Diplomat November/December 2019

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{ FOCUS ON KAZAKHSTAN }

DAVID CHIKVAIDZE on President Tokayev, His Former Boss at the United Nations

ZURAB ABASHIDZE

on Georgia-Kazakhstan Relations:

There Is a Lot of Interesting And Important Work Ahead

NATIA TURNAVA

We Are Going to Make Georgia a Regional Hub with Huge Potentials for Business Success

NIKOLOZ GEGUCHADZE

Halyk Bank Enjoys the Support of a Strong Financial Group

TAMAZ CHKHIKVISHVILI

Georgia's Transit Potential If Explored Will Contribute Greatly to the Nation's Budget Growth

CAPITOL INVESTMENT GROUP

{ EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW } AMBASSADOR OF KAZAKHSTAN TO GEORGIA

A Success Story Started with the Management of Kazakh Investment Projects

B AURZHAN

MUKHAMEJANOV

โ€œThe Main Wealth of Georgia Is Its Peopleโ€

ISSN 2449-3007

9

772449

300003

November/December 2019



Contents Cover Story

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แƒ‘แƒแƒฃแƒ แƒŸแƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒฃแƒฎแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒฏแƒแƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ˜: แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ›แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒกแƒ˜แƒ›แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ แƒ” แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒฎแƒ˜แƒ

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Baurzhan Mukhamejanov: The Main Wealth of Georgia Is Its People

Features

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แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ‘แƒ. แƒžแƒแƒกแƒฃแƒฎแƒ˜แƒกแƒ›แƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ. แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ.

Statehood. Responsibility. Justice.

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แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ”แƒšแƒฉแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ-แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ”: โ€žแƒฌแƒ˜แƒœ แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒกโ€œ

Georgia-Kazakhstan Relations: There Is a Lot of Interesting and Important Work Ahead - Zurab Abashidze, Georgian Ambassador to Kazakhstan

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แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ— แƒฉแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ•แƒแƒ˜แƒซแƒ” แƒ’แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒงแƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒซแƒฆแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒก, แƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒข แƒขแƒแƒ™แƒแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก, แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘ แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒก

David Chikvaidze on President Tokayev, His Former Boss at the United Nations

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แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒ•แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—, แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒ•แƒแƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒ— แƒฃแƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒžแƒแƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒฅแƒแƒœแƒ” แƒ แƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒฃแƒš แƒฐแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ“ แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก - แƒœแƒแƒ—แƒ˜แƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ

Natia Turnava: We Are Going to Make Georgia a Regional Hub with Huge Potentials for Business Success

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แƒœแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒšแƒแƒ– แƒ’แƒ”แƒ’แƒฃแƒฉแƒแƒซแƒ”: โ€žแƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒฃแƒ™แƒแƒœ แƒกแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ–แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒคแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒœแƒกแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ’แƒฃแƒคแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒก!โ€œ

โ€œHalyk Bank Enjoys the Support of a Strong Financial Group!โ€ โ€“ CEO, Halyk Bank Georgia

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แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒกแƒแƒขแƒ แƒแƒœแƒ–แƒ˜แƒขแƒ แƒžแƒแƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒคแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒœแƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒ–แƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒก แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒก

Georgiaโ€™s Transit Potential If Explored Will Contribute Greatly to the Nationโ€™s Budget Growth

42

แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒฏแƒ’แƒฃแƒคแƒ˜ โ€žแƒ™แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒšแƒ˜โ€œ - แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ“แƒแƒฌแƒงแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ

Capitol Investment Group โ€“ a Success Story Started with the Management of Kazakh Investment Projects

48

แƒ“แƒ˜แƒžแƒšแƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ–แƒ˜แƒœแƒคแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒžแƒแƒกแƒฃแƒฎแƒแƒ“

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แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฉแƒแƒ›แƒแƒงแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜

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Diplomatic Training in Response to Fake News and Disinformation

Turks and Their Role in the Formation of Georgian History and Georgian Statehood

Observer Media Group

แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ›แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒฅ. #15 แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ, แƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ 0179

Observer / Diplomat / Parliament

แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒœแƒ˜แƒœแƒ แƒจแƒแƒ แƒแƒจแƒ˜แƒซแƒ”

แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒฌแƒ”แƒ แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒ”แƒ™แƒšแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ Subscription & Advertising sales@observer.com.ge

Managing Director Nino Sharashidze

แƒ แƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒ Editorial Commitette editor@observer.com.ge

nino.sharashidze@observer.com.ge

แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒ‘แƒ”แƒญแƒ“แƒ แƒจแƒžแƒก โ€žแƒคแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒโ€œ-แƒจแƒ˜. www.forma.ge

15 Shio Mghvimeli Str. Tbilisi 0179, Georgia

info@observer.com.ge TEL: +995 558 519 519


แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ‘แƒ. แƒžแƒแƒกแƒฃแƒฎแƒ˜แƒกแƒ›แƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ. แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ.

Statehood. Responsibility. Justice. 6 แƒ“แƒ”แƒ™แƒ”แƒ›แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ แƒก แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒแƒฆแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒแƒ•แƒก แƒ›แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ  แƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒฃแƒš แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒกแƒฌแƒแƒฃแƒšแƒก - แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒแƒฃแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒก. 28 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒแƒ› แƒ™แƒ•แƒแƒœแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒขแƒแƒ›แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒแƒ™แƒ”แƒ—แƒ 90แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒฌแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒฌแƒงแƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒ” แƒกแƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ  แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ” - แƒ“แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒ แƒ แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ“แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒ™แƒ แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜

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4 DIPLOMAT

azakhstan celebrates its main national holiday โ€“ Independence Day on December 16. For 28 years now, Kazakhstan has taken a quantum leap from the economic and political devastation it suffered in the early 90s, and it has transitioned into a modern social state with a dynamically developing market economy, democratic structure,

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แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒฃแƒฅแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒ—แƒœแƒแƒ™แƒแƒœแƒคแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฐแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒ—. แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒก แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒก 50 แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒฃแƒœแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒก แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒแƒ  แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒก แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ  แƒแƒ›แƒแƒชแƒแƒœแƒแƒก แƒฃแƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก - แƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒ•แƒ“แƒ”แƒก แƒ›แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒก 30 แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜. แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก, แƒฃแƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒฃแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒฅแƒแƒœแƒ” แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ“แƒฃแƒกแƒขแƒ แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ˜แƒœแƒŸแƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ•แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒแƒฎแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—. แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒกแƒแƒขแƒ แƒแƒœแƒ–แƒ˜แƒขแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒขแƒ แƒแƒœแƒกแƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒ”. แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒซแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ“แƒ˜ แƒฃแƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒšแƒ”แƒ›แƒ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ แƒœแƒ˜แƒ–แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒแƒช แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒ แƒชแƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ  แƒ“แƒ แƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ  แƒšแƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒแƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒข แƒœแƒฃแƒ แƒกแƒฃแƒšแƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒœแƒแƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒก. 2019 - แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒขแƒแƒžแƒ แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜ 19 แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒขแƒก แƒœแƒฃแƒ แƒกแƒฃแƒšแƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒœแƒแƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒ”แƒ•แƒ›แƒ, แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒšแƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ แƒ›แƒ, แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒขแƒแƒ•แƒ, แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒžแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜, แƒ™แƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒ›-แƒŸแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒข แƒขแƒแƒ™แƒแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜, แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒขแƒฃแƒชแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ”แƒ›แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ แƒ” แƒ’แƒแƒฎแƒ“แƒ. 9 แƒ˜แƒ•แƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒก แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒจแƒ˜ แƒฉแƒแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ แƒแƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜. แƒกแƒแƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ แƒแƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒฏแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’ แƒ™แƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒ›-แƒŸแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒข แƒขแƒแƒ™แƒแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ•แƒ›แƒ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—-แƒ”แƒ แƒ— แƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒฃแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ—แƒฅแƒ•แƒ: โ€žแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒšแƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ แƒ›แƒ แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒงแƒแƒคแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ“แƒแƒขแƒแƒ•แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒฃแƒคแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ›แƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒแƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒแƒฃแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒซแƒฆแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜, แƒกแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒ“ แƒฃแƒœแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ˜. แƒฉแƒ”แƒ›แƒ˜ แƒซแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ“แƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒ˜แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒžแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒ” แƒ—แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒก แƒ”แƒ›แƒงแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ - แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒฃแƒฌแƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒขแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒแƒœแƒขแƒ˜แƒแƒ. แƒฉแƒ”แƒ›แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ”แƒแƒ แƒ” แƒ›แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒ˜แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒžแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ. แƒ”แƒก แƒฃแƒœแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒกแƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ. แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ•แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒชแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ•แƒ. แƒ›แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ” แƒžแƒ แƒ˜แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒฌแƒ˜แƒœแƒกแƒ•แƒšแƒ. แƒ’แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒชแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒฌแƒ แƒแƒคแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒจแƒ” แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜ แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ—.โ€œ แƒ™แƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒ›-แƒŸแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒข แƒขแƒแƒ™แƒแƒ”แƒ•แƒ›แƒ 1975 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒ“แƒแƒแƒ›แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ แƒ˜แƒœแƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒขแƒฃแƒขแƒ˜ (MGIMO) แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒฌแƒงแƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ แƒกแƒกแƒ แƒ™-แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒ—แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒแƒจแƒ˜. แƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒแƒ‘แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒญแƒแƒ—แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒšแƒฉแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒกแƒ˜แƒœแƒ’แƒแƒžแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒžแƒฃแƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒฉแƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒฎแƒ แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒžแƒฃแƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒจแƒ˜. แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒแƒฃแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’ แƒ˜แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒจแƒ˜. 1992 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒ แƒกแƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒ—แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ“, 1994 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒ™แƒ˜ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒžแƒฃแƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒ—แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒฎแƒ“แƒ. แƒ™แƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒ›-แƒŸแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒข แƒขแƒแƒ™แƒแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒ แƒ—โ€“แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒ”แƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒ•แƒแƒฌแƒ”แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ” แƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ›แƒฏแƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก, แƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ  แƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒ—แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก. แƒ›แƒ”แƒแƒ แƒ” แƒ›แƒฎแƒ แƒ˜แƒ•, แƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒกแƒแƒ“. แƒ™แƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒ›-แƒŸแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒข แƒขแƒแƒ™แƒแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒ›แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒก, แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ•แƒ”แƒ—แƒแƒ“ แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฅแƒ•แƒแƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ’แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒก แƒšแƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก XXI แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ™แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒกแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ - แƒžแƒแƒœ แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒฃแƒœแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒก แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒแƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒ›-แƒŸแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒข แƒขแƒแƒ™แƒแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜ - แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒก. แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜แƒช, แƒขแƒแƒ™แƒแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒแƒ  แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒก แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ•แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒ”. แƒ›แƒแƒœ แƒแƒ  แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒฌแƒแƒ“-แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ แƒŸแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒก แƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒ”, แƒœแƒ˜แƒฃโ€“แƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ™แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’ แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ–แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ”แƒแƒ แƒ” แƒฃแƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒšแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒ, แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒ›แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒแƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ•แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒ”. แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒแƒฆแƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ” แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒžแƒฃแƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒ› แƒ”แƒ™แƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒ–แƒ

political stability, and ethno-confessional harmony. Today, Kazakhstan ranks among the top 50 competitive economies in the world and has set its sights on a more ambitious task - to become one of the top 30 developed countries of the world. To achieve this, Kazakhstan, a nation that has huge natural resources is actively pursuing moves to diversify its economy by developing the processing industry, mechanical engineering, innovative projects and a renewable economy. The country also expends resources and efforts in the transit and transport direction. The most pressing problem currently facing the country and its main foreign partners is the continuous pursuit of a modernization policy. This policy has turned the country into the economic and political leader of Central Eurasia under President Nursultan Nazarbayev. 2019 โ€“ A landmark year in the history of Kazakhstan On March 19, the nationโ€™s leader, Nursultan Nazarbayev announced his resignation, and the speaker of the Senate of Kazakhstan, Kassym-Jomart Tokayev, became his constitutional successor. On June 9, Kazakhstan held a national presidential election. After winning the presidential election, Kassym-Jomart Tokayev said in one of his interviews: โ€œThe leader of the nation, voluntarily resigning his powers, showed a new, completely unique example of the political leadership of an independent country. My basic principle is based on the same thing - statehood and continuity are a guarantee of the countryโ€™s development. My second position is justice. This is a universal value. And its loss for humanity and the nation is equivalent to the loss of itself. The third principle is to go forward only. In conditions of global competition, without protecting our interests and rapid development, we can lose a lot. โ€ Kassym-Jomart Tokayev graduated in 1975 from the Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO), and began his career in the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He worked at the Soviet Embassy in the Republic of Singapore and the Peopleโ€™s Republic of China. After the declaration of independence, he returned to Kazakhstan. In 1992, he was appointed Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, and in 1994, he became the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Kassym-Jomart Tokayev is one of the most competent statesmen of Kazakhstan, who previously held important positions, such as the head of the Senate, Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs. On the other hand he is also a world-class politician. It is sufficient to say that among the leaders of the UN in the 21st century there were only two Asian politicians โ€“ Ban Ki-moon representing Korea and Kassym-Jomart Tokayev representing Kazakhstan. Tokayev did not just serve as the permanent Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations. He spent two and a half years as Director General of the United Nations Office in Geneva, where he held the second highest post in the organization after New York. Tokayev also served as Secretary General of the UN Conference on Disarmament.

DIPLOMAT 5


แƒ’แƒแƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ. แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ“ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ’แƒ แƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜, แƒจแƒ”แƒ“แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ  แƒกแƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒœแƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ  แƒ˜แƒœแƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒขแƒฃแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜, แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ’แƒ แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒฆแƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒšแƒแƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜, แƒ›แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜ แƒฃแƒชแƒฎแƒแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ›แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒœแƒแƒ™แƒแƒ“แƒ˜. แƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒ 20 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒ“แƒ 300 แƒ›แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒแƒจแƒจ แƒ“แƒแƒšแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜ แƒฃแƒชแƒฎแƒแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ. แƒแƒ› แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ›แƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒžแƒšแƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒแƒ›แƒงแƒแƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒก 180 แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒแƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœ. แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒแƒ› แƒฌแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒฌแƒงแƒ แƒ›แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒขแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ’แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒšแƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ แƒ แƒ”แƒ’แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒ’แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒฉแƒแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜, แƒจแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ•แƒแƒญแƒ แƒ แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ–แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒ”แƒคแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒจแƒฃแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ“แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒฅแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฎแƒก, แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒ’แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒก แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒแƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ‘แƒšแƒ”แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ  แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒแƒฆแƒ˜แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒฃแƒคแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒงแƒแƒ แƒแƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ™แƒšแƒแƒ แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒฌแƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก. แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒแƒ˜แƒ แƒฉแƒ˜แƒ”แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒก แƒฃแƒกแƒแƒคแƒ แƒ—แƒฎแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒญแƒแƒก แƒแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒฃแƒ“แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ• แƒฌแƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ“ 2017-2018 แƒฌแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜. แƒแƒ›แƒŸแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ“ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ 58-แƒ” แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒก แƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒแƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒ”แƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒœแƒ’แƒจแƒ˜, แƒ˜แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒ“แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ› แƒฏแƒ’แƒฃแƒคแƒจแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒ–แƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒšแƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒ, แƒœแƒแƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœ, แƒ’แƒ”แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒ แƒจแƒ•แƒ”แƒ“แƒ”แƒ—แƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ“. 2016 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก, โ€žHeritage Foundationโ€œแƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ›แƒแƒ“, แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒฃแƒคแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒ›แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ, 100โ€“แƒ“แƒแƒœ 69 แƒฅแƒฃแƒšแƒแƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒฆแƒฌแƒ˜แƒ, แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ— แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒ› 178 แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ 42-แƒ” แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒ. แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ, แƒ˜แƒœแƒคแƒ แƒแƒกแƒขแƒ แƒฃแƒฅแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ›, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒช 2000-แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒฌแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒซแƒ แƒ, แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒฃแƒฌแƒงแƒ แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒแƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒžแƒแƒก แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒขแƒ แƒแƒœแƒกแƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒคแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒก. แƒ™แƒ”แƒ แƒซแƒแƒ“, โ€žแƒœแƒฃแƒ แƒšแƒ˜ แƒŸแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒกโ€œ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ’แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒ” แƒกแƒแƒ’แƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒœแƒคแƒ แƒแƒกแƒขแƒ แƒฃแƒฅแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒจแƒ˜. แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ˜ แƒแƒ› แƒ˜แƒœแƒคแƒ แƒแƒกแƒขแƒ แƒฃแƒฅแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒœแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒฎแƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒกแƒแƒขแƒ แƒแƒœแƒกแƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒคแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒแƒœแƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜ - แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ— แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒžแƒ-แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ— แƒฉแƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜. แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒ—แƒ แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก, แƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ”แƒคแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒ•แƒแƒšแƒกแƒแƒ–แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒ—, แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒšแƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒกแƒ—-แƒ˜แƒก แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก 6 DIPLOMAT

The Republic of Kazakhstan has gone through a thorny path before it gained international recognition. Currently, Kazakhstan is deeply integrated into international processes, is a major participant in the activities of main financial and economic institutions around the world. Kazakhstan is a recognized driver of regional integration, and has attracted multibillion dollar flows of foreign direct investment. Over the past 20 years, $ 300 billion of foreign direct investment have been attracted to the country. During this period, Kazakhstan has established diplomatic relations with 180 countries of the world. The state launched the process of holding a regular Congress of Leaders of World and Traditional Religions, joined the WTO, effectively mediated in the resolution of conflict situation, and initiated the adoption of the Universal Declaration on building a world free of nuclear weapons by the UN general assembly. Kazakhstan was first elected a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council for 2017-2018. Currently, Kazakhstan occupies 58th place in the ranking of the human development index, and it is included in the same group as some highly developed countries, such as Norway, Germany and Sweden. In 2016, according to the Heritage Foundation, the index of economic freedom of Kazakhstan increased, reaching 69 points out of 100, which brought the Kazakh economy to 42nd place out of 178 countries. In addition, the implementation of a number of infrastructure development programs, which has been stepped up since the 2000s, has helped to build transport corridors between Asia and Europe. In particular, within the framework of the Nurly Zhol program, modern road infrastructure witnessed development in Kazakhstan. Subsequently, part of this infrastructure became a key component of the global international transport corridor


แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก, 2017 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒ›แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒ˜แƒก แƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ”แƒคแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒจแƒ˜ 77-แƒ” แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒ. แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ, แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ 63-แƒ” แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒ–แƒ”แƒ แƒ›แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒคแƒแƒ แƒฃแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒฃแƒœแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒคแƒ แƒแƒกแƒขแƒ แƒฃแƒฅแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒฎแƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘. แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒš แƒ›แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ•แƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ แƒฃแƒš แƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒก, แƒ แƒแƒช แƒ›แƒแƒก แƒกแƒแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒแƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒก, แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ แƒฉแƒฃแƒœแƒแƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒแƒฃแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒฃแƒคแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ  แƒ แƒแƒšแƒก แƒแƒกแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜. แƒชแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ›แƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒจแƒฃแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒš แƒกแƒ˜แƒขแƒฃแƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜, แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ“, แƒแƒกแƒขแƒแƒœแƒแƒก แƒžแƒ แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒกแƒจแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒกแƒแƒช แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒกแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒฆแƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒ”แƒกแƒ แƒ˜แƒ’แƒจแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก. แƒแƒฆแƒกแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒฃแƒš แƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ แƒฉแƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ™แƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒšแƒ›แƒ”แƒ–แƒแƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก, แƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒกแƒแƒกแƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒ แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒฃแƒฌแƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒขแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒกแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก. แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ  แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ“ แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒแƒช แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒฌแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒœแƒ แƒชแƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ  แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒฃแƒกแƒแƒคแƒ แƒ—แƒฎแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ“แƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ แƒฉแƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜. แƒแƒจแƒ™แƒแƒ แƒแƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒข แƒขแƒแƒ™แƒแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ  แƒ›แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒกแƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฃแƒœแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒ  แƒจแƒ”แƒฃแƒฌแƒงแƒแƒ‘แƒก แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ แƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ˜แƒก แƒขแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ”แƒคแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ แƒฉแƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก.

from Western Europe - Western China. By the way, in terms of logistics efficiency, Kazakhstan is a leader among the CIS countries, occupying 77th place in the World Bank Logistics Performance Index of 2017. Kazakhstan also ranks as the 63rd in the Global Competitiveness Index of the World Economic Forum on Infrastructure Quality. Kazakhstan operates a successful multi-vector policy, which allows it to maintain her independence and freedom of maneuver. Kazakhstan also plays a very active role in international relations. The country successfully acts as (a mediator) an intermediary in difficult situations, with the Astana process being a valid example. The Astana process is of great importance in the continuous dialogue on the Syrian agenda. It is noteworthy that Kazakhstan is strongly focused on the course of good-neighborliness, partnership and mutually beneficial cooperation with its strategic partners and the country fulfills all of its international obligations. Kazakhstan remains an active participant in international circles, where it is making a significant contribution to maintaining security and sustainable development in Central Asia. President Tokayevโ€™s skills gathered from his experience as a world-class politician will directly contribute to maintaining the traditional effectiveness of Kazakhstanโ€™s foreign policy.

DIPLOMAT 7


แƒ‘แƒแƒฃแƒ แƒŸแƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒฃแƒฎแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒฏแƒแƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ˜: แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ›แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒกแƒ˜แƒ›แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ แƒ” แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒฎแƒ˜แƒ

Baurzhan Mukhamejanov: The Main Wealth of Georgia Is Its People แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒขแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฅแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒซแƒ” ANETI MIKELADZE แƒแƒฃแƒ แƒŸแƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒฃแƒฎแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒฏแƒแƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ˜ 2018 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก 30 แƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒžแƒฃแƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒฃแƒคแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ”แƒšแƒฉแƒ˜แƒ. แƒ˜แƒก แƒฃแƒ™แƒ•แƒ” แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒฌแƒแƒ“แƒ–แƒ” แƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒช แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒ•แƒแƒฌแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒš แƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—แƒแƒœ, แƒ˜แƒกแƒ” แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—แƒแƒœ. แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ  แƒแƒคแƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒš แƒ”แƒ แƒ— แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒฌแƒแƒ“แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒก แƒฃแƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒ•แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒฃแƒคแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒš แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒฎแƒก, แƒแƒ› แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒ—แƒ”แƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ” แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒšแƒฉแƒก แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒ‘แƒแƒฃแƒ แƒŸแƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒฃแƒฎแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒฏแƒแƒœแƒแƒ•แƒก, แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ“ แƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ‘แƒ แƒ”แƒ—.

