Overpopulating in Egypt, a Design guideline for Off-grid housing - dissertation

The British University in Egypt College of Engineering Department of Architectural Engineering

Overpopulating in Egypt, a Design guideline for Off-grid housing

Emad Shawky Mohamed 148538

A dissertation submitted to BUE in partial Fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of BSc. In ARCHITECTURE

Supervised By: Dr. Ashraf Nessim Lecturer in Architecture Department BUE

2019-2020

DECLARATION

I certify that all the material in this thesis that is not my own work has been identified, and that no material is included for which a degree has previously been conferred on me.

The contents of this thesis reflect my own personal views, and are not necessarily endorsed by the University.

Signature: Emad shawky (Date) : 3/9/2020

SUPERVISORS DECLARATION We certify that we have read the present work and that in our opinion it is fully adequate in scope and quality as thesis towards the partial fulfillment of the Master Degree requirements in

Specialization: Architecture From

Date 3/9/2020

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Supervisor (s): Name:

DR. Ashraf Nessim

Position: Signature: Name: Position: Signature:

Examiners: Name:

Prof. …………………………………….

Position: Signature: Name: Prof. …………………………………….

Position: Signature:

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Acknowledgments I cannot express enough thanks to Dr. Ashraf Nessim for his guidance and patience with me throughout the semester, despite all challenges which Had frustrated all my efforts I will not forget Dr. Ashraf’s understanding of my awkwardness during my presentations. and also I would like to thank TA Mirrete Asser for being the best TA in the world with no exaggeration, out of many students she always made sure that I'm on track because she believed in my potentials to do great things.

Through this thesis, I have learned a lot about honesty in research and the high level of impact and responsibility that comes with being a true architect. An architect can have a profound impact on solving different dilemmas in the world. And With my 4 years of study about architecture, I hope this dissertation lay a positive foundation of research on solving the dilemma of overpopulation in Egypt.

Sincerely, Emad Shawky

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Abstract Overpopulation in Egypt has reached a point of no return, where the ecological footprint of the country’s human population exceeds it’s carrying capacity, damaging the environment faster than any governmental authority alone can repair it. In 2013 a study estimates that there are 1.7 billion people in the world that live off the grid furthermore, at least 180,000 families are living Off-grid in the USA with full freedom from any overpopulation pressures. All things considered, this thesis aims to develop a design guideline for Off-grid housing as an approach to reducing overpopulation in Egypt and relieving pressure from its cities exhausted infrastructure. when it comes to developing a sufficient design guideline for independent housing, the challenge comes on, How to introduce these design guidelines for it to be compatible with the Egyptian current Environment?. The term "off the grid" is defined as buildings that are not using any governmental utilities, such as electricity, water, sewer, natural gas, heat, and other services. Hence, Offgrid housing means a house that operates without the assistance of any public utility services. Using exploratory qualitative methods such as reviewing the literature on the impact of overpopulation on the existing housing system, conducting online semi-structured interviews, and analyzing case studies on the Off-grid housing system, these methods contribute to the development of full efficient design guidelines that are compatible to the Egyptian environment. It is safe to conclude that off-grid housing can offer relief for the existing housing system and reduce overpopulation in Egypt. Although the design guidelines provide sufficient instruction for building a full off-grid housing system, it’s important to note that the guidelines only include the off-grid system tools and elements that should be considered in the design phase of housing. when constructing an unfamiliar type housing in Egypt, challenges should be expected when it comes to applying for permits and meeting of housing regulations, so further research is recommended in this area of concern that comes after the design phase.

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Table of content Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................................................... 3 Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................... 4 List of tables .................................................................................................................................................. 14 Chapter (1) Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 16 1.1 background information ........................................................................................................................ 16 1.2 Problem Definition.................................................................................................................................. 18 1.3 Research aim and objectives .................................................................................................................. 19 1.3.1 Main aim ........................................................................................................................................ 19 1.3.2 Objectives ...................................................................................................................................... 19 1.4 Research Question: ................................................................................................................................. 20 1.4.1 Main question ................................................................................................................................ 20 1.4.2 Secondary question: ....................................................................................................................... 20 1.5 Research methodology ............................................................................................................................ 21 1.5.1 Research methodology map .......................................................................................................... 21

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........... 21 ................................................................................................................................................................ 21 1.5.2 Exploratory qualitative analysis ..................................................................................................... 21 1.5.3 Data collection ............................................................................................................................... 22 1.5.4 Data analysis .................................................................................................................................. 22 1.5.4.2 Research outcome ....................................................................................................................... 22 1.6 Literature review map ............................................................................................................................ 23 1.6.1 Overpopulation .............................................................................................................................. 23 1.6.2 Off-grid living ................................................................................................................................ 23 7. Key words .................................................................................................................................................. 24 Chapter (2) Methodology ............................................................................................................................. 26 1.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................................. 26 1.1 Research Question ............................................................................................................................ 26 1.2 Criteria for validity and reliability .................................................................................................... 26 1.3 Methodology Selected ...................................................................................................................... 27 1.4 Exploratory study method ..................................................................................................................... 27 1.4.1 primary research method ............................................................................................................... 28 1.4.2 Secondary research method ........................................................................................................... 28 1.4.3 Onlineiresearch: ............................................................................................................................. 28 1.4.4 Literature research ......................................................................................................................... 28 1.4.4 Case study research ........................................................................................................................ 28 6

2. Data collection ........................................................................................................................................... 29 2.1 Procedures Followed for data collection ............................................................................................... 29 2.1.1 problem selection and definition.................................................................................................... 29 2.1.2 Architect approach for the problem ............................................................................................... 29 3. Data analysis.............................................................................................................................................. 32 3.4 interview analysis .................................................................................................................................... 35 4. justification of methodological choices ................................................................................................... 42 Chapter (3): A literature review .................................................................................................................. 44 1. Introduction............................................................................................................................................... 44 2. Overpopulation ......................................................................................................................................... 46 2.1 Global overpopulation dilemma ....................................................................................................... 47 2.2 Egypt Demographics ......................................................................................................................... 51 2.3 Egypt overpopulated cities ............................................................................................................... 52 2.3 Cairo overpopulation and the New Administrative capital city........................................................ 55 3. Existing housing system............................................................................................................................ 57 4. Off-grid housing ........................................................................................................................................ 61 4.2 Off-grid living consideration ............................................................................................................ 61 4.3 Regulation of Off-grid living ............................................................................................................ 62 4.4 Types Off-Grid houses...................................................................................................................... 64 5. Earthship system ................................................................................................................................. 66 6. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................. 71 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 73 Chapter (4) Case Studies .............................................................................................................................. 74 1. Introduction............................................................................................................................................... 74 1.1 Case (1) Waybe house ............................................................................................................................. 74 1.1.1 introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 75 1.1.2 House plan and functionality .............................................................................................................. 76 1.1.3 Sustainable features and techniques .................................................................................................. 77 1.1.3.1 Building Material .............................................................................................................................. 77 1.1.3.2 Solar heating and daylighting .......................................................................................................... 77 1.1.3.3 Electricity........................................................................................................................................... 78 1.1.3.4 Water collection and drainage ......................................................................................................... 79 1.1.4 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................ 80 1.2 Case (2) Windship ................................................................................................................................... 81 1.2.1 introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 81 1.2.2 House plan and functionality .............................................................................................................. 81 7

1.2.3 Sustainable features and techniques .................................................................................................. 82 1.2.3.1 Wind resistance ................................................................................................................................. 82 1.2.3.2 Thermal mass .................................................................................................................................... 83 1.2.3.3 Daylighting ........................................................................................................................................ 84 1.2.3.4 Water filtration and collection system ............................................................................................ 85 1.2.3.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 86 1.3 Case (3) House of a Siwan: Haj Ali ....................................................................................................... 87 1.3.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................... 87 1.3.2 House plan and functionality .............................................................................................................. 88 1.3.3 Sustainable features and techniques .................................................................................................. 89 1.3.3.1 staircase ............................................................................................................................................. 89 1.3.3.2 interior lighting ................................................................................................................................. 90 1.3.3.3 Thermal mass .................................................................................................................................... 90 1.3.3.4 Structure system ............................................................................................................................... 91 1.3.3.5 Materials and building techniques .................................................................................................. 92 1.3.4 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................ 92 2. Chapter Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 94 Chapter (5): Design Guidelines ................................................................................................................... 98 1. Chapter Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 98 2. Part (1): consideration and overcoming overpopulation .................................................................... 100 2.1 Guide #1 Initial things to consider ...................................................................................................... 101 2.1.1 Financial freedom misconception ..................................................................................................... 102 2.1.2 Electricity usage adjustments ........................................................................................................... 103 2.1.3 The Different Levels of “Off-Grid” .................................................................................................. 104 2.1.4 Health Care ........................................................................................................................................ 105 2.1.5 Cellular connection ............................................................................................................................ 105 2.16 Access to Civilization .......................................................................................................................... 105 Appendix...................................................................................................................................................... 106 2.2 Guide# 2 living efficiently..................................................................................................................... 107 2.2.1 Reducing energy use .......................................................................................................................... 108 2.2.2 Planting a Garden .............................................................................................................................. 108 2.2.3 Finding Legal advice.......................................................................................................................... 109 2.4 Decision table and map......................................................................................................................... 110 Appendix...................................................................................................................................................... 111 3. Part (2): Early steps ................................................................................................................................ 112 3.1 Guide#3 land purchasing ..................................................................................................................... 113 3.1.1 Land prices consideration ................................................................................................................. 113 8

3.1.2 Off-grid land features ........................................................................................................................ 114 Appendix...................................................................................................................................................... 116 3.2 Guide #4 Developing the Green Thumb ............................................................................................. 117 3.2.1 What to plant...................................................................................................................................... 118 3.2.2 Cold frames ........................................................................................................................................ 119 3.2.3 Soil nutrients ...................................................................................................................................... 120 3.2.3.1 Manure............................................................................................................................................. 121 Appendix...................................................................................................................................................... 122 3.3 Decision map ......................................................................................................................................... 123 4. Part (3): full off-grid system guidelines ................................................................................................ 124 4.1 Guide#5 plan ......................................................................................................................................... 125 4.1.2 Plan dimensions and Span ................................................................................................................ 127 4.1.2.1 Straight Row distribution .............................................................................................................. 128 4.1.2.2 Straight Sten plan distribution ...................................................................................................... 129 4.1.2.3 Possible Variations and Modifications .......................................................................................... 129 4.2 Guide # 6 Structure............................................................................................................................... 131 4.2.1 Structural loads .................................................................................................................................. 132 4.1.3.1 Wall mass ......................................................................................................................................... 133 4.1.4 Siwan roof framing ............................................................................................................................ 133 4.1.5 Greenhouse extension structure ....................................................................................................... 134 4.5.1.1 Partition wallsI ................................................................................................................................ 134 4.5.2 Off-grid structure review ................................................................................................................. 135 4.3 Guide#7 water collection ...................................................................................................................... 137 4.3.1 pumping water from ConventionalIwells ........................................................................................ 138 4.3.1.1 Solar well ......................................................................................................................................... 139 4.3.1.2 Solar Well - Gravity Cistern .......................................................................................................... 140 4.3.2 Transporting the water from the source to tank ............................................................................. 141 4.3.3 Using A Submersible Well Pump ..................................................................................................... 142 4.3.4 Calculating the size of the Cistern Tank .......................................................................................... 143 4.3.5 Installing an Underground Cistern Tank ........................................................................................ 144 4.3.6 Water system Review......................................................................................................................... 144 4.4 Guide # 8 Waste-water System ............................................................................................................ 145 4.4.1 Blackwater .......................................................................................................................................... 146 4.2.1.2 Septic tank sizing ............................................................................................................................ 147 4.2.2 Grey Water ......................................................................................................................................... 147 4.2.2.1 Greywater Planting......................................................................................................................... 148 4.2.3 Wastewater System Review .............................................................................................................. 149 9

4.3 Guide#9 of Electricity ........................................................................................................................... 150 4.3.1 Preliminary Electric Analysis ........................................................................................................... 150 4.3.2 photovoltaic electricity ...................................................................................................................... 151 4.3.2.1 Inverter ............................................................................................................................................ 151 4.3.2.2 Circuit breakers .............................................................................................................................. 152 4.3.2.3 Power center .................................................................................................................................... 153 4.3.3 Off-grid electricity Review ................................................................................................................ 154 4.4 Guide #10 Hot Water............................................................................................................................ 155 4.4.1 Conventional water heaters .............................................................................................................. 156 4.4.3 Solar Batch Heaters ........................................................................................................................... 157 4.4.5 Hot water system review ................................................................................................................... 158 4.5 Guide # 11 Lighting .............................................................................................................................. 159 4.5.1 Daylighting ......................................................................................................................................... 159 4.5.2 Night Lighting .................................................................................................................................... 160 4.5.4 Room lighting ..................................................................................................................................... 161 4.5.5 Natural night lighting ........................................................................................................................ 162 4.5.6 Light system review ........................................................................................................................... 163 4.5 Guide # 12 Ventilation system ............................................................................................................. 164 4.5.1 Earth-tubes (geothermal energy) ..................................................................................................... 165 4.5.2 Gravity Skylights ............................................................................................................................... 166 4.5.3 Ventilation system Review ................................................................................................................ 166 4.6 Decision map ......................................................................................................................................... 168 5. Part (4): codes and permits .................................................................................................................... 169 Guide # 13 Regulations in remote areas in Egypt .................................................................................... 169 6. Chapter Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 171 Chapter (6): Conclusion and Recommendations ..................................................................................... 173 2. Exploratory qualitative methods ........................................................................................................... 173 2.1 Exploratory research: Summary of Steps followed ........................................................................... 173 2.1.1 Contribution of Exploratory research. ............................................................................................ 174 2.1.2 Limitation of Exploratory research ................................................................................................. 174 2.2 Summary of the contribution of exploratory research methods ...................................................... 175 3. Literature review chapter summary ..................................................................................................... 176 3.2 limitation of literature review chapter ................................................................................................ 178 4. case studies chapter summary ............................................................................................................... 178 4.1 Case study chapter contribution ........................................................................................................ 179 4.2 Case studies chapter limitations .......................................................................................................... 179 5. Design guidelines chapter summary ..................................................................................................... 180 10

5.1 design guidelines Contribution ............................................................................................................ 180 5.2 Design guidelines chapter limitation ................................................................................................... 181 6. Research Recommendations .................................................................................................................. 181 7. Thesis contribution and closing remarks............................................................................................. 183 Chapter (7): References.............................................................................................................................. 184 List of references ......................................................................................................................................... 184

List of figures Figure (1) methodology map: (developed by author) ....................................................................... 21 Figure (2) literature review map: (developed by author) ................................................................. 23 Figure 3 objectives of exploratory qualitative study: (developed by author) ................................... 27 Figure (4) picture of Ashley Turin, Earthship teacher (2019) .......................................................... 35 Figure (5) youtube Off-grid living sensations, jake, and Nicole (2019) ......................................... 37 Figure (6) youtube Off-grid living sensations, matt and Danielle (2019) ........................................ 40 Figure( 7) The impact of overpopulation on human needs leads to the ........................................... 45 Figure ( 8) overpopulation cycle. (source developed by Author)..................................................... 46 Figure ( 9) World population distribution measured in gradient colors. (World population review,2020) ..................................................................................................................................... 47 Figure (10) The negative impacts of implementing the ................................................................... 48 Figure ( 11) Impact of brazil capital transition to a new capital city. (source developed by Author) .......................................................................................................................................................... 49 Figure( 12) Graph population prediction (Macroeconomic Group, 2011) ....................................... 49 Figure ( 13)prediction graph of alternative us of renewable............................................................ 50 Figure ( 14) Effect of Migration as a solution of overpopulation (source developed by the author) 52 Figure( 15) Egypt population distribution (world population reviewer,2019) ................................. 52 Figure ( 16) the outcome of overpopulation on Egypt three ............................................................ 55 Figure (17) The potential of Overcrowding in the new Administrative capital ................................ 56 Figure (18) illustration of food system cycle (source developed by the author) .............................. 57 Figure (19) illustration water system (source developed by the author) ........................................ 59 Figure (20) illustration sewage system (source developed by the author) ...................................... 59 Figure 21 Off- grid house in new mexico (source (archdaily,2016) .................................................. 61 Figure (22) Off-grid living consideration (source developed by author)........................................... 62 Figure (23) police in Nevada, America threatening a family living off-grid (veg,2017) ................... 63 Figure (24) cob house (archdaily,2016) ............................................................................................ 64 Figure 25 container house (archdaily,2019) ................................................................................... 64 Figure 26 bamboo house (archdaily,2019) ....................................................................................... 65 Figure 27 Earthship house (archdaily,2019) .................................................................................... 66 Figure (28) similarity of barrel holding water to a house holding temperature (Reynolds, 2011) ... 67 Figure (29) illustration of greenhouse in an Earthship ..................................................................... 68 Figure (30) illustration of Earthship use of generating energy from ................................................ 69 Figure (31) Earthship water system (Reynolds,2011) ....................................................................... 70 Figure (32)case study contribution to developing the design guidelines ( developed by the author,2020) ...................................................................................................................................... 74 11

Figure (33) the waybehouse (archdaily,2010) .................................................................................. 75 Figure (34) section showing the standard Earthship system (archdaily,2010) ................................. 76 Figure (35) standard plan of waybehouse (archdaily,2010) ............................................................. 76 Figure (36) using waste tires as bearing walls (archdaily,2010) ...................................................... 77 Figure (37) section illustrating the use of solar heating to create the internal ventilation circulation (archdaily2010) ................................................................................................................................. 78 Figure (38) use of solar panels in the waybe house (archdaily,2010) .............................................. 78 Figure (39) the relation between the inverter and the solar panels (archdaily,2010) ....................... 79 Figure ( 40) section illustration the water collection and drainage system (archdaily,2010) .......... 79 Figure (41) windship house during construction (archdaily,2014) .................................................. 81 Figure (42) windship plan (youtube screen shot, 2014) ................................................................... 82 Figure (43) section showing the form contribution on resisting strong winds (archdaily,2014) ..... 83 Figure (44) section showing tires and compacted earth as thermal mass ( earthship,2014) ............ 83 Figure (45) detail drawing of earth-ship bearing wall ( Earthship,2014) ......................................... 84 Figure (46) layout of windship Philippines (earthship,2014) .......................................................... 84 Figure (47) section of windship (earthship,2014) ............................................................................ 85 Figure (48) Siwan house (research direct,2020) ............................................................................... 87 Figure (49) siwan house (research direct,2020) ............................................................................... 88 Figure 50 siwan house staircase shaft section (research direct,2020) ............................................. 89 Figure 51 siwan salt lamps (research direct,2020) ........................................................................... 90 Figure (52) kharshif house section shwing bearng walls as thremal mass (Mohamed A. F., 2019) 90 Figure (53) palm tree used as beams (Mohamed A. F., 2019) ........................................................ 91 Figure 54 ceiling plan of siwan house (research direct,2020) .......................................................... 91 Figure (55 ) Diagram showing the structuring of design guidelines (developed by author) ............ 99 Figure (56) diagram showing the structuring of the design guidelines of part 1 (developed by author) ............................................................................................................................................. 100 Figure (57) diagram showing the structuring of design guideline #1 (developed by the author) .. 101 Figure (58) Diagram showing the financial consideration when living Off-grid (developed by author) ............................................................................................................................................. 102 Figure (59) Digram showing the electricity adjustments required for living Off-grid (developed by the author) ....................................................................................................................................... 103 Figure (60) diagram showing the different levels of off-grid living ( developed by the author) ... 104 Figure (61) Diagram showing the standard consideration ( developed by author) ........................ 105 Figure (62) Diagram showin the elements needed form civlizations (developed by author) ......... 106 Figure (63) diagram showing the structuring of guide #2 (developed by the author) .................... 107 Figure (64 )diagram showing the structuring of the design guidelines of part 2 (developed by author) ............................................................................................................................................. 112 Figure (65) diagram showing the structuring of design guideline #3 (developed by the author) .. 113 Figure (66) diagram showing land pricing consideration(developed by the author) .................... 114 Figure 67 diagram showing land geographic features (developed by the author).......................... 115 Figure (68) Artesian aquifer diagram (developed by auhtor) ........................................................ 115 Figure 69 microclimate diagram (developed by author) ................................................................ 116 Figure (70) Diagram showing the structuring of design guideline #4 (developed by the author) . 117 Figure (71) diagram and table of the types of initial plants to grow when living off-grid ( developed by the author) .................................................................................................................................. 118 Figure (72) diagram showing the food production alternatives (developed by author) ................. 119 Figure (73) green house made from recycled material ( getty,2008) ............................................. 120 12

Figure 74 soil tester Figure (75) Diagram showing the initial soil tests to be done (developed by the author) ................................................................................................. 121 Figure (76) diagram showing the types of manure (developed by author) ................................... 121 Figure (77) diagram showing the structuring of the design guidelines of part 3 (developed by author) ............................................................................................................................................. 124 Figure (78) diagram showing the structuring of guide #5(developed by author) ........................... 125 Figure (79) standard u module plan and section ( earthship,2017) ................................................ 126 Figure (80) diagram showing standard U-module plan requirements (developed by the author) 127 Figure (81) straight row distribution (earthship, 2017) .................................................................. 128 Figure (82) Straight Sten plan distribution (earthship,2017) .......................................................... 129 Figure (83) diagram showing the structuring of guide #6 (developed by the author) .................... 131 Figure (84) diagram showing structural loads (developed by the author) ..................................... 132 Figure (85) Earthship standard structure ( bearing walls) (Earthship,2017) ................................. 133 Figure (86) palm trees on the u-module bearing walls( Earthship, 2017) ...................................... 133 Figure (87) Siwan palm tree roofing (Mohamed A. l., 2020) ........................................................ 134 Figure (88) sketch showing the partition placement in the U-module (Earthship,2017) ............... 134 Figure (89) diagram showing the elements of the partition walls in off-grid home (earthship,2017) ........................................................................................................................................................ 135 Figure (90) combined off-grid structure system (Earthship,2017) ................................................. 136 Figure (91) diagram showing the structuring of guide #7 (developed by the author) .................... 137 Figure (92) sketch illustrating elements of pumping water (earthship,2017)................................. 138 Figure (93) sketch illustrating elements of pumping water into a cistern (Earthship,2017) .......... 139 Figure (94) solar well (earthship,2017 ........................................................................................... 140 Figure (95) transportable water tanks ( geety,2018)....................................................................... 141 Figure (96) commercial Submersible well Pump (shutter,2015) .................................................. 142 Figure (97) variations of water tanks (Mohamed,2017) ................................................................. 143 Figure (98) underground tanks (sek, 2019) .................................................................................... 144 Figure (99) off-grid water system (each ship,2017) ....................................................................... 144 Figure (100) diagram showing the structuring of guide #8 (developed by author) ....................... 145 Figure (101) diagram showing the septic tank system ( developed by the author) ........................ 146 Figure (102) sketch showing septic rank vegetation system ( developed by the author) ............... 146 Figure (103) diagram showing the greywater vegetation system ( developed by the author )....... 147 Figure (104) sketch showing sink and planting placement in an off-grid home ( developed by the author) ............................................................................................................................................. 148 Figure (105) black water and grey water off-grid system ( earthship, 2017) ................................. 149 Figure (106) diagram showing the structuring of guide #8 (developed by the author) ................ 150 Figure (107) diagram showing the connection between the solar panels, the battery and the inverter(developed by the author)................................................................................................... 152 Figure (108) circuit breakers ( earthship,2017) .............................................................................. 152 Figure 109 power center (Earthship, 2017) .................................................................................... 153 Figure (110) diagram showing the electricity system requirements( developed by the author) .... 154 Figure (111) diagram showing the structuring of guide #8 (developed by the author) ................. 155 Figure 112 Conventional water heaters( developed by author) ...................................................... 156 Figure 113 solar heater inlet and outlet sketch ( developed by author) .......................................... 156 Figure (114) solar batch heater system diagram ( developed by the author) ................................. 157 Figure (115) diagram showing the full water heating system of off-grid home (developed by author) ............................................................................................................................................. 158 13

