 1973, gv. 401. aq motanili fraza aRebulia grigol RmrTismetyvelis erT-erTi dogmatikuri Txzulebis eqvTime mTawmindeliseuli Targmanidan,

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mniSvnelobas ver vigulisxmebT – ara mxolod imitom, rom cvilisgan mozaikis `qmna~ uazrobaa, aramed imitomac, rom teqstSi saubaria `sofia wmidaze~, rac uTuod eklesias niSnavs. aseTi saxeloba saqarTveloSi ar gvaqvs da, bunebrivia, pirveli rac kacs aq gaaxsendeba, konstantinopolis saxelganTqmuli taZaria. Tu naxsenebi arseni marTlac iyalToelia, romelmac wlebi gaatara konstantinopolSi, es ambavi ucnaurad ar gamoiyureba – mas SeeZlo adre nanaxi nagebobis modeli (cxadia ara zusti, albaT Zalian ganzogadebuli da miaxloebiTi) mexsierebiT gamoeZerwa. mokle minaweri datvirTulia detalebiT (ra Wama, romel gverdze iwva, ras kiTxulobda...), rac mas uCveulod yofiT xasiaTs aZlevs. arsenis rogorc xuroTmoZRvris moRvaweobis Sesaxeb Cven araferi viciT, amitom aRwerili saqmianoba erTi SexedviT Tavis Seqcevas hgavs – nasadilevs mxarTeZoze wamowolili swavluli Teologi, grigol noselis kiTxvis paralelurad, cvilisgan wm. sofios Zerwavs. magram SesaZloa, am saqmianobas hqonoda savsebiT praqtikuli azri, romelic cnobebis simwiris gamo CvenTvis ucnobia. asea Tu ise, cvilisgan taZris modelis `qmna~ damwers aSkarad ar eucxoveba da arc mkiTxvelisTvis ucxod igulisxmeba. amrigad, ganxiluli minaweri mowmobs, rom Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi arsebobda cvilis modelebis damzadebis praqtika. am TvalsazrisiT saqarTvelo gamonaklisi ar aris. marTalia, Tavad modelebi ar SemorCenila, magram werilobiTi cnobebiT dasturdeba maTi arseboba dasavleT evropaSi. uadresi aseTi cnoba, romelic IX saukunis benediqtinel bers erik oserels ekuTvnis, gviambobs oseris sen-Jermenis samonastro eklesiis cvilis modelis Seqmnis Sesaxeb37 .

romelic daculia XI saukuniT daTariRebul A-92 xelnawerSi (qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba, yofilisaeklesiomuzeumis (A) koleqciisa, t. I-1, e. metrevelis redaqciiT, Tbilisi, 1973, gv. 326-332). ufro gvian, XIX saukunis bolomde mozaikis aRsaniSnavad ixmareba dazustebuli termini `sofias kenWi~ (ix. magaliTad, n. CubinaSvili, qarTulileqsikoni, Tbilisi, 1961, gv. 369). 37 P. Du Colombier, Les chantiers des cathédrales, Paris, 1953, gv. 72-73; G. Binding, S. Linscheid-Burdich, Planen und Bauen im frühen und hohen Mittelalter nach den Schriftquellen bis 1250, Darmstadt, 2002, gv. 73-99. ix. aseve: F. B. Andrews, The Mediaeval Builder and his Methods, gv. 87.

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suraTebis sia

sur. 1. keramikuli fila ohrididan narTeqsiani samnaviani bazilikis gegmis gamosaxulebiT sur. 2. keramikuli fila oxrididan tetrakonqis gegmis gamosaxulebiT sur. 3. marmarilos fila aTenis pompeiumidan rotondis gegmis gamosaxulebiT sur. 4. qoroRos eklesia. reliefuri fila qtitorebisa da eklesiis gegmis gamosaxulebebiT sur. 5. qoroRos eklesia. gegma (r. mefisaSvilis mixedviT)

sur. 6. manxutis zeda eklesia. Senobis dakvalvis sqema (?) samxreT-aRmosavleTi kuTxis qvaze sur. 7. ruisis taZari. naxazebi CrdiloeT fasadze (konturebi gacxovelebulia) sur. 8. ruisis taZari. eklesiisa da karibWis naxazebi. 1951 wlis asli (avtori t. Seviakova) sur. 9. ruisis taZari. samreklos naxazi. 1951 wlis asli (avtori t. Seviakova) sur. 10. daviT garejelis lavris ori koSkis proeqti

suraTebis wyaroebi

1. fotosuraTebi g. CubinaSvilis sax. qarTuli xelovnebis istoriisa da ZeglTa dacvis erovnuli kvleviTi centris s. qobulaZis sax. xelovnebis ZeglTa fiqsaciis laboratoria – 4 daviT xoStaria – 6, 7

Zveli saqarTvelos monumenturi mxatvroba da misimoamageni, katalogi, teqsti da SeniSvnebi n. CixlaZisa, Tbilisi, 2017, gv. 104, sur. 94-95 – 8, 9

V. Bitrakova-Grozdanova, Monuments paléochrétiens de la région d’Ohrid, Ohrid, Macedonia, 1975, tables 8a, 8b – 1, 2

C. Bouras, A Sketch Plan of Late Antiquity in Athens, Deltion, ser. 4, vol. 28, 2007, ill. 9 – 3

2. naxazebi rusudan mefisaSvili – 5

suraTebze warmodgenili artefaqtebi inaxeba Semdeg muzeumebsa da sacavebSi

saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis S. amiranaSvilis sax. xelovnebis muzeumi – 8, 9

k. kekeliZis sax. xelnawerTa erovnuli centri – 10. ohridis erovnuli muzeumi – 1, 2

358

sur. 1. keramikuli fila ohrididan narTeqsiani samnaviani bazilikis gegmis gamosaxulebiT sur. 2. keramikuli fila oxrididan tetrakonqis gegmis gamosaxulebiT

sur. 3. marmarilos fila aTenis pompeiumidan rotondis gegmis gamosaxulebiT

359

sur. 4. qoroRos eklesia. reliefuri fila qtitorebisa da eklesiis gegmis gamosaxulebebiT

sur. 5. qoroRos eklesia. gegma (r. mefisaSvilis mixedviT)

360

sur. 6. manxutis zeda eklesia. Senobis dakvalvis sqema (?) samxreT-aRmosavleTi kuTxis qvaze

sur. 7. ruisis taZari. naxazebi CrdiloeT fasadze (konturebi gacxovelebulia)

361

sur. 8. ruisis taZari. eklesiisa da karibWis naxazebi. 1951 wlis asli (avtori t. Seviakova) sur. 9. ruisis taZari. samreklos naxazi. 1951 wlis asli (avtori t. Seviakova)

362

sur. 10. daviT garejelis lavris ori koSkis proeqti

363