แƒ‘

แƒฃแƒ™แƒ•แƒ” แƒ”แƒ แƒ— แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒ–แƒ” แƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒช แƒ—แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒ”แƒ— แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒšแƒฉแƒแƒ“ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜. แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ แƒ—แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ˜ แƒจแƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒญแƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ  แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ แƒ›แƒฎแƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜? แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒซแƒšแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒจแƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒญแƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒฎแƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒจแƒ”แƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ›แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ•แƒ. แƒ“แƒ˜แƒžแƒšแƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ แƒแƒคแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒ แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ•แƒ  แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒจแƒ”แƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒฃแƒคแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ˜แƒกแƒ” แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—แƒแƒœ. แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’ แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒฌแƒ›แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ›แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒกแƒ˜แƒ›แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ แƒ” แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒฎแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒแƒชแƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒžแƒแƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒแƒช แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒฌแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒœแƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒ™แƒ แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ แƒ”แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ™แƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒช แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“ แƒ แƒแƒšแƒก แƒแƒกแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒ› แƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ  แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜.

8 DIPLOMAT

aurzhan Mukhamejanov has been the Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Kazakhstan to Georgia since May 30, 2018. This position has allowed Mukhamejanov the opportunity to work in Georgia for more than a year with both politicians and Georgian businessmen, and has allowed him establish active communication in Georgian circles. In this interview Diplomat Magazine asked Mukhamejanov of his impressions about Georgia and what advice he had for the Georgian people.

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For more than a year now, you have been appointed as an Ambassador of Kazakhstan to Georgia. What is your personal impression of this country, and how are the bilateral relations developing between both governments? I received the most powerful and emotional impressions from meeting people. The profession of a diplomat allows you to meet with a large number of people, from government officials to representatives of the creative intelligentsia, and business persons. At the end of such meetings, one becomes more convinced that the main wealth of Georgia is the people of your country, its amazing potential, which has allowed for significant


แƒ แƒแƒช แƒจแƒ”แƒ”แƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒก แƒแƒ แƒ›แƒฎแƒ แƒ˜แƒ• แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก, แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“ แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒญแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœ, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒขแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒฃแƒš แƒ›แƒ”แƒ’แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒแƒœ, แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒกแƒขแƒ แƒฃแƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒฆแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ–แƒ” แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ•แƒแƒญแƒ แƒ-แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—-แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ›แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ™แƒฃแƒœแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒก แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒ“แƒ แƒœแƒแƒงแƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ แƒฉแƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ แƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ  แƒ“แƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒแƒ’แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒš แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ–แƒ”, แƒ›แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜ แƒฉแƒแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ˜แƒกแƒ” แƒกแƒแƒ–แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒฌแƒ แƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—แƒœ. แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ“แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ แƒ” แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒกแƒจแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ›แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒ—แƒแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ— แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒ›แƒงแƒแƒคแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ, แƒกแƒแƒ“แƒแƒช แƒ˜แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒฎแƒ•แƒ“แƒ แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒซแƒฆแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒก. แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒฎแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒก แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฎแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ•แƒ”แƒ—แƒ แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒกแƒแƒกแƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒ แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ’แƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, โ€žแƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ แƒžแƒฃแƒœแƒฅแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜โ€œ. แƒแƒฎแƒšแƒแƒฎแƒแƒœ แƒฉแƒแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒกแƒฃแƒšแƒขแƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒ—แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก. แƒงแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒขแƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒ—แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ–แƒ”, แƒ แƒแƒช แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒ— แƒ›แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒกแƒ˜ แƒžแƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒฆแƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒ”แƒกแƒ แƒ˜แƒ’แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒแƒš แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฎแƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒแƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—. แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒฃแƒ™แƒ•แƒ” แƒแƒฆแƒ•แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒ”แƒ—, แƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ แƒแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’ แƒกแƒแƒคแƒฃแƒซแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒฅแƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ•แƒแƒญแƒ แƒ, แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜, แƒกแƒแƒขแƒ แƒแƒœแƒ–แƒ˜แƒขแƒ-แƒกแƒแƒขแƒ แƒแƒœแƒกแƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ, แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก, แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒฃแƒ แƒœแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒ›แƒฎแƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก. แƒ—แƒฃ 2017 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ•แƒแƒญแƒ แƒ แƒ‘แƒ แƒฃแƒœแƒ•แƒแƒ› แƒจแƒ”แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒœแƒ 68 แƒ›แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒแƒจแƒจ แƒ“แƒแƒšแƒแƒ แƒ˜, 2018 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒ˜แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฅแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก 90 แƒ›แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒแƒจแƒจ แƒ“แƒแƒšแƒแƒ แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒช แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ–แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ, แƒ—แƒฃแƒ›แƒชแƒ แƒแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒžแƒแƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ—แƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒฌแƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ”แƒก แƒ แƒ˜แƒชแƒฎแƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒช แƒ“แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ. แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ“แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒก แƒ™แƒฃแƒšแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒฃแƒš-แƒฐแƒฃแƒ›แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ แƒฃแƒš แƒกแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒจแƒ˜. แƒ”แƒก แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒฎแƒ—แƒแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ, แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ—. แƒชแƒแƒขแƒ แƒฎแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒ˜แƒœ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒกแƒขแƒฃแƒ›แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ“แƒœแƒ”แƒœ แƒชแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ˜ แƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒจแƒ”แƒ“แƒ’แƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ  แƒ›แƒ”แƒชแƒœแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ—แƒ แƒฌแƒ แƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒฅแƒ›แƒœแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒšแƒแƒขแƒคแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒ. แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒแƒ—แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒš แƒ™แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒจแƒ”แƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ•แƒ”แƒ—แƒ แƒกแƒขแƒฃแƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ—แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒชแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒคแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ’แƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜. แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒญแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ’แƒแƒ–แƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒแƒ—แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒ›แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒก แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ™แƒ”แƒ—แƒ”แƒกแƒ แƒฃแƒœแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒขแƒ”แƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜. แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒฅแƒ›แƒœแƒ แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ "แƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒแƒจแƒแƒ™แƒ˜" ("แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ˜"), แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ˜แƒก 25-แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒฃแƒ™แƒ•แƒ” แƒแƒ—แƒ˜ แƒแƒ—แƒแƒกแƒ–แƒ” แƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒ›แƒ แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ’แƒแƒ–แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒฆแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒแƒ—แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒก แƒฌแƒแƒ›แƒงแƒ•แƒแƒœ แƒฃแƒœแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒขแƒ”แƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒแƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒก แƒกแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ”แƒ—แƒแƒ“. แƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒจแƒ˜ แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒ˜แƒ›แƒงแƒแƒคแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒœแƒ”แƒœ แƒœแƒแƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒฃแƒœแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒขแƒ”แƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ›แƒแƒช แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒกแƒฃแƒšแƒขแƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ”แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒแƒ—แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ— แƒฃแƒœแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒขแƒ”แƒขแƒจแƒ˜. แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒ’แƒ•แƒฅแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ›แƒฌแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒšแƒ—แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒจแƒ˜. แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒฌแƒ”แƒ แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒœแƒแƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ  แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ–แƒ”แƒ แƒœแƒแƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜, แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒ แƒ›แƒฌแƒ”แƒ แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ›แƒ แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒก แƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“แƒงแƒแƒคแƒœแƒ, แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒฆแƒแƒœ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒฌแƒ”แƒ แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒžแƒแƒ”แƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒ˜แƒ’แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ›แƒœแƒแƒจแƒ˜. แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’ แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒ•แƒ’แƒ”แƒ’แƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒ— แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ˜ แƒžแƒแƒ”แƒขแƒ˜แƒก, แƒฐแƒฃแƒ›แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ˜ แƒคแƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒกแƒแƒคแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒฃแƒœแƒแƒœแƒ‘แƒแƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒšแƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒš แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ–แƒ”.

democratic reforms, has contributed, and continues to contribute to further political and economic development. As for our bilateral relations, Kazakhstan attaches great importance to further promoting constructive political dialogue at all levels, and the progressive development of our trade and economic cooperation with Georgia, our traditionally friendly partner. Kazakh-Georgian relations have centuries long historical roots, and even today, they are still developing dynamically and yielding immense fruits. Our countries maintain a high level of political dialogue, and over the course of the past year, several meetings and visits have been held at all levels. These meetings involved Presidents and representatives of the public and business communities. In May of this year, the head of the Georgian government paid an official visit to Kazakhstan, where he met with the leadership of our country. All existing issues were discussed and new plans for the development of mutually beneficial cooperation were outlined, โ€œcommon pointsโ€ were identified. More recently, political consultations between the Ministries of Foreign Affairs took place. Meetings at the level of ministers and deputy foreign ministers are held every year, and this also confirms that Kazakhstan and Georgia have similar positions on many issues on the international and regional agenda. As already noted, the lack of political disagreements creates a good basis for the development of bilateral cooperation in trade and economic, transit and transport, investment, agricultural and other sectors of our economies. The trade turnover between Kazakhstan and Georgia amounted to 68 million US dollars in 2017, and then in 2018 it amounted to almost 90 million US dollars with a significant increase. However, this increment is only a minute fraction of what can be achieved from the cooperation between our economies. A large layer of cooperation is in the cultural and humanitarian sphere. Our shared human relationships show how much interests we have in each other. Several well-known Kazakh political scientists have started to visit Georgia and through these visits, meetings and conferences have been held with the political science circles of Georgia, and this has led to the formation of a dialogue platform. During his visit to Tbilisi, the Deputy Minister of Education of Kazakhstan held meetings with his Georgian counterparts and established joint plans for mutual education and studentsโ€™ exchange. In Kazakhstan, great importance is attached to youth education at the best universities in the world. To this end, the state program โ€œBolashakโ€ (โ€œFutureโ€) was created, and it has been functioning for over 25 years in leading universities around the world. โ€œBolashakโ€ has produced more than 10 thousand young specialists who now work for the good of the motherland. Recently, representatives of Nazarbayev University visited Tbilisi, and held consultations at the Ministry of Education and a number of universities in Tbilisi. We also had a very warm meeting with the Writersโ€™ Union of Georgia. A number of works by Georgian writers are being trans-

DIPLOMAT 9


แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒšแƒฉแƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ˜แƒฎแƒกแƒœแƒ 1996 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก, แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ แƒแƒ  แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒแƒก แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ˜แƒžแƒšแƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒงแƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ 1992 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก. แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ  แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ แƒ›แƒฎแƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒžแƒฃแƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜? แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒแƒฃแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’ แƒแƒ แƒ›แƒฎแƒ แƒ˜แƒ• แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒกแƒแƒคแƒฃแƒซแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฉแƒแƒ”แƒงแƒแƒ แƒ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒš แƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒข แƒœแƒฃแƒ แƒกแƒฃแƒšแƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒœแƒแƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒข แƒ”แƒ“แƒฃแƒแƒ แƒ“ แƒจแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒœแƒแƒซแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ . แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—-แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ’แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒ™แƒฃแƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒจแƒ”แƒ™แƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒคแƒฃแƒซแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช 1993 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก 1 แƒ˜แƒ•แƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒก แƒ’แƒแƒคแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒšแƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒก. แƒแƒ› แƒฌแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒกแƒแƒขแƒ แƒแƒœแƒ–แƒ˜แƒขแƒ แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒแƒก, แƒ แƒแƒšแƒ›แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒฌแƒงแƒ แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒžแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒแƒก แƒกแƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ แƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒจแƒ˜. แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒขแƒ แƒแƒœแƒ–แƒ˜แƒขแƒ แƒžแƒแƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒ›แƒ แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒฃแƒฌแƒงแƒ แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒš แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒกแƒแƒขแƒ แƒแƒœแƒ–แƒ˜แƒขแƒ แƒกแƒแƒขแƒ แƒแƒœแƒกแƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜. 1996 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ”แƒ›แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ แƒจแƒ˜ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒžแƒฃแƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜แƒก, แƒœแƒแƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก, แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜แƒก, แƒจแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒœแƒแƒซแƒ˜แƒก, แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒจแƒ˜ 1997 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ›แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ แƒจแƒ˜ แƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒฆแƒฌแƒ˜แƒ”แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒฎแƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒแƒ–แƒ”แƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒ˜แƒฏแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒ— แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒขแƒ แƒแƒœแƒ–แƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ–แƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ  แƒจแƒแƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ–แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒซแƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘. แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ— แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ’แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ›แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒฎแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒก แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒ˜แƒก, แƒกแƒแƒขแƒ แƒแƒœแƒกแƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ, แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ แƒ’แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ˜แƒก, แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒ“แƒฃแƒกแƒขแƒ แƒ˜แƒฃแƒš แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒฆแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜. แƒแƒ แƒ›แƒฎแƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒ›แƒžแƒฃแƒšแƒกแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒชแƒ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒžแƒฃแƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜แƒก, แƒœแƒแƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก, แƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ›แƒ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ˜แƒขแƒ›แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ 2006 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ›แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ แƒจแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒช แƒ›แƒแƒšแƒแƒžแƒแƒ แƒแƒ™แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒข แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฎแƒ”แƒ˜แƒš แƒกแƒแƒแƒ™แƒแƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ—แƒแƒœ. แƒ›แƒแƒšแƒแƒžแƒแƒ แƒแƒ™แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ–แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒ›แƒกแƒฏแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒจแƒแƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ–แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒ— แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒ–แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ”, แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ”, แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ–แƒ แƒ“แƒ, แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒชแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒแƒœแƒ, แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ, แƒขแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒก แƒกแƒแƒขแƒ แƒแƒœแƒกแƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒคแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒ— แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒœแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒขแƒ แƒแƒœแƒกแƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ. แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฆแƒฌแƒ”แƒฃแƒš แƒ˜แƒฅแƒœแƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒฎแƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒขแƒแƒšแƒฆแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜. แƒจแƒ”แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’แƒแƒ“, แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒžแƒฃแƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒฎแƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒกแƒ—-แƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒแƒช แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒแƒฎแƒ“แƒ˜แƒœแƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ™แƒ•แƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒš แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒก แƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ“แƒ แƒฃแƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ”แƒš แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜. แƒแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ›แƒ แƒ›แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ›แƒ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ›แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒ› แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒฌแƒงแƒ แƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜: แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒขแƒ แƒแƒœแƒกแƒ’แƒแƒ–แƒ›แƒ, แƒ‘แƒแƒ—แƒฃแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒšแƒ›แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒ—แƒฃแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ–แƒฆแƒ•แƒแƒ แƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ›แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒ”แƒขแƒ แƒแƒšแƒ›แƒ, แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ™ แƒ‘แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒ›แƒ, แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก: โ€žแƒ”แƒแƒ  แƒแƒกแƒขแƒแƒœแƒแƒกแƒโ€œ แƒ“แƒ โ€žSKAT-แƒ˜แƒกโ€œ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ›. แƒจแƒ”แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’แƒแƒ“, แƒแƒ แƒ›แƒฎแƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒญแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒชแƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒœแƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒ˜แƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ: แƒ—แƒฃ 2009 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒ˜แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒ 27.9 แƒ›แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒแƒจแƒจ แƒ“แƒแƒšแƒแƒ แƒก, 2010 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒ›แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒฆแƒฌแƒ˜แƒ 90 แƒ›แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒแƒจแƒจ แƒ“แƒแƒšแƒแƒ แƒก, 2011 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก - 227 แƒ›แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒแƒจแƒจ แƒ“แƒแƒšแƒแƒ แƒก. แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜แƒก, แƒœแƒแƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ›แƒแƒฌแƒ•แƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—, 2017 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก 13 แƒ˜แƒ•แƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒก แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ— แƒ˜แƒ›แƒงแƒแƒคแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒฅแƒแƒšแƒแƒฅแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒฎแƒกแƒœแƒ

10 DIPLOMAT

lated into Kazakh and Georgian writers have also expressed their readiness to participate in the translation of books by Kazakh writers and poets. Next year we plan to publish a collection of poems by the great Kazakh poet and humanist philosopher, Abai Qunanbaiuly in Georgian language. Kazakhstan opened its embassy in Georgia in 1996, but diplomatic relations between the two countries were established in 1992. Could you tell us how the bilateral relations between the Republic of Kazakhstan and Georgia have developed over the years? After the independence of our countries, the foundation of bilateral relations was laid by the First President of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev, and the President of Georgia, Eduard Shevardnadze. The main document regulating Kazakh-Georgian cooperation is the Treaty on the Basis of Relations between Kazakhstan and Georgia, signed on June 1, 1993 during the visit of the Georgian president to Almaty. In the years that followed, the role of Georgia as a transit state began to gain increasing significance in the foreign policy of our State. The great transit potential of the two countries contributed to the successful participation of our States in international transit transport projects. During the official visits of the First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Nazarbayev, to Georgia in September 1996, and the President of Georgia, Shevardnadze to Kazakhstan in November 1997, an agreement was reached to increase the volume of transit of Kazakhstani oil through the territories of Azerbaijan and Georgia, and the acquisition of Georgian terminal assets on the Black Sea by Kazakhstan. On behalf of the presidents of the two countries, government delegations discussed issues of enhancing cooperation in the transport, energy, agro-industrial and other sectors of the economy. A significant impetus to the development of bilateral relations was reached during the official visit of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Nazarbayev, to Georgia in October 2006, when negotiations were held with the President of Georgia, Mikheil Saakashvili. The central topic of the talks, was the discussion around increasing the export of Kazakhstani oil through the Black Sea ports of Georgia to world markets, increasing Kazakhstani investments in the Georgian economy, delivering Kazakhstani gas and grain to Georgia, cooperation in the banking sector, transporting Kazakhstani dry goods along the TRACECA transport corridor, etc. Following the visit, an agreement was reached to attract a large wave of Kazakhstani investments to Georgia. As a result, the Republic of Kazakhstan became the only CIS country to invest in the Georgian economy, and for some time it occupied the first place among foreign investors in Georgia. A number of large Kazakhstani companies started their work in Georgia. They include: Kaztransgaz, the Batumi oil terminal and the Batumi seaport, Rompetrol, Halyk Bank, representative offices of Air Astana and SKAT airlines. As a result, the volume of bilateral trade increased significantly. In 2009, the volume of bilateral trade amounted to 27.9 million USD, then in 2010, it reached


แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒžแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒกแƒžแƒ”แƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ–แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒš แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒคแƒ”แƒœแƒ EXPO-2017-แƒ–แƒ”. แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒšแƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒžแƒšแƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒงแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก 25-แƒ” แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒแƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ -แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒขแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒ”แƒ’แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒฃแƒš แƒฎแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒ—แƒก. แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’ แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ แƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ˜แƒก แƒฃแƒฌแƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒขแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ’แƒ แƒซแƒ”แƒšแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒช แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก - แƒงแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒ›-แƒŸแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ— แƒ—แƒแƒงแƒแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒšแƒแƒ›แƒ” แƒ–แƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ“แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ แƒ” แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ”แƒ›แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒก แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒแƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ‘แƒšแƒ”แƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ’แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜. แƒจแƒ”แƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒแƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒ—. แƒแƒฆแƒกแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒก แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒฃแƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒšแƒ”แƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ แƒแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ‘แƒ, แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’ แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒกแƒžแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒฅแƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก. แƒฌแƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒกแƒแƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ’แƒแƒกแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ” แƒแƒ แƒ›แƒฎแƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒ•แƒแƒšแƒกแƒแƒ–แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒ— แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ, แƒ—แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒ’แƒฅแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒแƒ— แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ  แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒ แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—แƒแƒœ, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ  แƒแƒคแƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ— แƒแƒ› แƒจแƒ”แƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก, แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒ“แƒ แƒ—แƒฃ แƒแƒ แƒ แƒ—แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒšแƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜? แƒ›แƒ” แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒญแƒ˜แƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒขแƒแƒฅแƒขแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒ—แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—แƒแƒœ, แƒแƒฅ แƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒ•แƒฎแƒ•แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ  แƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒก, แƒกแƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒ—แƒ, แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ แƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก, แƒจแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒ—แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก, แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒจแƒ”แƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒฅแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒฃแƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒงแƒ˜แƒ“แƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ.แƒจ. แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒฎแƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒ— แƒแƒ แƒ›แƒฎแƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒแƒกแƒžแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒช แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒก แƒแƒฎแƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒก แƒแƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒ–แƒ”, แƒแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“ แƒฃแƒกแƒแƒคแƒ แƒ—แƒฎแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒแƒ—แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ”. แƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒ•แƒฃแƒฎแƒ“แƒ˜ แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ“แƒแƒญแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒก, แƒฅแƒแƒšแƒ‘แƒแƒขแƒแƒœ แƒœแƒแƒ—แƒ˜แƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒœแƒแƒ•แƒแƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ แƒ›แƒฎแƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ—แƒแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ›แƒฏแƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ”. แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒฎแƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒ•แƒฎแƒ•แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ›แƒแƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒ•แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ— แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœ แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฎแƒ–แƒ”. แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒแƒช, แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒคแƒฃแƒœแƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒแƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ— แƒ›แƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ˜ 120 แƒกแƒแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ” แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒกแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒจแƒ˜. แƒ แƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒแƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ  แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒแƒก แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ•แƒแƒญแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ“ แƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ— แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒฎแƒแƒš แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก? แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ— แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ แƒ›แƒฎแƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก. แƒฃแƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒก แƒงแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ, แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒกแƒžแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒกแƒแƒขแƒ แƒแƒœแƒ–แƒ˜แƒขแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ  แƒกแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒจแƒ˜. แƒแƒฃแƒชแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒขแƒ แƒแƒœแƒ–แƒ˜แƒขแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒขแƒ แƒแƒœแƒกแƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ แƒžแƒแƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒช แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒก แƒฎแƒ˜แƒ“แƒก แƒแƒฆแƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ—แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ—แƒก แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก. แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒก แƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ”แƒจแƒฃแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒจแƒ˜. แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒขแƒ แƒแƒœแƒกแƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒกแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ”แƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—-แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒขแƒ”แƒขแƒ˜แƒ. แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒก แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒ แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ-แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒกแƒแƒขแƒ แƒแƒœแƒกแƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ”แƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ•แƒแƒœแƒซแƒ แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ˜แƒฅแƒชแƒ. แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒแƒฃแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒแƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒกแƒขแƒ แƒฃแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ—แƒ˜แƒแƒ—แƒแƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ™แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒ–แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ“แƒ แƒขแƒ แƒแƒœแƒกแƒ™แƒแƒœแƒขแƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒก โ€žแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ— แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒžแƒ - แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ— แƒฉแƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒกโ€œ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒแƒ™แƒ•แƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ. แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒแƒฃแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒจแƒ˜ แƒแƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒ 3 000 แƒ™แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒ แƒ˜ แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ แƒ™แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒ’แƒ–แƒ, แƒ แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒกแƒขแƒ แƒฃแƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒฉแƒแƒฃแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒžแƒ-