Figure (116) sketch showing the comparison between using white paint and the skylight positioning for daylighting ( Earthship, 2017) ............................................................................... 159 Figure (117) opaque shading ( Earthship,2017) ............................................................................ 160 Figure (118) lighting system requirements for electricity shaving (developed by the author) ...... 160 Figure (119) lighting placement diagram ( Earthship,2017) .......................................................... 161 Figure (120) Siwan salt candles ( Mohamed,2017) ........................................................................ 162 Figure (121) diagram showing the elements of the off-grid lighting system ( developed by author) ........................................................................................................................................................ 163 Figure (122) diagram showing the structuring of guide #12 (developed by the author) ............... 164 Figure (123) earthship tube construction (earthship,2016) ............................................................ 165 Figure (124) sketch showing the benefit of gravity of skylight for airflow ( developed by the author) ............................................................................................................................................. 166 Figure (125) gravity skylight mechanism ( Earthship,2017) .......................................................... 166 Figure (126) diagram showing the full venilation system ( developed by author )........................ 167 Figure (127) well permit application ( PSM,2019) ........................................................................ 170 Figure (128) diagram showing the exploratory qualitative methods used in the dissertation ( developed by the author) ................................................................................................................ 173 Figure (129) pyramid diagram showing the narrowing down of the key points of overpopulation (developed by the author) ............................................................................................................... 176 Figure (130) pyramid diagram showing the narrowing down of the key points of off-grid housing (developed by the author) ............................................................................................................... 177 Figure (131) diagram showing the contribution of the literature review on selecting the case studies (developed by author) ..................................................................................................................... 178

List of tables Table (1) thematic analysis of Ashley Turin online interview (developed by author) ................................... 35 Table (2) Thematic analysis of Jake and Nicole online interview (developed by author) .............................. 37 Table (3) Thematic analysis of matt and Danielle online interview (developed by author) ........................... 40 Table (4) Earthship summary of concluded house system ............................................................................ 80 Table (5) windship summary of concluded house system ............................................................................ 86 Table (6) siwan house summary of concluded house system ........................................................................ 93 Table (7) summary of the case studies housing system .................................................................................. 95 Table (8) initial appliaces that use energy when not using ........................................................................... 108 Table (9) initial plants for off grid living ...................................................................................................... 108 Table (10) decision checklist table for part 1 proposed system (developed by author) ................................ 110 Table (11) decision checklist table for part 2 proposed system (developed by author) ................................ 123 Table (12) decision checklist table for part 2 proposed system (developed by author) ................................ 168 Table (13) advantages and disadvantages of exploratory research methods ................................................ 175

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Chapter (1) Introduction

1.1 background information Overpopulation is considered to be a barrier for Egypt's economic development (Hamdi, 2018), where the ecological footprint of Egypt population along the Nile exceeds the region carrying, damaging people's lifestyle of living faster than the government can repair it (Hamdi, 2018). The overpopulation crisis in Egypt has led to the overly dense slums, pollution, limited resources, loss of cultural identity, and continues to be a core cause of different economical dilemmas in Egypt (Atia, 2018). The country’s population increases annually by 2.5% and is expected to reach 150 million people by 2050 (Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics, 2019). President Al-Sisi has described Egypt overpopulation to be one of the biggest problems facing Egypt after terrorism (2018).

Government Solutions to recover Egypt exhausted infrastructure and consumed lands have been made in Egypt with the building of new cities (Kieron Monks, 2016). The new cites in Egypt built far from the human dense areas will house a large number of families and individuals, They are mostly built in Egypt are located in the eastern desert relatively far from Cairo for example, the New administrative capital of Egypt which overall goal is to relieve congestion in Cairo (Michaelson, 2018). Cairo is already one of the world's most crowded cities (Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics, 2019), with the population of greater Cairo expected to double in the next few decades (Madbuli, 2015). The new capital aims to become the new administrative and financial capital of Egypt, housing the main government departments, ministries, and 6.5 million people (Kieron Monks, 2016).

The escape from the congestion of central Cairo to a new city 50 km away or even further, is a possibility for people who can afford it (Michaelson, 2018). Although the project is designed to solve the problems of Cairo and build a better future for Egyptians and residents, the move to the new capital will possibly gradually draw resources form the existing capital (Michaelson, 2018), especially when housing in the new capital, are not particularly aimed to reduce people use of resources. The residential buildings of the new capital as stated will house about 6.5 million people and there is an expected double of Cairo population in 20 years, leading Egypt to the same core problem of an overpopulated city, So moving people to new cities relatively far from the dense cities, will not only reduce the countries use of limited resources it will not give them the freedom to naturally populate. Meaning Residential buildings in the new cities will just offer a stay with not much efficient and environmental living. The government tends to approach this solution of overpopulation by either building whole new cities that are expected to only provide economic comfort for few years (Michaelson, 2018).

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In 2013 a study estimates that there are 1.7 Billion people live off-grid worldwide. According to Home Power News, at least 180,000 off-grid families livingIOff-grid in the USA, andIthey are growing. These due to new advancements in building technology that provides updated guides and tools for building houses that can manage its resources, and people are starting to be environmentally conscious (PLATT, 2012). The stated "off the grid" is described as notIusing government utilities, suchIas electrical energy, water, sewer, Inatural gas, heat, and otherIservices. off theIgrid housing meansIa house operates without theIassistance of any public utilityIservices, to live off the grid, the electricity source needs to be powered byIrenewable energy sources, such as wind, solarIor geothermal energy (Bradbury, 2019).

Therefore, this research aims to investigate overpopulation and evaluate different design guidelines for offgrid housing, to be applied within Egypt’s land. This will be achieved through an understanding of Egypt's sources of energy, food, water, climate, and personal human needs. Evaluating different solutions for Egypt overpopulation dilemma, and whether Off-grid housing in Egypt a suitable solution or not? And how does all of this will impact Egypt in the future?

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1.2 Problem Definition Egypt's population is mostly settled around the Nile-delta due to its facilitated supply of resources (sayedgallab, 1989, p.43). The pressures on the Nile River are exacerbated by rapid population growth.

Egypt’s current population, just 100 million and is expected to double in the next 50 years making Egypt vulnerable to providing enough resources for the people furthermore, Egypt already has one of the lowest rates of water availability per capita in the world, and most of the water is used for irrigation (Ritter, 2018).

Adding to that Egypt’s population growth is also leading to dangerous levels of pollution in waterways according to the World Health Organization, Egypt ranks high for the number of deaths related to water pollution. Environmental dilemmas mentioned are getting harder by the day to manage when the country is overpopulated. According to the Central Agency forIPublic Mobilization andIStatistics (2014), Egyptians are settled on only 7.7% from the total of Egypt country land (1.01 million km²), leaving the rest Egypt’s wide lands: south-Sinai, the western and eastern deserts not habilitated, which caused Egypt to be one of the most overly human dense countries in the world (Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics, 2014). In 2014 Egypt's population growth rate has reached 5,069 a day and was increasing till today (2019) to be 100,895,099 Egyptian living only in A small percentage of land mentioned. The Increase of population in a country in a short area of land and in a short period will lead to major risks for the future management of a country resource, especially in Egypt where resources are limited, and not dependent on renewability (Rashad, 2018). Egypt’s forms of energy resources are supplied from 6.9% water turbines and 70.63% from natural gas and 22.43% Mazut and 2% wind turbines 0.55% solar energy (CAPMAS, 2019), meaning that Egypt most energy resources are from nonrenewable forms of energy. Due to the need for fast and easy sources of energy, there are serious plans in Egypt for building the first nuclear energy reactor to be built in Egypt (Marsa Matrouh), which can be controversial considering safety and nuclear pollution (world nuclear association, 2019). This pattern of dilemmas: diseases from pollution, fighting over limited resources, and random housing as a result of overpopulation, and not coming with a solution for it makes Egypt vulnerable to many environmental problems.

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1.3 Research aim and objectives 1.3.1 Main aim •

This research aims to develop a design guideline for Off-grid housing in Egypt as an approach of reducing overpopulation.

1.3.2 Objectives •

Achieve awareness towards efficient living

•

Introducing innovative tools and techniques for housing

•

Achieve understanding towards building new mega cities in Egypt

•

Provide an opportunity to Explore Egypt neglected lands

•

Introducing housing that provide freedom from the current governmental framework

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1.4 Research Question: 1.4.1 Main question •

How to introduce a design guideline for independent housing, in order to inhabit the Sahara desert as a solution for overpopulation ?

1.4.2 Secondary question: •

What is over population?

•

Is overpopulation the core problem for Egypt weak economy and lack of resources?

•

Is independent housing in the a reasonable solution for overpopulation?

•

Are Egypt current cities development will solve over population and the management of the people’s resources?

•

Is building new housing communities in the desert a reasonable step towards improving Egypt whole economy?

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1.5 Research methodology 1.5.1 Research methodology map

Figure (1) methodology map: (developed by author)

1.5.2 Exploratory qualitative analysis This research methodology is an exploratory qualitative approach to explore the main aspects of overpopulation and address the different under-researched negative impacts of overpopulation. By measuring and categorizing different patterns of overpopulation in Egypt human dense cities. A comprehensive literature review will be written about the overpopulation crisis facing the world and narrowing down to Egypt overcrowded cities and then leading to the Off-grid living as and approach of escaping the dilemmas caused by overpopulation. As an research outcome providing a design guideline for a sufficient off-grid living as a solution for reducing overpopulation.

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1.5.3 Data collection To have a better understanding of how off-grid living can operate in an environment such as Egypt deserts, the collected data for this research should be reliable. This will be possible by applying qualitative methods of collecting data which are: 1.5.3.1 Conducting a literature review Previous studies on overpopulation and off- grid housing 1.5.3.2 Studying Existing data Conducting a literature review, reviewing past researches on overpopulation and Off-grid living

1.5.4 Data analysis Thematic analysis will be the approach of analysis to understand people’s views on Off-grid living, opinions, experiences with overpopulation through the interviews and questionnaires

1.5.4.1 Conducting Interviews A group of semi structured interview were done to study experienced people perceptions of Off-grid living.

The interviews provided a clear understanding on what to consider when living off-grid and the different obstacles that people will going to meet. The interviews are analysed using a thematic analysis method, this analysis all contribute on the development of the design guidelines

1.5.4.2 Research outcome A design guideline is produced by analyzing the collected data from the projects previously mentioned.

Analyzing this data will provide an understanding of Egypt's patterns of problems caused by the dense overpopulated area in Egypt.

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1.6 Literature review map 1.6.1 Overpopulation The first topic will be about the world overpopulation crisis and narrowing down to overpopulation in Egypt and its overcrowded cities.

1.6.2 Off-grid living The second topic will be about Off-grid living movement and narrowing down to the most efficient type of Off-grid living

Figure (2) literature review map: (developed by author)

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7. Key words •

overpopulation

•

Off - grid housing

•

Egypt

•

Government

•

Earthship

24

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Chapter (2) Methodology 1.1 Introduction The purpose of this chapter is to introduce the research methodology for this exploratory qualitative study with explanatory research aims to explain the causes and consequences of overpopulation And explore the main aspects of Off-Grid housing as an approach for eliminating overpopulation in Egypt and its impacts on the housing system. This approach is further necessary for a deeper understanding of the Off-grid housing system and how it could provide a solution for overpopulation in Egypt and eventually develop a design guideline to ensure the Compatability of Off-grid housing to the Egyptian environment.

The applicability of the exploratory qualitative approach for this study is discussed in-depth in this chapter.

The research plan, including the methodology, literature review, case studies, procedures, analysis method, and ethical concerns are also primary components of this chapter.

1.1 Research Question This thesis sought to build a design guideline in answer to the following research question: How to introduce design guideline for Off-grid housing, to reduce overpopulation?

1.2 Criteria for validity and reliability Reliability and validity are the main concepts used to evaluate the quality of this thesis. They indicate how well a technique and method measures something.

1.2.1 Reliability of the thesis Reliability is translated to the extent to which the Design guideline can be reproduced when the research is repeated under the same conditions.

1.2.2 Validity of the thesis Validity is translated to The extent to which the design guidelines work as a solution for overpopulation.

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1.3 Methodology Selected A qualitative study is appropriate when the goal of the research is to explain a phenomenon by relying on the perception of a person’s experience in a given situation (Stake, 2010). As outlined by Creswell (2003), a quantitative approach is appropriate when a researcher seeks to understand relationships between variables.

Because the objective of this study is to explore and observe the changes the conquered to Egypt over the years as a result of overpopulation and involve describing subjective experiences, interpreting meanings, and understanding concepts.

1.4 Exploratory study method Exploratory research is described as research that is used to explore an unresolved problem (Stebbins, 2011).

It is performed to understand a better existing issue. it begins with a general concept for such research and uses this research as a tool to define problems that could be the subject for future research. It helpsilay the foundation ofiresearch, which can lead to furtheriresearch. It can assist other researchers to find out possible causes for the problem, whichican be further studied in detail to findiout, which of them is the mostilikely cause for theiproblem.

Figure 3 objectives of exploratory qualitative study: (developed by author)

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1.4.1 primary research method Interviews: Iniperson, interview give in-depthiinformation on theisubject being studied. Sucresearch is a qualitative research method. An interview with a subject matter expert can give you meaningful insights that a generalized public source won’tibe able to provide. Interviews are carried out in person or on the telephone which has open-endediquestions to get meaningful informationiabout the topic.

1.4.2 Secondary research method Since my approach in this thesis is to use qualitative methods, the method I chose to collect data is a Secondary research method which is to gather information fromipreviously published primary research. In suchiresearch I will be gathering information from sources likesicase studies, magazines, inewspapers, books, ietc.

1.4.3 Onlineiresearch: The thesis content will be largely sourced from the internet. With consideration to the genuineness and authenticity of the source websites, online journals, books, and articles

1.4.4 Literature research By gathering the amount of informationiavailable in libraries, online sources, or evenicommercial databases.

Sources includeinewspapers, magazines, books fromithe library, documents from government agencies, specific topicirelated articles, literature, Annual reports, published statistics from researchiorganizations, and so on.

1.4.4 Case study research Case study research purpose helps with findingimore information through carefullyianalyzing existing cases that have gone through a similariproblem. analyses of cases are taken care of iniregards to all the variables presenti in the previous caseiagainst the chosen cases.

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2. Data collection Using qualitative methods of collecting data as a primary method approach this study uses interviewing methods and as the secondary method approach, this study uses existing data with a consideration of the reliable sources. Personal experience and life observations, collection data from journals, articles, books, and online sources. Observation of the Egyptian housing system and noting of superior's feedback on the thesis were fundamental parts of the structuring of the thesis.

2.1 Procedures Followed for data collection 2.1.1 problem selection and definition On a conference president, El-Sisi stated that the two biggest threats facing Egypt are overpopulation and terrorism. So after talking to his words I concluded that solutions to overpopulation are not fully the government responsibility but the people who suffer from the negative effects of it can choose to not be controlled by it. So unlike terrorism people can do something about overpopulation controlling every aspect of their lives. As an architect, I chose overpopulation as the main problem to observe and approach a solution for it.

2.1.2 Architect approach for the problem Overpopulation might seem like an economical problem that requires economical and political thinkers to approach it. Overpopulation takes over a people system of living when there are not enough resources and When the social services and utilities are not aimed for sustainability. As a result of this, the housing system gets corrupt and becomes vulnerable by overpopulation. Since the housing system is dependent on the country resources and the government efforts to provide it.

So as an approach of I provide a design guideline Off-grid housing system that provides full detachment from the government and the country resources.

1.1.4 Conducting of the literature review The literature review is a fundamental chapter in the thesis to provide the foundation of knowledge on overpopulation and identify inconstancies: gaps in research, conflicts in previous studies, open questions left from other research. place the research within the context of existing literature making a case for why further study is needed.

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1.1.4.1 main points of the literature •

global overpopulation crisis tackling the overpopulation dilemma that different countries going through and in then narrowing down to Egypt.

•

Existing housing system observing how the housing system is fully controlled by the government and how it's vulnerable to overpopulation. Narrowing down to the efficiency of the system for the personal being.

•

Off-grid housing providing the advantages of off-grid living and narrowing down to it replacing the existing housing system.

•

Earthship biotecture concluding it being the most compatible system to Egypt environment and then narrowing down to justification to the system.

1.1.4.2 Criteria of the literature review Conductingia literature review involves collecting, evaluating, and analyzingipublications (such as books and journaliarticles) that relate to the researchiquestion (McCombs,2019). the literature review situates the research within existing knowledge. The literature review contributes to: •

Demonstrate your familiarityiwith the topic and scholarly contexti

•

Develop a theoreticaliframework and methodologyifor the research

•

Positioni me to relate to other researchers anditheorists

•

Showihow my thesis addressesia gap oricontributes to a debate

1.1.4.3 Process and steps of conducting the literature For my thematic thesis I chose this approach of process and steps proposed by Shona McCombes:

1. Search forirelevant literature Searchingifor the relevant literaturei starts by clearly defining the topic and searchifor literature related to the thesis problem andiquestions. Using keywords andicitations and creating a listithat contributes to the search for the following online sources: •

university’s library catalog 30

•

Google Scholar

And by finding howimany times an article has beenicited on the databases a highicitation count means the article hasibeen influential in the field, and shouldicertainly be included in your literatureireview.

2. Evaluate sources After searching for the relevant sources, and during the influence of the fields, properly evaluating is essential for conducting the literature. For this to be possible the evaluation process is as follows: •

Knowing the problem is the authoriaddressing

•

Identifying the keyiconcepts and how are they defined

•

Knowing how the publicationirelates to other literature in the field.

•

Knowing How doesithe publication contribute to understanding of the topic

•

Whatiare the strengths and weaknesses of the type of researchi

•

Making sure theisources used are crediblei

3. Identify themes, debates, and gaps This step is considered the most important since the writing of the thesis is based on it Which is Identifying gaps and themes by understanding the connections and relationships between the sources read.

1.1.5 Case study criteria A caseistudy thesis design involves qualitativeimethods, Case studies are essential for my topic of the thesis for describing, comparing, ievaluating, and understanding different aspects of a research problem.

1.1.5.1 Case studies selection 1. selecting a case The criteria for selecting the type of cases comes after developing the problem statement and research questions. the case studies should: •

Provide newior unexpected insights intoithe subjecti

•

Challenge oricomplicate existing assumptionsiand theories

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•

Proposeipractical courses of action to resolve aiproblem

2. Collecting data Caseistudies tend to focus on qualitative dataiusing methods such as interviews, iobservations, and analysis of primary andisecondary sources (e.g. newspaperiarticles, iphotographs, officialirecords).

3. Describing and analyzing the case The aim is to exploreithe case from various angles and analyze its meaningsiand implications (for example, by using textual analysisior discourse analysis). In allicases, giving contextualidetails about the case, connect it back toithe literature and theory, and discuss how it fitsiinto wider patterns oridebates.

1.1.6 Interviews •

The interview participants

The targeted interview participants where interior design sensations in the field of designing off-houses. The interview participants were contacted via mail.

•

The participants' origin and criteria of selection

The participants found online through architecture companies sites, social media sources such as youtube and Instagram •

Number of participants

The participants selected were offered a semi-structured interview through skype. The number of people contacted was 10 participants. One individual showed interest in doing the interview.

3. Data analysis In qualitative research, the will be based on language, images, and observations. Specific methods include Thematic analysis methods

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3.1 Thematic analysis Thematicianalysis is a method of analyzingiqualitative data. It is usually appliedito a set of texts, such as interviewitranscripts. By closely examinesithe data to identify common themes itopics, ideas, and patterns of meaning that comeiup repeatedly.

There are various approachesito conducting thematic analysis, but the most common form follows aisix-step process (Caulfield,2019): •

Familiarizationi

•

Codingi

•

Generatingithemes

3.2 Thematicianalysis justification Thematic ianalysis is a good approach to the topic of the thesis since from the main aims of the thesis is to findiout something about people’s , opinions, knowledge, experiences, orivalues from aiset of qualitative data foriexample, interview transcripts, socialimedia profiles, orisurvey responses. Thematic analysis is mainly used to answer the following questions: •

How do people perceive government efforts to reducing overpopulation?

•

What are young children's experiences in overpopulated cities?

•

What are the non-experts’ ideas and opinions about overpopulation?

•

How is off-grid living can be a positive turning point for Egypt?

To answer any of these questions, I look to collectidata from aigroup of relevant participants and then analyze it. The thematic analysis allows for more flexibility in interpreting the data, and approach large data sets more easily by sorting them intoibroad themes.

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3.3 Thematic analysis process 3.3.1 Generating themes Create codes and identify patternsiamong them, and comingiup withithemes.

3.3.2 Reviewing themes By making sureithat the themes are useful and accurate irepresentations of the data. I return toithe data set and compareithe themes against it. And make sure are these themesipresent in the data, and What caniI change to make our themesiwork better?

3.3.3 Defining and naming themes After forming a list of themes, I define and name eachiof them. Defining themes involvesiformulating exactly what can mean by eachitheme and figuring out howiit helps to understandithe data. Naming themesiinvolves coming up with a succinctiand easily understandable name forieach theme.

