COVER STORY
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WASTE MANAGEMENT IN KNIT INDUSTRY SAYALI BHAMARE Head of Department, B.Voc Fashion Design, K.V.N. Naik College, Nashik
Abstract Concerns about the handling of textile waste have risen in recent years all over the world. Textile demand growth is influenced not only by population growth, but also by economic and fashion cycles. The textile industry's rapid fashion cycle has resulted in a high level of consumption and waste generation. This can cause a negative environmental impact since the textile and clothing industry is one of the most polluting industries. Textile manufacturing is a chemical-intensive process and requires a high volume of water throughout its operations. Wastewater and fiber wastes are the major wastes generated during the textile production process. Keywords: knitting, textile, waste. Consumption and growth of knit Industry in the last decade Many companies in the world market manufacture knitted fabric. They include weft (circular) knitting and warp (flat) knitting in their manufacturing. The manufacturing done by all these companies can include fashion and apparel knitting, technical knitting and household knitting. The material used by them may include : cotton and synthetic yarns, pile yarns, elastomeric yarns, laces and some others. In recent times, these industries are using artificial intelligence to promote their production. Also, eco-friendly fabrics are in demand due to rising awareness of global warming and the necessity to protect the environment. The knitted fabric market size was
grown by 2.1% since 2014, it became $55.8 billions in 2018. In 2017, the global apparel industry size was $684.6 billion and grown to $758.7 billion in 2018. This includes highest demand of fashion and apparel segment due to high demand of clothing and accessories by young consumers and their high expenditure on it. It resulted in positive impact on knitted fabric industry in the period of 2014-2018. Waste generated by Knitting Industry The worldwide increasing demand in knitting fabrics also results in increasing the waste production and its environmental hazards. It causes reduction of clean water resources, increasing energy costs, increasing use of chemicals and many other drawbacks. The use of toxic chemicals leads to air pollution as well as water pollution. Companies producing knitted materials have to do packaging of final products, it leads to solid waste. Due to the higher demand, machines need more electric supply. The sound emerging from those machines can cause hearing problem to workers. In this industry around 1500 types of chemicals are used including dyes, transferring agents, finishing agents, surfactants, softeners, auxiliaries etc. This causes 17-20% industrial water pollution. Only 70% toxic chemicals can be detected amongst them and 30% cannot be cleaned. Number of chemicals are released in air causing air pollution. Some chemicals can cause skin diseases through final products. In June, 2005, users were detected with skin allergies and it was expected to grow to 60% by 2020. Some organic
pollutants are biodegradable and they consume oxygen while their degradation. Acidic, Basic and Metallic salts pollutants are inorganic so their chemical and biochemical interplay in water are different. Water is used in each stage from processing to packaging. A small industry producing 8000kg/day also needs 1.6 million litres approximately. A 16% of this, is used for dying and half of it is used for printing. 200,000 litres of water is contaminated during conventional dying and finishing process per 1000 kg of fabric. Along with chemicals and water, electricity is consumed on huge amount. This includes energy to heat, dry and operate the machines. This causes greenhouse gases emission and carbon footprints. According to the report, 18.8-23 MJ thermal energy and 0.450.55 kWh electric energy is required. Thermal energy is used in chemical treatment process, predominantly for heating water and drying textile material. Electric energy is used for spinning and weaving processes. Another important thing in production is packaging and transportation of raw material as well as final products. Today many products of packaging are made from petroleum based raw materials. Also non-recyclable plastic are used in some areas. Transportation needs non-reusable fuel which is abstracted from natural resources. Ashes-mud, paper tubes and cones, nonreusable dirty fabrics, carton boxes are solid wastes gained from packaging
MARCH 2021