90 million USD, and in 2011, it amounted to 227 million USD. At the invitation of the Head of Kazakhstan, Nazarbayev, on June 13, 2017, the President of Georgia, Giorgi Margvelashvili paid an official visit to the capital of Kazakhstan, and opened up the Georgian pavilion at the International Specialized Exhibition EXPO of 2017. The meeting of the leaders of the two countries on the eve of the 25th anniversary since the establishment of diplomatic relations, allowed us to confirm the traditionally friendly nature of the Kazakh-Georgian cooperation and to synchronize watches on international affairs. After the election of a new President of Kazakhstan, Kazakhstan foreign policy is usually maintained, as evidenced by the meeting of Presidents Kassym-Jomart Tokayev and Salome Zurabishvili, held in September this year in the fields of the UN General Assembly. The negotiations at the highest level confirmed the high level of political dialogue, and the absence of unresolved political problems between our countries, which, of course, opens up good prospects for economic cooperation. This year and especially last month was very active in terms of bilateral relations. You held several very important meetings with Georgian officials and business representatives. How do you assess these meetings? Did they meet your expectations? I have very close fruitful contacts with members of the government of your country, and during my first year of working here, I met with the Prime Minister, ministers of Foreign Affairs, Economy, Regional Development, Internal Affairs, as well as held meetings in the Ministry of Justice, the Public Procurement Agency, etc. We are currently discussing all the working processes of bilateral cooperation, which does not only affect

DIPLOMAT 11


แƒ แƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒ” แƒกแƒแƒ–แƒฆแƒ•แƒแƒ แƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒกแƒžแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒ–แƒฆแƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ”. แƒ™แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ• แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒขแƒ”แƒขแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ. แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ›แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒ—แƒแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒก แƒ’แƒแƒคแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒ“แƒ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒฃแƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒกแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ˜แƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒคแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒ–แƒแƒ›แƒ™แƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒฌแƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒฃแƒแƒ›แƒ แƒแƒ• แƒแƒฎแƒแƒš แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ  แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒก, แƒ›แƒแƒ— แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒแƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒฃแƒฅแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒแƒžแƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ–แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒซแƒšแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ แƒ“แƒแƒฎแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒœแƒกแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ“แƒแƒ–แƒฆแƒ•แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ–แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒฃแƒ แƒœแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ˜แƒœแƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒขแƒฃแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒฆแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒกแƒแƒ•แƒแƒญแƒ แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒฎแƒกแƒœแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ.แƒจ. แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ˜แƒ— แƒแƒฎแƒšแƒแƒฎแƒแƒœ แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒšแƒฉแƒแƒก แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ“แƒแƒญแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒ— แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒฅแƒ›แƒœแƒ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—-แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒกแƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒฃแƒฌแƒงแƒแƒ‘แƒก แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒ’แƒแƒฃแƒฌแƒ”แƒ•แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ— แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒกแƒฃแƒšแƒขแƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒชแƒแƒ•แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ— แƒฃแƒคแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก. แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒก แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒ“แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒ. แƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒ แƒฌแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ—แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ›แƒ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒแƒ› แƒแƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ–แƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒ แƒ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ แƒ”แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒ“แƒ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœแƒแƒช แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ› แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ˜แƒฆแƒแƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ˜, แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒกแƒแƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒจแƒ˜? แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒ แƒฃแƒœแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒกแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ”แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ™แƒฃแƒšแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒšแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ”แƒขแƒ˜แƒ—. แƒ“แƒแƒ แƒฌแƒ›แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ , แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ”แƒฃแƒš แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒแƒก แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒ–แƒ. แƒ›แƒ” แƒแƒ  แƒ•แƒแƒ  แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒฎแƒ แƒ”. แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒ แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ. แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒงแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก 82 แƒ›แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒขแƒแƒœแƒ แƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒก, แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ แƒแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ‘แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒฌแƒแƒ›แƒงแƒ•แƒแƒœ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒก แƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒกแƒžแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒœแƒซแƒ˜แƒก, 12 DIPLOMAT

the economy, but also affect issues of security, education, and regional development. I would like to express gratitude for the active work and support we have received from the Minister of Economy of Georgia, Natia Turnava, who is the co-chair of the joint intergovernmental commission on bilateral cooperation. We often meet with her and discuss all controversial issues. Without a doubt, Kazakh businesses operating in Georgia are not limited to large businesses alone, but we also have about 120 medium and small companies with Kazakhstani capital in various fields. What recent trends have you noticed in trade between the two countries, and where do you see new opportunities for cooperation in Georgia? We must use all the opportunities as they emerge for developing our bilateral cooperation. First of all, a promising area of cooperation is in the transit and logistics sphere. It is necessary to use the significant transit and transport potential of the two countries, as they are the bridge between the East and the West. Our countries occupy an important place on the Silk Road project. The development of the transport and logistics system of Kazakhstan is one of our most important priorities. Today, our country has become a key link in the Euro-Asian international transport system. Since our independence, tens of thousands of kilometers of roads have been built and reconstructed in the country, and the construction of the Kazakhstan section of the Western Europe - Western China Transcontinental Railway has been completed. More than 3,000 km of new railways have been laid in Kazakhstan, alongside airports and train stations that have been reconstructed. We have also built two modern seaports on the Caspian Sea. Another priority area is economic and investment cooperation. During the visit of the Head of the Government of Georgia to Kazakhstan, the Roadmap for expanding the product range was signed, which provides for a number of new economic initiatives, including the study of export potential and the strengthening of the promotion of non-oil products for export. The application of financial and insurance measures of state support for exporters, intensification of cooperation between agricultural research institutes, the opening of trading houses, etc., were also featured prominently on the roadmap. Recently with the assistance of our embassy, we established Kazakh-Georgian Business Association, which will facilitate the activities of our companies in Georgia, advise and protect their rights. Kazakhstan has a dynamically developing economy. In recent years, your country has produced high rates of economic growth. What successful reforms have been carried out in the country to allow Georgia also set an example, especially in the economic sphere? Each country is unique in its own way. There are differences in political systems, economy, culture, and mentality of our populations. I am convinced that each country has its own development path. I am not a supporter of blindly copying someone elseโ€™s experience. The economies of our countries are


แƒ—แƒฃแƒ—แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒ—แƒ˜ แƒฌแƒ˜แƒแƒฆแƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒžแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—. แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒ•แƒแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ— แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ แƒแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒชแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒก. แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ“แƒฃแƒกแƒขแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ–แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ˜แƒ— แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒแƒก แƒแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก. แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒฅแƒ›แƒœแƒ แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒšแƒขแƒ”แƒฅแƒœแƒแƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ“แƒฃแƒกแƒขแƒ แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ - แƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒฅแƒ˜แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒแƒ•แƒขแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ“แƒฃแƒกแƒขแƒ แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒกแƒแƒ แƒ™แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒ’แƒ–แƒ แƒ˜แƒœแƒŸแƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒ, IT แƒขแƒ”แƒฅแƒœแƒแƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒกแƒ›แƒแƒกแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ’แƒ–แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒฌแƒงแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒฅแƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก, แƒšแƒแƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ•แƒแƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒฃแƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒ” แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒก, แƒ›แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒกแƒแƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒคแƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒ”แƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒแƒ“แƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ™แƒ แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒ“แƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒขแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒฃแƒคแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒฎแƒ แƒ˜แƒ• แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—-แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ. แƒแƒ› แƒกแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ’แƒแƒชแƒ•แƒšแƒ แƒงแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ. แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒจแƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒ—, แƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒฅแƒ แƒแƒ— แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ”: แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒšแƒ˜ - แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒจแƒ˜. แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ›แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒแƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒขแƒ”แƒขแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜ แƒฃแƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ•แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒก แƒฃแƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒ•แƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ  แƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ, แƒ แƒ˜แƒ— แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก? แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒฃแƒชแƒฎแƒแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ” แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ“ แƒ“แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒ“แƒ, แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒ“. แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒ” แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒก, แƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ™แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ• แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒฎแƒ”แƒš แƒแƒฆแƒ•แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜ แƒฃแƒชแƒฎแƒแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฃแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒกแƒžแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒ‘แƒ. แƒแƒ› แƒกแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ”แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒแƒก แƒ™แƒ แƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒš แƒแƒœแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ–แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒš แƒ แƒ”แƒแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒแƒ“แƒแƒžแƒขแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก. แƒ”แƒก แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ™แƒ”แƒ—แƒ”แƒ— แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒžแƒฃแƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒแƒช แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ•แƒชแƒ แƒกแƒแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒก แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒจแƒ˜ 300 แƒ›แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒแƒจแƒจ แƒ“แƒแƒšแƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ•แƒ”แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒช แƒจแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ แƒฃแƒชแƒฎแƒแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก 70%-แƒ–แƒ” แƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒก. แƒ”แƒก แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฃแƒชแƒฎแƒแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒ แƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒœแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ–แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ“แƒ›แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒแƒช แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒก แƒกแƒแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒชแƒ, แƒจแƒ”แƒ”แƒชแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ˜แƒก แƒซแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ“แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒซแƒฆแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒžแƒ แƒ˜แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒžแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒช แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒฆแƒแƒ แƒซแƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒฃแƒชแƒฎแƒแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ™แƒ”แƒœ, แƒฃแƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒ”แƒก แƒ˜แƒฌแƒ•แƒ”แƒ•แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ–แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒก, แƒแƒคแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฌแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒœแƒแƒก, แƒแƒแƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ˜แƒ› แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ›แƒแƒช แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒœแƒ”แƒก แƒฌแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒšแƒ”แƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜. แƒชแƒแƒขแƒ แƒฎแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒ˜แƒœ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒฎแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ— แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ“ แƒ“แƒ, แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ, แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒฃแƒ แƒœแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒคแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ–แƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒฃแƒชแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ, แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒญแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒ—แƒฃ แƒ—แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ 8 แƒ›แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒก แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒžแƒ˜แƒœแƒซแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ—, แƒ แƒ แƒ—แƒฅแƒ›แƒ แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ, แƒแƒฃแƒชแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒกแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒœแƒคแƒ แƒแƒกแƒขแƒ แƒฃแƒฅแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ—แƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜ แƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒ— แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ• แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒฃแƒ›แƒฏแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒกแƒ“แƒ”แƒก. แƒชแƒแƒšแƒ™แƒ” แƒแƒฆแƒ•แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒแƒ• แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒฃ แƒแƒ แƒ แƒกแƒขแƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒแƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก, แƒ—แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒฅแƒแƒšแƒแƒฅแƒ” แƒกแƒขแƒฃแƒ›แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒงแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“? แƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ  แƒคแƒ˜แƒฅแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ  แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒฃแƒ›แƒฏแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒกแƒ“แƒ”แƒก แƒ”แƒก แƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒ? แƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒฎแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ แƒ›แƒฎแƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒ แƒ—-แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒกแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒžแƒแƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ—. แƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒ แƒฌแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒกแƒฃแƒš แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒžแƒแƒžแƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒฎแƒ“แƒ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎ แƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜. แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒขแƒแƒž แƒแƒ—แƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒ•แƒแƒšแƒกแƒแƒ–แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒ—,

very different. Kazakhstan annually produces 82 million tons of oil, a huge amount of gas, and holds a leading position in the development of copper, zinc, and rare earth metals. We also produce a huge amount of grains. In Kazakhstan, programs are being implemented to diversify the economy and cause massive industrialization. New high-tech industries have been created in the country in the petrochemical and automobile industries, railway engineering, IT technology, and the production of space satellites. Kazakhstan have begun the production of cars, locomotives, wagons and much more. If you look at things conversely, the ratings of world agencies on the ease of doing business, on bureaucratic procedures, and on the level of corruption, shows that Georgia is ahead. In these areas, mutual experience is always interesting. You can also think about attracting direct investment, of Kazakhstani capital in the Georgian economy, and Georgian capital in Kazakhstan. Georgian officials often say that it is a priority for them to attract more foreign investors to Georgia, what would you advise and how can they attract investors from Kazakhstan? What makes Georgia an attractive place for Kazakhstani investors? Absolutely, it is important to use foreign experience to attract investments to the economy, which by now has accumulated enough. At the same time, I want to note again, the futility of directly copying Kazakhstani or any other foreign experience. Any experience in that area should be subjected to critical analysis and adaptation to Georgian conditions. We did so in the Republic of Kazakhstan, and it allowed us to attract about 300 billion US dollars into our economy, which makes up for more than 70% of all foreign investments in Central Asia. It was a critical analysis of existing foreign experience and adaptation to our conditions that enabled Kazakhstan to change the main guidelines of her economic policy to the revival of production and attracting foreign investment, primarily in the sphere of material production. This is responsible for the growth of employment and production, expansion of supply and demand, and it activates businesses that have contributed to resolving accumulated problems. We recently discussed with a number of economists, about the current situation in Georgia and, among other things, we called for the need to improve the efficiency of agriculture and the development of services and tourism. If you accept 8 million tourists, it becomes certainly necessary to develop the infrastructure of this sector to attract more tourists and improve their leisure. I would like to highlight tourist relations separately, are there any statistics showing how many citizens of your country visit Georgia annually? And how do you think this trend can be improved? Georgia as a tourist destination is becoming one of the most significant areas of bilateral cooperation with great potential for further development. In recent years, Georgia has become increasingly popular among Kazakh tourists. Kazakhstan is among the top 10 countries in terms of the number of its an-

DIPLOMAT 13


แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒกแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ—แƒ แƒ แƒ˜แƒชแƒฎแƒ•แƒ˜ 25%-แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ’แƒแƒ˜แƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ. แƒžแƒแƒกแƒขแƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒญแƒแƒ—แƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ แƒชแƒ”แƒจแƒ˜ แƒแƒ  แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ—แƒ แƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒฎแƒแƒ–แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒจแƒ˜ 20-แƒฏแƒ”แƒ  แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ—แƒฎแƒ˜ แƒฅแƒแƒšแƒแƒฅแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒแƒคแƒ แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ•แƒก. แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒ  แƒคแƒ แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒฅแƒแƒšแƒแƒฅแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ, แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒแƒšแƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ, แƒแƒฅแƒ—แƒแƒฃแƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒฃแƒ“แƒแƒœ. แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒฉแƒœแƒ”แƒ•แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒžแƒแƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒฅแƒแƒœแƒ” แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒแƒก. แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒขแƒแƒฅแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒงแƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒฃแƒš แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก. แƒ˜แƒ’แƒ”แƒ’แƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฉแƒแƒ›แƒแƒกแƒ•แƒšแƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒช แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒš แƒ™แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒฎแƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒกแƒžแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ แƒฉแƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒ–แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก. แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ  แƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ— แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒš-แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒ’แƒ”แƒ’แƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ—แƒฃ แƒแƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ˜แƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜? แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—-แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒฎแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒ—แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒจแƒ”แƒฅแƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ’แƒ แƒซแƒ”แƒšแƒ•แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒกแƒžแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—. แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒฅแƒ›แƒœแƒ แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒกแƒขแƒ แƒฃแƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒšแƒแƒขแƒคแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ แƒฉแƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒขแƒแƒฅแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒ”. แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ— แƒแƒ  แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒแƒก แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ•แƒแƒญแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ–แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒก, แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒช แƒ˜แƒฅแƒ›แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒแƒฃแƒชแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ. แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’ แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒ•แƒ’แƒ”แƒ’แƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒ— แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒซแƒฆแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒ—แƒ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ˜แƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก, แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒก แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒš แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒคแƒแƒ แƒฃแƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ’แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒก. แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒ›แƒแƒ”แƒฌแƒงแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ—แƒแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒ“แƒ แƒ, แƒกแƒแƒ•แƒแƒญแƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒกแƒฃแƒšแƒขแƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒ—แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒช, แƒ แƒ แƒ—แƒฅแƒ›แƒ แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ, แƒ’แƒแƒแƒซแƒšแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒขแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒ”แƒ’แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒฃแƒš แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒš-แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ  แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก. 14 DIPLOMAT

nual tourists to Georgia. This year, the number of Kazakhstan holidaymakers in Georgia increased by 25%. There are not many countries in the post-Soviet space, whose national airline flies to Georgia 20 times a week and from four cities. Kazakhstanโ€™s two airlines operate direct flights from our capital, Almaty, Aktau, and Atyrau. Kazakhstan recognizes Georgia as a very attractive country with huge tourism potential. Good contacts have been established between travel companies and the arrival of Kazakhstan travel agencies is expected to further deepen discussions with Georgian colleagues on the prospects for cooperation and ways to maintain this trend. How do you see the future of Georgian-Kazakh relations and are there any upcoming official visits lined up? Kazakh-Georgian relations have the nature of a strategic partnership, which is designed for the long term. A platform for constructive political dialogue has been created, and high level contacts have been maintained. We hope for the growth of trade between the two countries, for which all the necessary conditions are created. Next year, we also plan mutual visits of the heads of our governments and ministries, the participation of our delegations in international forums and conferences held in our countries. A meeting of the intergovernmental commission, trade missions, and political consultations between the foreign affairs ministries of the two countries will also be organized, which, of course, will contribute to the strengthening of traditionally friendly Kazakh-Georgian relations.


แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ”แƒšแƒฉแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ”: โ€žแƒฌแƒ˜แƒœ แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒกโ€œ

Georgia-Kazakhstan Relations: There Is a Lot of Interesting and Important Work Ahead - Zurab Abashidze, Georgian Ambassador to Kazakhstan

แƒœแƒ˜แƒœแƒ แƒจแƒแƒ แƒแƒจแƒ˜แƒซแƒ” NINO SHARASHIDZE แƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ-แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒฌแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ, แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ—แƒฃแƒ›แƒชแƒ แƒžแƒแƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒแƒฆแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ• แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒฆแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒซแƒšแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒจแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒกแƒแƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒฃแƒคแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ”แƒšแƒฉแƒ˜, แƒ–แƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ‘ แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜แƒซแƒ”, โ€žแƒ“แƒ˜แƒžแƒšแƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒกโ€œ

แƒก

he nations of Georgia and Kazakhstan have been developing their relations successfully for many years. Both countries actively cooperate in all areas, but the potential for cooperation among them is greater, and they both hope that their relations will become deeper and more vibrant. In this interview, Diplomat asked the Ambassador Ex-

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DIPLOMAT 15


แƒจแƒ”แƒ™แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒžแƒแƒกแƒฃแƒฎแƒแƒ‘แƒก: แƒ’แƒแƒกแƒฃแƒš แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒจแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒžแƒฃแƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒ—แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒ˜แƒ’แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ›แƒ”แƒ แƒ•แƒ” แƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒกแƒฃแƒšแƒขแƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ–แƒ”, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒกแƒแƒช แƒ—แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒช แƒ”แƒกแƒฌแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ  แƒจแƒ”แƒแƒคแƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ— แƒแƒฆแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒฃแƒš แƒจแƒ”แƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒก? แƒฃแƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒก แƒงแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ, แƒ›แƒกแƒฃแƒ แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒแƒฎแƒกแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ— แƒ˜แƒ› แƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒŸแƒฃแƒ แƒœแƒแƒšแƒ›แƒ โ€žแƒ“แƒ˜แƒžแƒšแƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ›แƒโ€œ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒฉแƒ˜แƒœแƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ-แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ— แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒšแƒ›แƒ แƒ—แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ™แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก. แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ“แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ“, แƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒฎแƒแƒ–แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒฃแƒกแƒ•แƒ แƒ˜แƒ› แƒ›แƒ”แƒ’แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒฃแƒš แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒฌแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒงแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ‘แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒš แƒ“แƒ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎ แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก. แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒ›แƒกแƒฃแƒ แƒก แƒแƒฆแƒ•แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒ›แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ“แƒแƒญแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—. แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒ“ แƒแƒคแƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒฃแƒคแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ—แƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ“ แƒกแƒแƒ–แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฃแƒ แƒงแƒ”แƒ• แƒžแƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒก แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ—แƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒฃแƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒขแƒ”แƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—. แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ›แƒแƒแƒ“ แƒœแƒแƒงแƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒ•แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ— แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ–แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ’แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜. แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ“, แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒฃแƒญแƒ˜แƒ แƒ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒก 2010 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒ”แƒฃแƒ—แƒ-แƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ›แƒฏแƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒแƒกแƒขแƒ–แƒ” แƒแƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒก. แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ”, แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒ แƒแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ’แƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒฎแƒ“แƒแƒ แƒ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ  แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ-แƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒ”แƒ–แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒกแƒžแƒแƒœแƒกแƒแƒ แƒ˜. แƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒกแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ แƒ›แƒฎแƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—. แƒฌแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒช แƒแƒ›แƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ›แƒแƒแƒ“ แƒ”แƒคแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒแƒ‘แƒก แƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒกแƒฃแƒšแƒขแƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ˜. แƒแƒฆแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ”แƒฅแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ–แƒ›แƒ˜ แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒฃแƒฌแƒงแƒแƒ‘แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒ›แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒ แƒ”แƒขแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒกแƒแƒ–แƒฆแƒ•แƒ แƒแƒก, แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒฏแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒฎแƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก. แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒกแƒฃแƒšแƒขแƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒก แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒ•แƒฃแƒ–แƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ— แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ—แƒก แƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒแƒ แƒ›แƒฎแƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒฆแƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒ”แƒกแƒ แƒ˜แƒ’แƒ˜แƒก

16 DIPLOMAT

traordinary and Plenipotentiary of Georgia to Kazakhstan, Zurab Abashidze some pertinent questions about the relations between Georgia and Kazakhstan: Last month, the eighth political consultation between the Ministries of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Georgia and the Republic of Kazakhstan were held at the level of Deputy Ministers. How would you rate that meeting? First of all, I would like to thank The Diplomat Magazine for the interest in Georgia-Kazakhstan relations and to welcome the readers of your publication to this interview. As to your question, I would like to emphasize the friendly relations that have been developing for many years between the Georgian and Kazakh people. I would also like to point out that the new history of relationships we share is also rich in examples of mutual support. Georgia highly appreciates the unwavering position of the Kazakh authorities and the general public of Kazakhstan, as concerning Georgiaโ€™s territorial integrity and sovereignty. We cooperate quite effectively within international organizations. Georgia, for example, supported Kazakhstan in her election as the OSCE chair in 2010. Also, our country has repeatedly co-sponsored UN resolutions initiated by Kazakhstan. Our bilateral cooperation is being intensified in all directions and the format of political consultations we share has been in operation for years with effective results recorded. This mechanism facilitates specific areas of cooperation at the moment, and it also allows us agree on practical steps for future interaction. During consultations, we share visions of topical issues


แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ  แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒแƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒช แƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒก แƒžแƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒฏแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒก. แƒแƒ›แƒฏแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒแƒช แƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒกแƒฃแƒšแƒขแƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒกแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒก แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒจแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒฏแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ— แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฆแƒฌแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜. แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ”, แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ›แƒกแƒฏแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ— แƒ˜แƒ› แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒจแƒšแƒ”แƒš แƒคแƒแƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ”, แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒช แƒชแƒแƒšแƒ™แƒ”แƒฃแƒš แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ” แƒ•แƒ”แƒ  แƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ แƒฎแƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒญแƒ แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ— แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ’แƒ›แƒ. แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ“, แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ” แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒแƒแƒ“ แƒจแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒ—แƒแƒœแƒฎแƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ— โ€žแƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒžแƒฃแƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒ—แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก 2020-2021 แƒฌแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒแƒกโ€œ. แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒกแƒฃแƒšแƒขแƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ” แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒจแƒ”แƒ•แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒฎแƒ›แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒฌแƒงแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ— แƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒก 2020 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒฃแƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒšแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ˜แƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ–แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—. แƒ™แƒ”แƒ แƒซแƒแƒ“, แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒ—แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ‘-แƒœแƒ˜ แƒขแƒšแƒ”แƒฃแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒก, แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒ”. แƒฉแƒแƒ›แƒแƒงแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ‘แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒฃแƒฌแƒงแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒซแƒฆแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ˜แƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒชแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒขแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ. แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒฎแƒ แƒ˜แƒ• แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ•แƒœแƒ แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒแƒ  แƒ˜แƒฅแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒœแƒแƒ™แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ” แƒ“แƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒจแƒ˜แƒช แƒ’แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒซแƒ”แƒšแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒกแƒฃแƒš แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒ›แƒ” แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒช แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒก แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜ แƒฐแƒงแƒแƒ•แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ  แƒคแƒ˜แƒฅแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ  แƒแƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ”แƒก แƒแƒ แƒ›แƒฎแƒ แƒ˜แƒ• แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ” แƒ“แƒ แƒ—แƒฃ แƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒแƒ‘แƒ— แƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒฌแƒ•แƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฎแƒ–แƒ”? แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒฃแƒ™แƒ•แƒ” แƒแƒฆแƒ•แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒ”, แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒš แƒ“แƒ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎ แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ›แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ”แƒ’แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒแƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ“แƒแƒ—. แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒแƒฃแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒฆแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’ แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒก แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒฉแƒแƒ›แƒแƒงแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ‘แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒญแƒ˜แƒ“แƒ แƒ, แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒžแƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒชแƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒœแƒ“แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒงแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒจแƒ˜แƒช แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒฌแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฃแƒซแƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒš แƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒก, แƒ‘-แƒœ แƒœแƒฃแƒ แƒกแƒฃแƒšแƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒœแƒแƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒ”แƒ•แƒก. แƒ“แƒแƒ แƒฌแƒ›แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ , แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ›แƒŸแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒซแƒฆแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜, แƒ‘-แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒ› แƒŸแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒข แƒขแƒแƒ™แƒแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜, แƒ’แƒแƒแƒ’แƒ แƒซแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒญแƒ˜แƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒ’แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒกแƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒœแƒก แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœ แƒฌแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒšแƒก แƒ“แƒแƒฌแƒงแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ แƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ—แƒฃ แƒ’แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜. แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒแƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒกแƒฃแƒšแƒขแƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒ แƒ—-แƒ”แƒ แƒ— แƒ›แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ  แƒ—แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒก แƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ“ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒžแƒฃแƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜แƒก, แƒ‘-แƒœแƒ˜ แƒขแƒแƒ™แƒแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒ. แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒ“แƒ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ›แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ›แƒ แƒชแƒแƒšแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒแƒ“ แƒแƒฆแƒ•แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒ”แƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒฃแƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒฃแƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒšแƒ”แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ–แƒ” แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒซแƒšแƒแƒ•แƒ  แƒ˜แƒ›แƒžแƒฃแƒšแƒกแƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒชแƒ”แƒ›แƒก แƒแƒ แƒ›แƒฎแƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒฎแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒ“ แƒแƒฎแƒแƒš แƒกแƒแƒคแƒ”แƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ–แƒ” แƒแƒงแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒแƒก. แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒช แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ-แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ” แƒ•แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ—, แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒข แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒ˜แƒฌแƒ•แƒ”แƒ•แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ•แƒแƒญแƒ แƒ แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒšแƒฉแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒคแƒ˜แƒฅแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒžแƒแƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ” แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ› แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒ•แƒแƒก; แƒ—แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ  แƒฃแƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ— แƒแƒ› แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฎแƒก, แƒ แƒ แƒฃแƒจแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒก แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒฅแƒ˜แƒ— แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒคแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒจแƒ˜? แƒ แƒ แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ™แƒ”แƒ—แƒ“แƒ”แƒก แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒ›แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก? แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒฃแƒ™แƒ•แƒ” แƒแƒฆแƒ•แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒ”, แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒก แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ›แƒŸแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒ” แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ›แƒแƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ. แƒจแƒ”แƒฅแƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒฃแƒ™แƒ•แƒ” แƒ›แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ›แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ—แƒแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒ›แƒฎแƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒจแƒ”แƒฌแƒงแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒคแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒฃแƒ  แƒ›แƒ”แƒฅแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ–แƒ›แƒก แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒก. แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ›แƒแƒแƒ“ แƒกแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ“แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒแƒ—แƒแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒจแƒ”แƒ™แƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ-แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒฉแƒœแƒ˜แƒ. แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒแƒฌแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒ 80-แƒ–แƒ” แƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒจแƒ”แƒ™แƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒฎแƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. 2019 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก 9 แƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒแƒชแƒ”แƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒ‘แƒ แƒฃแƒœแƒ•แƒแƒ› แƒจแƒ”แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒœแƒ 77.158 แƒ›แƒšแƒœ. แƒแƒจแƒจ แƒ“แƒแƒšแƒแƒ แƒ˜. แƒกแƒแƒคแƒฃแƒซแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜

on bilateral and international agendas, and this gives us the opportunity to reconcile our positions. During the Tbilisi consultations, we summarized the results achieved over the past period and we discussed the impediments that could not be resolved in certain areas with clearly outlined future action plans. For example, by the end of the year we will finally reach an agreement on the โ€œ2020-2021 Program of Cooperation between the Ministries of Foreign Affairs of Georgia and the Republic of Kazakhstan.โ€ During the consultations we also agreed that we will start working on organizing high-level visits from 2020. We are most particular about the visit of Mr. Tleuberdi, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Kazakhstan. There is already a good tradition of exchanging visits between our heads of sectoral ministries and agencies. These visits will continue next year and the dialogue on practical issues will also continue in the future. Kazakhstan elected a new President a few months ago. How do you think this development will affect bilateral relations between Georgia and Kazakhstan? And, are you working on inviting him to Georgia? As I have already mentioned, we share many years of friendly relations with the people of Kazakhstan. Since Georgiaโ€™s independence, we have established close cooperation between our states, based on mutual respect and trust, with the important contribution of the first Kazakh President, Nursultan Nazarbayev. I am confident that the current head of the country, Mr. Kassym -Zhomart Tokayev, will continue the course of close and friendly cooperation with Georgia, and will make significant contributions to the launch of new joint regional and global projects. It is noteworthy that one of the main topics of political consultations we have on our hands, is the visit of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Mr. Tokayev. We and our Kazakh counterparts have made it clear that such a visit is essential, and that meetings at the highest level will give us strong impetus to move to a qualitatively new level of bilateral cooperation. When we talk about Georgia-Kazakhstan relations, trade relations spark more interest, and Kazakhstanโ€™s ambassador to Georgia thinks the potential for trade is higher. He believes both sides need to work actively in the area of trade. How do you view this issue which many believe to impede the entry of more Kazakh investors into Georgia and vice versa? What should be done to stimulate a vibrant trade relation between both countries? The current level of cooperation between our countries is quite high. An Intergovernmental Bilateral Economic Commission which serves as an effective mechanism for promoting cooperation has been established and has been in operation for many years. We have a very solid inter-state contractual-legal basis in operation which has yielded more than 80 signed contracts and agreements. The turnover for the 9 months of 2019 so far, is 77.158 million USD. We strongly hope that by the end of the year this figure will increase significantly.

DIPLOMAT 17


แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒแƒก แƒ”แƒก แƒชแƒ˜แƒคแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒœแƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒ˜แƒ–แƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ”แƒจแƒฃแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒ”แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ–แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒแƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒจแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—. แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ•แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ— TRASECA-แƒก แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒขแƒ แƒแƒœแƒกแƒ™แƒแƒกแƒžแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒขแƒ แƒแƒœแƒกแƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒจแƒ แƒฃแƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒแƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒขแƒ”แƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ’แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜. แƒ”แƒก แƒฃแƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒกแƒ™แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒฅแƒ›แƒœแƒ 2013 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก, แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ 2018 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ˜แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒชแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช Middle Corridor. แƒแƒ›แƒแƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ”, แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘ แƒฉแƒ”แƒ›แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒคแƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก, แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒก แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒžแƒแƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒแƒฉแƒœแƒ˜แƒ. แƒ—แƒฃแƒ›แƒชแƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒขแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒฎแƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ•. แƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒ˜แƒชแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ“ แƒฉแƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒฌแƒ•แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜. แƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ’แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒก แƒแƒฎแƒแƒš แƒแƒ›แƒแƒชแƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒก แƒแƒฎแƒแƒš แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ— แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒญแƒ แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ“. แƒ›แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒœ แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ” แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒญแƒ˜แƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒฎแƒแƒš แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒฌแƒ•แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ” แƒกแƒแƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒ”แƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ“ แƒ”แƒก แƒกแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ™แƒ•แƒ”แƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒกแƒฃแƒคแƒ”แƒ•แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ แƒ›แƒฎแƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒกแƒฃแƒšแƒขแƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒก, แƒ แƒแƒกแƒแƒช แƒฉแƒ”แƒ›แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒ˜แƒขแƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒช แƒแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก. แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒ•แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒแƒ‘แƒ— แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎ แƒ›แƒ”แƒ’แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก, แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒกแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒœ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒกแƒแƒขแƒ แƒแƒœแƒ–แƒ˜แƒขแƒ แƒกแƒแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒขแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ แƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒชแƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜. แƒ›แƒแƒ— แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ แƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒฃแƒฅแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ”. แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ, แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ— แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ•แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—. แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ“, แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ•แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก, แƒขแƒ”แƒฅแƒœแƒแƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก, ICT แƒ“แƒ R&D แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ–แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—. แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒแƒ–แƒ แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒกแƒžแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒฆแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ•แƒแƒญแƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒขแƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก pitching แƒกแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ–แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒฎแƒ˜แƒ—, แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ  แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก (H2020, etc.) แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ’แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜. แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒขแƒ”แƒฅแƒœแƒแƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒฃแƒ  แƒžแƒแƒ แƒ™แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒฌแƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒก แƒžแƒแƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒฆแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ˜แƒ—. แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ—, แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒ•แƒฃแƒฌแƒงแƒแƒ— แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒš แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒขแƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ‘แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ•แƒแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ–แƒ” แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜. แƒ แƒ แƒ—แƒฅแƒ›แƒ แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ, แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒšแƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ  แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒจแƒ˜. แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒฎแƒกแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ—, แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒก แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ™แƒ”แƒ—แƒ”แƒกแƒ แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ™แƒšแƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒ. แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒฃแƒฌแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ— แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎ แƒ›แƒ”แƒ’แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก, แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ“ แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ“แƒœแƒ”แƒœ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ–แƒ”. แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฃแƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ“ แƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒกแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒคแƒ แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก 4 แƒฅแƒแƒšแƒแƒฅแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฃแƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ“ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ 25%-แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ–แƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒกแƒฃแƒš แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก, แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฅแƒ•แƒแƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒฎแƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒช แƒžแƒแƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ, แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ แƒ” แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒ›แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ  แƒคแƒ˜แƒฅแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ—, แƒ แƒ แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ™แƒ”แƒ—แƒ“แƒ”แƒก แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—? 2019 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒแƒ -แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ›แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒแƒชแƒ”แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ— แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ แƒ แƒแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ˜แƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ 63,9%-แƒ˜แƒ—. แƒ“แƒแƒ แƒฌแƒ›แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ , แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒแƒก แƒ แƒแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒ™แƒ•แƒ”แƒ—แƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒ˜แƒ–แƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ“แƒแƒช แƒฉแƒ”แƒ›แƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒชแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒ, แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ—แƒ-แƒกแƒแƒ—แƒฎแƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ›แƒฃแƒ แƒ แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ แƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒกแƒแƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒก. แƒ›แƒแƒแƒฎแƒšแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ–แƒแƒ›แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ“ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒช แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ—แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ แƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒžแƒ˜แƒœแƒซแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ แƒ›แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒฉแƒแƒ›แƒแƒกแƒฃแƒš แƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก. แƒ—แƒฃแƒ›แƒชแƒ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒฎแƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒช แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒกแƒžแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒฌแƒ˜แƒœ แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒก. แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒšแƒฉแƒแƒก แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒ”แƒช แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒš แƒ›แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ  แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฆแƒฌแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒงแƒแƒคแƒ“แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ—แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ”แƒšแƒฉแƒแƒ“ แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’? แƒ—แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒก แƒ™แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒแƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒกแƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒžแƒšแƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒชแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒœแƒแƒ—แƒฅแƒ•แƒแƒ›แƒ˜. แƒ”แƒšแƒฉแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒฃแƒ™แƒ•แƒ” แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒฉแƒแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ•แƒแƒšแƒแƒก, แƒ—แƒฃ แƒกแƒแƒ–แƒฆแƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ— แƒ“แƒ˜แƒžแƒšแƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ แƒแƒขแƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒ“แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒกแƒแƒ›แƒงแƒแƒคแƒ”แƒš แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒแƒจแƒ˜. แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒฎแƒ แƒ˜แƒ• แƒ›แƒ” แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒ, 2017 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ” แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜แƒก, แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒก, แƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ -แƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒฃแƒ™แƒ 18 DIPLOMAT

The positions of Georgia and Kazakhstan are in line with the importance of implementing the new Silk Road project. We are successfully collaborating within the TRASECA project and the Trans-Caspian International Transport Route. The latter was created in 2013, and since 2018 it has been known as the Middle Corridor. At the same time, I share my colleagueโ€™s assessment that our relationship really holds great potential. However, I view this event in a positive context. Time is changing and new challenges arise with it. Life is about finding new tasks and demanding new approaches from us to solve them. Most importantly, we understand the importance of developing close cooperation between both countries and responding appropriately to new challenges. It is important that this spirit that has reigned in bilateral consultations, as confirmed by the words of my colleague remain among us. We are always inviting our Kazakh friends to make more intensive use of Georgiaโ€™s transit facilities and to increase freight volumes. These transit facilities benefit oil products amongst other products. In addition, we are interested in collaborating in the field of innovation. For example, in the areas of innovation, technology, ICT and R&D commercialization. In our opinion, it is promising for us to deepen cooperation in the organization of pitch sessions for trade missions and startups, as well as in EU-initiated programs (H2020, etc.). Georgia is ready to invite potential partners to participate in the Technology Park to deepen future cooperation. We are also interested in helping Georgian startups and innovators gain entry to the Kazakh market. Of course, we welcome Kazakh investments in the Georgian economy and as you know, our country has the best investment climate. Therefore, we urge our Kazakh friends to take bold steps and enter the Georgian investment market. Despite concentrated flights from 4 Kazakhstani cities, and a 25% increase in Kazakh visitors last year, many pointers suggest that the potential is even greater than it is today. What do you think should be done? From January-October 2019, the number of visitors from Kazakhstan increased by 63.9%. Iโ€™m sure the numbers will increase dramatically by the end of the year. As far as I am aware, tourists from Kazakhstan are particularly attracted to Georgian ski resorts. This coming winter season is the time when our mountainous regions will host a large number of tourists. However, I agree with you, this area of cooperation is very promising and a lot of work is ahead. Speaking of embassy activities, what major achievements would you highlight when your tenure ends as ambassador? Your question reminds of one quirky statement made by some diplomats. An ambassadorโ€™s mission can already be considered a success if in the time of his mission, a head of his countryโ€™s government visited the country where the Ambassador resides. In this regard, I was lucky that between 2017 and now, the former President of Georgia Giorgi Margvelashvili, and former Prime Minister Mamuka Bakhtadze have been in


แƒ‘แƒแƒฎแƒขแƒแƒซแƒ˜แƒก, แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ˜แƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜. 2010 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’, แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒฃแƒ™แƒ•แƒ” แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜, แƒ’แƒแƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ•แƒ˜แƒชแƒ”แƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒก, แƒกแƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒ—แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฎแƒ”แƒ˜แƒš แƒฏแƒแƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒซแƒ˜แƒก, แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜. แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ”, แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒก แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒก แƒกแƒขแƒฃแƒ›แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ“แƒœแƒ”แƒœ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ•แƒ˜แƒชแƒ”แƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜. แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒฃแƒ™แƒ•แƒ” แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒแƒฎแƒกแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ—, แƒ แƒ”แƒ’แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ แƒฃแƒš แƒฎแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒ—แƒก แƒแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒฃแƒฌแƒงแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒซแƒฆแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒชแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ˜แƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜. แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒ›แƒงแƒแƒคแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒฏแƒ”แƒ แƒ›แƒ” แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒšแƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ แƒ’แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜. แƒงแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ” แƒ”แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒก แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒกแƒแƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒš, แƒ›แƒ”แƒ’แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ”. แƒ—แƒฃแƒ›แƒชแƒ, แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฃแƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ“ โ€žแƒ“แƒ˜แƒžแƒšแƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒœแƒแƒ—แƒฅแƒ•แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒโ€œ, แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ— แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒšแƒฉแƒแƒก แƒ’แƒ”แƒ’แƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒแƒ  แƒแƒ›แƒแƒฌแƒฃแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ. แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒฅแƒ˜แƒ—, แƒฌแƒ˜แƒœ แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒก. แƒ“แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒแƒก, แƒ—แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒก แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒ”แƒช แƒ’แƒ™แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ—, แƒ—แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ— แƒ”แƒšแƒฉแƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒแƒœแƒ’แƒจแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ“ แƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒกแƒแƒฏแƒแƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒžแƒšแƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜? แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ  แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒฉแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ— แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒ“แƒแƒฃแƒ  แƒชแƒ˜แƒ• แƒ™แƒšแƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒก? แƒ แƒแƒก แƒ”แƒขแƒงแƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒ— แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒš แƒ“แƒ˜แƒแƒกแƒžแƒแƒ แƒแƒก แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒจแƒ˜? แƒชแƒแƒšแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒแƒ“ แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ—แƒฅแƒ•แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒกแƒแƒฏแƒแƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ› แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒแƒžแƒขแƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒ˜. แƒ—แƒฃแƒ›แƒชแƒ, แƒฉแƒ”แƒ›แƒ˜ แƒแƒ–แƒ แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ“แƒ˜แƒžแƒšแƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ“ แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒžแƒ”แƒชแƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒžแƒšแƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒช แƒ™แƒ˜ แƒ•แƒ”แƒ  แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒขแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ› แƒฃแƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒคแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒ“แƒฃแƒ›แƒšแƒ แƒชแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒ. แƒ›แƒกแƒฃแƒ แƒก, แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒ›แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒกแƒแƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒแƒฆแƒ•แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒ แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ›แƒแƒก แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒ›แƒฎแƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ›แƒขแƒ™แƒ˜แƒชแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฎแƒจแƒ˜. แƒแƒฅ แƒ›แƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒ•แƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒขแƒ”แƒขแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒžแƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒชแƒ”แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ— แƒกแƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ–แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜. แƒงแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ” แƒ”แƒก, แƒ แƒ แƒ—แƒฅแƒ›แƒ แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ, แƒ’แƒ•แƒ”แƒฎแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒ“แƒ แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒฃแƒฌแƒงแƒแƒ‘แƒก แƒแƒ แƒ›แƒฎแƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก. แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ แƒ แƒแƒช แƒจแƒ”แƒ”แƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ—แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒก แƒ™แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒก แƒ™แƒšแƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒฃแƒ  แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒแƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒแƒšแƒ‘แƒแƒ—, แƒแƒ  แƒ•แƒ˜แƒฅแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ’แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜, แƒ—แƒฃแƒ›แƒชแƒ แƒ’แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒฎแƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒ”แƒขแƒงแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ— - แƒ™แƒšแƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒก แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒฅแƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒก. แƒแƒฅ แƒ™แƒ˜ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ— แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒกแƒแƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ.

Kazakhstan. After 2010, under a new government of Georgia, the Deputy Prime Minister of Georgia Mikheil Janelidze, also visited Kazakhstan. Vice Prime Ministers from Georgia have also visited Kazakhstan at various instances. As already mentioned, the exchange visits of heads of sectoral ministries and agencies are regular. The Minister of Economy of Georgia was in Kazakhstan, on a visit to the Minister of Energy of Kazakhstan several times. All of this is a testament to the warm, friendly and businesslike relations between our countries. However, despite the abovementioned โ€œdiplomatic sayingsโ€, our embassyโ€™s plans do not end here. We have a lot of interesting and important work ahead of us. Finally, I would like to ask you about your personal experience. This is your first experience as an ambassador so, how difficult was the transition from being a public official and politician to diplomatic service? How did you get used to Kazakhstan and the cold climate of Kazakhstan? And what would you say to the Georgian diaspora in Kazakhstan? I can say unequivocally that the experience of a civil servant and a politician has made it easier for me to adapt. However, in my opinion, the diplomatic service is so interesting and specific that even a career diplomat will fail to know all the secrets of this important profession. I would like to take this opportunity to especially emphasize the important role of our community in strengthening bilateral relations. Georgians living here enjoy high levels of respect within the Kazakh society. All of this certainly helps us and fosters the development of bilateral cooperation. And as for your question about climate, Iโ€™m probably not going to be original, but to be honest - climate is created by the relationship between people, and in Kazakhstan, there is a particularly warm attitude towards Georgians and Georgia.

DIPLOMAT 19


Radisson Blu Iveria Hotel, Tbilisi Perfect place for every traveller

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adisson Blu Iveria Citycenter hotel gives Tbilisi guests views of river and mountains Found in the heart of Georgia's capital city, Tbilisi, this hotel is nestled between the beautiful Mtkvari River and nearby mountain ranges. Step outside to find dining, shopping and nightlife on Rustaveli Avenue.You can visit nearby attractions like Old Town and the Narikala Fortress. Our 249 rooms and suites provide Free high-speed, wireless Internet and scenic views of Mtatsminda, the city's historic hill, or of the river landscape.

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Umami

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ou are invited to experience exquisite dining within tranquility and elegance of interior at our Asian restaurant Umami. By mixing Japanese and Thai with other culinary cultures, chefs use the freshest ingredients to create both traditional and innovative dishes, while cooking becomes a performance art as you watch dinner preparations in the open kitchen. Pair Umamiโ€™s signature sushi with a glass of wine as you take in the views from floor-to-ceiling windows and expect no less than a premium treatment from wonderful service team. Be a part of this Asian fusion restaurant that features an open kitchen, allowing guests to view the chefโ€™s craft.Try fresh sushi or something sizzling from the menu showcasing anything from tepanyaki or teriyaki. Umami offers a range of authentic dishes from Asia as well as some newer signature dishes created by the Radisson Blu Iveriaโ€™s Asian chefs.