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3.4 interview analysis 3.2.1 Participant (1) Name: Ashley Turin Occupation: Teacher at the Earthship academy Experience: she taught numerous students the Earthship concept and worked and built with Michael Reynolds the Earthship houses.

Interview aim: my aim of this interview was to understand and learn as a beginner what it takes to construct off-grid homes

Figure (4) picture of Ashley Turin, Earthship teacher (2019)

Table (1) thematic analysis of Ashley Turin online interview (developed by the author)

Question

•

Is it hard to find a location suitable for an off-grid home?

Codes

• • •

•

What is the hardest thing for building an off-grid home?

• •

• •

What about the food?

•

•

It is not a big deal All you need is a parcelIof land in a remote area LandsIin remote areasIare less expensive and taxesIare less Water and waterIcollection Choosing a cleanIpotable waterIsource is vital forIliving Off-grid The other resource you need is a water collection system Simple growing your food is easy anywhere with the right tools LearningIhow to preserveIand can your food will alsoIallow

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Themes •

Choose a remote area its preferable

•

Choose an efficient water collection system

•

Learn the initials of farming

•

What about power?

• •

•

What about wastes?

• •

•

•

What is the most important thing to consider?

•

•

you to storeIyour food away in a safe place This is where the actual offgrid partIcomes in SinceIyou will not be connected toIthe powerIgrid, you will need to be able to generateIelectricity yourselfI No oneIlikes talking about it, but it’s a factIof life You will need to digIa traditionalIseptic system.

Either way, you will have to Ifollow local guidelinesIon wasteIdisposal.

BesidesIthe law, it’s just not sanitaryIto dumpIyour waste into a hole andIhope for the bestI Perhaps the mostIimportant thing youIneed to know living off-gridIisIa mindset and the will Living sustainablyItakes a solid commitment

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•

Choose sustainable power generating techniques such as solar panels wind turbines

•

Choose and address an effective septic system

•

Be committed

3.4.2 Participant (2) Name: jake and Nicole Occupation: social media influencers Experience: jake and Nicole are a couple in America who decide to leave there past life behind and live Off-Grid Interview aim: my aim of this interview was to know the initial process of going Off-grid

Figure (5) youtube Off-grid living sensations, jake, and Nicole (2019)

Table (2) Thematic analysis of Jake and Nicole online interview (developed by the author)

Question

•

How did you begin to be interested to live Off-grid?

Codes

• •

•

•

Was movingIto the countryIa big stepIfor you guys

• •

•

how did you manage renewable energy systems?

•

•

Theme •

Become environmentally aware

•

HaveIthe courage to take the step

•

Learn the about personal usage of electricity

we justIbecame more environmentally aware it was a logicalIprogression to look at whereIour energy cameIfrom started lookingIat the impact Iof electricityIgeneration.

Yes, it was anIenormous step MovingIaway from friends andIfamily andIthe support system that theyIprovided wasIscary Not knowing anything about electricityIwhen we moved here was a huge opportunity toItest our beliefILearning SomeIdays there wasn’t enough electricityIin the batteries to waste on poweringIthe TV. So we made sure thatIwhat

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•

Besides using the known sustainable aspects like solar panels and wind turbines are there any other techniques should I take into consideration?

•

•

How did you integrate your work with the off-grid living process

• •

•

•

What is the most important thing to consider?

•

•

•

What kind of guide did you follow for off-grid living

•

•

DoIyou experienceIany problemsIrunning a businessIoff-grid, IespeciallyIwith the computers andIother equipmentIrequired by social media?

Can the off-grid living be a solution for overpopulation

•

•

•

•

electricity weIdid use, we usedIefficiently.

WeIhave a huge vegetable gardenIin whichIwe grow much of our food, and we heat with woodIharvested on ourIproperty. It’s importantIto remember that heating withIwood is one of the few carbon-neutral ways to heat your home. IThe wood absorbed carbonIdioxide as it grew and it willIrelease the same amount of CO2Iand heat.

No oneIlikesItalkingIabout it, but it’sIa fact of life You will need toIdig a traditionalIseptic system.

Either way, you will have to follow localIguidelines on wasteIdisposal.

Besides the law, it’s justInot sanitaryIto dump yourIwaste into a hole andIhope for the bestI Nicole was aIteacher and I was aIlandscaper/ radio broadcaster/electronic publishingIsalesman. We started our own socialImedia businessI5 years ago We alwaysIdreamed about making a livingIsharing our passion forIrenewable energy.

When we moved toIthis offgrid home, weIlooked for a bookIthat could tellIus everythingIwe neededIto know about this lifestyle. No such bookIexistedIand we were forcedIto do our research.

None. WeIhave alwaysIused laptops, Iwhich consume Imuch less energy than desktops And there always devices that can help with any problems Yes, there’sIno questionIwe’re atIthe tipping point. ThereIare a variety of studies released inIvarious

38

•

Don’t limit yourself to renewable energy tools. sustatainable living depends on the mindset

•

Choose and address an effective septic system

•

Share your experience, people will help

•

Research

•

Be updated with recent offgrid technology

•

Understand the type of energy sources you use

science magazinesIreporting thatIsea iceIis at the lowest levelsIever, glaciers are melting, sea levelsIare rising.

All of theIresearchers are saying the sameIthing, that we are correctly predicting the effectIof increased CO2 levelsI

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3.4.3 Participant (3) Name: matt and Danielle Occupation: social media influencers Experience: mat and Danielle are families in America always dreamed to live off-grid and managed to further develop their off-grid living when they got married Interview aim: my aim of this interview was to know how to get started and what to consider.

Figure (6) youtube Off-grid living sensations, matt and Danielle (2019)

Table (3) Thematic analysis of matt and Danielle online interview (developed by the author)

Question

•

•

You've been living offgrid for 3 years, now.

How did you get started?

Was movingIto theIcountry a big step forIyou guysI

Codes

•

• • • •

•

how did you manage renewable energy systems?

•

• •

Besides using the known sustainable aspects like solar panels and wind turbines are there any other techniques should I take into consideration?

We grew up wanting to live in a cabin in the mountains. When we finally managed to move to a remote place A friend invited us to a barter fair later that year, and this guy was selling solar equipment Yes, itIwas anIenormous step MovingIaway fromIfriends and familyIand the supportIsystem that they provided was scary I NotIknowing anythingIabout electricity when we moved here wasIa hugeIopportunity to test our belief Learning I Some daysIthere wasn’tIenough electricityIin the batteries toIwaste on poweringIthe TV. SoIwe made sure that what electricity Iwe did Iuse, we usedIefficiently.

WeIhave a hugeIvegetable gardenIin whichIwe grow muchIof ourIfood, and we heat with woodIharvested onI ourIproperty. It’sIimportant to rememberIthat heating withIwood isIone of the few carbon-neutralIways to heatI youI home.

TheIwood absorbed carbon dioxideI as it grew and it Iwill releaseI the same Iamount of CO2 and heat. I

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Theme

•

Cut off the grid and buy solar panels

•

Have the courage to take the step

•

Learn the about personal usage of electricity

•

Don’t limit yourself to renewable energy tools. sustatainable living depends on the mindset

•

How did you integrate your work with the offgrid living process

• •

• •

•

What is the most important thing to consider?

• •

•

•

What kind of guide did you follow for off-grid living Do youIexperience any problems running aIbusiness off-grid, especiallyIwith the computers and otherIequipmentIrequired by social media?

• •

• •

Can the off-grid living be a solution for overpopulation

No one likesItalking aboutIit, but it’s a fact of life You willIneed toIdig a traditional septicIsystem.

Either way, you will haveIto follow local guidelinesIon wasteIdisposal.

Besides the law, it’s just not sanitary to dump yourIwaste into a hole andIhope for the best Nicole wasIa teacher andIIIwas a landscaper/ radioIbroadcaster/electronicIpublishingIsalesman.

We started our own social media business 5 years agoI We always dreamedIabout making a living sharingIour passion for renewableIenergy.

When weImoved to thisIoff-gridIhome, weIlooked for a book that couldItell us everythingIwe needed toIknow aboutIthis lifestyle. No such bookIexisted andIwe were forcedIto do our research.

None. IWe have alwaysIused laptops, whichIconsume much lessIenergy than desktopsI And there always devices that can help with any problems Yes, Ithere’s noIquestion we’reIat theItippingIpoint. There are aIvariety of studies released inIvarious science Imagazines reportingIthat sea ice is at the lowest levels ever, glaciersIare melting, sea levelsIare rising. All of the researchers are sayingIthe sameIthing, that weIare correctly predicting the effect ofIincreased CO2 levelsI

•

Choose and address an effective septic system

•

Share your experience, people will help

•

Research

•

Be updated with recent off-grid technology

•

Understand theItype of energy sources you use

3.4.4 Contribution Conducting the interviews is one of the primary methods of collecting data. The individuals chosen for the interviews were people who either built and lived in an off-grid home. Doing the interviews was initial in this thesis because besides understanding how does the off-grid system works, it was important also to learn about how different people perceived off-grid living and what kind of setbacks did they faced while living off-grid.

As a conclusion of each interview, there will be a theme of words that will contribute to developing the design guideline.

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4. justification of methodological choices The purpose of an exploratory qualitative study is to mainly identify the causes and consequences of overpopulation.

This approach is necessary for a deeper understanding of the Off-grid housing system and how it could provide a solution for overpopulation in Egypt and eventually develop a design guideline to ensure the Compatability of Off-grid housing to the Egyptian environment.

A quantitative approach is to understand the relationships between variables. Because the objective of this study is to explore and observe the changes the conquered to Egypt over the years as a result of overpopulation and involve describing subjective experiences, interpreting meanings, and understanding concepts.

Exploratory helps investigate a problem of overpopulation which is not clear. It is assessed to findIout possible causesIfor theIproblem, whichIis further studiedIin detail to findIout, which of them is the mostIlikely cause forIthe problem.

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Chapter (3): A literature review 1. Introduction The growing size of the world population is not an issue that appeared within the past decades, but its beginnings came from prehistoric times and extend to our present-day (Baus, 2017). Throughout history, scientists introduced the concept of “overpopulation” and predicted the negative future consequences if the world follows the same behavioral pattern (Baus, 2017). According to these predictions, scientists invented the birth control pill and set population control through world eugenics. Despite that, the population continued to increase and fight with constant diseases (Baus, 2017). Migration was a component that encouraged population rise, which imposes severe threats to the human style of living and the environment (Baus, 2017).

Urbanization resulted from overpopulation reinforces carbon dioxide emissions and destroys natural habitats, which cause climate change and global warming (Baus, 2017). Species are becoming extinct and humanity is at a threat that it set up for itself due to lack of food resources (Baus, 2017). Food scarcity and shortage of water as well as lack of job opportunities and inadequate education are the results of global inequality (Baus, 2017). The Unequal distribution of natural resources, financial means, and individual rights give rise to poverty and define the global culture as greedy, despite the aid of agencies and international organizations, Solutions to overpopulation lie in the efforts of national institutions to implement policies that will correspond to the guidelines given by international institutions that work for the best of the global community (Baus, 2017). Within this global network, some individuals act in their most interest and leave the rest in extreme shortage and poverty. Inequality supports issues that contribute to overpopulation and leads to humanity’s extinction (Baus, 2017).

In the 1970s, there was a period, affected by the oil shortage, in which there was a motivation to bring alternative energy sources into the mainstream (Bunker, 2011). While the impulsion for the push was brought on by a concern for the capability of civilization to continue to expand and develop at the amount it had and worry about large rates of energy consumption, there was also hope for many renewable energy supporters that the time for clean energy and a healthier Environment had come (Bunker, 2011). Within years after the period of oil shortage, the political global dynamic that led to the oil shortage found new oil resources, causing in the private and public sectors’ a short-term disinterest in alternative and renewable energy sources. Fifty years after the oil crisis of the 70s and people are again potentially witnessing a global energy crisis (Bunker, 2011). This time it is not only political differences and lack of oil resources that are responsible for the crisis but a population explosion and the greater energy demands of industrialized countries (Bunker, 2011). This time the supporters of alternative energy have a chance to see their vision happening in the mainstream of global society. Furthermore, there will not only be strategies of conservation employed but new clean technologies, called Off-grid technologies, that will be incorporated for a better environment (Bunker, 2011).

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The definition of Off-grid became known in the 90s to describe buildings and housing that employ alternative and renewable energy sources (Vannini, 2014). In the path of the developing alternative living lifestyles, such alternatives were believed to be only available for people living in cooperative communities and remote locations (Hooshmand, 2019). As the grid housing obtained popularity with the new generation of alternative energy supporters, it conveyed living environments that are completely isolated dependent on public government infrastructure. Off-grid living homes even gained more popularity in the past few years with the help of social media, it found great support on Web sites and social media. YouTube provided a chance for people who live Off-grid to share their experience of living for people who are not familiar with the Off-grid living lifestyle (Bunker, 2011).

As the advanced world is faced with a growing population and the decline of oil reserves that recognizes the consequences of people’s actions upon the Environment, not only individuals and families but entire communities and large energy companies are making cleaner energy developments (Bunker, 2011). from family homes who have their solar panels and heat collectors that work as a clean energy plant to world-wide energy cooperatives that commit to the development and creation of large wind turbines for energy production, a healthier environment and cleaner energy are within people’s reach as long as they committed and attentive to the vision of an environment in which their own perceived needs are not always placed first (Bunker, 2011).

Figure( 7) The impact of overpopulation on human needs leads to the off-grid living movement. (source developed by Author)

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2. Overpopulation It is noticed that the underdeveloped countries of the world are facing an inevitable population resource crisis (Ehrlich, 1978). It now also seems inevitable that problems of mass starvation will happen and are certainly happening around the world (Waal, 2018). Although overpopulation is more apparent in underdeveloped countries other developed countries also have a problem with overpopulation but Rather than suffering from food shortages, these countries show symptoms in the form of environmental deterioration and increased difficulty in obtaining resources. American biologist Paul R. Ehrlich argues that “our problems of overpopulation would be much simpler if we needed only to consider the balance between food and population. But in the long view, the progressive deterioration of our environment may cause more_ death and misery than the food-population gap. And it is just this factor, environmental deterioration, that is almost universally ignored by those most concerned with closing the food gap” which means that the environment of every living being on the face of the Earth has been affected by the population explosion of humans. As a direct or indirect result of this explosion, some organisms are now extinct, Many others, such as the larger wild animals of all continents, have been greatly reduced in numbers and Still others (Ehrlich, 1978).

Overpopulation led to Environmental changes connected with agriculture. For instance, developed countries that are somewhat overcrowded are paying a price for maintaining our high level of food production (Ehrlich, 1978).

Figure ( 8) overpopulation cycle. (source developed by Author)

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2.1 Global overpopulation dilemma In response of the population explosion, a general global suggestion was proposed by Paul R. Ehrlich to put the world population under control through increasing the food production, Conscious regulation of human numbers, assessing the world supply of nonrenewable resources, and plan for beneficial management and good use of what remains of them.

Figure ( 9) World population distribution measured in gradient colors. (World population review,2020)

2.1.1 China’s one-child policy The one-child policy was introduced in 1979 by Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping to control China’s rapidly growing population. The birth planning program was designed to manage the size of its population, it was set to limit the number of births parents should have (Hanrahan, 2017). To enforce existing birth limits of one or at least two children, Chinese governments required the use of sterilizations, abortions, and contraception to ensure compliance, and forced big fines for violations of the one-child policy, governments also financially rewarded families with only one child to motivate other families to do the same (Pletcher, 2019).

The birth rate decreased in china after 1980 and the overall rate of natural increase (the difference between the birth rate and the death rate) declined (Hanrahan, 2017). the Chinese government estimated that about 400 million births were prevented by the one-child policy (Hanrahan, 2017).

Although China managed to decrease its population drastically better than other countries with the same overpopulation dilemma, there are drawbacks to having a one-child policy (Hanrahan, 2017). there was a surge in unsafe abortion practices when unintended pregnancies occurred, the policy violates the reproductive rights of individuals, the China one-child policy encouraged emigration and out-of-country births, gender 47

Imbalance China is now the most gender imbalanced country in the world due to a cultural preference for the male gender, which means millions of Chinese men could not find wives.

Figure (10) The negative impacts of implementing the one child policy (source developed by Author)

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2.1.2 The new city capital of brazil (Brasilia) Brazil's grand approach for cutting overcrowding in Rio de Janeiro was through the development of a new capital “Brasilia” the city it was built to serve as the new national capital. Brasilia included the features that perfect cities should have to be more habitable (Rocha, 2013). Such as building properties taking into account topography, green areas, sunlight, and the distance between blocks to prevent overcrowding and reduce the unhealthy lifestyles (Rocha, 2013).

Brasilia is one of the modern cities built in the 20th century to be declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO for its astonishing architecture and innovative planning, designed to facilitate life for its inhabitants (Lotha, 2019).

However, Brasilia city's purpose was to house 500,000 people as planners envisaged, instead the population has exceeded its number to 2.2 million, the problems Brasilia faces today include sprawl, congestion, and inequality (Lotha, 2019). Which only means that Brasilia failed to incorporate its original ambition as a modern city that would guarantee a good quality of life to its residents. It’s been labeled by Financial times newspaper as a “cautionary tale” for urban dreamers for the ongoing failure of its aim.

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Figure ( 11) Impact of brazil capital transition to a new capital city. (source developed by Author)

2.1.3 India food production gap One of the effects of overpopulation is not generating enough food resources for a country population (Phukan, 2019), India on the other hand is the second-largest food producer in the world (Ross, 2019).

India's agricultural success was apparent when food-grain production reached from 217 million tonnes in 2006 to 275.11 million tonnes in 2016 (Jitendra, 2018). India success on food production provided major strides in this century for the Indian economy, but according to data from the “world bank”, the Indian population is growing even faster at 1.37 billion people, as of 2019. with a very high birth rate, India is expected to beat China as the world's largest population, so food production might not be able to catch up with the increasing population and hence the costs of production will most probably increase (Ross, 2019).

Figure( 12) Graph population prediction (Macroeconomic Group, 2011)

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2.1.4 Saudi Arabia energy resource gap Saudi Arabia being one of the wealthiest countries in the world faces population pressures (Bureau, 2019).

Saudi Arabia has a trillions worth of commodities with their primary natural resource being oil, the country is also considered the second biggest oil reserves on the planet which account for over 20% of the oil reserves globally (ANTHONY, 2019).

Most Saudi Arabia's wealth was due to the availability of energy resources in Saudi Arabia which compensated a lot of negative effects caused by overpopulation such as Unemployment, High Cost of Living, Immigration, and unlike Brazil. Saudi Arabia has the advantage of being one of the richest countries so it has much more margin for errors to learn about what works and what doesn’t work for the country benefit. but to take into consideration there must be balancing between Saudi Arabia population growth and resources (Almaeena, 2014), because as estimated by the Department of energy and mineral engineering the world will eventually run out of oil by 2030, which puts Saudi Arabia in the inevitable spot of properly managing the country wealth and resources. Especially when the use of other sources of energy is starting to increase.

Figure ( 13)prediction graph of alternative us of renewable energy resources. (source developed by Author)

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2.2 Egypt Demographics EgyptIis the mostIpopulated country in the middle eastIand the third mostIpopulated on the AfricanIcontinent.

AboutIninety-five percent ofIthe country's populationIlives along the banksIof the Nile and in theINile Delta, which spreads out northIof Cairo and alongIthe Suez Canal (Knorovsky, 2019). These regionsIare one of the world's mostIdenselyIpopulated areas in Egypt, containingIan averageIof over 1,540 persons per km² (Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics , 2019). There is ofIcourse Small populatedIareas that spread throughoutIthe desertIof Egypt around historic tradeIand transportationIroutes (Egypt Population, 2019).

There is AnIestimated 51.2% of EgyptiansIIthat are underIthe ageIof 25, with justI4.3% over the ageIof 65, makingIEgypt one of the most youthful populationsIin the world (Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics , 2019). The proportion of this youthful populationIliving inIrural areas of Egypt is considering moving abroad inIsearch of better/or employmentIand a higherIstandard of living (Mohamed M. , 2015).

Furthermore, The government wanted withIsuccess toIencourage migration to newlyIdeveloped land reclaimedIfrom theIdesert (baraka, 2018). IAccording to the InternationalIOrganization for Migration, an estimated 2.7 million of Egyptians live abroad and approximately 70% of Egyptian migrants live in Arab countries, I922,600 inISaudi Arabia, 333,600 inILibya, 225,850 inIJordan, 190,551 in KuwaitIwith the rest elsewhere and for the remainingI30% are living mostly North America 318,000 in the United States and 110,000 inICanada andIEurope 90,000 inIItaly (Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics , 2019).

Egypt is a major player in migration in the Middle East, experiencing diverse patterns of immigration, (Tsourapas, 2018). Migration in Egypt is considered to offer a positive impact on Egypt youth by opening up new opportunities, a path to participate young children in higher education, a better and decent job, a chance to gain professional experience or to pursue proper family development by building confidence and allowing them to acquire skills and competencies beneficial to themselves and their country and communities of origin (Tork, 2018).

However, migration can have cons for emigrants and the countries that they are migrating from and to. Newly emigrants aiming for a better life standard tend to work with low pay for the price of staying abroad as residents (Tork, 2018). Moreover, Gender imbalances are caused as it is typically men who seek to find employment elsewhere and as emigrants of the working-age move-out, it reduces the size of Egypt's potential workforce (Tsourapas, 2018). Although, Egypt suffers from overpopulation and the most apparent solution to cut the overcrowding is by reducing the country population, but having a highly populated country can offer benefits (Gill, 2015). Overpopulation if managed properly creates more urbanization, which translates to economic development. According to the Washington Post, population growth can be beneficial due to the more people there are, the more the economy will grow, as more people do more jobs. The increase of population stimulates an improved standard of living, meaning that there is a bigger domestic market, more people can work, which means that products that are sold are manufactured are at cheaper costs and labor 51

costs are lower, which in turn make these products more affordable to the general population (Gill, 2015).

Examples of the benefits of overpopulation to economic growth can be seen in the economies of both India and China, which are economically succeeding despite their large populations (Silver, 2019).

Figure ( 14) Effect of Migration as a solution of overpopulation (source developed by the author)

2.3 Egypt overpopulated cities Egypt contains a lot of human dense cities with as mentioned its population mostly in theINile-Delta, that reachesIout Iof Cairo (Knorovsky, 2019). According to the Central Agency of Public Mobilization, Egypt most overly human dense governates are mainly (Cairo, Alexandria, Giza).

