Policy Alignment . In general, the national, provincial, and local governments has incorporated the issue of slum upgrading in their policy document and regulation. There are several key aspects that each level share to improve the quality of slum settlements: Community participation; Multi-level stakeholder collaboration; Socio-economic capacity building; Establishment of coordinating group; Precinct plan; and Physical improvement. These documents have put both physical and social development as the priority for slum improvement, although major limitations are found in the social aspect. There are three steps for slum improvement: Acknowledgement through mapping, profiling, land certification, and land registration; Physical improvement; and Action to prevent further slum formation. However, the policies are rigid in which the improvement is still based on legality of tenure presented in the levels of slum improvement. They are: Rehabilitation is a form of in-situ upgrading without large intervention such as painting and fixing uneven street surface. Reconstruction is a large-scale upgrading where the residents are moved to temporary house and move back to the original location after the construction is complete. Resettlement is to move the residents to other places if the kampung is illegal, no matter the condition of the settlements is.
30 | Problem Analysis
In other word, regardless the condition of slum settlements, if it is illegal, they will get displaced. In provincial and local level, slum settlements situated in inner city is encouraged to be improved as vertical housing. Meanwhile, slum settlements located along the riverside shall be acquired and cleared to convert the area for green network. The rigid framework of these policies could threaten the position of Kampung Braga. In provincial level, one of the criteria for the residents to receive improvement or incentive for their house is by having legal land or building certificate. In other words, residents living in very poor slum area, who commonly do not have legal tenure, cannot get benefitted from the improvement program. It gives a sense that tenure security shall be the priority. The multilevel policies have mentioned the urge to create precinct plan or Building and Environment Plan which is contextspecific. However, there is no Building and Environment Plan for Braga area although the area is designated as regional activity centre that is subject for rehabilitation.