Filini

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lissful flavors and colors of Italy come together in the heart of Tbilisi. At Filini they understand that a concept of a great restaurant is not exclusively about delicious food, it also involves dining in attractive and soulful setting complete with welcoming and competent service team. Filini menu offers a wide selection of traditional and signature dishes, creatively cooked up for an unforgettable culinary experience. We love our organic selection of perfectly grilled steaks and locally foraged natural cheeses & jams. For a touch of local taste, a glass of Georgian Qvevri wine paired with homemade pasta is second to none.

Anne Semonin Spa

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raversing Radisson Blu Iveria Hotelโ€™s top two floors, Anne Semonin Spa overlooks Tbilisi in its sun-drenched brilliance. With its massive floor-toceiling windows, light pastel tones and aerial views, this 1,600-square-meter spa offers nourishment for all human senses. Equipped by infinity lounge pool, relaxation area, thermal suites, KLAFSยฉ solariums, 9 treatment rooms, fitness centre and an outdoor pool, Anne Semonin Spa offers everything and more. Deluxe treatment collection presents an ingenious blend of aromatic essentials oils, trace elements and marine ingredients with the classic French touch and a holistic approach to treating the individual needs of your body and skin. DIPLOMAT 21


แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ— แƒฉแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ•แƒแƒ˜แƒซแƒ” แƒ’แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒงแƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒซแƒฆแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒก, แƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒข แƒขแƒแƒ™แƒแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก, แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘ แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒก

David Chikvaidze on President Tokayev, His Former Boss at the United Nations แƒœแƒ˜แƒœแƒ แƒจแƒแƒ แƒแƒจแƒ˜แƒซแƒ” NINO SHARASHIDZE แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒก แƒŸแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ— แƒฉแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ•แƒแƒ˜แƒซแƒ” แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒ” แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ–แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ›แƒŸแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒš แƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒข แƒ™แƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒ›-แƒŸแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒข แƒขแƒแƒ™แƒแƒ”แƒ•แƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒแƒ‘แƒ“แƒ. แƒแƒ› แƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒฃแƒจแƒ˜ แƒฉแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ•แƒแƒ˜แƒซแƒ” แƒขแƒแƒ™แƒแƒ”แƒ•แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒแƒ“ แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒ–แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก, แƒ—แƒฃ แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ  แƒจแƒ”แƒฃแƒซแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒขแƒแƒ™แƒแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒซแƒšแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ.

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แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒ›-แƒŸแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒข แƒขแƒแƒ™แƒแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜ 20112013 แƒฌแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒก แƒŸแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒกแƒก แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒซแƒฆแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ“แƒ, แƒ—แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒ›แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ” แƒฎแƒœแƒ˜แƒ— แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒช แƒ˜แƒงแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒฎแƒ•แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ— แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ  แƒ“แƒแƒแƒฎแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ›แƒแƒก, แƒ แƒ แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒฃแƒš แƒ—แƒฃ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒคแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒฃแƒš แƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒงแƒแƒคแƒ“แƒ˜แƒ—? แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒแƒช แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒžแƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒฎแƒ•แƒ“แƒ แƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ“, แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒญแƒ˜แƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒฅแƒแƒœแƒแƒ“แƒ แƒ‘-แƒœ แƒขแƒแƒ™แƒแƒ”แƒ•แƒ—แƒแƒœ 201122 DIPLOMAT

avid Chikvaidze, Chef de Cabinet of the Director-General of the United Nations Office at Geneva (UNOG) worked closely with President Tokayev of Kazakhstan in the United Nations Office at Geneva for more than two years. In this conversation with Diplomat Magazine, Chikvaidze shared insights about his perception of Tokayev, his thoughts on Tokayevโ€™s appointment as President of Kazakhstan, and how he thinks Georgia can make the most of a strategic partnership with Kazakhstan under Tokayevโ€™s government.

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Kazakhstanโ€™s new president, Kassym-Jomart Tokayev, headed the UNโ€™s office in Geneva from 2011 to 2013. You were the head of his cabinet for a while, when did you first meet him, and how would you describe his character?


2013 แƒฌแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒช แƒ˜แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒก แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ•แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒแƒœแƒ’แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒก แƒŸแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒแƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒก แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ•แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ˜ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜. แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒฃแƒœแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ: แƒฃแƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒšแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜ แƒกแƒ˜แƒœแƒฏแƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ˜แƒžแƒšแƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ˜, แƒ›แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฌแƒ˜แƒ’แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ•แƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜, แƒแƒ™แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒแƒ–แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฃแƒœแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒฅแƒแƒœแƒ”, แƒคแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ”แƒฎแƒกแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒแƒขแƒ แƒแƒœแƒ˜. แƒ˜แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒšแƒ˜แƒœแƒ’แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒช แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒฃแƒคแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒคแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒก แƒแƒ—แƒฎ แƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ  แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒก, แƒ›แƒแƒ— แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒฃแƒกแƒฃแƒšแƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒฉแƒ˜แƒœแƒฃแƒ แƒก แƒ›แƒจแƒแƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ–แƒ”. แƒ–แƒ”แƒ“แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฌแƒ”แƒ•แƒœแƒ˜แƒ— แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒ” แƒ›แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒแƒ–แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒ”, แƒ’แƒแƒฏแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒขแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒคแƒแƒกแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ™แƒ•แƒ”แƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—. แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒแƒฆแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ - แƒฌแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ™แƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒšแƒกแƒ˜แƒœแƒ“แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒžแƒ แƒแƒคแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ , แƒ˜แƒกแƒ” แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ— แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒšแƒจแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒฎแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒก แƒฃแƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒกแƒ™แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ–แƒ” แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒแƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒ—แƒแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก. แƒฉแƒ”แƒ›แƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒžแƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ•แƒ˜แƒชแƒœแƒแƒ‘ แƒ‘-แƒœ แƒขแƒแƒ™แƒแƒ”แƒ•แƒก, แƒ›แƒแƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’, แƒ แƒแƒช แƒ˜แƒก แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒ—แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒแƒ—แƒฎแƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ“แƒแƒแƒ—แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒฌแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒฌแƒงแƒ˜แƒกแƒจแƒ˜, แƒ›แƒ” แƒ™แƒ˜ แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒฌแƒงแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒฅแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒก แƒจแƒขแƒแƒ‘-แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒœแƒ˜แƒฃ-แƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ™แƒจแƒ˜. แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒแƒฉแƒ”แƒ›แƒ˜ แƒ”แƒ แƒ— แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒœ แƒกแƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒ—แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒฏแƒแƒœแƒกแƒแƒฆแƒ˜ แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒžแƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒชแƒ”แƒ›แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒฃแƒšแƒฌแƒ แƒคแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ“แƒแƒ—. แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ“ แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ’แƒœแƒ”แƒœ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ แƒ›แƒฎแƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฌแƒงแƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—แƒแƒœ. แƒ—แƒฃ แƒ’แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒ— แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ” แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒกแƒแƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒก แƒ”แƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ? แƒ‘แƒแƒขแƒแƒœ แƒขแƒแƒ™แƒแƒ”แƒ•แƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ

แƒ’แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒก แƒŸแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒœ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒ˜ แƒงแƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ˜ แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ— แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒš แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒ. แƒ–แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ“, แƒงแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒกแƒแƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒ แƒซแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒช แƒกแƒแƒญแƒ˜แƒ แƒ แƒฎแƒแƒ  แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒ˜แƒฎแƒ›แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒแƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒก แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒจแƒ˜.

The staff of the United Nations Office at Geneva were very happy to see their former boss rise to such a high level. In general, it is always a great feeling when one is needed and called upon for service to oneโ€™s country. Also, what outstanding personal or professional qualities did he have? Indeed, I had the privilege and great pleasure of working closely with Mr Tokayev in 2011-2013, when he served as Under-Secretary-General, Director-General of the United Nations Office at Geneva, Secretary-General of the Conference on Disarmament and Personal Envoy of the UN Secretary-General to the Conference. He is a unique individual: a high-caliber diplomat with an academic mind and a prolific pen, with a phenomenal memory; a linguist par excellence, who fluently speaks four official languages of the UN, including Chinese and Russian at mother-tongue level, a thoroughly modern manager and thinker, yet anchored in traditional values and national spirit. All of the above are surpassed only by his personal human qualities of decency, honesty, both professional and in personal relationships and his kindness towards people. The latter trait of character is exceedingly important for a Head of State. It has been an honour to know Mr. Tokayev for many years, since the time he was Foreign Minister of Kazakhstan in the early-nineties when I started working in the UN Secretariat in New York. He and my father were ministers at the same time and had a very healthy respect for each other and very cordial relations and were at the early stages of Georgian-Kazakh bilateral relations and cooperation. Do you have any special memories of working with him?

DIPLOMAT 23


แƒ›แƒ” แƒ“แƒแƒ แƒฌแƒ›แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ , แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒคแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒฆแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒ”แƒก แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒ“แƒ”แƒก, แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ ยซแƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒแƒ’แƒแƒ—ยป แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒ. แƒ›แƒแƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก. แƒฎแƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒกแƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ‘แƒแƒ•แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒ›แƒแƒœ แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒแƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒฏแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ’แƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒ›แƒ‘แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒก แƒ›แƒแƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’, แƒ แƒแƒช แƒ˜แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒแƒ แƒšแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ›แƒฏแƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ“ แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒŸแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ™แƒšแƒ” แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ— แƒ“แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒœแƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒฃแƒคแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ›แƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ แƒŸแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ˜แƒžแƒšแƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ  แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒžแƒฃแƒกแƒก, แƒ’แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒก แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ• แƒกแƒแƒ–แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ—แƒแƒช แƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒแƒกแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ’แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒกแƒฌแƒงแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ—. แƒ›แƒแƒ™แƒšแƒ”แƒ“, แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒแƒ›แƒ‘แƒแƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒ›แƒ‘แƒ: แƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒšแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒก แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒœแƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒฌแƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ”แƒ•แƒšแƒ. แƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ™แƒšแƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ แƒแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒฎแƒ˜, แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ–แƒ”แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ–แƒ” แƒ™แƒ˜แƒ‘แƒ”แƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ’แƒœแƒ”แƒœ แƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒแƒฆแƒแƒชแƒแƒก แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒœแƒ”แƒœ. แƒ“แƒแƒชแƒ•แƒแƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ”แƒ™แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฎแƒ, แƒ แƒแƒขแƒแƒ› แƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒก แƒ”แƒก แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒฎแƒ˜ แƒแƒฅแƒ. แƒ“แƒแƒชแƒ•แƒแƒ› แƒฃแƒžแƒแƒกแƒฃแƒฎแƒ: โ€žแƒ“แƒแƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ™แƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœ, แƒ—แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒก แƒ’แƒแƒกแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒ แƒ” แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒชแƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒ— แƒกแƒแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒซแƒ แƒแƒแƒœโ€œ. แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ–แƒ” แƒแƒฆแƒจแƒคแƒแƒ—แƒ“แƒ แƒขแƒแƒ™แƒแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒฃแƒ‘แƒ แƒซแƒแƒœแƒ แƒ“แƒแƒชแƒ•แƒแƒก, แƒ˜แƒ›แƒฌแƒฃแƒ—แƒแƒกแƒ•แƒ” แƒ›แƒแƒ”แƒฎแƒกแƒœแƒแƒ— แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒชแƒแƒ— แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒฎแƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒซแƒ แƒแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ“แƒ˜แƒ— แƒแƒ› แƒแƒ›แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒฆแƒ•แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒ”แƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒกแƒฃแƒš แƒแƒ  แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒฌแƒแƒ“-แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒจแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒแƒชแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒฎแƒ“แƒ! แƒกแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ–แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ•แƒ—แƒฅแƒ•แƒแƒ—, แƒ”แƒก แƒžแƒแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒฃแƒŸแƒ”แƒขแƒ˜ แƒ–แƒฃแƒกแƒขแƒแƒ“ แƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒญแƒ”แƒจแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒข แƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ”แƒขแƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒฆแƒ แƒ›แƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒ™แƒ แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒš แƒคแƒแƒกแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒช แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒจแƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ‘แƒก. แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ  แƒจแƒ”แƒฎแƒ•แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ— แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฎแƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒก แƒขแƒแƒ™แƒแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒแƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒšแƒแƒ“แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒ”แƒก แƒ—แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก? แƒกแƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒ” แƒ’แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฎแƒ แƒแƒ—, แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ“แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒแƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒขแƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒ›แƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก, แƒแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“ แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ—แƒฃแƒ›แƒชแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒฃแƒคแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒแƒฅแƒขแƒ˜ แƒแƒ  แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒฉแƒ”แƒ›แƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒชแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ‘-แƒœแƒ˜ แƒขแƒแƒ™แƒแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒฎแƒšแƒ แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘. แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒฃแƒคแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒฎแƒแƒ–แƒก แƒฃแƒกแƒ•แƒแƒ›แƒก แƒแƒ› แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒฃแƒš แƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ’แƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก. แƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜ แƒœแƒแƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒฌแƒแƒœแƒแƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜, แƒญแƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜, แƒฌแƒ˜แƒœแƒ“แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜, แƒ‘แƒ แƒซแƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒแƒ—แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒšแƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜. แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒ แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒงแƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒญแƒแƒ—แƒ แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒžแƒฃแƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒฅแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒกแƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒ แƒกแƒกแƒ แƒ™-แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒจแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒก, แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ›, แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒฌแƒฃแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒแƒ“, แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ–แƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒฃแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒ. แƒœแƒแƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒ”แƒ•แƒ›แƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒแƒ›แƒฉแƒœแƒ˜แƒ แƒœแƒ˜แƒญแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜, 24 DIPLOMAT

I have many recollections of working with Mr. Tokayev, all of them educational and very pleasant. One thing that comes often to mind is a story he told us, senior managers, after he had been nominated as Speaker of the Senate of the Parliament of Kazakhstan and had come back to Geneva briefly, to wind up his tenure here and say good-bye to the Geneva diplomatic corps and local community which was very sorry to see him go. Well, the story he told was the following: while back home for the nomination, he had gone in for a medical check up and saw a crowd of people standing at the top of the stairs inside the building and another crowd at the bottom, without moving. When he asked his security man what they were doing there, he was told that they were blocked to let him enter. He could not believe this and immediately gave orders to lift the block. We were all amused by this story and told him that he had spent only two and a half years in the UN and had already picked up politically correct manners! But seriously, this story is a reflection of his true beliefs and his deeply democratic mentality. How did you find the news of the resignation of the former President of Kazakhstan, and the appointment of Tokayev in his place? Did you expect it? The timing certainly was a surprise to me, as to most people, I think. But I was not surprised by the transition itself, because I knew of the close relationship between the first president of Kazakhstan and Mr. Tokayev. This transition, actually, underscores the character and personal rapport of the two men. President Nazarbayev was the kind of wise, balanced, intelligent and enlightened leader that all of the former Soviet republics would have benefitted from upon the dissolution of the USSR, but only some were as lucky. He saw a young, talented, intelligent diplomat, picked him out, put him next to him and โ€˜grewโ€™ him. And this young diplomat paid him and his country back with honest work, growing in the process and walking in lock-step with the President in all of the vital first and subsequent steps in the diplomacy of a young state, with strong established powers on its borders and a complex ethnic make-up. Mr. Tokayev earned the trust of President Nazarbayev through his good judgement, forthright character, internationalism and an impeccable record of personal honesty and integrity. How was Tokayevโ€™s appointment as Kazakhstanโ€™s Pres-


แƒญแƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ’แƒแƒ–แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒžแƒšแƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ˜, แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒ แƒ’แƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ“แƒ โ€œแƒ’แƒแƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒโ€. แƒแƒ› แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ’แƒแƒ–แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒžแƒšแƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ›แƒ แƒ™แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒแƒก แƒžแƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒแƒกแƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ’แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒฃแƒžแƒแƒกแƒฃแƒฎแƒ, แƒ’แƒแƒ˜แƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒ“แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ’แƒ, โ€œแƒคแƒ”แƒฎแƒก แƒฃแƒฌแƒงแƒแƒ‘แƒ“แƒโ€ แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ, แƒกแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒชแƒแƒชแƒฎแƒšแƒ แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒš แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ•แƒœแƒ แƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒฏแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ—แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ›แƒแƒช แƒแƒฃแƒชแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒแƒฎแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒจแƒ”แƒฅแƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ”แƒ—แƒœแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒแƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒกแƒแƒช แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ–แƒฆแƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒ–แƒ” แƒซแƒšแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜, แƒฉแƒแƒ›แƒแƒงแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜. แƒ‘-แƒœแƒ›แƒ แƒขแƒแƒ™แƒแƒ”แƒ•แƒ›แƒ แƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒข แƒœแƒแƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒœแƒ“แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒžแƒแƒ•แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฆแƒ˜ แƒแƒ–แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ›แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ›แƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ˜ แƒฃแƒžแƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒแƒกแƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—. แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ  แƒแƒฆแƒ˜แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒก แƒขแƒแƒ™แƒแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒแƒ“ แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒจแƒ˜? แƒ’แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒก แƒŸแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒœ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒ˜ แƒงแƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ˜ แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ— แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒš แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒ. แƒ–แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ“, แƒงแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒกแƒแƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒ แƒซแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒช แƒกแƒแƒญแƒ˜แƒ แƒ แƒฎแƒแƒ  แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒ˜แƒฎแƒ›แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒแƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒก แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒจแƒ˜. แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ“แƒแƒช, แƒ”.แƒฌ. แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒŸแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ”, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒจแƒ•แƒ”แƒ˜แƒชแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒฃแƒคแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ” แƒคแƒ”แƒœแƒ - แƒ›แƒฃแƒœแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒžแƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜, แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒขแƒแƒœแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒคแƒ”แƒ“แƒ”แƒ แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ - แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒช แƒ˜แƒชแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ“แƒœแƒ”แƒœ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒคแƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ“แƒœแƒ”แƒœ แƒ‘-แƒœ แƒขแƒแƒ™แƒแƒ”แƒ•แƒก, แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒฃแƒแƒฆแƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—. แƒ–แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ“, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ  แƒแƒฆแƒ˜แƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ โ€žแƒ’แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒก แƒ™แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒกโ€œ แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ แƒ˜แƒ› แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒแƒ“, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒกแƒแƒช แƒ“แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒ™แƒ แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒ–แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒฎแƒ˜แƒ— แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒฌแƒ•แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก, แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ—แƒฃ แƒแƒ แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ’แƒœแƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ™แƒ”แƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—? แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ— แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒกแƒแƒช แƒ“แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒ™แƒ แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒแƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒแƒœแƒแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒฌแƒ•แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ  แƒ’แƒแƒแƒฉแƒœแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒกแƒ˜แƒขแƒงแƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฃแƒ™แƒ”แƒ แƒซแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—. แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ›, แƒ—แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒ–แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ แƒ”, แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ— แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒกแƒแƒช แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒ™แƒ แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒ™แƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ“แƒ”แƒก แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ— แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒš แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒก, แƒ แƒแƒช แƒกแƒแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒแƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒก, แƒ–แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒฆแƒแƒก แƒ—แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ  แƒแƒฆแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒฃแƒš แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒฌแƒ•แƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜. แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ  แƒแƒคแƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ— แƒขแƒแƒ™แƒแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒš แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก? แƒ–แƒ”แƒ“แƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒฅแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒ›แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒฎแƒ แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ โ€œแƒจแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒคแƒแƒกแƒโ€ แƒ’แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒก แƒฌแƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒแƒ‘แƒ. แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ“, แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ, แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก, แƒœแƒแƒ™แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒฉแƒœแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ›, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒจแƒ” แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒก, แƒฉแƒ”แƒ›แƒ˜ แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒ–แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒฏแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒกแƒแƒšแƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ“แƒแƒฌแƒงแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒขแƒ˜แƒžแƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒฃแƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒฉแƒแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒฃแƒงแƒแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒ•, แƒ›แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒกแƒขแƒฃแƒ›แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒฃแƒ›แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒคแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ–แƒ”แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒฅแƒ”แƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒจแƒ”. แƒ”แƒก แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ™แƒ แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜, แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜, แƒ“แƒ, แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒ” แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒก, แƒฆแƒ˜แƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜, แƒกแƒแƒ–แƒ”แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ แƒฆแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒซแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ” แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒฃแƒ“แƒ’แƒ. แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒก แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒ แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒกแƒแƒฌแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜, แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒš แƒ แƒ˜แƒ’แƒจแƒ˜, แƒกแƒแƒจแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜. แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ“ แƒแƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒขแƒแƒ™แƒแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒแƒ“ แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ-แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ”, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ˜ แƒžแƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—? แƒ‘-แƒœแƒ˜ แƒขแƒแƒ™แƒแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ“ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒฌแƒงแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—. แƒ˜แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒฎแƒ แƒ”แƒ แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒซแƒšแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ”, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒแƒฎแƒšแƒ แƒ—แƒฃ แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒฃแƒš แƒ›แƒ”แƒ–แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ—แƒแƒœ. แƒ›แƒ” แƒ“แƒแƒ แƒฌแƒ›แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ , แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒคแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒฆแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒ”แƒก แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒ“แƒ”แƒก, แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ ยซแƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒแƒ’แƒแƒ—ยป แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒ. แƒงแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒฎแƒกแƒแƒ•แƒ“แƒ”แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒ›แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ’แƒ›แƒแƒ— แƒ˜แƒก แƒ•แƒ˜แƒฌแƒ แƒแƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒกแƒแƒช, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒ•แƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ—, แƒ’แƒแƒขแƒแƒชแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒ—แƒ แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ›แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒกแƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒšแƒ”แƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒจแƒ”แƒช แƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒก.