Figure( 15) Egypt population distribution (world population reviewer,2019)

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2.3.1 Cairo overpopulation Cairo is the Egyptian capital, it is located close to the Nile Delta. The capital city is by far the largest and most populated city in the country (Diamond, 2019). It has been the center of Egypt's culture and politics for many years (Hooshmand, 2019). It is also located near some of the most famous remnants of Ancient Egypt like the Pyramids of Giza and considered to be the nearest to most Egyptian tourist attractions.

Cairo has about 19,376 people per square kilometer (Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics , 2019), which makes it the 37th most densely populated city in the world and ranked 9 by insider magazine.

Moreover, it is predicted to reach over 28 million people by 2035 leading the world rank soon (Cairo, Egypt Population, 2019).

Cairo city has troubling issues like many old cities, Cairo is expanding beyond the capabilities of its services and infrastructure (Hussam, 2019). The city is an example of a third-world megacity that is suffering from a rapidly growing population and insufficient services leading to that the city struggles with many health issues, including malnutrition, severe air pollution, and bacterial infections. Cairo has the highest air pollution levels in the world and it’s believed to be responsible for almost 2% of all annual deaths (Cairo, Egypt Population, 2019).

2.3.2 Alexandria overpopulation Alexandria is the second-largest city in Egypt by populationI (Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics , 2019). Alexandria's current population is 5.18 million and comes in with a population density of 3000 people per square kilometer in a land area of 2,679 square kilometers in total (Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics , 2019).

The city ofIAlexandria has seen significant growth in population throughout the years, due to its essential role as an economic center of Egypt and the availability of initial human resources (Alexandria Population, 2019).

Alexandria has a constant supply of drinking water through groundwater, rainwater, and leaching water from canals. Alexandria is also a lead governorate in food production due to the availability of fisheries. The city of Alexandria has a unique tourist attraction due to its moderate climate with the integration of ancient archeological structures (Future vision of alexandria development, 2017).

Despite having all the human resources needed and being the attraction for a diverse number of people, Alexandria faces typical urban problems caused by overpopulation that accompanied by crushing poverty (Anna Osius, 2018). Alexandria suffering overpopulation has led to a high rate of unemployment, inadequate housing conditions with no proper restriction and legalization, extensive pollution caused by the accumulation of trash and sewage water with no maintenance (Zaki, 2017). For example, the “Montazah” a neighborhood 53

in Alexandria suffered from a sever sewage leak for two months with no attention from government officials, which caused the closing of all nearby commercial markets, falling buildings due to the leakage reaching their foundation (Zaki, 2017). Building failing and tilting has been a major concern also in Alexandria, where most of building s in Alexandria don’t go through proper certification or no certification at all (sharqawi, 2016).

According to Alexandria officials, there have been about 37 thousand order to demolish this building, but only a few have been demolished due to the lack of proper equipment and vehicles to do so such jobs (sharqawi, 2016).

2.3.3 Giza overpopulation Giza is the third-largest city in Egypt and the capital of the Giza Governorate. It is located on the west bank of the Nile. Giza land area Total is 1,579.75 km2 with a population of 9,047,400 and population density 5600/km2 (Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics , 2019).

Giza is the site of some of the most important ancient monuments in the world, including a complex of ancient Egyptian sacred structures and royal mortuary, including the Great Pyramids of Giza, the great sphinx and Due to Giza cultural value, the city attracts nearly 14 million tourist each year (Schwartzstein, 2014). Giza being a world cultural landmark has been highly affected by problems resulted from overpopulation that is different from both Cairo and Alexandria.

It’s been established that overpopulated cites relate to high crime rates due to physical and environmental aspects that are not apparent to people (Worley, 2016). According to Doctor “Sohier Abdel monem” a professor of criminal treatment at “national center for criminal research”, violent criminal activities in Egypt including homicide, tend to increase in overpopulated areas with accompanied factors of hot weather, congestion, and pollution. Giza on the other hand suffers from criminal activities of drug dealing, human assaults, armed robberies, and there has been also recent cases of terrorism activities that hide in Giza populated areas (Amer, 2019). Giza's cultural identity not only has a huge impact on Egypt's tourism but also on the world in terms of education of the ancient world (Schwartzstein, 2014). So Criminal activities at Giza can have major risks for tourists that visit yearly and especially for the people that live there.

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Figure ( 16) the outcome of overpopulation on Egypt three most populated cities (source developed by the author)

2.3 Cairo overpopulation and the New Administrative capital city Egypt is replacing its capital city from Cairo to a newly constructed city. The new capital city “new Administrative capital” is supposed to be a Smart Capital city that introduces a new modern concept of living.

The new capital city will be located 60 kilometers east of Cairo.

It will house the main government departments to relieve the overcrowding happening in Cairo government departments when citizens manage any legal papers upon many things (Madbouly, 2019) s. The New capital sits On the land total of 700 square kilometers and aims to house 18 million people, and as for long-living families, the residential district in the new capital will consist of about 4000 townhouses and villas (Walker, 2015). The administrative capital main objective is to eliminate problems caused by the overpopulation of the old capital (Cairo), and it is built to create many opportunities for employment and housing, and also aims to address the various issues that kept facing Cairo over the years, concerning the overcrowding of Cairo, environmental issues like water and air pollution, the damaging of Egypt valuable old historical buildings, and the unproper management of Cairo waste (Walker, 2015). Regarding the fate of Cairo, the old capital will transfer of the seat of government to the new administrative capital (Madbouly, 2019). The president of the new capital Ahmed Zaki Abdeen said that “Cairo has great historical value and can not be indispensable, and the transfer of employees and government ministries to the new capital, will ease the crowding of Cairo and provide an opportunity for regaining Cairo cultural identity”.

Egypt’s government launched the project of the Capital at the cost of 45 billion dollars and there has been major controversy on how the government will be able to afford it and how Egypt poverty is going to keep up with the high cost of living in the New capital (Lewis, 2019). According to Abdeen said concerning the financing of the capital “ We need very extensive financing and the state doesn’t have money to give me” adding that about 20 Percent of financing had come from abroad (Lewis, 2019). Chairperson of (CAPMAS) Khairat Barakat stated that 32.5 percent of Egyptians are living below the poverty line, with an apparent 4.7 55

percent increase. There has been a report by Unicef reported that since 2000 the number of Egyptians living in poverty has nearly doubled.

Figure (17) The potential of Overcrowding in the new Administrative capital (Source developed by the author)

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3. Existing housing system According to Earthship pioneer architect Michael Reynolds stated that the systems Ithat form theIexisting housing compartmentsIhabitableIare as follows:

3.1 Food system The foodIproduction system is certainly one of the big support structures for human habitat on Earth. The existing housing system doesn’t support dealing with the basic food needs of the human inhabitants (Reynolds, 2017). Food is an object produced product, not with humans health in consideration, but with financial gain in mind, and Money in modern society is, the major objective of all production systems (Reynolds, 2017).

There are various chemicals used to make more food, faster, and even more attractive, have radically affected the quality and nature of vegetables, fruits, meats, and dairy products (Reynolds, 2017). Furthermore, the quality of global waters is also starting to affect fish quality. The transportation of foods has relied on vehicles that may or may not run during natural, economic, or human-made disasters. Therefore, the existing food system is not fully reliable as well as unhealthy (Reynolds, 2017). Besides, they are wrapped up in the standard government production systems, that itIalmost ceases to beIfood. Furthermore, they are wrappedIin various plastics packaging which is a severe disposal problem.

Figure (18) illustration of food system cycle (source developed by the author)

3.2 Distribution systems and Electrical energy production These Electric systems provide the energy for appliances and lights, in many cases, air conditioning and heating. And even more, the water pumping for the living compartment is dependent on these electric systems (Reynolds, 2017). For these electric systems toIkeep pace with the energyIdemand, meanwhile theyIare producingIseriously hazardousIeffects of pollution, as well as dominating the planet with ugly electric grids 57

that take so much land space (Reynolds, 2017). The price for this energy, in terms of money, is high. These systems just like the food system are managed by corporations whose objectives are not always in the best interest of the environment or people (Reynolds, 2017).

The price paid for this power, in terms of ecology, is the reduction of resources that took years to produce and the pollution of the environment that sustains life (Reynolds, 2017). It is no longer safe for people toIkeep usingIthese systems, and theirIsustainability is questionableIas weIgo through theIfuture.

Figure (13) Illustration electric distribution system (source developed by the author)

3.3 water systems As mentioned water systems always involveIelectricity in some form, so the waterIsystems are dependentIon theIelectricity. Furthermore, to questionable treatment and processes purification, leaves many countries with water that is undrinkable andIdependent upon theIelectric grid (Reynolds, 2017).

In ruralIareas, pumpedIwater is almostIalways relied on the powerIgrid, and in many areasIis alreadyIpolluted because of cattle urine, sewage, or even in some countries radioactive waste (Reynolds, 2017).

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Figure (19) illustration water system (source developed by the author)

3.4 Sewage systems In countries, wastewater goes to sewage systems and for rural areas, it goes to smaller sewage treatment plants as for the extreme rural areas, it goes into septic systems, note to mention eighty percent of this water can be reused as greywater and in most cases, this is not considered, so some rural areas are left with massive amounts of sewage to manage (Reynolds, 2017).

The result of untreated sewage can cause extreme pollution in and aroundIthe waterInear country cities, andIa waste of veryIvaluable irrigation water in rural areas. And of course, most sewage systems depend in some way on electrical systems to operate (Reynolds, 2017).

Figure (20) illustration sewage system (source developed by the author)

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3.5 Gas systems The naturalIgas frameworks are theIcleanest and theIleast damaging to theIplanet. However, in times of catastrophe, they goIout quite regularly (Reynolds, 2017). The dissemination of these gases is conceivably risky and inconsistent in times of catastrophe and will keep on getting more expensive. If the total functioning homes relied on gas, these homes would be just as vulnerable as those using any other energy system (Reynolds, 2017).

OfIcourse, gas is shippedIby vehicleIto ruralIareas, which is anIobvious vulnerability in times of disaster (Reynolds, 2017).

3.6 Materials Systems The majorImaterials presently usedIfor housingIcompartments haveImany factorsIthat warrantIsome rethinking: 1. A lot of wood is utilized and even though this is a sustainable energy source, trees need time to develop.

2. various materials are made in centralized regions and have to be transported throughout countries. This is an energy and economic factor.

3. Most materialsIrequire explicit skillsIto utilize them. This rendersIthem out of theIscope ofIinexperienced peopleIto use.

4. ThereIis much energyIinvolved in the manufacturingIof material products andIconsequently, muchIcontamination is theIconsequence ofIthis.

5. Numerous newImaterials are undesirable to beIaround. This is notIdiscovered until they have beenIused for a considerable period.

6. ManufactureImaterialsItendItoIdictateItheInatureIofIhousing. It should beIviceIversa.

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4. Off-grid housing The term “off the grid” became popular in the earlyI1990s to describe homes and other buildings that utilize alternative-energy-source solutions rather than the mainline, municipal-tied energy to provide power (Bunker, 2011). Early in the development of alternative living lifestyles, such solutions were believed to be only applicable to those people living in remote locations or cooperative communities. As the term off the grid gained popularity with a current era of energy consumers, it grew into a catchphrase that conveyed totally separated living environments with no reliance on national infrastructure (Bunker, 2011). By default, with just an articulated definition, off the grid meant no reliance on openly supplied energy, Isewer or water.

Figure 21 Off- grid house in new mexico (source (archdaily,2016)

4.2 Off-grid living consideration Off-grid living must make some adjustments that should be considered. If people looking for aIway to reduce theirIdependence on traditional energy sources, they willIneed to be sure that their usage does notIexceed their abilityIto create energy (Bunker, 2011). So, it is necessary to use and have knowledge on alternativeIenergyIsources, and anotherIpart is getting away from anIenergy-reliant life, through more careful use of electricity and Installing a geothermalIheating and coolingIsystem along with solarIpanels and aIbattery array, living off-grid will require dependent food production so, understanding of farming and plantation is initial for surviving. Many Off-grid people, food security is a priority, and establishing reliable sources of safe, Ipesticide-free produce and antibiotic-free, humanely-raised meat requires a huge amount of work to set up, maintain, harvest, and once the raw materials have been picked and plucked, there is the task of preserving it so nothing goes to waste (Bunker, 2011).

Health Care is a major aspect of living that must be taken into consideration in off-grid living, if a family goes off-grid, they must consider the distance between the house and the nearest hospital and connection to modern 61

technology can be a desire for most and can be difficult if people consider living in a more arid environment (Bunker, 2011).

Living off-grid requires an understanding of sustainable living, willingness to adapt, and try to generate and conserve energy wherever possible. however, in with modern technology, going completely off the grid is a prudent decision for helping the environment and living a more sustainable life.

Figure (22) Off-grid living consideration (source developed by author)

4.3 Regulation of Off-grid living Living off the grid certainly provides a self-reliable lifestyle, one that is not dependent on government utilities.

Off-griders tend to live independently due to concerns about the growing government taking over into every part of their lives, the thought of freedom that was being restricted to people by various government organizations, with the rising costs of accommodation, not to mention utilities and food, and the growing number of people around the world leaving the comforts and convenience of their past lives and choosing to live off-grid and succeeding to live an independent life, the way of having independent life and moving away from the common government utilities that can keep people chained down (Bunker, 2011).

Misplaced notions or career responsibilities of the society can act as an obstacle for some against personal freedom of living and establishing a home independently can help one to live a debt-free life (Bunker, 2011).

Some move Off-Grid to be work-free instead of working throughout the day to pay electric, water, and waste collection bills (Bunker, 2011). people can also be relieved from power bills by generating their electricity. people Cutting down non-essential expenses, reducing expenses to the minimum, quitting expensive habits, and Relieving themselves from such activities can save them money (Bunker, 2011). Individuals living offgrid usually make the best use of their acquired skills can help them live independently by having a different set of things (Bunker, 2011).

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In some countries, it’s illegal to go off-grid. As more individuals started to live off the grid around the world, some countries, governments began to shift focus on putting restrictions and regulations for off-grid housing (Reynolds, 2017). A growing number of city and zoning agencies around the world are implementing orders to crack down on Off-Grid living, in many cases making it a crime. From targeting self-reliant homeowners with outdated zoning laws and regulations to forming special zoning boards that are planned to force people back onto the government grid (Reynolds, 2017). In the United States, government agencies are forming teams called “nuisance abatement teams” made to intimidate and force Off-Griders into giving up their land or abandoning their lifestyle (Reynolds, 2017). Some people are even being jailed and fined for choosing to live an off-grid existence. In the state of Costilla County, ColoradoIin AmericaItrying to prohibit people from building off-grid homes or even camping on their land to the federal government trying to make it against the law to live in an off-the-grid house furthermore, there are a growing number of government agencies attempting to regulate this lifestyle out of existence (Reynolds, 2017). The deserts of Los-Angeles County, California used to be a benchmark for people to live a more self-sustained lifestyle form the government grid But like any restricted countries, these Off-Grinders are being arrested, targeted, intimidated into to getting back into the grid, because the government didn’t like the look of their land or homes (Reynolds, 2017).

Figure (23) police in Nevada, America threatening a family living off-grid (veg,2017)

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4.4 Types Off-Grid houses There are many various types of off-grid homes to choose from out there. They just depend on the environment they are built on.

4.4.1 Cob-homes They are generally fire-resistant and are physically waterproofed with oils. These houses can withstand heavy rains, making the houses very durable and safe to live in.

Figure (24) cob house (archdaily,2016)

4.4.2 Shipping Container House Container homes are mainly used due to their availability and durability (Rosen, 2010). If a country that imports more than it exports and have numbers of containers they are sold with reasonable prices (Rosen, 2010).

Figure 25 container house (archdaily,2019)

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4.4.3 Bamboo House Bamboo houses are strong structures, they have strength equal to steel (Rosen, 2010).

Figure 26 bamboo house (archdaily,2019)

4.4.4 Earthship House The Earthship model homes aim to self-sufficiency and renewable energy, and because of this homes ability to recycle and reuse (Reynolds, 2017).

It is built out of recycled materials like glass bottles, aluminum cans, and used rubber tires (Reynolds, 2017).

This is due to the right tools now people can recycle materials that would otherwise take an extremely long time to get rid of or decompose, Earthships mainly depend on thermal mass as a natural air cooler (Reynolds, 2017). They are so strong and resilient that they can withstand earthquakes and hurricanes/typhoons (Reynolds, 2017). An Earthship can initially cost just as much to build as a normal house would on the grid (Reynolds, 2017).

However, Earthship owners will never have to pay any government utility bills for electricity, water, or sewage as the Earthship takes care of all this on site (Reynolds, 2017). sewage is treated with special septic tanks that never leave the land, it is recycled and used for plantation and farming. The Earthship makes use of wind turbines and solar-power enough electricity during sunny days, cloudy and rainy days, and through the evenings (Reynolds, 2017).

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Figure 27 Earthship house (archdaily,2019)

5. Earthship system According to Michael Reynolds, the Earthship must, under the way it interfaces with the current natural phenomena, provide a compartment that maintains its levels of comfort. The Earthship itself must be a heating and cooling system (Reynolds, 2017).

5.1 Heating and Cooling system The Earth itself is an energy battery to store heat. Housing developed on this planet out of an emotional and physical need for shelter. From the get-go, the shelters start to involveIthe use of energy Fires wereIused inside shelters for cooking and warmth. Then with human evolvement electricity and electric different appliances appeared (Reynolds, 2017). People now have multiple appliances, as well as heating and coolingIsystems, all of which have becomeIa priority ofIhousing. The existingIresult is that now energy is as much a factor of housing shelter (Reynolds, 2017). So our human development we must consider that that energy is essential to housing.

The energy factor can be classified into two – temperatures and appliances. The electricity requirements of basic appliances can be fulfilled with immediately available technology, stored from the wind or sun, Iand stored inIbatteries for later need. TemperatureIcan be stored and collectedImuch very similar to electricalIenergy. A glass wall on theIsouth face ofIa house will transmitIheat to mass and the spaceIbehind it (Reynolds, 2017). ThatImass andIspace, potentially theIwholeIhouse, can perform as aIbattery to store theIheat energy. This concept is known as thermal mass, and works well anywhere there is exposure to any source of heat (Reynolds, 2017) Thermal mass has been utilized for edges byIanimals and old civilizationsIbut has been givenIup for moreIeconomical and modern constructionImethods which makeIno provision for storage of heat.

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All matterIis stored energy, whileIall energy is evaporatedImatter. Matter itself is essentially a battery (Reynolds, 2017). Similarly, that matterIstores energy, dense massIpreserve temperature. The denser the mass is, the more temperature it supplies. Therefore, a shelter or a house made Iof very denseImass is much better for storingItemperature than a house made of thin construction material like thin wood. This is regardless of the source of temperature be it heat orIcooling (Reynolds, 2017). Good representation canIbe made to the way a barrelIholds water. If the waterIstorage capacity of a barrel were compared to the temperature storing capacity of most homes, the barrel will be 2.5cm deep, rather than 7.5 cm deep. Most houses have no or little dense mass, so they don’t preserve temperature (Reynolds, 2017). In consequence, energy must continually be stored via pipes and wires from external sources to the regulated insideItemperature. Today’s better insulationIhelps keep theIheated air fromIescaping. however, insulationIdoes not store or absorb heat (Reynolds, 2017).

Figure (28) similarity of barrel holding water to a house holding temperature (Reynolds, 2011)

Since people go inconvenience to the expense of putting heatIinto a house, they should doIwhat they canIto make their homes holdIthat heat (Reynolds, 2017). Houses should be built with mass surrounding every space in a home to allow them to truly act as heat storage. The human body, being 96% water which is mass, functions similarly. A certain amount of energy is putIinto our bodies withIfood, etc. Some of this energy outcome in heat, which is stored in the built-in mass of the body so the human body resembles batteries. If the human body held no heat, it would have to require food all the time, putting energy in regular to maintain its temperature. So housing is similar meaning without mass people are running out of fuel, paying the prices of the energy systems, and wasting most of their time making and paying for fuel. This settlement of paying suffered both economically and ecologically. If houses are made to hold heat as human Ibodies do, they must be constructedIof mass. The denserIthe mass, theImore requiredItemperature it stores (Reynolds, 2017).

TheIEarthship system provides this storage by surrounding every room with 75cm thick dense walls. It is interfacing with the earth, aligning with the nature of thermal mass. The idea of homes as energy storage can work anywhere, regardless of solar availability. So whatever the heating or cooling source, the battery will store the temperature (Reynolds, 2017).

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5.2 Food system An Earthship encounters the Earth in such a way that it provides space and environment forIyear-round growingIof edible nuts, fruits, andIplants. TheIfood system could depend on what is easily produced in the environment provided by the Earthship, as the Earthship's food production abilities are evolved according to the desires of the Earthship inhabitants (Reynolds, 2017).

The greenhouse is an essential component in an Earthship house so the inhabitants of Earthship be independent, and produce their food. Dirt is required to be placed in different places in the Earthship and there will need to be areas with dirt floors (Reynolds, 2017). Earthships allow plants in various spaces, but constructing full food functioning Earthship, entire rooms, and spaces will be required to grow reasonable quantities of various types of food types. Especially, for plants that require height to grow.

Figure (29) illustration of greenhouse in an Earthship for food production (Reynolds, 2011)

5.3 ElectricalIsystem Earthship requires enough electricity to power itself and runIvarious appliances in whichIhumans haveIgrown accustomed. For sure, the cost of the components that provide this electricity would be regulated by a more efficient approach, on the partIof the owners, to theIoverall use ofIelectricity.

TheIsimple exposure of daylight in the Earthship reduces the need for daytime lighting. Earthships operate as a power plant that must be a small, independent power station which must be throughIwind and sun, itImust capture enoughIenergy to meet the personal electrical demands of its inhabitants sustainably. Luckily, this can be done by collecting energyIpotovoltaic panels andIwindmills. Storing the energy neededIfrom theIbatteries.

Photovoltaic cells are manufactured to convert light energy from the sun into electric energy. They become more reliable in areas than wind turbines. however, it is important to know that windmills can be made with less technology than solar panels. This energyIis stored in a conventionalIelectric vehicleItype like batteries (Reynolds, 2017).

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With advancements in technology the specific use of energy may evolve even better than it is but, today, there just needs energy that comes through wall sockets. The concept of the energy-producing home can be evolved in various ways but, the instant application must start with that to which people are accustomed to, and lead them to that which is more appropriate for a natural living (Reynolds, 2017) A power generating system is essential in the design of Earthships. The actual form of the Earthship is a result of the systems' requirements. Earthships areImainly built and finishedIwith earth materialsIand are integrated withIthe earth.

