The adoption of environmental strategies in large Colombian businesses

118 | Carlos Fúquene Retamoso

to the wellness of people and ecosystem conservation and protection. The company has co-financed social projects in low-income communities located near to the facilities of the firm, reaching investment values of 5.9 million USD in 2017 and 14.5 million USD in 2018. The adoption of industry standards included ISO 14001, AA1000 and ISO 26000, in addition to their commitment to reporting initiatives according to the GRI guidelines. Oil & Gas Company adopted voluntary programs such as UN Global Compact principles, the CEO Water Mandate and voluntary principles on security and human rights. Finally, the company participated in green awards such as Green Vendor Rating award, the CSR award and the CSR initiative award. Reputational strategies included the management of relations with communities for the positioning of the company in the country and the design of a new brand replacing the pre-Colombian figure that represented the company for 50 years, to reflect the sustainability vision of the company. Finally, Biodiversity conservation programs included study and conservation of wetlands, reforestation plans and specific actions in conservation of wild species. Table 21. ESA – Oil & Gas Company. observed environmental practices * Adoption of compliance practices associated with environmental impact assessments, preparation of environmental management plans, mitigation and compensation activities, substitution of restricted materials and renewal of permits associated to the use and exploitation of natural resources. * Adoption of pollution reduction practices associated to process monitoring, improvement of operations to achieve efficiency in resource management and the implementation of closed loops (i.e. gas, water and wastewater). * Reputational practices through the establishment of effective relations with regulators, dialogues with communities to inform about the environmental impacts of projects, * Support for culture-based educational programs, co-financing of infrastructure and public utilities, financing of social entrepreneurship and support for rural development projects. * Adoption of industry standards and voluntary programs such as ISO 14001 and ISO 26000 standards and UN Global Compact principles, the CEO water mandate and human rights principles. * Pollution compensation through the support for environmental conservation programs such as study and conservation of wetlands, reforestation plans and specific actions in conservation of wild species.

The adoption of environmental strategies in large Colombian businesses

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Table 40. Factors for the adoption of environmental strategies

Table 39. ESA and ESA Factors across cases

Table 38. Main ESA factors observed in the case studies

Figure 15. ESA and the ESA factors at the Dairy Company

Table 37. Main environmental strategies observed in the case studies

Table 35. Business model – Dairy Company

Figure 14. ESA and the ESA factors at the Cosmetic Company

Table 36. Manager´s Perspective – Dairy Company

Table 33. ESA –Dairy Company

Table 34. Business Context – Dairy Company

Table 32. Manager´s perspective – Cosmetic Company

Table 30. Business Context – Cosmetic Company

Table 31. Business model – Cosmetic Company

Table 29. ESA – Cosmetic Company

Table 23. Business Model – Oil & Gas Company

Table 25. ESA – Agri-business

Table 27. Business Model – Agri-business

Table 26. Business Context – Agri-business

Table 22. Business Context – Oil & Gas Company

Figure 11. ESA and the ESA factors at the Utility Company

Table 21. ESA – Oil & Gas Company

Table 20. Manager´s Perspective – Utility Company

Table 19. Business Model – Utility Company

Table 18. Business Context – Utility Company

Figure 10. ESA and ESA factors at the Chemical Company

Table 17. ESA – Utility Company

Table 16. Manager´s Perspective – Chemical Company

Table 14. Business Context - Chemical Company

Table 15. Business Model - Chemical Company

Table 13. ESA - Chemical Company

Figure 9. ESA and ESA factors at the Bank

Table 12. Manager´s perspective -Bank

Table 10. Business Context - Bank

Table 8. Selected cases

Table 11. Business Model - Bank

Table 9. ESA - Bank

Table 7. ESA and influencing factors

Figure 8. Data classification

Figure 6. Theoretical Model of ESA and ESA Factors

Table 5 Business models and environmental strategies

Table 4. Business context and Environmental Strategies

Figure 5. Collaborative networks of ESA research

Table 3 Co-occurrence configuration of ESA Factors

Table 2. Typology of environmental strategies used in this research

Figure 3. Co-word clusters in the literature review

Table 6. Manager´s perspective and Environmental Strategies

Figure 2. Distribution of articles in Journals