I am very confident that his presidency will work for the widening and deepening of our political and economic relations. For that to happen, we need to put our own house in order. ident perceived in the UN? The staff of the United Nations Office at Geneva were very happy to see their former boss rise to such a high level. In general, it is always a great feeling when one is needed and called upon for service to oneโ€™s country. The wider International Geneva, as well as the authorities of Switzerland at all three levels โ€“ municipal, cantonal and federal โ€“ who had gotten to know and appreciate Mr. Tokayev, were all very pleased as well. How was the general perception in the UN when a โ€œUN manโ€ became the President of a country that has many challenges in terms of its democracy? Can you make a positive prediction in the case of Kazakhstan? I would urge you to name a single country that has no challenges with regard to democracy in its fullest and politically unbiased definition. That said, if we go by your premise, it is all the more important that someone with personal democratic inclinations and with UN experience to boot, takes up such high office and is in a position to address the challenges you refer to. How would you assess the first few months of Tokayevโ€™s presidency? It would be presumptuous of me to โ€œevaluateโ€ the work of a president of a Member State of the UN. As international civil servants, we do not engage in such evaluations. As an outside observer, however, in my own personal capacity, I applaud his first steps, right from the business-like way that he organized the inauguration: without delay, without much fanfare and hundreds of foreign high-level guests and endless feasts and festivities. It was a sober, business-like, yet dignified, solemn event, after which he immediately set to work. And he has a lot of work to do, primarily domestically. To what extent would you say Tokayevโ€™s appointment as President is affecting Georgia-Kazakhstan relations? What is his personal position on Georgia? Mr. Tokayev is very well disposed to Georgia and Georgians. He is in favour of strengthening relations with Georgia, as with all neighbors, close and distant. I am very confident that his presidency will work for the widening and deepening of our political and economic relations. For that to happen, we need to put our own house in order, remember that whatever we do should have the best interests of our country at heart and to relegate to oblivion the narrow political interests that seem to be hijacking our daily life. This, in many ways, is similar to the challenge that the new President of Kazakhstan is facing.

DIPLOMAT 25


แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒ•แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—, แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒ•แƒแƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒ— แƒฃแƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒžแƒแƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒฅแƒแƒœแƒ” แƒ แƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒฃแƒš แƒฐแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ“ แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒœแƒแƒ—แƒ˜แƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ

Natia Turnava: We Are Going to Make Georgia a Regional Hub with Huge Potentials for Business Success แƒœแƒ˜แƒœแƒ แƒจแƒแƒ แƒแƒจแƒ˜แƒซแƒ” NINO SHARASHIDZE แƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ“แƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒ›แƒ, แƒœแƒแƒ—แƒ˜แƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒœแƒแƒ•แƒแƒ›, แƒฎแƒแƒ–แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒฃแƒกแƒ•แƒ แƒ˜แƒ› แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒฎแƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒ›, แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ“แƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒฅแƒ›แƒœแƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒžแƒแƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒแƒก แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ•แƒแƒญแƒ แƒ แƒ’แƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ›แƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒจแƒ˜. แƒ“แƒ˜แƒžแƒšแƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒชแƒ”แƒ›แƒฃแƒš แƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒฃแƒจแƒ˜ แƒœแƒแƒ—แƒ˜แƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒœแƒแƒ•แƒแƒ› แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒแƒขแƒ แƒฃแƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒกแƒ˜ แƒœแƒ“แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒแƒ›แƒŸแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—, แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘ แƒœแƒแƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒฅแƒ•แƒ.

แƒก

แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ  แƒจแƒ”แƒแƒคแƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ— แƒฌแƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒš แƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ”แƒจแƒฃแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒแƒ แƒฃแƒ›แƒก, แƒ แƒ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒ–แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒกแƒแƒช แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒกแƒแƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒงแƒแƒคแƒ“แƒ˜แƒ—? แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒ›แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“ แƒ•แƒฃแƒ›แƒแƒกแƒžแƒ˜แƒœแƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ— โ€žแƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ”แƒจแƒฃแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒแƒ แƒฃแƒ›แƒกโ€œ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒฌแƒšแƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ” แƒคแƒแƒ แƒฃแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ“แƒ›แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ˜ แƒกแƒฃแƒš แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒฌแƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒš แƒคแƒแƒ แƒฃแƒ›แƒก 60-แƒ–แƒ” แƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ˜แƒก 2000-แƒ–แƒ” แƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒ” แƒ“แƒแƒ”แƒกแƒฌแƒ แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒช แƒ แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ› แƒ•แƒคแƒ˜แƒฅแƒ แƒแƒ‘, แƒจแƒ”แƒ’แƒ•แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ“ แƒ•แƒ—แƒฅแƒ•แƒแƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ› โ€žแƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ”แƒจแƒฃแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒแƒ แƒฃแƒ›แƒ˜โ€œ แƒฃแƒ™แƒ•แƒ” แƒ˜แƒฅแƒชแƒ แƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ•แƒ˜แƒš แƒ‘แƒ แƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒแƒ“. แƒคแƒแƒ แƒฃแƒ›แƒ›แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒกแƒแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒชแƒ, แƒ”แƒ›แƒกแƒฏแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ— แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ— แƒ—แƒ”แƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ”, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒช แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒฃแƒ แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒ-

26 DIPLOMAT

M

s. Natia Turnava, the Minister of Economy and Sustainable Development of Georgia clearly highlighted the progress recorded in Georgiaโ€™s efforts to create a sustainable and attractive environment for businesses,

and a significant trade route between Europe and Asia. In this interview with Diplomat Magazine, Ms. Turnava expressed immense confidence in Georgiaโ€™s current business environment while expressing bright hopes for the future. How would you rate this yearโ€™s Tbilisi Silk Road Forum and what are the key messages you would particularly highlight? This year, we successfully hosted the Tbilisi Silk Road Forum for the third time and we are pleased to see that interest in the forum is picking up every year. This yearโ€™s forum was attended by well over 2000 participants from more than 60 countries, which is a record high, and so I think we can safely say that the Tbilisi Silk Road Forum has already become a true brand. The forum allowed participants to discuss topics such as


แƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ  แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒฎแƒแƒ“แƒแƒ— แƒ˜แƒก แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒฃแƒœแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒขแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ แƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ˜แƒกแƒ” แƒ›แƒแƒฅแƒแƒšแƒแƒฅแƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก; แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒฆแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒคแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒขแƒ”แƒฅแƒœแƒแƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒœแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ. แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒงแƒ, แƒฌแƒ˜แƒœแƒ แƒคแƒแƒ แƒฃแƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒฃแƒ™แƒ•แƒ” แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜แƒฆแƒ”แƒ— แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ—แƒฃ แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ” แƒ›แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒฃแƒฌแƒ”แƒ•แƒ“แƒ แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒกแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ แƒฌแƒ›แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒฅแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ, แƒฌแƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒš แƒคแƒแƒ แƒฃแƒ›แƒ–แƒ” แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒ”แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜แƒฆแƒ”แƒ— แƒ“แƒ แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜ แƒฃแƒ™แƒ•แƒ” แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ“ แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒš แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒ”. แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ›, แƒ•แƒคแƒ˜แƒฅแƒ แƒแƒ‘, แƒ”แƒกแƒ”แƒช แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก โ€žแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ”แƒจแƒฃแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒแƒ แƒฃแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกโ€œ แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒชแƒ”แƒคแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒ แƒ—-แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฆแƒฌแƒ”แƒ•แƒ. แƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒญแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒแƒฎแƒแƒš แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ”แƒจแƒฃแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒ–แƒแƒ–แƒ”, แƒ–แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ“ แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ  แƒจแƒ”แƒแƒคแƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ— โ€žแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ แƒขแƒงแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜, แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒ–แƒ˜แƒกโ€œ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ“ แƒ”แƒคแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒแƒ‘แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒ แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒขแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ—แƒฃ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒฃแƒ™แƒ•แƒ” แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒ แƒ”แƒขแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ–แƒ”? แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒ แƒ”แƒขแƒฃแƒš แƒจแƒ”แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ” แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒก, แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒš แƒ แƒ˜แƒ’แƒจแƒ˜, แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒแƒฆแƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒแƒก แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ - แƒฉแƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ—แƒก แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒฆแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ˜แƒฅแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ”แƒก แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒฃแƒคแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ•แƒแƒญแƒ แƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒฎแƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒคแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒกแƒแƒขแƒ แƒแƒœแƒกแƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ—แƒฃ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•. แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒ•แƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒแƒ‘แƒ— แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ’แƒ›แƒแƒ–แƒ”, แƒ แƒแƒ—แƒ แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ•แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ— แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ แƒขแƒงแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜, แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ’แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒแƒ  แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒแƒก แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ, แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒกแƒแƒ–แƒฆแƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ— แƒซแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒžแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒขแƒ”แƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜. แƒแƒฆแƒกแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒฉแƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒฎแƒ แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒจแƒฃแƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒคแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒช 2015 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ แƒ™แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒ’แƒ–แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒฉแƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ. แƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒ แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒจแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ’แƒ แƒซแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒ˜แƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒฆแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒฃแƒš แƒ“แƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒคแƒแƒœแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ, แƒ›แƒแƒ’. 2018 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒ“แƒแƒแƒฎ. 5-แƒฏแƒ”แƒ  แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ–แƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ 2015 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒชแƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒจแƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— (228 TEU-แƒ“แƒแƒœ 1338 TEU-แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”). แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ แƒขแƒงแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜, แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ แƒกแƒแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒก, แƒฃแƒ™แƒ”แƒ— แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒแƒฉแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ— แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒกแƒแƒขแƒ แƒแƒœแƒ–แƒ˜แƒขแƒ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก, แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒ— แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒขแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ แƒ—แƒœแƒแƒ™แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒก แƒ“แƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒคแƒแƒœแƒจแƒ˜, แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒแƒซแƒšแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ— แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒžแƒแƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒ˜. แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒ•แƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒแƒ‘แƒ— แƒฉแƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ แƒ”แƒ’แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ แƒ™แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒ’แƒ–แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒแƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒขแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก, แƒแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“ แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒก แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒช. แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒ” แƒ›แƒกแƒฃแƒ แƒก แƒแƒฆแƒ•แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒแƒฎแƒšแƒแƒฎแƒแƒœ แƒกแƒแƒขแƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒ แƒ”แƒŸแƒ˜แƒ›แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒแƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒฅแƒ-แƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜-แƒงแƒแƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ แƒ™แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒ’แƒ–แƒ แƒฎแƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒ— แƒฉแƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒฉแƒ”แƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒจแƒ˜. แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒก แƒ แƒ”แƒ’แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ” แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒชแƒ”แƒ›แƒ. แƒแƒ›แƒแƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœ, แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒ•แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ— แƒจแƒแƒ• แƒ–แƒฆแƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ—แƒ แƒฃแƒ–แƒ แƒฃแƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ•แƒงแƒแƒ— แƒฌแƒ•แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒžแƒฃแƒš แƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒ แƒ™แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ• แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ— แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒจแƒ แƒฃแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ. แƒคแƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒ•แƒšแƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒฌแƒงแƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒฃแƒ™แƒ แƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒก แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก 2019 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ›แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ แƒจแƒ˜. แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ”, แƒ’แƒแƒคแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒฎแƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ แƒฃแƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ—แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒœแƒแƒ•แƒกแƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก (แƒ‘แƒแƒ—แƒฃแƒ›แƒ˜-แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒกแƒขแƒแƒœแƒชแƒ) แƒ แƒ”แƒ’แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒฌแƒงแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒ”. แƒแƒฆแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒœแƒแƒ“ แƒจแƒ”แƒฃแƒฌแƒงแƒแƒ‘แƒก แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒกแƒแƒ แƒ™แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒ’แƒ–แƒ-แƒ›แƒฃแƒšแƒขแƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก. แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ, 2019 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก, แƒแƒžแƒ แƒ˜แƒšแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒคแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒแƒ•แƒขแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ แƒขแƒ แƒแƒœแƒกแƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ—แƒแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒฎแƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒฉแƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ—แƒ—แƒแƒœ, แƒ แƒแƒช แƒฅแƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒกแƒแƒขแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ แƒ—แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ  แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒแƒก แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก. แƒ–แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ“ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒก แƒ แƒแƒช แƒจแƒ”แƒ”แƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ”แƒก แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ›แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ˜,

the development of the middle corridor and its future, and how to make it more competitive for both freight and passengers. Participants also discussed the deepening and expanding of investment relations between countries. The focus among participants also centered on new technologies and the role of artificial intelligence in the development of the economy and other sectors. I would like to point out that unlike previous forums, this year presented us with a different picture. If the government had been making efforts to convince players in the business sector to make profitable investments in Georgia, this year, we recorded the real impact of these efforts at this yearโ€™s forum. Businesses focused on Georgiaโ€™s investment attractiveness and the success of businesses in Georgia. So, I think this is one of the major achievements of the concept of the Silk Road Forum. What is the significance of Georgiaโ€™s involvement in the New Silk Road initiative? In general, how would you evaluate the One Belt One Road initiative? What would you say about how it works, and the visibility of any tangible results for Georgia? When we speak of concrete results, the first thing to note is the deepening of relations between Georgia and China in many ways such as the signing of a free trade agreement, the development of freight traffic, and so on. We are also working on an action plan to coordinate the work of the two countries in a much organized way, within a single road initiative so, we can identify key directions and priorities. There is a growing interest from China towards the middle corridor (which passes through Georgia), through which rail transport from China has been running since 2015. The number of containers shipped in this corridor has increased significantly e.g. in 2018 it yielded a five times increase compared to its 2015 volumes (from 228 TEU to 1338 TEU). The One Belt One Road initiative allows us gain better insights and understand the importance of Georgia as a transit country, and to attract additional freight in our corridor, as well as enhance the countryโ€™s logistics potential. We are actively working to develop regular rail traffic from China, not only to Turkey but also to European countries. I would also like to point out that the first container train recently passed through the Baku-Tbilisi-Kars railway in test mode from China to the Czech Republic. We hope that in the future it will have an established face. At the same time, we are developing traffic on the Black Sea route to provide access to the European market and to further enhance the attractiveness of the routes to Georgia. Feeder traffic between Georgia and Ukraine commenced in October 2019. An agreement has also been signed between Romania and the Georgian ports (Batumi-Constanta) to launch regular traffic. This will significantly contribute to the development of the multimodal rail transport. Also, an intergovernmental agreement on road transport with China was signed in April 2019, to create additional op-

DIPLOMAT 27


แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒจแƒ˜แƒช 60-แƒ–แƒ” แƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒแƒ แƒฉแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜. แƒแƒ› แƒ”แƒขแƒแƒžแƒ–แƒ” แƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ— แƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒคแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ แƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒจแƒขแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ—แƒฃแƒ›แƒชแƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ—แƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ•แƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ— แƒžแƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ  แƒซแƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก. แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ–แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ›แƒแƒฅแƒกแƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ— แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒกแƒแƒช แƒแƒฆแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ•แƒแƒญแƒ แƒ-แƒกแƒแƒขแƒ แƒแƒœแƒกแƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ แƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒฎแƒ˜แƒ— แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒฉแƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ—แƒ—แƒแƒœ, แƒ˜แƒกแƒ” แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—แƒแƒœ, แƒ‘แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ, แƒแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ™แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒฌแƒ•แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ—แƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒฌแƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—. แƒฎแƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ—แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒขแƒ”แƒขแƒ˜ แƒฃแƒชแƒฎแƒแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ•แƒแƒ, แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒฎแƒ แƒ˜แƒ• 2018-2019 แƒฌแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒฅแƒกแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ  แƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒแƒ‘แƒ— แƒแƒ› แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฎแƒ–แƒ”? แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒช แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒ  แƒฃแƒชแƒฎแƒแƒฃแƒ  แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ” แƒ•แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ—, แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ“ แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒฌแƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒแƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒคแƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒคแƒฃแƒซแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ–แƒ” แƒ˜แƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ, แƒแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“ แƒแƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ แƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒ–แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒจแƒขแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ“แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ แƒ” แƒžแƒ แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก. แƒแƒฆแƒกแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› 2016 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ’แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜ แƒฃแƒชแƒฎแƒแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒœแƒแƒ™แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒช แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ“แƒแƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ’แƒ”แƒแƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ•แƒแƒญแƒ แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒซแƒแƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’แƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒ–แƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒš แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ™แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—แƒแƒœ. แƒจแƒ”แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’แƒแƒ“, แƒ’แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒœแƒแƒ™แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒแƒฆแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒฃแƒšแƒก แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒแƒฅแƒขแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ› 2018 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ“แƒ แƒฃแƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒกแƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒก, แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ–แƒกแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒกแƒแƒช แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜ แƒฃแƒชแƒฎแƒแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒฌแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒฐแƒฅแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ. แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฃแƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ“ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜ แƒฃแƒชแƒฎแƒแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒจแƒž-แƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ›แƒ“แƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ–แƒ”แƒ. 2018 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒแƒชแƒ”แƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜ แƒฃแƒชแƒฎแƒแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒ›แƒจแƒž-แƒก 7.2%-แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒก, แƒ แƒแƒช แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒœแƒแƒ“, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒฏแƒ”แƒ แƒ›แƒ” แƒแƒฆแƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ แƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒฆแƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ— แƒ“แƒ แƒชแƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒก แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒก. แƒกแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒœแƒ’แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ โ€žS&P-แƒ˜แƒกโ€œ แƒจแƒ”แƒคแƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ›แƒ—แƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ“ แƒฃแƒชแƒฎแƒแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ”, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒฌแƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜ แƒฃแƒชแƒฎแƒแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒ” แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒแƒญแƒแƒ แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก BB แƒ™แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒก. แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒกแƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒก แƒ”แƒ แƒ—-แƒ”แƒ แƒ— แƒšแƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ  แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒแƒก แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒ แƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก, แƒ˜แƒกแƒ” แƒ›แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒจแƒขแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒ”แƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒขแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒ•แƒแƒšแƒกแƒแƒ–แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒ—. แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ›แƒ แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒกแƒแƒงแƒ แƒ”แƒš แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒฅแƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒฃแƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก. แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ›แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒกแƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒแƒ‘แƒก แƒกแƒ แƒฃแƒš แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ“แƒแƒญแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒก แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒขแƒแƒžแƒ–แƒ”, แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ” แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฉแƒแƒ—แƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒ—. แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ  แƒคแƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ™แƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ, แƒ˜แƒœแƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒขแƒฃแƒชแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒกแƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ” แƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ แƒ”แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒก. แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒ•แƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒแƒ‘แƒ— แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒก แƒ™แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ• แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒฃแƒ›แƒฏแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒžแƒแƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ”. แƒ“แƒแƒฌแƒงแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒžแƒ แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒขแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒฎแƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ“แƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒ แƒฃแƒ™แƒ•แƒ” แƒ”แƒ›แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒคแƒแƒœแƒฏแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ แƒ˜แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒžแƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒช แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒฃแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒขแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒกแƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒก. แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒžแƒแƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒแƒžแƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก 2019 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ” แƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ” แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ–แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ”แƒฌแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒฅแƒ•แƒก โ€žRoadshowแƒกแƒโ€œ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒฆแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒซแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก. แƒจแƒ”แƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ 110 แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒฎแƒฃแƒ—แƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒขแƒ”แƒขแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒชแƒแƒ: แƒกแƒขแƒฃแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒžแƒ˜แƒœแƒซแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜, แƒคแƒ”แƒฎแƒกแƒแƒชแƒ›แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒขแƒแƒœแƒกแƒแƒชแƒ›แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒฏแƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒแƒ•แƒขแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฐแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ แƒกแƒแƒขแƒ แƒแƒœแƒกแƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ แƒกแƒแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒœแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒžแƒ แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒฃแƒ—แƒกแƒแƒ 28 DIPLOMAT

portunities for the development of freight traffic between the two countries. As for the overall initiative, it is an ambitious project involving more than 60 countries. At this stage, it is difficult to talk about its effectiveness on a regional scale, but in the case of Georgia we can see some positive changes. Our goal is to make the most of the opportunities that this initiative provides for the development of trade-transport links both with China and with other Asian countries, while considering the risks and challenges. You often say that the attraction of foreign investment is your priority, but we have witnessed a decline in foreign investment in 2018-2019. How do you plan to work on this issue? When it comes to foreign direct investment, it should be well understood that investors are not only making decisions based on the countryโ€™s attractiveness, but also from observing the processes taking place in the region and in the world at large. It is noteworthy that since 2016, there has been a decrease in FDI flows globally, largely due to geopolitical processes and increased risks of trade tensions. As a result, there has been a decline in investment flows globally. In addition to this, the main gas line project (a gigantic project) was completed in 2018, and this contributed significantly to the inflow of foreign direct investment. Despite the decline, FDI in Georgia is at a sustainable level with respect to GDP. According to the data for 2018, FDI accounts for 7.2% of GDP, and that is significantly higher when compared with other countries in the region, and is on the level of Eastern and Central European countries. According to the rating company โ€œS&Pโ€, total foreign direct investment, and net foreign direct investment in the Georgia exceeds the average of BB category countries. Today, Georgia is one of the leading countries in the region and around the world, in terms of ease of doing business and investment attractiveness. An attractive investment and business environment creates favorable conditions for foreign investors to operate in Georgia. The Government of Georgia also offers full support to investors at various stages of their investment, including after-investment services. Macroeconomic stability, institutional strengths, and economic reforms are at the heart of Georgiaโ€™s investment attractiveness. We are actively working to further improve the investment environment and to attract potential investors. We have commenced work to streamline business processes, with the Ministry of Economy and Sustainable Development offering investors a one-stop shop with easier access for companies in need of public services. Six roadshows and international events were organized in 2019 to promote Georgiaโ€™s investment potential in identified target markets. We also arranged meetings with 110 companies in five priority areas, which includes hospitality business, footwear and apparel manufacturing, furniture manufacturing, auto and


แƒกแƒ˜แƒœแƒ’แƒ˜, แƒ’แƒ”แƒ›แƒ—แƒ›แƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ“แƒฃแƒกแƒขแƒ แƒ˜แƒ. 2019 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ” แƒ™แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ• แƒ“แƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒ’แƒ›แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ—แƒฎแƒ˜ โ€žRoadshowโ€œ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒฆแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒซแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ 2020 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒ’แƒ›แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒ 18 แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ โ€žRoadshowโ€œ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒฆแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒซแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ’แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜แƒช แƒจแƒ”แƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ 300-แƒ›แƒ“แƒ” แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ” แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒžแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒขแƒ”แƒขแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ. แƒ–แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒแƒฆแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’แƒแƒ“ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒ แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ™แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ• แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜ แƒžแƒแƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒ•แƒ’แƒ”แƒ’แƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒ—. แƒ แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ— แƒฃแƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ”แƒš แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก, แƒ แƒ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒฌแƒ•แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒญแƒ แƒแƒกแƒแƒช แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—? แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒš แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒฌแƒ•แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ•แƒžแƒแƒกแƒฃแƒฎแƒแƒ‘แƒ— แƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜/แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒฃแƒคแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ•แƒแƒญแƒ แƒ แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒจแƒ”แƒ™แƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒช แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒแƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒก แƒฌแƒ•แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒแƒก 2.3 แƒ›แƒšแƒ แƒ“-แƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ”, แƒ แƒแƒช แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฃแƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ. แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ แƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฐแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒกแƒแƒขแƒ แƒแƒœแƒกแƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ, แƒ˜แƒกแƒ” แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒšแƒขแƒ”แƒฅแƒœแƒแƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒฎแƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ—แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒ•แƒฃแƒฌแƒงแƒแƒ—, แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ™แƒšแƒ” แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒฆแƒฌแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒแƒ› แƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ“แƒแƒœ. แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒชแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ• แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒแƒกแƒแƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ•แƒแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ— แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœ แƒฆแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒซแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ” แƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ”, แƒ แƒแƒช แƒ–แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒ— แƒฃแƒ™แƒ•แƒ” แƒแƒฆแƒ•แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒ”. แƒกแƒฃแƒš แƒแƒฎแƒšแƒแƒฎแƒแƒœ แƒ’แƒแƒฎแƒ“แƒ แƒชแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ› OECD แƒ แƒ”แƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒœแƒ’แƒจแƒ˜ โ€žFDI Regulatory Restrictiveness Indexโ€œ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก 10 แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒฆแƒ˜แƒ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒแƒก แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒ แƒ—-แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒฌแƒแƒ›แƒงแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒžแƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒฎแƒ˜แƒ—.