And their appearance is subject to performance.

Figure (30) illustration of Earthship use of generating energy from septic tanks, windmills and solar panels (Reynolds,2011)

Earthships are aimed to reflect the character vessel that can operate and anywhere on earth but not mainly the context they are in. an Earthship in Egypt for example to reflect its character on an Earthship, Islamic decoration might be required upon various things, and it would need power lines and systems. The days of preconceived ideas about what essential ArchitectureImust looks like areCover. Housing, homes especially, must become interactive vessels, evolving the outdated ideas of style and appearance to performance and independence (Reynolds, 2017).

5.1.4 WaterIsystem The Earthship within its electrical system has a distribution of pumping water with the existing conventional methods, as well as a collection of rain and snowmelt in some parts of the world. It is essential in an Earthship to provide its water (Reynolds, 2017).

In some cases, An Earthship can have wells that are pumpedIfrom the EarthshipIindependent powerIsupply Isystem.

These systems of storing or making water can be built into the nature of the EarthshipIitself,

eliminatingIthe need for anIoutside waterIsystem (Reynolds, 2017). With current advancements in technology, there are ways to extract water from the air but it is yet not integrated with Earthship systems which are by condensing it.

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Even though, we can pumpIwater with power producedIby theIEarthship. it goes in an importantIprocess of distilling waterIfor humanIconsumption. So distillers are builtIinto theIvessel. Furthermore, hot water willIhave to be integratedIby the EarthshipIitself. Different solarIwater heatersIwork in various areas with the recent technology. So, Earthships must eventually produce, heat, distill their water.

5.1.5 Sewage system An Earthship divides its water waste into black and grey water, reusing both and or using it for plantation.

Septic Systems is a part of the Earthship where Blackwater comes from the toilet and greywater comes from elsewhere. The conventional systems put all black and grey water together underground into the sewage pipe system And this waterImust be chemicallyItreated andIends up pollutingIthe rivers, streams, oceans (Reynolds, 2017).

Some People buy fertilizers Rather than, using grey or black water, which is right in front of them to feed their plants. There are food particles in the grey water coming from the kitchen sink and there is the protein in the bathwater. Plants feed on these things. The waste system for greywater can be fixed into and garden and not regularly take care of it (Reynolds, 2017). When the greywater is reused, the sewer system needs to become minimal because there is the only black water from the toilet is sent to it. The conventional septic tanks and sewer systems are so big because they have to deal with dishwashers, clothes, washer, and shower altogether. A much smaller septic tank for blackwaterIonly mayIeven be contained, or at least have a minimal effect on surroundingIareas.

Figure (31) Earthship water system (Reynolds,2011)

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6. Conclusion To sum up, every government in an overpopulated country or city are facing pressures to provide for its people. Thus forming a strong operable housing system. The government is a social-welfare organization. it works for the benefits of its people by providing security, social services, and economical growth (Koontz, 2010). So when a countries population exceeds the government efforts, it becomes harder for the government to provide (Srivastava, 2016).

Egypt suffers from severe overpopulation. Where a load of its population is poured on cities like Cairo, Giza, and Alexandria, putting extra efforts for the government to properly implement its roles (Srivastava, 2016).

Outcomes of overpopulation like inequality, shortage of human and energy resources affect interfere with people's standards of living and as this dilemma is kept unmanaged, it drains the life of the living communities.

Furthermore, as the population keeps on growing the victims of all of this are the living humans living under the consequences of this. People as a result of overpopulation don't receive their full rights for a living (Shah, 1998). They are deprived of comfortable education, food, water, social services, job opportunities, and a clean environment. The Egyptian government's responsibility towards overpopulation seems inevitable, and efforts to eliminate this problem were done by building New cities besides the overpopulated ones, campaigns encouraging the one-child policy and migration (Michaelson, Experts urge Egypt to rethink two-child population strategy, 2019). But the country is yet suffering from overcrowding and temporary energy, gas water cuts leading to a corrupt housing system. So as long as the country is overpopulated there extra efforts expected from the government and extra resources are needed from the people for a better housing system (Srivastava, 2016).

As an approach escaping population and the governmental framework, there was the “Off-grid” living movement which is housing that is fully independent of any government utilities (Reynolds, 2017). An Offgrid house system provides full Reliance on the house to operate for human needs. Architect Michael Reynolds started the Earthship system of housing which is a sustainable and environmental Off-grid living approach.

Reynold's development of the Earthship system is based on the full detachment of the government housing system and developing an independent system that addresses the human and the environment needs. A system like this provides an opportunity for a lot of people who aim for a better Environmental living and freedom from the government framework. This could be a positive turning point for Egypt because it offers an opportunity for Egyptians to be aware of their house system, escape from different types of pollutions caused by the grid, and using their waste for the benefit of the environment instead of damaging it, which is what the current housing system is doing.

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Egypt's overpopulation led to a corrupt housing system that seems inevitable for the government to repair.

Living Off-grid since it provides detachment from the government system. It can be the best solution for solving the overpopulation crisis in Egypt and reducing the efforts for the government to repair the housing system and also reduce the people's consumption of resources since they are not properly produced insequence to Egypt population. Living off-grid in Egypt will require the Off-grid home system to be compatible with Egypt in terms of environmental conditions, material, and context, and the Earthship seems to be the most compatible since they are initially made to resemble a spaceship that produces its food, water, and energy. And Similar to a ship they sustain any environmental conditions applied to it like storms, earthquakes, and heavy rain. The Earthship built in different countries is similar in their form and plan. There are only some building components that are added or neglected to make the most compatible use of them like solar panels and rain collectors. The next chapter will include case studies off-different off-grid homes, the case study chapter aims to analyze the techniques and tools required for living off-grid.

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Chapter (4) Case Studies 1. Introduction The objective of this chapter is to find moreIinformation throughIcarefully analyzingIexisting cases that haveIgone through a similar problem. analyses of cases are taken carefullyIin-regards to all theIvariables present in theIprevious case againstIthe three chosen cases. The first case study is a standard Earthship model house, the objective of this case is to study the general off-grid techniques that are used in earth-ships, Such septic tanks water collection systems and vegetation. The second case is a modified version of the standard version of earth-ship but the design was modified to be resilient to harsh climatic conditions. The third one is a traditional Siwan house in Egypt that uses innovative vernacular material for constructing the house, this specific case is considered to be the most compatible to Egypt environment with just a few setbacks considering that it uses old traditional techniques that might not be compatible to the current Egyptian context.

The cases show that Houses that are not connected to the electricity grid or being able to operate without the electricity grid may become an important element in the future house design. The case studies Demonstrate that houses can have access to regions without a proper grid infrastructure. For example, the Earth-ship pioneers are making plans towards a massive introduction of renewable energy especially solar photovoltaics and wind turbines. Although The case studies are in countries refers that currently have a stable connection to the electricity grid but the objective is from constructing such houses is to introduce more renewable energy instead of depending on the government housing system.

The focus on the case studies is the sustainable features. The aim is toIexplore the cases from variousIangles and analyzIits meanings andIimplications and find ways to ensure that the sustainable techniques and features are compatible to be built and applied anywhere in Egypt and all cases, giving contextualIdetails about the cases, connect itIback to the literatureIand theory, and discuss howIit fits into theIwider scale in the design guideline.

Figure (32)case study contribution to developing the design guidelines ( developed by the author,2020)

1.1 Case (1) Waybe house 74

Architect: Michael reynolds Construction: 2010 Location: New Mexico

Figure (33) the waybehouse (archdaily,2010)

1.1.1 introduction The Waybe House is a simple Earthship house that uses thick thermal walls on the threeIsides of theIhome while glazingIon the sunnyIside which allows solarIheat into the home’sIinterior. ThisIcase study analysis demonstrates the design and application of Earthships to the environment in which the feasibility of off-grid houses as a sustainable and healthy place for people (Kruis, 2007). This specific model of Earthship is the standard form of the architect off-grid housing, that combines all the basic human needs in one house with a design focus to not harm the surrounding environment (Reynolds, 2017).

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Figure (34) section showing the standard Earthship system (archdaily,2010)

1.1.2 House plan and functionality Earthships are designed to accommodate 4 people, the average size of a family. The figure shows the Earthship floor plan usedIas the basis for thermal, Imechanical, water, andIfinancial models. To take into consideration Earthships are suitable at any climate variations to the design are applied whereInecessary to accountIfor specific constructionIadaptations in eachIclimate (Reynolds, 2017). For example, the glazing area of Earthships in high altitudes is smallerIthan the glazing area ofIEarthships in lower latitude locations toIminimize heat lossesIduring long, dark winters.

Figure (35) standard plan of waybehouse (archdaily,2010)

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1.1.3 Sustainable features and techniques 1.1.3.1 Building Material The Earthship concept to create self- relay living units from sustainable materials. The west, northIand east exteriorIwalls are formed byIpiling used car tyres, eachIfilled with 136 kgIof dirt, up to a height of 2.4 m in brick-like fashion. Not onlyIdoes this method of constructionIreuse material that would otherwiseIbe discarded in landfills, Ibut it has also been known that rammedIearth-filled tire walls provideIsafe andIdependable supportIfor theIstructure.

Figure (36) using waste tires as bearing walls (archdaily,2010)

1.1.3.2 Solar heating and daylighting The waybe houses have a double skin facade which is all oriented on the sunny side of the building. The first layer of glazing acts as a buffer zone for the second layer. The first layer provides a greenhouse effect for the plants that are in the corridor. rooms are shaded by the vegetation that is applied in through the corridor .so the glazing is fixed on this side and withIpassive solar heatingIthrough glazing on The sunnyIside of the house, the large thermalImass stores heat stabilises the temperature of theIinterior

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Figure (37) section illustrating the use of solar heating to create the internal ventilation circulation (archdaily2010)

1.1.3.3 Electricity In Reynolds’Iconcept, Earthships areIequipped with solarIpanelsIand small wind turbines andIa battery to collectIand store enoughIenergy to properly supplyIthe house withIelectricity. Most of theIEnergy isIgathered viaIphotovoltaic panelsIwhich convert sunlightIinto smallIcharges ofIelectricity. ThisIenergy is thenIsupplied toIbatteries andIstored there. This is muchIthe same as a tin roofIgathering rainIand delivering itIinto a barrel.

The electricity is gathered and stored and then passes throughIan inverter, whichIchanges it from DC toIACIpower.

Figure (38) use of solar panels in the waybe house (archdaily,2010)

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Figure (39) the relation between the inverter and the solar panels (archdaily,2010)

1.1.3.4 Water collection and drainage The metal panel roof ofIan Earthship collects waterIin tanks buried under the landfill on eachIside of the house.

This waterIis filtered and pumped into aIpressurized tank for householdIsupply to showers, baths, and sinks.

Drainage is cleaned andIrecycled for interiorIplants and toilets beforeIit is discharged into a wasteItreatment cell outsideIof the house.

Figure ( 40) section illustration the water collection and drainage system (archdaily,2010)

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1.1.4 Conclusion The waybe house is an example of a significantly decreasedIheating load which, in turn, facilitates costIand energy savingsIthat contribute to theIhomes’ sustainability. The house's entire electric system is supplied from renewable energy from solar photovoltaic. The major setback of the house model that it’s water system is offgrid and the water can be short especially in mostIclimates that have not enoughIprecipitation to supplyIthe entire waterIdemand of a family of four, even withIintensive water conservationIefforts. The catchwaterIand gray waterIsystems of an EarthshipIcan still be used inIconjunction with a back-up connection toIlocal aquifer supplies. Such design effectivelyIconserves water while ensuring a consistent potable supply. The waybe house shows that Earthships areIpractical, sustainableIhousing that provides itsIoccupants with standardIcomfort, electricity supply, waterIsupply; and all for a comparableIprice.

Table (4) Earthship summary of concluded house system

Application Plan functionality

Benefits

Earthships areIsized to accommodate four occupants, the typical familyIsize

Limitation

the four occupants is enough for the power generated from the waybe house

Limited number of rooms and span

Building material

Concrete, recycled glass, and tires, wood

Local material, cheap

Requires specific instruction to build with these materials

Structure system

Bearing walls

Strong structure, typhoon resistant, and earthquake resistant

Solar heating and

The way houses have a double skin facade which is all oriented on the sunny side of the building.

The first layer of glazing acts as a buffer zone for the second layer.

Endless amounts of energy, free of charge No CO2 emissions during operation Cost savings: remarkable less energy to heat water, remarkable less energy for space heating no greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels and reduces some types of air pollution Diversifying energy supply and reducing dependence on imported fuels

Requires a lot of labors to construct. limited construction span Weather Dependent, Solar Energy Storage Is Expensive, Uses a Lot of Space

daylighting

Electricity

Water collection and drainage

They areIequipped with solar panels andIsmall windIturbines and a batteryIto collect andIstore enough energy to properlyIsupply the house with electricity. Most of theIEnergy is gathered via photovoltaicIpanels whichIconvert sunlight intoIsmall charges of electricityI Water collection tanks and filtration system that goes through for bathroom, kitchen and vegetation – drainage passes through the vegetation and into a septic system

No monthly cost. Since septic systems run independently on each residential property. Cuts pollution.

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Higher upfront cost Because of the intermittency of some renewable energy sources, there’s a high need for energy storage.

Sometimes they must be replaced. Unlike sewer systems, septic systems cannot handle sewage amounts above a certain threshold.

1.2 Case (2) Windship Architect: Michael reynolds Construction: 2015 Location: Philippines

Figure (41) windship house during construction (archdaily,2014)

1.2.1 introduction The construction of the windship house began right after the Philippines humanitarian disaster When typhoon Haiyan ripped through the Philippines it displaced 660,000 people and devastated many small communities.

There was not much interest from Philippine government officials. So the idea of the Windship was to build a standard Filipino home in the hope of eventually providing a slew of the typhoon-resistant, multi-use community house. After the construction of the winds, the house was completed. Locals gave the feedback of the house sad that they felt that Michael Reynolds has created not only a model for the Philippines but one that has been tailored to many of Southeast Asia’s special requirements.

1.2.2 House plan and functionality The plan is a similar version of the waybe house, it’s a typhoon proof caverns. But unlike the waybe house it would normally have a greenhouse for treating the sewage from the shower and the toilet and a buffer zone, in the winds the greenhouse is not needed to be as buffer zone it is needed to keep the Philippines rains of the sewage treatment system. the kitchen and the toilet are located beside the vegetation, so the vegetation can act as a barrier for privacy and also for the kitchen and toilet sewage system are connected to the plants' watering system. The plan module also aimed for the house can be replicated so it can create a large off-grid community 81

Figure (42) windship plan (youtube screen shot, 2014)

1.2.3 Sustainable features and techniques 1.2.3.1 Wind resistance The Philippines gets about 20 typhoons a year of varying degrees. So the windship will function as an aerodynamic storm shelter and school building for the community. The windship is shaped to be wind resistant as shown in the fig the caverns and a cowling beside protecting from the strong force the typhoons to protect botanical cells from the rain but the greenhouse effect is not needed to heat the building.

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Figure (43) section showing the form contribution on resisting strong winds (archdaily,2014)

1.2.3.2 Thermal mass The main aim of the Earthship concept is to maintain a comfortable environment, produce its own electricity, collect its own potable water supply, and manage its own waste. The high-density soil within the tires, along with earth berms on the walls outside, maximizes the home's thermal mass saving energy for the home utilities.

Figure (44) section showing tires and compacted earth as thermal mass ( earthship,2014)

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Figure (45) detail drawing of earth-ship bearing wall ( Earthship,2014)

1.2.3.3 Daylighting This building doesn't try to obtain solar energy for heating, as described. It aimed for the opposite. It's trying to offer shade, creating spaces that'll cool down and stay cool. So the roofing was designed so it can only provide limited sunlight for internal vegetation. The designs need to be modified, but they are the same concept: electricity is generated by sun and wind. Biology is for water disposal.

Figure (46) layout of windship Philippines (earthship,2014)

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1.2.3.4 Water filtration and collection system The Philippines rains nearly every day in the whole year so water collection is not a problem but the drinking water quality is the problem. In the windship, the Water quality improves as it contains and treats wastewater so it doesn’t leech down into the water table. Therefore containing sewage and providing water filtration is a big point not just in the Philippines but in many parts of developing Asia. the filtration system works with the same tools as the way house. The bathrooms and kitchen water are provided from collected rainwater tanks that are filtered along the way.

Figure (47) section of windship (earthship,2014)

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1.2.3.5 Conclusion The wind-ship Responds to the typhoons happening every year in the Philippines. The windship particularly worked with volunteers in training onsite by providing educational presentations throughout the build. The goal is to empower all the participants and locals to implement these techniques in rebuilding resilient structures and creating a more sustainable future, heat and cool themselves naturally via solar/thermal dynamics, collect their water from the rain contain, and treat their sewage on-site Produce a significant amount of food during the time of typhoons where every living resources are ripped off because of the typhoons.

Table (5) winds summary of concluded house system

Application

Benefits

Plan functionality The plan is similar to the waybe house but with the difference of mirroring the plan and without the greenhouse effect

Limitation

Typhoon resistant form. heat protection from the sun

Limited sunlight

Building material

Concrete, recycled glass, bamboo and tires

Local material, cheap

Requires specific instruction to build with these materials

Structure system

Bearing walls

Strong structure, typhoon resistant, and earthquake resistant

Requires a lot of labors to construct

Skylight with limited sunlight penetration

Creating an affordable lighting pipe for maximum use of sunlight shaded on the house for long hours during the day.

Not using groundwater due to sanitation leakage to the ground

The fixed mirrors in the stairs shaft increase the heat radiation inside the building

Day Lighting

Water filtration and

Water collection tanks and filtration system that goes through for bathroom, kitchen and vegetation

collection system

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The water source is only limited from rain

1.3 Case (3) House of a Siwan: Haj Ali Location: Siwa Area: 350m2

Figure (48) Siwan house (research direct,2020)

1.3.1 Introduction The house of Haj AliIoccupying aroundI350m2 / floor andI10Imeters inIheight. TheIbuilding has beenIselected as it is one of the typicalISiwan's off-grid Kershef builtIhouses that are in goodIcondition up toIdate. Siwa Oasis EgyptIlies on the edge ofIthe Great SandISea onlyI300 kmIsouthwest of the MediterraneanIand Marsa Matrouh. Siwa oasis facesIdifferent challenges Icities in Egypt. These challenges are the invasion of concrete blocks destroying the natural environment of the oasis, changesIin economicIactivities, and theInegative impact of humanIbehavior on the surroundingIenvironment, and here is where houses like the haj Ali comein. the house was built in 2009 in modern days with traditional sustainable building techniques. the house is considered to be Off-grid with no electricity and waterline with just the house sewage lines that is connected to the local sewage system.

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1.3.2 House plan and functionality The buildingIhas two storeys Iconnected by a central staircaseIalso serving as aIventilation shaft, and a backyardIsitting area for menIand a guest room forIvisitors who visit theIfamily on more frequent basisIlocated closeIto the main entrance with a separateIdoor from outside to insureIprivacy for Iamily members. The externalIwalls are paintedIblue for reflecting theIsolarIradiations. Inside theIhouse, a smallIentrance lobby welcomesIthe visitors and family members and not to passIaccess their private areaIupstairs. Storage room is located in the area between the entrance lobby and the kitchen, followed by the family living area so that there is no need for workers or outsiders to penetrate the house.

Figure (49) siwan house (research direct,2020)

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1.3.3 Sustainable features and techniques 1.3.3.1 staircase The stair caseItowerIis used as lighting pipeIwhere mirrorsIhave been installed on theIwalls to reflectIthe sun light inside theIhouse as shownIon the diagramIbelow beside actingIas a coolingItower as well.

EnhancingIpassive cooling via separatingIthe building with narrowIalleys for creating windIcurrents, besides cross ventilationIreplaced the useIof airIconditioners.

Figure 50 siwan house staircase shaft section (research direct,2020)

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1.3.3.2 interior lighting The house roofing were uniqueIpattern of the wooden palm treeIceiling with a lamp made fromIsalt, hung from theIceiling. This beside providing non-electric lighting it promotes the awarenessIof less energyIconsumption amongIthe society. Furthermore Creating a newIand uniqueIpractice ofIdehydrating the salt furnitureIand lighting unitsIinspired by the best utilizationIof the naturalIenvironment. Salt lamps are also said to provide health benefits because they are “natural ionizers,” meaning they change the electrical charge of the circulating air.

Figure 51 siwan salt lamps (research direct,2020)

1.3.3.3 Thermal mass The Kerchief material is considered suitable for the climate conditions, due to its bearing capacity it is usually built with thickness exceeding 1meter. It varies from 0.5 m to 1.00 m, so it has high thermal mass that help keep the building cool in summer and warm in winter. The insulation materials ability to slow down and control the heat transfer, maintaining the temperature difference between the inside and the outside, determined by the material.

Figure (52) kharshif house section shwing bearng walls as thremal mass (Mohamed A. F., 2019)

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1.3.3.4 Structure system The traditional bearingIwalls construction systemIin the house was economicalIbecause the buildings were built using theIlocal materials which wereIextracted from the surroundingIenvironment. WallsIwere built by Karshif particles which areIbonded with Siwan silt mortar. CeilingsIwere madeIof palm woodIand oliveIleaves to strengthenIthe roof against the rain. IThe openings forIwindows and doorsIwere rectangular shapeIand they were made fromIpalm treesIwood. The building' façadesIwere plastered using aIspecial kind of green siltIfound in Siwa, in orderIto make the building anIeco-friendly. In addition, the final wallsItexture is rough to break sunIrays in order to provide shade onIthe facades as long as possibleIto decrease theIamount of absorbedIheat. Karshif is a stone naturallyIformed atIthe shores of the salt lakes. It particles consistImainly of salt bondedIwith clay andIfine sand. The stone haveIirregular shapes withIdifferent sizes, typicallyIvaried from 50 to 200 mm.

Figure (53) palm tree used as beams (Mohamed A. F., 2019)

Figure 54 ceiling plan of siwan house (research direct,2020)

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1.3.3.5 Materials and building techniques The house is characterised by the use of karshif. Which is a unique material made of NaCl salt crystals with impurities of clay and sand. The blocks of irregular shape taken from the salt crust that surrounds the salty lake of siwa, are cut in smaller blocks and utilised in the masonry with a mud mortar very rich in salt obtained from two different clays, tafla . During the drying process of this particular kind of mortar, a strong connection is established between the salt blocks and the mortar due to the crystallization of NaCl inside the mortar itself, giving rise to a sort of monolithic conglomerate. The Kharif walls are strong walls that are larger at the base and gradually thinner at the top, where the width is almost 2 m and decreases with the height. Beams and rods laid along the wall surface. They are utilized to aid and to structure the changing in the orientation of the walls from convexity to concavity both in the horizontal and in vertical direction jointing the different wall portions.

In the case of different orientations between the lower and the higher parts, it is possible to obtain a rise of curved surfaces and consequently to conquer strength by shape.

1.3.4 Conclusion As shown in the case various low cost climaticIresponsive building techniquesIhave been adoptedIinspired by the ISiwan's houses, summarised asIfollows: •

BestIutilization of the local material forIclimatic responsive zero carbonIemission building, while using the localImaterial for building theIcooker to minimizeIthe electrical devices.

Using the staircaseItower as an atrium forIpassive ventilation.

•

Creating anIaffordable lightingIpipe for maximum use of sunlightIshaded on the house for long hoursIduring theIday.

•

Orienting theIwindows in aIway to promoteIcross-ventilation as aIreplacement forIair conditioners.

•

Designing the mainIentrance in L-shape andIlocating the privateIrooms at the back of the house forIconserving the local cultureIand traditions ofIkeeping the privacyIof the family and segregation between femalesIand males.

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•

Designing aIbeautiful yet robustIpalm tree trunk ceilings, matchingIwith the layout of Kershef building and alsoIas a material forIclimatic responsive zero carbon emission material.

All these combinedItechniques helped to achieveIa healthy, low-cost, Ithermally comfortable, Iand welldesignedIhouse, externally andIinternally.

Table ( 6) Siwan house summary of concluded house system

Plan functionality

Building material

Structure system

Lighting

Ventilation

Application

Benefits

Designing theImain entrance in L-shape and locating theIprivate roomsIat the backIof the house for conservingIthe local culture and traditions

IEncouraging socialIinteraction amongIthe familyImembers by providing centralIgathering areas.

Kharshif

Best utilization of the local material for climatic responsive zero carbon emission building, while using the local material for building the cooker to minimize the electrical devices palm tree trunkIceilings, matching with the layout of Kershef building andIalso as a material for climaticIresponsive zero carbonIemission material.

Requires experienced builders

CreatingIan affordable lighting pipe for maximumIuse of sunlight shaded on theIhouse for long hoursIduring the day.

The fixed mirrors in the stairs

Orienting theIwindows in aIway to promoteIcross-ventilation as a replacementIfor air conditioners.

Using the staircaseItower as an atrium forIpassive ventilation.

The ventilation shaft increases

Encouraging social interaction amongIthe membersIof the societyIby providing anIoutdoor sittingIarea for men

Palm trees and bearing walls

Staircase as a lighting pipe

Stair shaft and windows orientation

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Limitation A limited numberIof rooms for family members due to the thick bearing walls

The material for building with Kharif is only available In coastal and oasis regions The bearing walls and palm trees Require certain plan layout The palm trees are only functional for limited spans

shaft increase the heat radiation inside the building

the amount of dust and dirt inside the building in windy days.

2. Chapter Conclusion The case studies are a representation of sustainable off-grid houses that uses either traditional or modern techniques to structure a whole system of an Off-grid home. They are briefly a community of Off-grid housing that is built with some similar sustainable techniques.

The way house is a standard housing model of Earthships. Earthships are considered an innovative direction for living sustainably with not only avoiding harming the environment but help heal it. The way house uses car tires as bearing walls for the house which acts as thermal mass and structure strength, which is considered to be an innovative way to use waste as a building material and making the best use of there life cycle.

Similarly, the windship, house in the Philippines is a modified version of the standard Earthship off-grid home but with the focus of being resilient of Philippines yearly typhoons, the windship resists the strong winds due to its unique form and besides its form, it fully functions as an off-grid home that is self-reliant to and can produce its food and water which is considered to be a bonus in a time of disastrous typhoons that can cut electricity among many things in some villages in the Philippines. As for Egypt a known traditional home in Siwa the kharshif house, the Siwan house in the case studies is a standard home in siwa, which is known to use kharshif as the main building material. The haj ali house is not considered to be a full off-grid home but the house is a representation of sustainable vernacular architecture. Which uses local material and simple plan functionality to the benefit of human comfort.

Every off-grid system can be different in different locations, although Earthships are designed to withstand any country context resilience to environmental disaster can be a problem, since natural disasters are hard to predict its level of impact (Reynolds, 2017). Off-grid homes in general can be the most effective in times of disasters since the living resources are produced by the house so no help is needed. Especially in countries that are the most overpopulated. Egypt's housing system is considered to be the most vulnerable to natural disasters since everything is controlled by governmental networks that cannot always provide to all people (Reynolds, 2017). Wayne house winds the Philippines, and Siwan house all meets certain living requirements that can be suitable for either one place, a certain number of people, certain environmental consideration but they all share the same benefits of successful sustainable independent living. Combining all the building techniques of the case studies can all contribute to forming a whole self-reliant housing system that can withstand the negative impact of overpopulation and the vulnerability of being on a government grid. To sum up, the mutual and unique building techniques used in the cases studies provided a general overview how a sustainable and off-grid home should and could operate in different conditions, by eliminating noncompatible techniques and identifying the suitable ones will help to conduct the design guidelines for off-grid homes that can solve the problem of being vulnerable to overpopulation.

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Table ( 7) summary of the case studies housing system Item

Wayne house

Wind-ship Philippines

Siwan house

1.

Building materials

Concrete, recycled glass, and tires, wood

Concrete, recycled glass, and tires, wood

Kharshif, palm trees

2.

Building settlement

Rammed earth and tires

Rammed earth and tires

SettlementITakes place as a foundation are madeIfrom silt and KarshifIparticles

3.

BuildingIstrength

HighIstrength, earthquake and rain resistance

highIstrength, earthquake, typhoon and rainIresistance

WeakIstrength, white ants attack the palm treesIwood and cant stand againstIrain

4.

External wallsIfinishing

thickly plastered with adobe earth rammed tires

thickly plastered with adobe earth rammed tires

Kharshif and paint finishing

5.

Interior finishing

thickly plastered with adobe earth rammed tires and wooden partition

thickly plastered with adobe earth rammed tires and wooden partition

Kharshif finishing

6.

Openings

Wood and aluminum opening with gravity system

Wooden ventilation openings

MadeIfrom palmItrees and olive wood

7.

Heat transmission

High thermal mass is applied for internal rooms, solar heat is only present in food production zones

High thermal mass is applied for internal rooms, solar heat is only present in food production zones

Kashif And siltIwalls reduce heat transmission. HeatIIs absorbed then itIisIradiated by night time creating a pleasantIinternal atmosphereIlow

8.

Inside temperature

Low

Low

Low

9.

Air condition

No air conditioning only geothermal ventilation shafts

No air conditioning only geothermal ventilation shafts

No air conditioning

10. Architectural style

Modern sustainable techniques and vernacular

Modern sustainable techniques and vernacular

Vernacular

11. Energy consumption

High

Low

Low

12. Environmental impact

Eco friendly

Eco friendly

Eco friendly

13. Cultural heritage

conserved

Conserved

Conserved

14. Labor

A large number of labors, no complex skills required

A large number of labors, no complex skills required

Skilled labors required

15. Economy

High building cost

Low building cost

Low building cost

16. maintenance

Easy to maintain

Easy to maintain

Easy to maintain

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96

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Chapter (5): Design Guidelines 1. Chapter Introduction This chapter will elaborate on and develop the off-grid system concept as a necessary spark toward the evolution of habitat on Egypt. There will be a design guideline of what a standard off-grid home can be capable of to live independently from the government housing system, not as way conflict but a way of relieving the pressure from Government efforts to provide. A Discussion is provided after each guide to support understanding of the proposed system and provide an idealistic vision will be digested into realistic possibilities.

The chapter is divided into 4 parts each part has its design guidelines with their objective of providing instructions. The parts are divided according to different interests and levels in off-grid housing and living techniques. Each part provides a certain level of off-grid living, meaning that they are in sequence so the reader who is interested in acquiring certain off-grid living techniques can refer to a specific part in the chapter.

The parts will have an elaborate explanation of the guidelines that it has and after the guidelines, there will be an appendix to refer to the techniques introduced in the guidelines. The guidelines provide different housing solutions for overcoming the negative impacts that are caused by overpopulation. With a structured consideration of the basic human survival needs according to Maslow. The final aim of this guide is to have a direct reference of a full off-grid system that can operate anywhere In Egypt, relieving the pressure from the government to provide the living needs for the overpopulated cities in Egypt.

It is important to note the guidelines in this chapter are selected according to their level of efficiency and accessibility in Egypt. There are of course different alternatives of design that can replace and work differently than the techniques proposed in the guidelines but it is important to consider that any changes might affect the whole system efficiency. Either way it's essential for the people who are considering to live off-grid to choose the best off-grid tools and techniques for themselves. Since living off-grid depends on the kind of lifestyle that the owner seeks. Different references of design alternatives are provided after every part.

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Figure (55 ) Diagram showing the structuring of design guidelines (developed by author)

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2. Part (1): consideration and overcoming overpopulation Before going fully off-grid, it is important to consider many things that might act as a barrier in the long run.

Going off-grid doesn’t necessarily mean to acquire the full system to live efficiently. Going off-grid has different levels that can work for different kinds of people. To understand how the off-grid system works people can start with some personal adjustments that are derived from the off-grid system living techniques.

So people have a better understanding and feel of the off-grid system requirements. This part addresses the different levels of off-grid living and the required adjustments to take before living off-grid to decide whether its enough to use the off-grid techniques or to go with the full off-grid system.

Figure (56) diagram showing the structuring of the design guidelines of part 1 (developed by author)

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2.1 Guide #1 Initial things to consider ItImeans becomingIenergy independent, so a person is notIattached to a utilityIgrid for anyIof their powerIneeds. The answers to living Off-grid are variedIas the individuals who chooseIthis lifestyle. People mayIwant to move off-grid becauseIthere looking for aIgreener lifestyle get away from the high carbon footprint areas. The solution to this does not always have to be to move out of a city or the currentIresidence to doIthis. People canIstart by installing solarIenergy shinglesIon the roof or a geothermalIheating and coolingIsystem in there home, Install energy-efficient appliancesIand low-water ruseItoilets andIshowerheads.

Implementing manyIof these measures will not only make an ecologicalIstatement, but it will alsoIshow how theIbasic off-grid system work and if there is an interest to want more independent living.

Figure (57) diagram showing the structuring of design guideline #1 (developed by the author)

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2.1.1 Financial freedom misconception The first consideration when it comes to living off-grid is the temptation of financial freedom. Some think that living offIthe grid is a necessary optionIbecause of financialIsetbacks and Living a back-to-basicsIand nofrillsIlifestyle might be what it's needed as the Look for newIwork or get out of an upside-downImortgage.

However, Iit is important to note thatIgoing off-grid is not an escapeIhatch for anyIfinancial chaos that is generated in life: people are obligated to resolve any owed monies or loans in their names. It must be considered that an individual should be prepared physically, mentally, financially, and emotionally. Starting the off-grid lifestyle is not a matter of when and how it always the matter of taking the first steps. people can startIlooking at their financesIto see where they canIeconomize. They can look at foodIpreparation and substituteIbasic items for quicklyIprepared foods.

Figure (58) Diagram showing the financial consideration when living Off-grid (developed by author)

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2.1.2 Electricity usage adjustments Any level of off-grid living takes some adjustment. If the objective is to reduce dependence on traditional energy sources, then there must be insurance of the user does notIexceed the ability to createIenergy. Part of theIsolution is to install the requiredIalternative sources of energy, butIanother element isIto wean awayIfrom an energy-reliantIlife. So, there must be an energyIinventory on the appliances andIother gadgets and decide whether is it suitable to move off-grid. It’s important to note also, There are several small electronics, likeIhairdryers, clockIradios, and coffeemakers, that mightInot work in an off-grid living lifestyle.

Figure (59) Digram showing the electricity adjustments required for living Off-grid (developed by the author)

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2.1.3 The Different Levels of “Off-Grid” The meaning of off-grid can differ majorly between individuals, it does not always have to be getting away from you’re an overpopulated city and living in an isolated area. living off-grid in theImiddle of a suburb is also possible. A version ofIoff-grid can be simple is to be lessIdependent on traditional fuel sources. IInstalling a geothermalIheating and coolingIsystem along with solarIpanels and a battery arrayImight be a solution for an off-gridIexistence. living off-grid canIbe by purchasing land in the coasts or deserts of Egypt and creating a self-sufficient environment. The benefit of the off-grid lifestyle is that there is no limit on living sustainably and efficiently. people can determine what they want to do and how far they want to go. However, there always must be a plan and a structured list. Like is it possible to move away from the city, and still be employed, Perhaps the solution to this is relocatingIto a smaller townInear enough to commute to theIcity and buy a larger piece of property to begin anIoff-grid system first food garden. Is the objective to have aIgreenIhome? The first stepIwould be to look intoIthe geographic advantagesIof the differentIoptions of alternative energy. Each goal that is madeIand each stepIis taken willIeventually lead to the final destinationIof living off-grid.

Figure (60) diagram showing the different levels of off-grid living ( developed by the author)

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2.1.4 Health Care if there is a decision to go off-grid as a family with children then living to the nearest hospital must be taken seriously. The distance must be at least 300 kilometers awayIfrom the nearest hospitalIunless an individual inIthe family has theIkind of training orIexperience that makes them capable of givingIemergency medicalIattention to his/her familyImembers.

Figure (61) Diagram showing the standard consideration ( developed by author)

2.1.5 Cellular connection It’s easy to acquire an InternetIand television access almostIanywhere in the world. The problemIcomes when there is no cell phone linkageIbecause a signal needs to be ableIto bounce off aItower. There are stillImany places in Egypt that don’t have cell coverage so this is an important thing to consider when living off-grid.

2.16 Access to Civilization Easy access to civilization might differ from an individual to another if there is a need to go out from time to time and there is a weekly requirement to go grocery shopping regularly. Furthermore, if there is a need to live near a specific place like a university or a job place. livingIa complete off-gridIlifestyle means that there won’t be time toIspend several hoursIdriving backIand forth. If people are seriously considering living offgrid they must be brutallyIhonest with Ibefore they make anyIdecisions. All of these different variablesIare important to considerIas they decide on how farIoff the grid to go.

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Figure (62) Diagram showin the elements needed form civlizations (developed by author)

Appendix

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2.2 Guide# 2 living efficiently For many, just getting started seems overwhelming. There are small steps that don’t require going off the grid all the way and at the instant, the stepsIto can getIpeople moving towardIa more independent, selfsustainingIlifestyle. This guide provides introductory techniques for living efficiently using off-grid techniques.

Figure (63) diagram showing the structuring of guide #2 (developed by the author)

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2.2.1 Reducing energy use By unplugging all of the unnecessary appliances. Look forIphantom electricityIdrains. According to the America DepartmentIof Energy reports, when turned off, several appliancesIcontinue to draw a smallIamount of electricity. In many appliances, phantom loads occur. This can be avoidedIby unplugging theIappliance or usingIa power strip andIby using the switchIon the powerIstrip to turn off the appliance's entire power. About 50 percent of the energy used to power appliances is used in the typical home when the machines are switched off. Energy Star appliances can be checked at the localIhome-goods store; that sealImeans they areIcertified energy-efficientIproducts.

Table 8 initial appliances that use energy when not using

2.2.2 Planting a Garden Simple plantation on a house garden or a building roof or balcony can provide adequate food production that can reduce or eliminate the need for going to the supermarket. This can be done just by Planting someItomato plants in on a balcony. If planting one's food is hard in overpopulated areas in Egypt. urban communities can promote community gardens or shared spaces in a public location, where residentsIcan purchase a plotIto useIfor gardening. In a densely populated area, this is a perfect alternative or you simply Idon't have the roomIfor a bigIgarden.

2.2.2.1 Picture this website Is a trusted website that provides detailed information about every plant in the world, this can contribute tremendously to people with no experience in gardening. the website also provides an app where any kind of plants can be pictured and identified with its information like the amount of water needed and weekly soil replacement. If using this website is not an option there is an alternative to hiring a local farmer that can guide people to plant their food. An important note to choose to plant the most calorie-rich plants.

Table 9 initial plants for off grid living

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2.2.3 Finding Legal advice It was always important to ensure that everything done is according to Egypt law. it is necessary to be prepared, since there may be an encounter of the issue at any stage of the process. some think that choosing the right home in the right neighborhood is of primary importance, and they are right. However, it is also very important to know how to buy a new property. Also, before signing any contracts, there should be insurance that repairs are made, the deed is prepared and the house is inspected. potentially damaging facts about the property include •

Are there any zoning problems that the property have?

•

Requires any environmental hazards in the property?

•

Are there any conditions or covenants that would limit its use on the property?

•

Is the worth of a property precisely estimated?

•

Can you pay the property taxes?

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2.4 Decision table and map The decision map contributes to making a structured list of the chosen off-grid system. The objective of the PART 1 decision map is to acquire and introduce different off-grid techniques and the different living considerations to take in mind while deciding to go off-grid. Alternatives are proposed if the some of the guides are not met with a note section to write up any alternatives that are not covered in the guidelines or add any further notes while about any gaps in the system.

Table 10 decision checklist table for part 1 proposed system (developed by author)

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Appendix

111

3. Part (2): Early steps large savings or investment portfolio, keeping a regular job, there should be a safe way to earnImoney even living offIthe grid. The realityIis, even if an individual isIself-sufficient, thereIare no escaping expensesIlike propertyItaxes. This part of the design guidelines will discuss ideas on creating income while living off-grid.

Figure (64 )diagram showing the structuring of the design guidelines of part 2 (developed by author)

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3.1 Guide#3 land purchasing One of the first challenges while deciding to live off-grid is choosing the location. this is because there a lot of factors to take into consideration price, Iclimate, location, geographicalIissues, andIpopulation. SoIa decision toIchoose a location should not be made lightly. This guideline will explore and provide the particulars of choosing the right piece of land.

Figure (65) diagram showing the structuring of design guideline #3 (developed by the author)

3.1.1 Land prices consideration Prices can differ from 1 million to 100 million dependingIon the number ofIfeddan, locationIof the property, condition, and size of theIhome. Add toIthat initialIexpense any updating to theIhouse like the septicIsystem, and alternate energyIsources. But it's important to note theseIthings don’t have to happenIall at once. But, there should be a budget enough toIensure that a home is in goodIshape. Another thing that must be considered that the purchasing suppliesIlike a seed, Ilivestock, animal feed, and whatever equipment needed to work on the land. Another important note to add 20 percent of the budget unpredicted surprisesIthat always seemIto crop up at the lastImoment.

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Figure (66) diagram showing land pricing consideration(developed by the author)

3.1.2 Off-grid land features When choosing a land there is a must be a list of the features. To determine if the land suitable for growing crops or raising livestock. Is there a personal reference like hillyIpastures forIgrazing. Should there be aIwater source, like a pondIor creek? The initial steps when it comes to choosing the land is to Determine the soil composition in the land is itIsandy, clay, silty, orIloamy. This will make aIdifference in the kinds of crops to grow and house to build. It is also important to also consider the waterIrights. In many areas in Egypt, even thoughIthe water runsIthrough the land, there are no rights to own it. Lastly, to consider alternative energy needs does the area has enough sunlight for solar energy.

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Figure 67 diagram showing land geographic features (developed by the author)

3.1.3 ArtesianIaquifer An artesian aquifer isIan aquifer, or undergroundIchannel, confinedIamong rockIlayers. The water is under pressure because it is confined, which allows the groundwaterIto flow upwards into a wellIwithout the need forIpumping. If the pressureIis high enough, the waterIcan also hit theIsurface of the ground.

Figure (68) Artesian aquifer diagram (developed by auhtor)

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3.1.4 MicroclimatesI A microclimateIis the climate of a sectionIthat is different fromIthe parts around it. It may be warmer or colder.

The USDA HardinessIZone Map will often show youIif the land is located withinIa microclimate. This is important in that it can be used to the benefit of gardeners who carefully pick and position their plants. Cities also elevate the average temperature by zoning, and a protected location will minimize the winter intensity.

Figure 69 microclimate diagram (developed by author)

Appendix

116

3.2 Guide #4 Developing the Green Thumb To have a successful independent source of food. Research on the land soil must be done : •

Where Will the Garden Be located

•

Looking for placesIthat are not shaded withItrees or Ibuildings.

•

Is the groundIthat is not rocky orIsandy.

•

Thinking about the waterIsource.

•

Is there a convenientIway to transport water to aIgarden?

•

HowIbig will the garden be

Figure (70) Diagram showing the structuring of design guideline #4 (developed by the author)

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3.2.1 What to plant DecidingIwhat to plant will help with theIplacement of the food plants. ForIexample, corn should be placed in a place where it won’t shade other plants. Watermelons need to be planted in an area where theyIhave plenty of roomIto spread out. growing leafy vegetables like lettuce orchard alongside semi-shading plants like tomatoes. Can make the most of the food garden. Companion plants by usingIflowers and herbs that discourageIinsects.

Figure (71) diagram and table of the types of initial plants to grow when living off-grid ( developed by the author)

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3.2.2 Cold frames A cold frame is a wide, rectangular wooden box without a bottom. ColdIframes create aImicroclimate which can be an area and a half older than the zone of a traditional garden. It's important to note that it must be positionedIso the back of theIframe is cut higher than theIfront to catch theIangles of theIwinter sun.

Surprisingly, a cold frame could absorb too much sun on a sunny day, even in cold weather.

Figure (72) diagram showing the food production alternatives (developed by author)

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Figure (73) green house made from recycled material ( getty,2008)

3.2.3 Soil nutrients To produceIsoil that yieldsIthe best food, there shouldIbe a soilItest. Soil test can be done by anyone with no professional supervision, they are sold in local garden stores and online: •

pH: Soil pH determinesIwhether or not plants can consume nutrients. The nutrientsIin the soil can not be absorbed into the plantsIif the pH is too highIor too low (too alkaline or too acidic).

•

Nitrogen: Nitrogen produces abundant stalk, stem, leaf, and grass growth. Too much nitrogen creates green plants that do not grow fruit or seed. Not enoughInitrogen weakens plants and makes themImore vulnerable toIdisease.

•

Potash orIpotassium: PotashIencourages early development of root orItuber, essential forIvegetables such as carrots, potatoes, Iradishes, andIpeanuts. When the test is done and the missing nutrients from the soil are determined, the next step is to bring a proper fertilizer for the plants

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Figure 74 soil tester

Figure (75) Diagram showing the initial soil tests to be done (developed by the author)

3.2.3.1 Manure Manure is anIorganic matter thatIis used as organic fertilizerIin agriculture. There are two typesIof green manure: Ilegumes, likeIalfalfa, clover, andIsoybeans; andInon-legumes like ryegrass, Ibuckwheat, and oats.