air vehicle parts manufacturing, business process outsourcing, and shipbuilding. Four roadshows and international events are billed to happen by the end of 2019. For 2020, we already have 18 investment roadshows and International events in the works. During these events, we will organize meetings with up to 300 target companies from priority sectors. All of the plans highlighted above shows our readiness in attracting more potential investors to the Georgian market. What are the main challenges/obstacles currently being faced by foreign investors and how are you going to solve them? We currently face the challenges of attracting investment through preferential/free trade agreements but we have a unique competitive edge because Georgian companies can access 2.3 billion markets. Our vision is to form a regional hub in all areas, both in terms of transportation, as well as in high technology and entrepreneurial opportunities. We want to help international companies achieve success within a short time and we want to offer more profit potentials to these markets from Georgia. In addition, to raising further awareness, we are going to conduct important events in Georgia and in the target markets, as I explained earlier. We just received a recent report that Georgia is one of the top 10 open countries in the OECD ranking of the FDI Regulatory

DIPLOMAT 29


แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒกแƒแƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ—แƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒ•แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒฌแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒ˜แƒœ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒฎแƒ˜แƒ— แƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ“ แƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒก แƒแƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ“แƒ, แƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒ แƒฌแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒ˜ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒขแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒช แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฅแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ  แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ  แƒฃแƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ— แƒแƒ› แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฎแƒก? แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒก แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ  แƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒก. แƒ›แƒญแƒ˜แƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ—แƒ แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒฉแƒแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ•แƒแƒšแƒแƒก แƒœแƒแƒ—แƒ”แƒš แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ“ แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ, แƒ—แƒฃ แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒงแƒแƒก แƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒกแƒฃแƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒœแƒฃแƒš แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก. แƒแƒ แƒ›แƒฎแƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒก แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒจแƒ•แƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—. แƒ›แƒแƒ— แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒ แƒ—-แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒคแƒฃแƒœแƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ•แƒแƒญแƒ แƒ-แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ แƒ›แƒฎแƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ—แƒแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒกแƒแƒ•แƒแƒญแƒ แƒ-แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜, แƒกแƒแƒขแƒ แƒแƒœแƒกแƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ-แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ แƒ’แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜, แƒ™แƒฃแƒšแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒฃแƒš-แƒฐแƒฃแƒ›แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒกแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒกแƒขแƒ แƒฃแƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒแƒช แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ•แƒชแƒ แƒกแƒแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ’แƒ•แƒ”แƒฆแƒ แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒฌแƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒ–แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ“ แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ  แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒ— แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ-แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒซแƒšแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒš แƒกแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ— แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒข แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒกแƒžแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒก? แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒœ แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒฃแƒ  แƒกแƒแƒ•แƒแƒญแƒ แƒ แƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก, แƒ—แƒฃแƒ›แƒชแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒช แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒแƒฆแƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒแƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒแƒ แƒ›แƒฎแƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ•แƒแƒญแƒ แƒ แƒ‘แƒ แƒฃแƒœแƒ•แƒ แƒกแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ•แƒ”แƒ  แƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒก แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ” แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒ”แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ  แƒžแƒแƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ  แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก. แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ“, แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒฎแƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ— แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒ•แƒชแƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ— แƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒแƒฎแƒ“แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ— แƒแƒ› แƒžแƒแƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒ”แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ–แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ” แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ แƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ—แƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒฌแƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—. 30 DIPLOMAT

Restrictiveness Index in terms of investment attractiveness and performance. The case of Kazakhstan is one of particular interest. The country showed a growing trend in terms of investment years ago, and in recent years, Kazakh investors have been leaving Georgia and there is almost no sign of new investments from Kazakhstan. How would you describe this situation? Kazakhstan is an important and reliable economic partner for Georgia. Closer cooperation between both countries in the economic field can be seen as a clear example of what a partnership between sovereign countries should look like. Bilateral relations between Georgia and Kazakhstan are currently being developed on various fronts and formats of dialogue and cooperation. One of the successful functioning format is the bilateral intergovernmental commission on trade-economic format which, is a good tool for the development of transport, energy, cultural and humanitarian spheres, and many other sectors that has enabled us to gain a lot of important and mutually beneficial decisions. How do you see think Georgia-Kazakhstan economic relations can be strengthened generally, and in which sectors do you see a better outlook? At present, Georgia and Kazakhstan are stable trading partners, but it is important to note that bilateral trade turnover does not fully reflect the true potential of a country especially as


แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒซแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ“ แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒฃแƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒก แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒจแƒ˜ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒก: โ€ข แƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒฃแƒแƒšแƒ™แƒแƒฐแƒแƒšแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒฌแƒงแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜; โ€ข แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒขแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒกแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜; โ€ข แƒ—แƒฎแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜; โ€ข แƒฎแƒ˜แƒš-แƒ‘แƒแƒกแƒขแƒœแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒกแƒ”แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜; โ€ข แƒ แƒ™แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒ’แƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒขแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ แƒ—แƒ แƒแƒ แƒแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜; โ€ข แƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ“แƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜; โ€ข แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒœแƒแƒšแƒ แƒกแƒแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•. แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒซแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ“ แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒฃแƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒ›แƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒชแƒแƒ: โ€ข แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒฅแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜; โ€ข แƒฎแƒแƒฎแƒ•แƒ˜; โ€ข แƒ›แƒแƒ™แƒแƒ แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒœแƒแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ‘แƒฃแƒ แƒฆแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜; โ€ข แƒ’แƒแƒงแƒ˜แƒœแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ—แƒ”แƒ•แƒ–แƒ˜; โ€ข แƒ แƒ”แƒ–แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒžแƒšแƒแƒกแƒขแƒ›แƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒฌแƒงแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜; โ€ข แƒฅแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒแƒฎแƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒแƒฅแƒกแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ™แƒแƒฅแƒกแƒ˜; โ€ข แƒ‘แƒ แƒขแƒงแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒœแƒแƒ’แƒšแƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜ แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒคแƒแƒšแƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ’แƒแƒœ; แƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒแƒšแƒแƒ™แƒแƒœแƒกแƒขแƒ แƒฃแƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒจแƒแƒ•แƒ˜ แƒšแƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•. แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ“แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ แƒ” แƒ”แƒขแƒแƒžแƒ–แƒ” แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒžแƒฃแƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒก แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒญแƒ˜แƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ•แƒแƒญแƒ แƒ-แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒคแƒฃแƒซแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒฆแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒฎแƒแƒš แƒแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ— แƒกแƒแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒ™แƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒ— แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ˜แƒช แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ— แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ” แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒแƒก แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒšแƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒแƒ“. แƒ“แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒแƒก, แƒ แƒแƒก แƒ”แƒขแƒงแƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒ— แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒช แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ—แƒฃแƒ›แƒชแƒ แƒฏแƒ”แƒ  แƒ™แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ• แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒก แƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ? แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒ–แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ˜แƒก, แƒ›แƒแƒ— แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก, แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒแƒ™แƒšแƒ” แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ™แƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒ: แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒก แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒ’แƒแƒฎแƒกแƒœแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ—แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก. แƒแƒ›แƒแƒก แƒ›แƒแƒฌแƒ›แƒแƒ‘แƒก แƒแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ แƒ”แƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒœแƒ’แƒ˜แƒช, แƒ›แƒแƒ— แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒ˜แƒก โ€žแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒ”แƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกโ€œ แƒ แƒ”แƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒœแƒ’แƒ˜, แƒกแƒแƒ“แƒแƒช แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ 190 แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒแƒก แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ”-7 แƒžแƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒ–แƒ”แƒ, แƒ แƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒ˜ แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒš แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒ–แƒ” แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ—. แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ, แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒœแƒ“แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒแƒ›แƒงแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ’แƒแƒฃแƒ›แƒฏแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒžแƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒกแƒฃแƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒœแƒฃแƒš แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ แƒ”แƒ“แƒ˜แƒขแƒ แƒ แƒ”แƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒœแƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜. แƒกแƒฃแƒš แƒชแƒแƒขแƒ แƒฎแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒ˜แƒœ แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒกแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒœแƒ’แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ Standart & Poorโ€™s-แƒ›แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒกแƒฃแƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒœแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ แƒ”แƒ“แƒ˜แƒขแƒ แƒ แƒ”แƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒœแƒ’แƒ˜ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒคแƒ”แƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒ—, โ€žBBโ€œ-แƒ›แƒ“แƒ” แƒ’แƒแƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ, แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ’แƒœแƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒ— - โ€žแƒกแƒขแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜โ€œ. แƒฌแƒแƒ›แƒงแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒœแƒ’แƒ แƒกแƒแƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒแƒก แƒ›แƒฎแƒ แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒกแƒฃแƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒœแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ แƒ”แƒ“แƒ˜แƒขแƒ แƒ แƒ”แƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒœแƒ’แƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒฏแƒ˜แƒ— แƒ’แƒแƒ–แƒ แƒ“แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒช แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒ“แƒ 2011 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’, แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒ™แƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒฆแƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ› แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ แƒ”แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒช แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ›แƒ แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒฃแƒคแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ› แƒฌแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ. แƒ”แƒก แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒฆแƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ แƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒจแƒขแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒ แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒกแƒฌแƒ แƒแƒคแƒแƒ“ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ, แƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒฎแƒแƒ–แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒฃแƒกแƒ•แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒฃแƒคแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒญแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒฎแƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—แƒแƒœ, แƒ›แƒแƒ— แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ EFTA-แƒก แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—แƒแƒœ, แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒฉแƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ—แƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ. แƒแƒกแƒ” แƒ แƒแƒ›, แƒงแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ” แƒ”แƒก, แƒ•แƒคแƒ˜แƒฅแƒ แƒแƒ‘, แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒฃแƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ”แƒš แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒก แƒ™แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ• แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒฎแƒ”แƒš แƒ•แƒฃแƒ—แƒฎแƒ แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ— แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ— แƒฃแƒกแƒแƒคแƒ แƒ—แƒฎแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ›แƒ.

regards the economic potential of both countries. We believe that with our joint efforts, we can strive to realize this potential and capability in the best interest of both parties. The main export products of Georgia to Kazakhstan are: โ€ข Mineral and non-alcoholic carbonated waters; โ€ข Wine and spirits; โ€ข Hazelnut; โ€ข Canned fruits and vegetables; โ€ข Rail freight wagons; โ€ข Ferroalloys; โ€ข Medicines, etc. Kazakhstanโ€™s main imports from Georgia are products such as: โ€ข Wheat and wheat flour; โ€ข onions; โ€ข Pasta products and cereals; โ€ข Frozen fish; โ€ข Rubber and plastic processing equipment; โ€ข Coal coke and semi-coke; โ€ข Flat rolled carbon steel; Metal constructions from ferrous metals, etc. At present, the close trade and economic relations between Georgia and the Republic of Kazakhstan provides us with the opportunity to explore many new ways to further deepen our cooperation and to implement many successful joint projects for the benefit of both countries. Finally, what would you say to Kazakh investors who are interested in investing in Georgia, but are still reluctant? Our message to any country, including Kazakh investors, is very brief and clear: Georgia is the country that is open to your business. This is evidenced by many international ratings, including the World Bankโ€™s Doing Business ranking, where Georgia ranks 7th out of 190 countries in the region. Also, investor confidence is supported by Georgiaโ€™s improved position in sovereign credit ratings. Recently, the international rating company Standard & Poorโ€™s (S&P) upgraded Georgiaโ€™s sovereign credit rating by one point to โ€œBBโ€, predicting it to be โ€œstableโ€. An increase in Georgiaโ€™s sovereign credit rating (which first happened in 2011) by one of the leading rating agencies, is a very clear recognition of the successful economic reforms that our government has undertaken over the years. It is also a recognition of Georgiaโ€™s economic rapid and steady developments across the region. Finally, I would like to highlight Georgiaโ€™s free trade agreements with various countries, including the EU and EFTA countries, as well as with China and others. So, I think all of these things speak for itself about Georgiaโ€™s investment policy and I would like to encourage all foreign investors once again that Georgia is a safe and attractive business environment.

DIPLOMAT 31


แƒœแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒšแƒแƒ– แƒ’แƒ”แƒ’แƒฃแƒฉแƒแƒซแƒ”: โ€žแƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒฃแƒ™แƒแƒœ แƒกแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ–แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒคแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒœแƒกแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ’แƒฃแƒคแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒก!โ€œ

โ€œHalyk Bank Enjoys the Support of a Strong Financial Group!โ€ โ€“ CEO, Halyk Bank Georgia แƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒœแƒชแƒ แƒ’แƒฃแƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒซแƒ” GVANTSA GUBELADZE 008 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒ-แƒกแƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒœแƒกแƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ–แƒ” โ€žแƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ™ แƒ‘แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒ˜แƒกโ€œ แƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ–แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒฉแƒœแƒ“แƒ. แƒแƒ› แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒแƒงแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ โ€žแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ™ แƒ‘แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒ˜โ€œ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒš แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ— แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒฃแƒฅแƒขแƒกแƒ แƒ—แƒฃ แƒกแƒ”แƒ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒก แƒกแƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒแƒ‘แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒชแƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒก, แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฌแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒœแƒแƒก แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒ-แƒกแƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒœแƒกแƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ”แƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜. โ€žแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ™ แƒ‘แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒ˜แƒกโ€œ แƒ“แƒแƒแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ–แƒ”, แƒกแƒแƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒแƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒœแƒกแƒขแƒ แƒฃแƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒฅแƒœแƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒฃแƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ” แƒŸแƒฃแƒ แƒœแƒแƒš โ€žDiplomat-แƒกโ€œ แƒ‘แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒœแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒšแƒแƒ– แƒ’แƒ”แƒ’แƒฃแƒฉแƒแƒซแƒ” แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ‘แƒ แƒ.

2

32 DIPLOMAT

n affiliate organization of Halyk Bank Kazakhstan - a financial services provider in Kazakhstan, appeared on the Georgian banking and financial market back in 2008. Since then, Halyk Bank Georgia has carved a niche for itself within this competitive market as a provider of interesting products and services for Georgian customers. Likewise, Halyk Bank has been contributing to the development of Georgiaโ€™s banking and financial system. Nikoloz Geguchadze, the Director General of Halyk Bank

A


แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ  แƒ’แƒแƒฉแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ โ€žแƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ™ แƒ‘แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒ˜แƒกโ€œ แƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ–แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก - โ€žแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ™ แƒ‘แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒ˜แƒกโ€œ แƒ“แƒแƒแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ? โ€žแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ™ แƒ‘แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒ˜โ€ แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฅแƒ•แƒแƒก, แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒœแƒกแƒ แƒฏแƒ’แƒฃแƒคแƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜แƒ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒชแƒแƒ•แƒก แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒ, แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒคแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒœแƒกแƒฃแƒ  แƒ˜แƒœแƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒขแƒฃแƒขแƒก. แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ–แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก 96 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒก. 2005 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ โ€žแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ™ แƒ‘แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒ˜แƒกโ€œ แƒแƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒšแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒคแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ แƒŸแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ•แƒแƒญแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ แƒ“แƒ แƒชแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒ”แƒ แƒ—-แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ“แƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ˜, แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒซแƒšแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜ แƒคแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒœแƒกแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ’แƒฃแƒคแƒ˜, แƒแƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒจแƒ˜, แƒแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ’แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ—. แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒกแƒ, แƒ‘แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒ˜ แƒฎแƒฃแƒ— แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒแƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜, 2008 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ™แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ–แƒ”แƒช แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ. แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒฎแƒกแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ—, แƒ”แƒก แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒ–แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก. แƒแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒš แƒคแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒœแƒกแƒฃแƒ  แƒ™แƒ แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ˜แƒกแƒก แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒแƒช แƒกแƒ˜แƒขแƒฃแƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ™แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ• แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ. แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฃแƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ“ แƒจแƒ”แƒฅแƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ, โ€žแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ™ แƒ‘แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒ›แƒโ€œ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒแƒ’แƒ แƒซแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒ•แƒแƒฌแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒช แƒฎแƒแƒ–แƒก แƒฃแƒกแƒ•แƒแƒ›แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ“แƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒก. แƒ–แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ“, โ€žแƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ™ แƒ‘แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒ˜โ€œ แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒขแƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒ“ แƒแƒ  แƒ˜แƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒฌแƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒกแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ›แƒ” แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ—แƒฃ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒกแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒ”. แƒฃแƒ™แƒ•แƒ” 2010 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒฌแƒงแƒ”แƒ— แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒ•แƒแƒฌแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ–แƒ”. แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒงแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ“แƒœแƒ”แƒœ, แƒ’แƒแƒแƒฉแƒœแƒ“แƒแƒ— แƒ›แƒ”แƒ’แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ. แƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒ แƒฌแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ™แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ• แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ›แƒขแƒ™แƒ˜แƒชแƒ“แƒ. แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ“, แƒ›แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒกแƒ›แƒ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ›แƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒฃแƒฌแƒงแƒ แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ โ€žแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ™ แƒ‘แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒ˜แƒกโ€œ แƒ“แƒแƒแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก. แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒ-แƒกแƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒœแƒกแƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ›แƒ, แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฃแƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ“ แƒแƒ แƒช แƒ—แƒฃ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ” แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ–แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ, แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒžแƒงแƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒ˜ แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒขแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒญแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—. โ€žแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ™ แƒ‘แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒ˜โ€œ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒฃแƒœแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒกแƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒซแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ•แƒ˜แƒขแƒงแƒแƒ“แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ” แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒ แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜. แƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒ แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒฌแƒงแƒ”แƒ— แƒกแƒแƒชแƒแƒšแƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒช. แƒ•แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—, แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒแƒ— แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ™ แƒฏแƒ’แƒฃแƒคแƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒ”แƒ•แƒ  แƒ”แƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒแƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒฃแƒฅแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—. แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ  แƒจแƒ”แƒแƒคแƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ–แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ“ แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒ-แƒกแƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒœแƒกแƒ แƒกแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒก แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒ แƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒชแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ 2008 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’? แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒ-แƒกแƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒœแƒกแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—-แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒกแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒจแƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—. แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ–แƒ” แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒขแƒ”แƒฅแƒœแƒแƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ—แƒฃ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒฃแƒฅแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜. แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒ–แƒ” แƒ›แƒแƒฅแƒกแƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒแƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ“แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ แƒ” แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜. แƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒ แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒฃแƒœแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒฎแƒ“แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒช แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜แƒ แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ–แƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒฏแƒแƒœแƒกแƒแƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒฎแƒ แƒ˜แƒ•. แƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ“ แƒ”แƒก แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒฅแƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒฎแƒแƒš, แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ•แƒ”แƒš แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒฃแƒฅแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก. แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒซแƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ, แƒแƒฐแƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒก แƒแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒš แƒขแƒ แƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒฌแƒแƒ“แƒแƒก แƒ™แƒšแƒ˜แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒก แƒกแƒแƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ“แƒ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒฃแƒฅแƒขแƒ˜, แƒฌแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒแƒฆแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’ แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ—แƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ’แƒแƒฃแƒญแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒ‘แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒฎแƒ˜ แƒ—แƒฃ แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒฌแƒšแƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ” แƒ˜แƒชแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒ แƒแƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒก แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒ” แƒ“แƒ แƒฎแƒฃแƒ—แƒ˜ แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’ แƒ™แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ• แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒฅแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•, แƒ”แƒก แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒกแƒแƒช แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒช แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฐแƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ  แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒฉแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒœแƒ. แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ โ€žแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ™ แƒ‘แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒ˜แƒกโ€œ แƒฃแƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜? แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒฎแƒ แƒ˜แƒ•, แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒแƒช แƒกแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ–แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒ, แƒ›แƒ”แƒแƒ แƒ” แƒ›แƒฎแƒ แƒ˜แƒ•, แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒฃแƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒฃแƒ™แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒก แƒกแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ–แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒคแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒœแƒกแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ’แƒฃแƒคแƒ˜, แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜, แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒซแƒšแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜. แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜ แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ•แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก, แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜ แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒกแƒขแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒแƒ แƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ แƒ’แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ˜แƒ›แƒžแƒšแƒ”แƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒจแƒ˜

Georgia, shared interesting facts about the bank with Diplomat Magazine. He talked to us about the history of the establishment, the flexibility and advantages of payment instruments implemented by Halyk Bank. When and how did the idea of establishing an affiliate of Halyk Bank Kazakhstan in Georgia come? Halyk Bank is a member of the largest financial group which consists of banking as well as financial institutions in Kazakhastan. The group has over 96 years of experience in the global industry. Since 2005, shares of Halyk Bank have been traded on the London Stock Exchange and the bank has grown in reputation as one of the most sustainable, most successful, and strong financial groups, not only in Kazakhstan but also outside the country. Apart from Kazakhstan, the Bank is presented in five other countries, and in January of 2008, it has entered the Georgian market. As you know, the year 2008 was difficult for Georgia and the whole world in general. The financial crisis was aggravated by military actions on Georgian territory. Despite that hard situation, Halyk Bank continued to operate, highlighting its resilience and strength. In general, Halyk Bank of Kazakhstan does not make easy decisions about whether to enter or exit a country. In the Georgian market, we have established active operations since 2010. Historically, Georgia and Kazakhstan have always cooperated and shared friendly relations. The cooperation between both countries has even strengthened in recent years. Consequently, similar processes have contributed to the establishment of the Halyk Bank in Georgia. Georgiaโ€™s banking and financial market, despite its size, attracted the bankโ€™s attention with simplicity and transparency. Halyk Bank is a universal bank whose main focus I would say, is small and medium businesses. Recently, we started developing retail banking. We have a strong intention to collaborate with Halyk Bank other affiliates in terms of offering different products. How would you rate the banking sector in Georgia in general, what has changed since 2008? The banking and financial sector in Georgia is one of the most developed when compared to other sectors. New technologies or products are usually introduced successfully to the market and they often reflect new trends in the world. The market has become more competitive lately, which is very good as it helps boost and improve business performance. It is this competition that creates exciting and attractive new products. All banks are forced to follow the existing trend and provide the client with the right product, otherwise it will become very difficult for them to keep up. The quality or service of banks varies from year to year. Of course, todayโ€™s level of development is higher, and five years from now, there will be even more development. Normally, this is the right trend, and the direction that the Georgian banking system will follow to keep it from regressing.