There is also animalImanure to addInutrients to your soil. The most common isIthe cow, sheep, andIchicken manure. You need toIbe sure that any manureIyou apply to the gardenIhas aged at least sixImonths to a year.

Also, fresh manureIcan carry bacteria that canIcause illness and may haveIlive weed seeds in it, especially if it’s a cowIor sheepImanure.

Figure (76) diagram showing the types of manure (developed by author)

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Appendix

122

3.3 Decision map The decision map contributes to making a structured list of the chosen off-grid system. The objective of PART 2 is to introduce the initial early steps that should be taken before building the off-grid structure. To ensure the house that would be built operates as expected and produce the required food for survival.

Table 11 decision checklist table for part 2 proposed system (developed by author)

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4. Part (3): full off-grid system guidelines To achieve a fully operable system. Every structure of the house should work for the benefit. The off-grid system requires specific guidelines for the system to be a success. Part 3 covers The initial specifications of architecture. This structural structure is planned and clarified in terms that the professional and non-skilled constructors can relate.

Figure (77) diagram showing the structuring of the design guidelines of part 3 (developed by author)

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4.1 Guide#5 plan Efficient plan design can affect the performance of an off-grid home tremendously. Some people in Egypt mayIfind thatItheyIhave a preconceivedIidea about whatItheir houseIshould be like, and use thisInotion as the startingIpoint for theirIdesign. Building a sufficient off-grid house cannot be designed this way. The proposed plan design is a standard umodule that could be repeated according to the owner's needs of functionality and any changes according to the owner's preference of function, dimensions, and distribution s are applicable and easy to construct. This guide provides the initial components required for building the standard Earthship u-module.

Figure (78) diagram showing the structuring of guide #5(developed by author)

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4.1.1 U-Module Plan The module plan chosen is derived from the Earthship plan module. The module, itself, is an individual Ushaped space or room, with the mass on three sides, glass on the fourth, and a skylight in the ceiling above the U of mass. Dirt or sand is bermed up on the outside of the mass walls for more mass. InIplaces where heating is requiredIsuch a greenhouse, the wallIof glass isIoriented to the south andIsloped for maximum solarIgain on theIcoldest dayIof the year. BecauseIthe modules areIU-shaped, they will oftenIbe referredIto as standardIU-module. TheImodule isIconstructed in two parts: theIU-three mass walls and the greenhouse. The mass U is the main living space for humans, and the greenhouse is the main living space for plants mass U is the main human living room, and the greenhouse is the main plant living space. The greenhouse is always in the sun, whereas the U-space has the potential of sun control. The module is not a house but rather a single room. To make a house, this room can not be expanded but mustIbe multiplied. A houseIis therefore a collectionIof modules, strategically placedIwith each other and theIsite. However, there are someIclear rules aboutIhow the modules shouldIbe placedItogether.

Figure (79) standard u module plan and section ( earthship,2017)

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4.1.2 Plan dimensions and Span ThisImodule can be as small asIanyone wants toIbuild it, but it should not be largerIthan 6 meters wide by 8 metersIdeep. The 6 Meter dimensionIis the largest recommendedIspan between theImass walls becauseIlonger spanningIstructural members are uncommonIand expensive. The 8-meter dimensionIis as deep as the moduleIcan be and stillIbe comfortably warm. If the Iarea of the room reaches those proportions, the air spaceIvolume becomes so high that the surroundingImass can not hold it within Icomfort zone.

Figure (80) diagram showing standard U-module plan requirements (developed by the author)

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4.1.2.1 Straight Row distribution The straight row distribution is an example of the repeated u-module, the repetition is according to the number of individuals that are going to live in the house. So, East to West U's can be constructed right next to each other with the same solar orientation and sharing a common mass wall. The greenhouse is then turned into a corridor, the means of passage from one U to another. It also serves as a healing conduit, because the direct solar heat gain is collected there. The greenhouseIcan be closed offIfrom some U's while remainingIopen toIothers. It is the main veinIof circulation and theIheating duct to support the individual IU's. This helps the Us to retain theirIsimplicity and massIwithout the cost andIloss of efficiency that otherIpatterns of circulation will offer. The simple module is preserved.

Figure (81) straight row distribution (earthship, 2017)

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4.1.2.2 Straight Sten plan distribution On Slope TwoIU's can be put oneIbehind and above theIother, making themIlike steps on the slope of theIsite.

This distribution is beneficial for building in sloped lands, it will have the same capability as the standard distribution module.

Figure (82) Straight Sten plan distribution (earthship,2017)

4.1.2.3 Possible Variations and Modifications The reason that the standard Earthship module would be so economical in Egypt, its really simple to construct.

A good-sizedIsingle-family residenceIcan be constructed in a straight row, with 3 to 5 almost identical U's.

BecauseIthe U's are so similarIin size, detail, andIconstruction. It canIfit in on a flat orIsloping location. ItIis simply the easiestIand most economicalIapproach. Typically the easiestIdesign is the strongest in any case.

The rules of mixing are the rules of construction. Any time that they areIbroken, there will be an extraIexpense, andIusually, cause the performance of the Earthship to suffer.

129

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4.2 Guide # 6 Structure To understandIthe structure of theIU-module, a generalIunderstanding of the concept ofIstructuring buildings is necessary. This guide presentsIthe simple structuralIintegrity of the existing prototypeIfrom the case studies via conceptualIdiagrams, Iphotographs, and three-dimensionalIdrawings.

Figure (83) diagram showing the structuring of guide #6 (developed by the author)

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4.2.1 Structural loads Buildings have two types of loads, liveIloads and dead loads. The deadIload is theIbuilding's weight which is caused by gravity. The building structure has to beIable to support theIweight of its roof. The liveIload is the weight of moreItransient and varyingIthings, such asIpeople, and winds. The sum of these two types of loads is the cumulative charge on the system. The purpose of theIbuilding's construction isIto collect, move, and distributeIthose loadsIto the Earth. This can be done in two differentImethods

Figure (84) diagram showing structural loads (developed by the author)

4.1.3 Earthship Structure The definition of structure is based on the module "U" One "U" may be individually formed, and then replicated again and again. The Earthships are built to embrace Earth, instead of fighting it. The system is based on a very large distribution of loads, such that they are negligible in magnitude byIthe time allIloads enter theIearth. This results in a system that is very supportive and has the technology to move with the Earth.

Thus, their foundations are in the earth-ship bearing walls.

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Figure (85) Earthship standard structure ( bearing walls) (Earthship,2017)

4.1.3.1 Wall mass Rooms are surrounded by mass walls for them to store heat. since there are massive walls, they can be used to hold up the roof. ConventionalIbearing walls for a roomIthe size of an Earthship module areIusually 20 cm thickIand require a foundationI30-120 cm wideIto distribute the loadsIover theIearth upon which itIsets. The massiveIwalls of the EarthshipIare 60-240 cm thick and are already wideIenough to evenly distribute thisIload much more thanIconventional methodsIrequire. The wallsIof the Earthship itself are broader than the footing needed for such a wall. So We are achieving thermal mass, structural bearing, and foundations all in oneIshape.

The type is often found in the earth itself. ThisIresults in a massive, Idurable, resilient structureIequipped to handleIthe seismic loads created by lateral loads such strong winds and earthquakes.

4.1.4 Siwan roof framing The roof structures of Siwan homes are framedIwith beams running in theIeast-west direction so that theIloads are transferredIdirectly to the mass bearingIwalls. This distributesIthe loads in many smallIincrements along the wide, massive wallsIand point loads are avoided

Figure (86) palm trees on the u-module bearing walls( Earthship, 2017)

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Figure (87) Siwan palm tree roofing (Mohamed A. l., 2020)

4.1.5 Greenhouse extension structure In Earthship models, The greenhouseIis a relatively lightIpiece ofIcarpentry work, compared to the massivenessIof the structure. It is a lean-to element which rests on the southernmost beam. As theIloads come down onIthe roof ofIthe greenhouse, theyIare distributedIin part toIthis beam, Ihowever, most of this relatively lightIstress will be transferredIdown to the massIwall which supports theIgreenhouse.

Figure (88) sketch showing the partition placement in the U-module (Earthship,2017)

4.5.1.1 Partition wallsI Partition wallsIare non-structuralIwalls. They will be used toIfill the space between the faceIof the greenhouse and the massIwalls, and to encloseIbathrooms, etc. Since they doInot need to carry anyIloads additional to their weight, theyIsimply set on foundations that are about the sameIwidth as the wallsIthemselves. The Earthship hasItwo styles of partitionIwalls-internal and exterior walls.

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Figure (89) diagram showing the elements of the partition walls in off-grid home (earthship,2017)

4.5.2 Off-grid structure review As was discussed, off-grid houses are designedIwith performance Ieconomy in mind. The fastest, cheapest way to go is to create a house composed of many basic "U" modules. The layout is straightforward and has few variations. Deviations from the basic "U" module structure are possible but they will add to the cost and detract from the building's efficiency. This requires time, conventional materials, and additional skills, and all of these cost more money. Also, this will reduce the mass Iof the room, and reduce theIpossibility of individually controlling the temperature of each room. This is criticalIwhen the cost is anIissue.

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Figure (90) combined off-grid structure system (Earthship,2017)

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4.3 Guide#7 water collection Water in Egypt isIdependent onIelectricity for obtainingIand deliveringIwater. This makes theIwaterdependent on commercialIelectricity. Therefore an off-grid house must have its water system. Now with awareness provided in part 1. There is nothing left except how to get clean water to go about getting it. This guide provides the essential components for building an off-grid water system.

Figure (91) diagram showing the structuring of guide #7 (developed by the author)

Regardless of how you get your water, there are a few essentials that any system will need: •

Pumps – submersible, pumps for pulling/pushing water

•

Electricity for pumps – wired in, solar, wind

•

Pressurized water tank – for water pressure

•

Water tank – Cistern, holding tank, transport tank

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4.3.1 pumping water from ConventionalIwells ConventionalIwells are pumped with a submersibleIelectric pump to a pressure tankIthat pressurizes theIwater lines for householdIuse. This includes electricityIto pump out of the well andIpressurize the tank if a large amount ofIwater is used. But to take into consideration. Well pumpsIuse a lot of energy since theyIpump from deep intoIthe well. They use even more when they firstIstartup. This is called aIsurge. Therefore, any time water isIneeded electricity is required.

Figure (92) sketch illustrating elements of pumping water (earthship,2017)

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4.3.1.1 Solar well SolarIwell and cisterna conventionalIwell can be pumped into a storageIsystem continuously andIslowly all dayIlong (while the sun is out) by aIsmall solar-poweredIdc pump. The surgeIis avoided because the pumpIis notIturned off and on all day. The storage ofIelectricity in batteries is avoided because the smallIpump only has to run while theIsun is out. The pumpIcan be veryIsmall, as it does not have to produce waterline pressure from deep inside the well. It simply has to trickle water into the system all day long. The waterIis then pumped from the cisternIinto a conventionalIpressure tank thatIpressurizes the household waterIlines.

Figure (93) sketch illustrating elements of pumping water into a cistern (Earthship,2017)

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4.3.1.2 Solar Well - Gravity Cistern With the help of gravity, electric pumps and the pressure tank can be all eliminated. If it’s a sloped building sight which is a good strategy to solarIpump the waterIfrom the wellIinto a storageIcistern placed up the hill fromIthe house and let gravity provideIpressure and delivery of theIwater to theIdwelling. This systemIaid in the collectionIof waterIwhich canIeliminate the well and/or pumpingIprocess altogether.

Figure (94) solar well (earthship,2017

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4.3.2 Transporting the water from the source to tank An off-grid water system that requires hauling in water can come from a nearby water source like a river, lake, which will still require filtration. Some areas offer rural water delivery for a fairly affordable price, but many areas, especially extremely remote or hard to reach properties, will not have this service and you will have to haul water in yourself.

Figure (95) transportable water tanks ( geety,2018)

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4.3.3 Using A Submersible Well Pump A submersible pump is a system that has a close-coupled hermetically sealed motor to the pump body. The whole assembly is dipped into the fluid to be pumped. In contrast to jet pumps that create a vacuum and depend on atmospheric pressure, submersible pumps push the fluid to the surface. Submersible well pumps are not available locally in Egypt but can be bought online, or from foreign water pump companies in Egypt.

Figure (96) commercial Submersible well Pump (shutter,2015)

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4.3.4 Calculating the size of the Cistern Tank When choosing a water tank, you will want to account for how much water is used daily. If you use 10 gallons a day and want 7 days of water storage, then you will want to purchase a tank that holds at least 700 gallons.

Keep in mind storing extra water than what you plan is important in unexpected situations like a long term drought or fighting a fire. You will want to keep your cistern with at least 50% capacity as well to keep up the unit’s strength. Therefore, if you want 700 gallons stored, may as well purchase a 1,000-gallon tank.

Figure (97) variations of water tanks (Mohamed,2017)

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4.3.5 Installing an Underground Cistern Tank When selecting the underground option you need to buy a cistern built for underground use. There is extra pressure from the weight of the soil that an underground cistern is specially designed to handle (fig 104).

Figure (98) underground tanks (sek, 2019)

4.3.6 Water system Review To sum up the off-grid water system components. There must be a reliable water source, if the home is to be built in more arid area water can be extracted from the water table. After the water source has been established. the following step is to plan the water system. The standard off-grid water system goes through the following steps: 1- The water is pumped into a storage tank using electricity 2- Then when the tanks are full the submersible pump stops pumping 3- For water use, the water goes through a conventional pump and pressure tank to pump the water into the fixture 4- Before every fixture, there is a series of filters for insuring clean water Additional filters are applied for drinking water

Figure (99) off-grid water system (each ship,2017)

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4.4 Guide # 8 Waste-water System withIthe given factIdue to overpopulation waterIbecame moreIand more, contaminated. So with off-grid living, there should be a total rethinking of what to do with waste-water. The truth is in this case there will be no such thing as waste-water. ExistingIhousing has two types of wastewater - black water andIgreywater.

Blackwater is fromIthe toilets and needsItreatment of someIkind before it can beIdelivered back to theIearth.

Greywater isIfrom everything else, sinks, tubs, showers, Iwashing machines, etc. If care is takenIto use reasonably environmentallyIsafe soaps, detergents, etc, this water canIbe deliveredIimmediately back into the earthIboth inside andIoutside the dwelling.

Figure (100) diagram showing the structuring of guide #8 (developed by author)

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4.4.1 Blackwater Existing housing dumps all the black water into theIsame sewageIsystem that theIreusable greyIwater goes into. TheIresult is a dozenItimes moreIblack waterIto deal with thanIthere is initiallyIwith justIthe toilet.

Because of theseIfacts, if there is must-haveIblack water, the firstIstep toward dealingIwith it is to separate it fromIthe greywater and use a septic tank. the objective besides being aIseparate sewage system for black water is to reuse some of the black water for landscape plantation.

4.4.1.1 Septic system The basicIidea of a septicItank is to have an undergroundItank that has an inletIand an outlet. The inlet isIthe black waterIcoming from theIdwelling. The idea here is to storeIthe blackIwater in theItank for a while.

WhenIthe tank fillsIup with thisIsludge the liquid beginsIto move out the lowerIpipe and into a drainIfield for distributionIback to theIsoil. NormallyIthe drainIfield, like theItank, is sizedIvery large. Due to theItremendous volumeIcaused by theIridiculous practice ofImixing black water withIimmediately reusableIgreywater.

Figure (101) diagram showing the septic tank system ( developed by the author)

Figure (102) sketch showing septic rank vegetation system ( developed by the author)

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4.2.1.2 Septic tank sizing Polyethylene Septic tanks are manufatctured in different sizes, they can also be made concrete and casted on the site for more economic option. The average human generates only 1.5 liters of waste per day. Choosing the size of the septic tank depends on how many times to require a truck to pump out the sewage from the tanks and the personal number of habitats that are going to produce the waste. The size can be calculated by multiplying the the amount of waste generated per day by the number of days in the year if the number is higher than the average septic tank ( refer to manfucturer) then the decision would be to choose a bigger septic tank

4.2.2 Grey Water TheIexisting "solution" is toIput the greywater into theIplantation. MostIof this "waste" thatIpeople putIunderground is exactly whatIplants want. Showers and tubsIConventional tubs andIshowers are major waterIproducers. this volume can and should be cutIway down, however, the potentialIvolume of water here usuallyIrequires that the greywater be takenIto planters. The variousIsoaps and shampoosIare not harmful to plantsIand prefer theIoils and grime that wash offIthe human body. WhereasIshowers and tubsIpresent a major burdenIon conventional sewageIand septicIsystems, they could beIa major contributor to theIwatering andInurturing of plants.

Figure (103) diagram showing the greywater vegetation system ( developed by the author )

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4.2.2.1 Greywater Planting The kitchenIsink gets usedIevery day and has the potential forIproducingIsignificant amounts ofIhighly nutritious greywater. The sinkIcan be drained easily elbowedIand clear into a nearby planter without a trap or a vent. Because Earthships are so conducive to plant growth the planter can be placed nearly anywhere.

Figure (104) sketch showing sink and planting placement in an off-grid home ( developed by the author)

The planter shouldInot be less than 20 square feet in surface area with a foot of topsoil and a foot of gravel beneath the top soil. The pipe should be open to the planter so the waterfalls a few inches into the planter and is then irrigated around in it via dirt trenches

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4.2.3 Wastewater System Review wastewater can be reusedIimmediately withoutItreatment if a full designedImethod is established. in more brief is toItreat all the differentIsources of greywater (the tub/shower, the sink, theIwashing machine, etc.) as separateIentities from the black water system so there is no large quantity of greywater in any one place. The complete system would be that all gey water coming from the bathrooms and kitchen to be reused by going directly to planters that produce food. The greywater goes through standard filters to ensure clean water for the plants. As for the black water coming from the toilets they go directly to a septic tank to be recycled and used for landscaping outdoor

Figure (105) black water and grey water off-grid system ( earthship, 2017)

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4.3 Guide#9 of Electricity These guidelines will coverIthe concepts and schematicsIof solar electric systemsIfor off-grid housing. it will also discuss howIto use a solar electricIsystem relative to theIpatterns and nature of theIsun, the objective here is to provideIthe off-grid house ownerIwith an understanding of theInature of solarIelectricity, how it is collectedIand stored, andIhow to liveIwith it.

Figure (106) diagram showing the structuring of guide #8 (developed by the author)

4.3.1 Preliminary Electric Analysis PhotovoltaicIelectric systems can be veryIcomplicated and almost prohibitivelyIexpensive Iconventional energy sourceIhousing. When coming to the electricity system all the electric appliances should be carefully analyzed. The purpose is toIreduce the electricalIrequirements to a minimum via other inherentIdesign features ofIthe dwelling.

There are briefly 7 systems that will withdraw electricity from a standard off-grid home: •

Heating and cooling systems

•

Hot water systems

•

Lighting system

•

Alarm and security systems

•

Automatic watering systems 150

4.3.2 photovoltaic electricity EnergyIis collected viaIphotovoltaic panels which Isunlight into small electricalIcharges. This energy is then supplied to batteries and stored there. Power is collected and storedIas 12 or 24 voltIDC. Most of theIappliances are 110 volt AC, so the electricityIthat we have capturedIfrom the sun mustIpass through an inverter, Iwhich changes it from DCIto AC power. The less current thisIinverter has toIwork through, the smaller it will be and theIless costly it will be.

4.3.2.1 Inverter When ALLIthe power to be usedImust passIthrough theIinverter, the system becomesIdependent upon the inverter. If the inverterImalfunctions, there will be noIelectricity. This process ofIchanging DC electricityIto AC electricityIalso results in a loss ofIabout 10% of the energy that has been capturedIfrom the sun. Besides, if it has toIhandle too muchIpower the AC inverter mayIbecome costly. An efficient optionIis to make a combinationIsystem, if the inverterImalfunctions, one still has lights whichIfunction directly fromIthe batteries. Also, the lightingIsystem is not subjected to the 10% energyIloss caused byIconverting from DCIto AC.

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Figure (107) diagram showing the connection between the solar panels, the battery and the inverter(developed by the author)

4.3.2.2 Circuit breakers In a solar electric system, standard circuit breaker boxes are used. They occur on the system's ACIside after theIinverter, and after the batteriesIin the system's DCIside. Everything else in the system is very regular, from the circuit breaker boxes on. After the inverter, there will beIa lights breakerIbox on theIDC side and a breakerIbox for the appliancesIon the ACIside.

Figure (108) circuit breakers ( earthship,2017)

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4.3.2.3 Power center If a powerIcenter is used, everythingIgoes into it at oneIlocation for complete controlIof the machine. One major disconnectIfor the entire system can be locatedIthere. This disconnect shutsIoff everything. The gaugesIin a solar electricIsystem tell the condition of theIbatteries, how muchIpower is used fromIthe lights andIappliances, how much you are gettingIfrom theIsun, etc.

Figure 109 power center (Earthship, 2017)

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4.3.3 Off-grid electricity Review Building an off-grid house in Egypt will require electricity. In the Egypt case, the only source of electricity that will be economically efficient would be from the sun by using photovoltaic cells. Building house dependent panels require specific components to ensure successful electricity operation. the electricity generated from the panels goes to DC batteries and for the electricity to work for AC appliances they require an inverter accompanied by the battery to convert the dc electricity to ac electricity. All these connections go to a circuit breaker and then the power center to have control over the entire system.

Figure (110) diagram showing the electricity system requirements( developed by the author)

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4.4 Guide #10 Hot Water The onlyIproblem with acquiringIsolar hotIwater in the sunbelt Iareas is whenIhot water is needed. Solar hot water isIvery simple toIproduce. It is Ihowever, more difficultIand more expensiveIto have on handIduring the night or cloudyIwinter days. These guidelines provide different alternatives and considerations when acquiring hot water on an off-grid home.

Figure (111) diagram showing the structuring of guide #8 (developed by the author)

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4.4.1 Conventional water heaters Since the off-grid home will be fully reliant on solar electricity, water can be heated by using conventional water electric heaters. The main setback here that separate water heaters withdraw a lot of electricity due to the refilling process furthermore conventional solar panels are not designed for this kind electricity usage and there is a lot of systems that are dependent on the solar energy so it's for the best to have a separate water heating system.

Figure 112 Conventional water heaters( developed by author)

4.4.2 SolarIheaters TraditionalIwater heaters connect directly to energy from your home grid. On the other hand, solar-powered heaters draw power from solar collectors that capture energy directly from the sun. Such a system will reduce your reliance on the electric grid. In doing so, it helps to save money and go green and make the world safer.

Figure 113 solar heater inlet and outlet sketch ( developed by author)

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4.4.3 Solar Batch Heaters Batch heaters areIcalled so because they are both theIheater for a "batch" of hot waterIand the storageItank.

To carry as much water asIpossible the tank should be as wide as possible. Batch heaters with the water system are sometimes pressurized, so they dependIon the gravity flowIto deliver the water. A batch heater is aIthin recta-linear tankIwith glass in frontIof it and builtIinto the roof in someIway they can be constructed with simple carpentry tools.

Figure (114) solar batch heater system diagram ( developed by the author)

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4.4.5 Hot water system review To sum up the hot water system, off-grid electricity is precious when it all depends on solar panels, and using conventional water heaters can use a lot of the electricity coming from the batteries that are from panels.

Furthermore, regular solar panels are not designed for the constant electricity usage of the water heaters. So solar water heaters with emergency storage tanks are the choice when it comes to airing hot water off-grid. A solar water heater extracts heat from the sun into a tank to the water fixtures, with a separate connection to an emergency storage tank.

Figure (115) diagram showing the full water heating system of off-grid home (developed by author)

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4.5 Guide # 11 Lighting The objectives of off-grid house lighting are to reduce both expense and energy requirements for providing domestic light. the purpose of this guide, therefore, will be to establish this direction and to present the concepts and equipment for simple, inexpensive "off the power grid" lighting, and the important exploitation of daylighting and primitive techniques of night lighting.

4.5.1 Daylighting Before applying electric lighting there should be as much natural light from the sun as possible during daylight hours. this is an inherent feature of the off-grid design resulting from the admission of the sun for heat and the use of skylights for ventilation. In addition to the heat and ventilation needs, and understanding of the domestic lighting will be needed when locating skylights and solar glass.

Figure (116) sketch showing the comparison between using white paint and the skylight positioning for daylighting ( Earthship, 2017)

Lighting needs should be considered concerning the front face glass when choosing shades for controlling the admission of heat. Shades that reduce the sunlight coming through the front face, for example, can be translucent rather than opaque.

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Figure (117) opaque shading ( Earthship,2017)

4.5.2 Night Lighting Night lighting can be broken into two categories, work lighting, and atmosphere lighting. This is a good way to delineate the AC and DC branches discussed in the power system. The work light is on AC power and the room lighting is DC powered. work lighting or AC working lights like the new bulbs are readily available in standard stores. They are plugged into regular sockets. this is conventional equipment to start with. This is why all plug outlets are suggested to be on the AC branch of the system. The majority of work lights are conventional lamps bought in convenience stores that are part of the furnishings of a room as opposed to being built-in.

Figure (118) lighting system requirements for electricity shaving (developed by the author)

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4.5.4 Room lighting Room lighting is usually a broader usage of electricity involving more fixtures and is generally used to light up the dwelling space overall. Since this lighting usually involves more use of electricity than a particular spotlight for working. it is suggested that the DC branch the solar system be used directly for room lighting.

It is not dependent on the inverter and will provide light without the 10% energy sacrifice of the inverted power and will provide light even if the inverter is down.

Figure (119) lighting placement diagram ( Earthship,2017)

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4.5.5 Natural night lighting The exploitation of natural lighting can reduce overall electricity use. Primitive ways like lighting with candles instead of using electric lighting are not simple to take for granted. Candle lighting can be integrated with the design of the grid house. They can of course be used for emergencies. But they can be used for temporary use like reading, dining, and studying. Salt lamps for example have been used for many years in Siwan culture until now. Salt lamps beside having health benefits they provide adequate lighting. They can be bought from any local stores in Siwa.

Figure (120) Siwan salt candles ( Mohamed,2017)

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4.5.6 Light system review Off-grid lighting must firstly utilize all the natural lighting and daylighting techniques before using and applying an electric light system, this is initial to ensure that every light fixture is an absolute necessity for living off the grid. Furthermore, the light system must be chosen according to the solar system electricity branches the ROOM LIGHTS to be in the DC branch, and the work light to be in the AC branch for less energy loss. To ensure more economical electricity usage primitive lighting like salt candles can be used instead of work lights.

Figure (121) diagram showing the elements of the off-grid lighting system ( developed by author)

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4.5 Guide # 12 Ventilation system Earthship structures have a natural ventilation system based on convection. A 9-meter pipe extends from the interior of the house under the berm, cooling the air by the time it gets to the comfort zone. As the hot air rises, the system creates a steady airflow - of cooler air coming in, and warmer air blowing out through a smaller vented window in the greenhouse. This guideline provides the ventilation system components to eliminate any AC system requirements.

Figure (122) diagram showing the structuring of guide #12 (developed by the author)

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4.5.1 Earth-tubes (geothermal energy) These are tubes that are buried in the ground behind the house and penetrate the rear wall. They are intended to provide natural cooling. Warm air is released through the skylight in the greenhouse which creates a draw pulled in through the cooling-tubes. From outside, warm air is drawn through the pipe, losing heat to the ground where the pipe is hidden, and entering the house more cooled. This approach addresses ventilation in a hot environment; in a cold climate. there wouldn’t be any windows on the north side of the Earthship, The tubes can be placed on the north side for controlling the indoor temperature. They can be cast or made of PCV pipes, they are both applicable in Egypt.

Figure (123) earthship tube construction (earthship,2016)

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4.5.2 Gravity Skylights the gravity-operated skylight is an integral part of the off-grid house ventilation system. though it is very simple in concept and design, .The regulated airflow through an Earthship form aligns with a natural

warm-air propensity to rise. Therefore, skylights should be in the highest places possible to allow this warmer air to escape if necessary. Fresh air must be allowed to reach the lowest places possible. this creates a natural airflow bringing outside fresh cooler air in and allowing hotter staler air to leave via a chimney effect. the result is a natural airflow and air exchange throughout the space.

Figure (124) sketch showing the benefit of gravity of skylight for airflow ( developed by the author)

Figure (125) gravity skylight mechanism ( Earthship,2017)

4.5.3 Ventilation system Review To sum up the ventilation system, the off-grid system should not require any electricity when it comes to ventilation as they are a major contributor to electricity withdrawal. For the off-grid ventilation system to work the system should have access of north wind which can be established by Earthship tube, The airflow inside the indoor areas are controlled by using a gravity skylight using a stack ventilation effect therefore the cool air coming from the tubes to be flown out through the gravity skylight that is placed in the south side of the house.

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Figure (126) diagram showing the full venilation system ( developed by author )

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4.6 Decision map The decision map contributes to making a structured list of the chosen off-grid system. The objective of PART 3 is to introduce the initial building components to gather for building the off-grid structure. Every component in this list have various building alternatives that can replace the selected once, but an important note that any changes or replacements can affect the overall off-grid operation.

Table (12) decision checklist table for part 2 proposed system (developed by the author)

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5. Part (4): codes and permits Building codes and lending institutions control the type of housing that is available or possible. This is because building permits and financing must be obtained before building. Many new or different concepts must be rigorously tested, as officials are not being paid to take chances on new ideas. They are being paid to enforce existing dogma. Consequently, they appear to go through the current books without regard to environmental or human issues. This section covers the initial permits and regulations that may be an obstacle during offgrid operations in Egypt

Guide # 13 Regulations in remote areas in Egypt Since the off-grid living does not need electricity, well water, or sewers for construction or operation, remote land (which is far less expensive) is always an option. Remote land always has fewer restrictions. So the best option is to choose a remote land that the off-grid concept allows there will be an easier time with building officials. In some cases, there will not be the need to encounter them at all furthermore that is and what will be happening in the New valley governate in Egypt.

New valley population attraction project: The New Valley Governorate has a Population Village

Attraction project, in coordination with the

supervision of the Council of Ministers and Local Development and in cooperation with a distinguished company in the field of land reclamation and cultivation, to support the implementation of a project to reclaim an area of 10 thousand acres in the villages of the New Valley.

Below are the 10 most important information about the project: •

The land areas designated for the project are located in distinct areas in the villages of the New Valley Governorate.

•

The lands are distributed according to the usufruct system with the intent to acquire ownership afterward.

•

The lands designated for the project are ready for reclamation and cultivation.

•

Operating the project with a solar energy system, developed irrigation, and cultivating the finest types of crops.

•

Projects of rural houses attached to agricultural lands are being implemented to accommodate families in them for free.

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•

The project relies on distributing land to young people from the densely populated Upper Egypt and Delta governorates to reconstruct the lands of the New Valley and reduce the population pressure in the Nile Valley governorates.

Wells digging permits The groundwater sector of the Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation has set 10 conditions that can be found in their website for obtaining a license to drill groundwater well to irrigate "fall" or "farm" lands within the reins of the valley and the delta, for 3 years, to be issued after the presentation to the Supreme Licensing Committee.

Figure (127) well permit application ( PSM,2019)

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6. Chapter Conclusion All things considered, The objective of this chapter is to provide the initial building design components of Off-grid housing and the division of the guidelines into parts is to focus on each step through the off-grid living process. The parts are divided according to the hierarchal steps of going off-grid living from a step of considering the design process. It is important to note also that initial to go through all the guidelines to live a successful off-grid lifestyle. Living efficiently and economically is also a from the techniques of living offgrid and that is the purpose of each part in this chapter, is that one can settle by one part or all the parts as preferences as a way of employing some of the concepts presented in the design guidelines.

The following points are the summary of the chapter parts according to their design guidelines objectives: •

Part 1: Off-grid living consideration

This part covers the initial things to consider in the decision-making process of living off-grid, the importance of financial security, electricity dependence adjustments, health care, and so on. This is an important part to read to eliminate any unpredicted problems in the Off-Grid living process •

Part 2: Off-grid living pre-steps

Part 2 is an extension of part 2 but with physical steps before gathering the off-grid system component, the part covers the simple but yet important process of living off-grid which is buying the right land with the right resources, ensuring the capability of the land to produce food and water. This part is initial because according to its success it will determine if the land is capable of operating the off-grid system in the long run.

•

Part 3: Off-grid system components

This part introduces the effective components of building a full off-grid system that can work anywhere in Egypt and even in the most densely populated areas. But it's important to note that the objective of the guidelines is to relieve pressure from the exciting cities in Egypt and colonize the Egyptian unpopulated areas.

So the system selected was chosen according to the techniques covered form the case studies and modified to ensure compatibility for the Egyptian environment and contexts. It's important to note every system component has its alternatives but any changes can impact the effectiveness of the whole introduced system.

•

Part 4: codes and permits

Codes and building permits in Egypt have a standard process that only takes a month and a year after building. But considering that the system introduced is different form any house system in Egypt. An obstacle that could be mt during the process will be is the paper's requirements for digging wells and building in certain places that could have different restrictions than others. This part covers the solutions and considerations during acquiring the papers for building an off-grid home.

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Chapter (6): Conclusion and Recommendations 1. Chapter introduction This thesis aimed to develop an effective design guideline for off-grid housing that would be compatible with Egypt’s Environment and overpopulation patterns. Based on the exploratory qualitative analysis of exploring off-grid housing possibilities in Egypt and investigation of the overpopulation dilemma in Egypt, it can be concluded overpopulation is negatively affecting Egypt's housing system and off-grid housing can relieve pressure from the government efforts to maintain the operation of the existing housing system. This chapter includes conclusions as related to the literature on overpopulation and off-grid housing. Also included is a discussion about the case study's contribution to developing the design guidelines and on the connections of the research methods to the thesis data collection and analysis. The chapter concludes with the recommendation of the limitations of the study, areas for future research, and a brief reflection on the thesis.

2. Exploratory qualitative methods Exploratory research methods Were used in the thesis to explore the issue of overpopulation. It’s important to note that it doesn’t produce definitive results, as it is used to answer questions like what, why, and how.

Figure (128) diagram showing the exploratory qualitative methods used in the dissertation ( developed by the author)

2.1 Exploratory research: Summary of Steps followed •

Identify the problem: After identifying the under-researched problem of overpopulation in Egypt, it has been established that overpopulation is an under-researched problem in Egypt and isIaddressed by carrying outImultiple methods toIanswer the thesis question through further research.

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•

Further research: Once the data is obtained, the thesis is continued through a descriptive investigation on overpopulation impact on the Egypt housing system and exploration off-grid housing system solutions. Qualitative methodsIare used toIfurther studyIthe subject topic in detail and findIout a different solution for this subject, the qualitative methods used was through:

1. Data collection Literature review, case studies, and semi-structured interview 2. Data analysis Thematic analysis of interviews and comparative analysis of the case studies

2.1.1 Contribution of Exploratory research.

•

It helps lay theIfoundation of research, which canIlead to furtherIresearch.

•

It enables the researcherIto understand atIan early stage, if theItopic is worth investing theItime and resourcesIand if it is worthIpursuing.

•

It can assist otherIresearchers to find out possibleIcauses for theIproblem

2.1.2 Limitation of Exploratory research •

The mainIdisadvantage of exploratoryIresearch is that they provideIqualitative data. Interpretation of suchIinformation can beIjudgmental.

•

ManyIa time, if the data is being collectedIthrough secondaryIresearch, then there is a chanceIof that dataIbeing old and is notIupdated

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2.2 Summary of the contribution of exploratory research methods Table (13) advantages and disadvantages of exploratory research methods

Advantages of exploratory research

Disadvantages of exploratory research

flexibilityIand can adapt toIchanges as theIresearch progresses.

EvenIthoughIit can point you in the rightIdirection towards what isIthe answer, it is usuallyIinconclusive.

It helps lay the foundation ofIresearch, which can lead to further

The main disadvantageIof exploratory research is that they provide

research.

qualitative data.

IInterpretation

of such information can be Ijudgmental

andIbiased.

It enables theIresearcher toIunderstand at an early stage, if the

Most of theItime, exploratory research involves a smaller sample, hence

topicIis worth investingIthe time andIresources and if it is

theIresultsIcannotIbeIaccuratelyIinterpretedIforIaIgeneralizedIpopulation.

worthIpursuing.

It can assist otherIresearchers to find out possibleIcauses for the

Many a time, if the data is beingIcollected through secondary research, then

problem, which canIbe further studied in detail toIfind out, which

thereIis a chance of that data being old and is not updated

of them is the most likely cause for the problem

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3. Literature review chapter summary Writing of the literatureIreview involved collecting, Ievaluating, and analyzingItrusted sources (such as books and journalIarticles) that relate to the thesisIquestion and problem. There are twoImain steps in the writingIof each point in the literature which are: 1. Search for Comparable literature 2. Identify themes, debates, and gaps Since the methods of research of this thesis is exploratory qualitative analysis, the gaps identified in the literature are identified as unresearched problems of overpopulation. The gaps identified were an initial factor in determining the criteria of case studies and the development of the design guidelines.

Figure (129) pyramid diagram showing the narrowing down of the key points of overpopulation (developed by the author)

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Figure (130) pyramid diagram showing the narrowing down of the key points of off-grid housing (developed by the author)

3.1 Contribution to the literature review chapter The mainIpurpose is to evaluate the current stateIof research and demonstrateIknowledge about the topic. The literature review gave the chanceIto: •

DemonstrateIyour familiarity withIthe topic ofIoverpopulation

•

DevelopIthe design guidelines and methodologyIfor the researchI

•

PositionIthe thesis topic to otherIresearches andItheory’s

•

addresses the gaps of research and contributes to different debates

•

selecting the criteria of case studies

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3.2 limitation of literature review chapter As mentioned the conducting of the literature review was based on exploring and identifying gaps of underresearched problems concerning the topic. Although The gaps have been considered through selecting the criteria of case studies and the development of design guidelines Some research gaps were not addressed fully due to the lack of its connection to off-grid housing and overpopulation some misconceptions for example: •

country depts increased because of building new cities in Egypt

•

unemployment increased due to lack of education

•

increase of migration as an approach to finding employment

•

ensuring good quality of healthcare

•

clean energy fuels generators instead of solar panels

4. case studies chapter summary Conduction the case studies provided contextual, in-depth knowledge about off-grid housing, which allowed to explore the key characteristics and techniques od off-grid living. The selection of the case studies was based on literature review key points. It was important to select a home that had the same Environmental context as Egypt. Which will be off-grid homes in hot weather and overpopulated countries.

Figure (131) diagram showing the contribution of the literature review on selecting the case studies (developed by author)

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4.1 Case study chapter contribution Conducting the case study had an initial role in the development of the design guidelines for off-grid housing, for example, each case had its techniques and tools for the operating the off-grid system.

Summary of the roles of the case studies can be found in: •

Waybe house standard U-module for determining the number of living members

•

Siwan candle lighting as a way of electricity reduction

•

Windship form for disaster resistance and repetitive form for facilitating the development for offgrid community

4.2 Case studies chapter limitations Although the off-grid homes addressed in the case studies use innovative ways for off-grid living techniques, they are also known to build with a low budget. Low budgeting can work for many cases in Egypt especially for poor places that require adequate solutions for living, but sacrifices like this are not always necessary if there are local material for example: •

Earthship is known to build with waste material like car tires and beer cans as a way to reduce waste and recycling it, meanwhile in Egypt is not always necessary because building with waste requires certain labor skills. Which doesn’t meet the design guidelines' objectives

•

The swan house is built with kharshif as a building material for walls and the main structure of the house, although it is considered to be an innovative way to use local material, it's not nearly sustainable and resistant to heavy rain furthermore the material is not available in the aridest places in Egypt which don’t meet the design guidelines objectives.

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5. Design guidelines chapter summary The Design guideline's initial role was to provide recommendations on how to apply design principles for offgrid housing and provide a positive user experience. The design guidelines provide a chance for readers to adopt principles such as intuitiveness, learnability, efficiency, and consistency so people can create compelling off-grid home designs and meet needs. The conducting of the interviews and case studies were the initial core of the development of the design guidelines, they were presented in: •

The interviews contributed to the development (part 1) and (part 2) in the design guidelines, they provided clear insight into the consideration to take before and during living off-grid.

•

The case studies contributed to the development of (part 3) and part (part 4) as they were more involved in the off-grid housing system.

5.1 design guidelines Contribution All things considered, form the online semi-structured interviews, and the case studies all parts of the design guidelines had its objectives of design, which are presented in the following summary of the design guidelines: •

Part 1: Off-grid living consideration

Included ensuring financial safety and the personal capability of individuals to live off-grid •

Part 2: Off-grid living pre-steps

Included the initial land features and price considerations, to determine whether the land is suitable for offgrid living or not.

•

Part 3: Off-grid system components

Included innovative techniques and tools for living off-grid derived for the case studies •

Part 4: codes and permits

Included the expected problems that could be met during the inquiry of the codes and permits for building the off-grid house.

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5.2 Design guidelines chapter limitation The design guidelines' role was to provide the initial design elements for off-grid housing. Although each design element was covered according to its compatibility with Egypt Environment and context, the elements of implementation were not addressed. Since this type of housing is not yet applied implementation and coordination for such a system is not yet provided, but with further research, a standard implementation process may be provided. The area of concern can be found in: •

Finding the right number of labor that is willing to learn a new way of construction

•

Simplifying the design elements, so the right dimensions can be implemented

•

Construction drawings of the innovative features analyzed in the case studies to be simplified, for Egyptian workers

•

Transportation of building material if the location is an arid place, which requires a lot of coordination and construction workers to ensure low cost.

6. Research Recommendations Based on these conclusions of each chapter and the limitation identified, further research is recommended in areas of limitations. they can be summarized in: •

Integrating off-grid housing on the apartment Buildings scale: off-grid housing are known to be on the single-story scale, but the scale of a multi-story building is not yet applied anywhere, which provide ana opportunity for further research on this topic since it will be a solution if the option of building an isolated home in the desert its not an option.

•

vertical community farming can be a benefit if integrating vegetation to houses is not an option, vertical farming can work in overpopulated cities where all the land areas are equipped by building, and they're no place for horizontal farming. This can provide a more realistic opportunity for making large communities off-grid in the aspect of food production.

•

Off-grid housing developed in the design guideline is limited to the design phase, although every system requirement is covered. But yet the implementation or construction phase will need more addressing and study. Because coordination of this type of housing might meet unexpected problems 181

•

Regulation codes permitting is covered in the last part in the design guideline, although codes and permitting in Egypt go to the standard process. Some designs are not approved by the government due to the complexity of the design and meeting the standard Egyptian building codes. So experimental research concerning building this type of housing is recommended

•

Low-cost tools and building materials were all a consideration and requirements of the design guideline, further research is recommended in terms of the surprises during the construction of this types of homes, constructing an off-grid home in Egypt should make room for budget mistakes, since they will be a new type of housing. Cost-benefit cost analysis, building construction cost analysis are research aspects to be considered.

•

Safety and security must be a requirement when considering going full off-grid in an isolated arid land, research about the different and innovative system on providing security for an off-grid home.

Such as automatic alarms, camera facial recognition, electric fences….etc

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7. Thesis contribution and closing remarks Overpopulation in Egypt is one of the most pressing environmental problems, quietly exacerbating the forces behind global warming, environmental degradation, habitat destruction, the sixth mass extinction, industrial agricultural practices, and the extraction of limited natural resources, such as freshwater, arable land, and fossil fuels, at rates faster than the rate of regeneration. However, putting extra efforts on the government to provide and repair the patterns of problems caused by overpopulation to the housing system. the housing system meaning utilities produced from like energy, food production, and housing that all depended on the government authorities to manage them. With the increase of population, all aspects of operating a stable country become vulnerable to being corrupted such as the appearance of slums, pollution, and resources depletions among other things that are hurting the environment.

The appearance of the off-grid movement in the 1970s in America as an escape of the energy crisis, the realization of dependence from the government came and People started to live off-grid as an escape of overpopulation and the dependence from the governmental framework. Living off-grid meaning living with no reliance on any public utilities. With off-grid living being, a trend in America governmental pressures to provide for its people have been majorly relieved. Concluding that off-grid living provided a solution for many to overcome vulnerability towards the government to provide and the country’s limited resources.

The initial objective in the thesis is to provide a design guideline for off-grid housing in Egypt as an approach of reducing overpopulation and as an opportunity for people to be environmentally aware of the causes and effects of overpopulation to their wellbeing. Off-grid housing in Egypt beside reducing overpopulation impacts, it can provide an opportunity to explore Egypt unpopulated lands, To have a more independent lifestyle, redeem the ancient Egyptian lifestyle of Farming, and regardless of what may happen to the world, feel safe that one is a master of owns fate.

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