DIPLOMAT 33


แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ แƒซแƒแƒšแƒแƒก แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒก แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒจแƒ”แƒœ แƒ’แƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒก แƒฃแƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒคแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒœแƒกแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ’แƒฃแƒคแƒ˜. แƒ›แƒแƒฅแƒกแƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒ•แƒชแƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ—, แƒฃแƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒแƒฅแƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ แƒ” แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก โ€žแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ™ แƒ‘แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒกโ€œ, แƒžแƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ— แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜, แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒฃแƒฅแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒฌแƒแƒ“แƒแƒ— แƒ™แƒšแƒ˜แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ แƒ—แƒฃ แƒ–แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒšแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒก. 2020 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ—. แƒ•แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—, แƒแƒ  แƒจแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ— แƒแƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒกแƒ˜, แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ— แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ— แƒชแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ‘แƒ. โ€žแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ™ แƒ‘แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒ˜แƒกโ€œ แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒคแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒคแƒฃแƒœแƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜? แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ แƒ•แƒ แƒคแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒช แƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒจแƒ˜, แƒฅแƒฃแƒ—แƒแƒ˜แƒกแƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒ—แƒฃแƒ›แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒก. แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒกแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒœแƒ’แƒ แƒกแƒแƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒแƒ› โ€žFitch Ratingsโ€œ แƒกแƒก "แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ™ แƒ‘แƒแƒœแƒ™ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒกโ€œ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒญแƒ แƒ’แƒ แƒซแƒ”แƒšแƒ•แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ”แƒ›แƒ˜แƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒ”แƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒœแƒ’แƒ˜ แƒฃแƒชแƒฎแƒแƒฃแƒ แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒฃแƒš แƒ•แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒขแƒแƒจแƒ˜ - "BB-โ€œ. แƒกแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒœแƒ’แƒ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ’แƒœแƒแƒ–แƒ˜ - "แƒžแƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜", แƒ›แƒแƒ™แƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ”แƒ›แƒขแƒ˜แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ”แƒคแƒแƒšแƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒ”แƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒœแƒ’แƒ˜ - "B", แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ“แƒแƒญแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒ”แƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒœแƒ’แƒ˜ - "3". แƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒแƒ›แƒแƒก แƒ‘แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก ? แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒฌแƒงแƒแƒ— แƒ˜แƒฅแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ— แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒกแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ–แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒคแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒœแƒกแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ’แƒฃแƒคแƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒกแƒแƒช แƒ˜แƒชแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒก แƒ›แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒคแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒœแƒกแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒขแƒฃแƒขแƒ˜, แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ“, แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒแƒ› แƒฏแƒ’แƒฃแƒคแƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒœแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ—. โ€žแƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒฎแƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒ˜โ€œ แƒแƒ  แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒแƒ  แƒ แƒ”แƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒœแƒ’แƒ–แƒ”. แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒขแƒ”แƒขแƒ˜แƒ, แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ’แƒฃแƒคแƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒกแƒแƒช แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒขแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒแƒ แƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒแƒฉแƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒ—. แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฃแƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ“ แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒ›แƒแƒชแƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ—, แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ แƒ” แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒคแƒฃแƒซแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ, แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ’แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ’แƒšแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒ™แƒฃแƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒ›แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒกแƒ˜. แƒ”แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ™แƒฃแƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒ แƒ—แƒฅแƒ›แƒ แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ, แƒแƒ“แƒแƒžแƒขแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒš แƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒแƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒ”แƒ’แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—แƒแƒœ. แƒแƒฅแƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ แƒ”, แƒฏแƒ’แƒฃแƒคแƒก แƒ’แƒแƒแƒฉแƒœแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒžแƒšแƒแƒขแƒคแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒ. แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒ›แƒฎแƒ แƒ˜แƒ•, แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒช แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒ•แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ— แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒก แƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒ”, แƒ‘แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒฎแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒ”, แƒกแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒกแƒ แƒ—แƒฃ แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ  แƒ’แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒ›แƒฃแƒš แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒแƒœแƒขแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ”, แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ’แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ”, แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒฃ แƒแƒ แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒญแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ” แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ. โ€žFitch Ratings-แƒ˜แƒกโ€œ แƒ แƒ”แƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒœแƒ’แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒ•แƒ”แƒฎแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ™แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ• แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒแƒซแƒšแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒฎแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒœแƒ“แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒขแƒฃแƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—. แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒฎแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒแƒ—แƒ” แƒขแƒ”แƒฅแƒœแƒแƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒฎแƒ˜แƒ— โ€žแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ™ แƒ‘แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒกโ€œ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—-แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฃแƒญแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜. แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒ แƒ”แƒขแƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ“, แƒ แƒแƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒชแƒแƒ•แƒก แƒ”แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ ? แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒแƒ—แƒ” แƒขแƒ”แƒฅแƒœแƒแƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒชแƒ˜แƒคแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒขแƒ”แƒฅแƒœแƒแƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒแƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ”แƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒ. แƒ›แƒแƒฅแƒกแƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒ•แƒชแƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ—, แƒ™แƒšแƒ˜แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ•แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒแƒ— แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒขแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒฃแƒฅแƒขแƒ˜. แƒ แƒแƒช แƒจแƒ”แƒ”แƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒแƒ—แƒ” แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒฎแƒ“แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก, แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ— VISA-แƒก แƒซแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ MasterCard-แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒกแƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฌแƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜. แƒแƒฅแƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ แƒ”, แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ— แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒฃแƒฅแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ แƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ”. แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ“, แƒ”แƒ แƒ—-แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒงแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ”.แƒฌ mPOS แƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒแƒœแƒแƒจแƒ˜. แƒแƒ› แƒขแƒ˜แƒžแƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ แƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ แƒขแƒแƒฅแƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒซแƒฆแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒ›แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒ”แƒ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒ› แƒกแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒกแƒแƒ“แƒแƒช แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒžแƒแƒกแƒขแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒขแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ. แƒ”แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒฅแƒœแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒขแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ. แƒแƒ›แƒแƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ”, แƒแƒ“แƒ แƒ” แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒฃแƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ, แƒขแƒแƒฅแƒกแƒ˜แƒ— แƒ›แƒ’แƒ–แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒก แƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒแƒ—แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒฎแƒแƒ“แƒ, แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒช แƒ”แƒก แƒกแƒ”แƒ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒแƒ แƒ, แƒ—แƒฃแƒ›แƒชแƒ แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒจแƒ”แƒฌแƒงแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ•แƒ  แƒขแƒแƒฅแƒกแƒก แƒ’แƒแƒแƒฉแƒœแƒ˜แƒ. แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ“, แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ›แƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒ˜ แƒขแƒแƒฅแƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒฎแƒ“แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ”แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ”แƒ›แƒžแƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒแƒฆแƒญแƒฃแƒ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒœแƒ˜. แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ  แƒ›แƒ’แƒ–แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒฉแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒฏแƒ”แƒ  แƒแƒ  แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก

34 DIPLOMAT

In todayโ€™s competitive market, what are the advantages of Halyk Bank comparing to other banks? On the one hand, there is really a serious competition in the Georgian industry, but on the other hand, our great advantage is that Halyk Bank enjoys the support of a strong financial group that is fully developed, resilient and strong. When thereโ€™s any innovation, or the introduction of any new international standard, implementation and maintenance to our practice, having a huge and strong financial team by your side is a reliable force. We strive to make the most of Halyk Bankโ€™s achievement over the years, and this allows us to provide our clients and a whole Georgian population in general with new interesting products and services. We have elaborated a new strategy for 2020 already. We do not intend to slow down the course so, we are going to further develop and raise awareness. How many branches of Halyk Bank are currently operating in Georgia? There are currently eight branches in Georgia. They are located in Tbilisi, Kutaisi and Batumi. International credit rating agency, Fitch Ratings affirmed Halyk Bank Georgiaโ€™s Long-term Issuer Default Rating (IDR) - โ€œBBโ€ (Outlook revised from Stable to Positive), Long-term rating - โ€œPositiveโ€, short-term IDR - โ€œBโ€, Support rating โ€œ3โ€. What does this mean for the bank? To begin with, we are a part of a very serious financial group that is recognized by all major financial institutions in the world. Halyk Bank Kazakhstan is not only focused on its own ratings. It is a priority for them to have high standards for the members of their group as well. Although we are much smaller in size than our founding bank, we have a lot of similar regulatory documentation. This documentation is, of course, adapted to the Georgian legislative basis and regulations. Therefore, the group operates on a unified platform. When we talk about relationships with our partners, the amount of money in our deposits, the credibility or the various guarantees we give, it is very important to know who you are dealing with and whether their business is transparent. Fitch Ratings helps us to enhance customer confidence in our institution. In terms of card technology offers, Halyk Bank is one of the most prominent banks in Georgia. Specifically, what does your bank have to offer? Card technologies, digital technologies and remote banking are tomorrowโ€™s banking system. We try our best to offer our clients a simple and interesting product each time. As for card payments, we are main and associate members of VISA and MasterCard. Therefore, we are always focused on introducing new products. For example, we were one of the first ones to introduce mPOS terminals. Smaller terminals of this type are actively used by taxi drivers, delivery agents, and those working in areas where large post terminals are difficult to carry. This device is much more flexible and easy to operate. It was impossible to pay for taxi services with your card in Georgia


แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒฎแƒ, แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒขแƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒ“ แƒจแƒ”แƒฃแƒซแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒฎแƒแƒ“แƒแƒก แƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒแƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒจแƒ•แƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—. แƒฃแƒ™แƒแƒœแƒขแƒแƒฅแƒขแƒ mPOS-แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ แƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒฆแƒ›แƒแƒฉแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒแƒฆแƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ— แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒžแƒแƒจแƒ˜. แƒ›แƒ”แƒแƒ แƒ” แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒฃแƒฅแƒขแƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ”. แƒฌ watch2pay-แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒกแƒแƒช แƒ›แƒ” แƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘. แƒฎแƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ“, แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒช แƒกแƒแƒ“แƒ›แƒ” แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒ , แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ“, แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ–แƒแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒช แƒแƒ  แƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ“แƒ, แƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒฅแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ แƒคแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜, แƒแƒ› แƒกแƒแƒแƒ—แƒ˜แƒ— แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ  แƒฌแƒ”แƒ แƒขแƒ˜แƒšแƒจแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒฎแƒ“แƒ. watch2pay-แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒžแƒแƒžแƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ’แƒแƒ–แƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜, แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒกแƒแƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒกแƒขแƒฃแƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜. แƒ›แƒแƒฅแƒœแƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒแƒก แƒ’แƒแƒแƒฉแƒœแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒชแƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒฃแƒœแƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒ. แƒ แƒ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ’แƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒ— แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒจแƒ˜ ? 2020 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒฅแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—-แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒขแƒ”แƒฎแƒ˜ แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒ˜ โ€žแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ™ แƒ‘แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒ˜แƒกโ€œ แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜. แƒ•แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—, แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ— แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒฎแƒšแƒ”, แƒ”แƒ แƒ—-แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒšแƒ” แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒขแƒงแƒแƒ‘แƒก แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒฎแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒฎแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜, แƒแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“ แƒ›แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ. แƒงแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒš แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก, แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ“, แƒ•แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ— แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒ•แƒฎแƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ•แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒกแƒ”แƒ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒฎแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก, แƒแƒ›แƒแƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ”, แƒ“แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒแƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒกแƒแƒช แƒ•แƒ’แƒ”แƒ’แƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒ—. แƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒœแƒ”แƒขแƒ‘แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒ˜แƒœแƒ’แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ  แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ‘แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ“แƒ. โ€žแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ™ แƒ‘แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒ˜โ€œ แƒžแƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒ› แƒ—แƒ•แƒแƒšแƒกแƒแƒ–แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒช, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒจแƒ”แƒ’แƒ•แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ˜แƒ, แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ•แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒฌแƒแƒ“แƒแƒ— แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒšแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ— แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ”แƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ— แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜. แƒ”แƒก แƒ˜แƒก แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ, แƒกแƒแƒ“แƒแƒช แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒก, แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜แƒช แƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ แƒแƒ› แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ–แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒจแƒ”แƒ•แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒแƒ— แƒ›แƒแƒ— แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒฃแƒฅแƒขแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒ˜แƒฅแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒกแƒแƒงแƒ แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜, แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒขแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ.

recently. Although it is still not accessible for everyone today, it is available in many taxis with our support. For example, taxis at the airport are equipped with our payment system, mPOS. Any traveler arriving in Georgia, who does not have cash on arrival can easily pay with their card. Our introduction of contactless mPOS, made Georgia the first country in Eastern Europe with such technology and product. The second interesting product is watch2pay, which I use on my own. Often when I go somewhere, on a trip and I donโ€™t want to have cash, I can pay anywhere with this watch. watch2pay are very popular among young people, especially students. Along with its flexibility, it also has high safety functions. What are your plans for the future? 2020 will be one of the turning points in the history of Halyk Bank. We are going to introduce a lot of good novelties, and one of these products will soon be announced to our clients, and to whole Georgia. Periodically, we are going to offer innovative services to customers in different directions, and we will also develop our remote banking services. We have excellent internet banking systems. Halyk Bank is also privileged to be able to make currencies from different countries available to the population due to the advantage of the opportunity we have from being represented in six countries. A lot of Georgians live in these countries, and the citizens of these countries live in Georgia as well. Our goal is to offer them products and services that will be convenient, simple and interesting.

DIPLOMAT 35


แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒกแƒแƒขแƒ แƒแƒœแƒ–แƒ˜แƒขแƒ แƒžแƒแƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒคแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒœแƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒ–แƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒก แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒก

Georgiaโ€™s Transit Potential If Explored Will Contribute Greatly to the Nationโ€™s Budget Growth แƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒœแƒชแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜แƒซแƒ” GVANTSA ABASHIDZE แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ– แƒฉแƒฎแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜, แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ˜ แƒแƒ—แƒฌแƒšแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒš แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒ”แƒฌแƒ”แƒ•แƒ, แƒแƒ›แƒฏแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒจแƒ˜ แƒแƒคแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒฃแƒš แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก. แƒแƒ› แƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒฃแƒจแƒ˜ แƒฉแƒฎแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ›แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ‘แƒ แƒ แƒ˜แƒ› แƒซแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ”, แƒกแƒแƒ“แƒแƒช แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒ˜ แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒฎแƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒชแƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ แƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒ› แƒกแƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ–แƒ”, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒกแƒแƒช แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒแƒ› แƒกแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฆแƒฌแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒฃแƒขแƒแƒœแƒก.

แƒ—

30 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒ”แƒฌแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒแƒ› แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ  แƒจแƒ”แƒแƒคแƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒก แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜? แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜ แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒชแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ 30 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒ 

36 DIPLOMAT

T

amaz Chkhikvishvili, a Georgian businessman who has achieved incredible business successes in the last three decades, is one of the leading Georgian businessmen pursuing strategic business opportu-

nities in Kazakhstan. In this interview, Chkhikvishvili identified the key areas where their efforts are concerted and the benefits that will be accrued by Georgia from the successes recorded in these areas. You have been in business for 30 years now, how would you rate the business environment in Georgia?


แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ—แƒฅแƒ•แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒชแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒฌแƒ, แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ 30 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒš แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒš แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒก แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก. แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ›แƒ แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒ›แƒ แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ, แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜ แƒฌแƒœแƒ”แƒฎแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒœแƒ. แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒช แƒฎแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒš แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒแƒฃแƒชแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒแƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒ–แƒ”แƒช. แƒ—แƒฃ แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ›แƒกแƒฏแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—, แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ•แƒ—แƒฅแƒ•แƒแƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒก แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜ แƒกแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒ“ แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒฃแƒคแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ  แƒ›แƒแƒฅแƒแƒšแƒแƒฅแƒ”แƒก แƒ”แƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ, แƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒแƒ˜แƒ แƒฉแƒ˜แƒแƒก แƒกแƒแƒกแƒฃแƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒจแƒ˜, แƒแƒ แƒแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒก แƒฃแƒจแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ, แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒ”แƒ—แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ“ แƒแƒ”แƒฌแƒงแƒแƒก, แƒ—แƒฃแƒ›แƒชแƒ, แƒ แƒ แƒ—แƒฅแƒ›แƒ แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ, แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒแƒก แƒ›แƒฎแƒ แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒงแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒญแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒก แƒ’แƒแƒฃแƒ›แƒฏแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒฌแƒ˜แƒช แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜ แƒฐแƒฅแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒก. แƒ—แƒฃแƒ›แƒชแƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ“แƒ, แƒ™แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ• แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒฎแƒ”แƒš แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ”แƒแƒ แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒก แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ  แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก, แƒแƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒขแƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ›แƒแƒฅแƒแƒšแƒแƒฅแƒ”แƒก, แƒแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“ แƒฃแƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ”แƒšแƒกแƒแƒช, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒกแƒแƒช แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒฌแƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒก แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒฌแƒงแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒแƒฉแƒœแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒจแƒ˜แƒช แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒฃแƒคแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“ แƒ แƒแƒšแƒก แƒ—แƒแƒ›แƒแƒจแƒแƒ‘แƒก. แƒ แƒ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒซแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜? แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ›แƒŸแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒซแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฅแƒ•แƒแƒก, แƒแƒชแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ” แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜แƒงแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒแƒ— แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒ“แƒแƒแƒฎแƒšแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— 2 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒ˜แƒœ แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒก แƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒ  แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ“ แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—. แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ˜ แƒ”แƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒคแƒแƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒจแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒฌแƒงแƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก. แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒฎแƒกแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒกแƒฃแƒš แƒแƒ แƒ˜, แƒคแƒแƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒ—แƒฃแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒฃแƒฅแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ” แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒ•แƒ” แƒกแƒฃแƒคแƒกแƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒงแƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ. แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒฌแƒฃแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒแƒ“, แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ”แƒคแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒ•แƒ”แƒ  แƒžแƒแƒกแƒฃแƒฎแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ แƒ˜แƒ› แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒช, แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜ แƒ แƒแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒขแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒญแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒ˜แƒฆแƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ—แƒฃ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒšแƒ”แƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒฃแƒจแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก, แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒก แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒซแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ“แƒ˜ แƒคแƒฃแƒœแƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒกแƒแƒช แƒ”แƒฌแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ”แƒจแƒฃแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒ–แƒ, แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒ แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒแƒช แƒฌแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒ— แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ™แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ’แƒ–แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒแƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒแƒก แƒขแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ แƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ, แƒจแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ›แƒแƒ™แƒšแƒ” แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒขแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ แƒ—แƒ›แƒคแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒกแƒฃแƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒš แƒคแƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒขแƒแƒœแƒ. แƒแƒ› แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒแƒก แƒ”แƒ›แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒช แƒคแƒแƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒจแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒฌแƒงแƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒ”. แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒžแƒแƒขแƒ แƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ - แƒ›แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒชแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ โ€žแƒ›แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒกแƒ™แƒ˜แƒกโ€œ แƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ โ€žแƒ”แƒ˜แƒžแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ› แƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒšแƒก แƒคแƒแƒ—แƒ˜โ€œ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒกแƒแƒช แƒฃแƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒกแƒแƒแƒ™แƒ”แƒแƒœแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ–แƒฆแƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒจแƒ˜ . แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒ“ แƒ•แƒแƒ™แƒ”แƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ— แƒแƒ› แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒฌแƒงแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒแƒš แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒฃแƒแƒฎแƒšแƒแƒ”แƒก แƒแƒ -แƒกแƒแƒ› แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒฌแƒแƒ“แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒ•แƒ”แƒฅแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ, แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜แƒฆแƒแƒ—. แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ”แƒฌแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ—แƒฃ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜แƒช แƒแƒคแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—? แƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ“ แƒแƒ› แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ›แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒฌแƒงแƒ แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒ–แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒš แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ—แƒแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒช แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ’แƒ”แƒแƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ— แƒ’แƒ”แƒ’แƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒ“แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒกแƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ, แƒ“แƒแƒ’แƒ•แƒ”แƒฌแƒงแƒ แƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒซแƒ”แƒ‘แƒœแƒ. แƒแƒ˜, แƒแƒ›แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ’แƒ•แƒ˜แƒงแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ— แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒซแƒšแƒแƒ•แƒ  แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒแƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœ, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒช แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜. แƒ›แƒแƒšแƒ” แƒ›แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ” แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒฌแƒงแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒช แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒชแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒจแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒซแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ“ แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒชแƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ แƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ— แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒจแƒ˜. แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ–แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒแƒš แƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒœแƒแƒ—แƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒแƒ•แƒฃแƒฎแƒกแƒœแƒแƒ— แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒญแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘. แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒฎแƒกแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ—, แƒฎแƒแƒขแƒแƒ•แƒœแƒแƒ“ แƒแƒ›แƒ‘แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒชแƒฎแƒ แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒจแƒ˜, แƒ”แƒก แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ‘แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒฃแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ›แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒœแƒแƒ“ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›

Well, so much has changed in the past 30 years, and I can honestly say that the difference in the business environment we had 30 years ago, and our business environment today, can be likened to the distance between heaven and earth. Georgia has led those of us in the business world through a very difficult path, with a lot of pressure. Basically, the events that we witnessed in the country 30 years ago, definitely had effects on business as well. Judging by the present however, we have to say that business is completely free today, as any citizen of Georgia has the opportunity to choose his or her preferred business direction. Everything is done to help businesses develop successfully. Despite all of this, there is always a need from government to improve the business environment and a lot of hard work is what is sometimes needed in this direction. However, I would like to reiterate that any person today, not only a citizen of Georgia, but also foreigners who have decided to start a business in our country, can meet the necessary conditions for success, and this is largely due to the role government plays in our business environment. What are the main areas of your business? The current major focus of our business, is to complete what we can call a dream project which, we embarked upon with our partner company nearly two years ago. This project is the construction and development of a deep-water terminal in Poti Port. As you know, there are only two ports in Georgia, Poti and Batumi, and only the Supsa and Kulevi terminals work for petroleum products. Unfortunately, our Georgian ports are not effectively adapted to handle cargoes of any quantity or type. There are low depths in our ports and there are other problems preventing Georgia from maximizing the benefits of the Silk Road. The Silk Road passes through our corridor, and should be used to properly approximate and transfer freight from Asian countries, and Central Asia to Europe in a short period of time and at desired rates. On this project, we will build a deep-water terminal in the port of Poti and this will help us mitigate these problems. Our partner is IPM Terminal Poti, a subsidiary of the world-renowned Maersk, with extensive experience in shipping. We are working together on this project and hope that its construction will begin next year and that we will be able to get the first ships in the next two or three years. You have actively pursued the expansion of your businesses in Georgia, do you also make expansion moves for your business in other countries? This project I have just mentioned will help us find partners from our neighboring countries, especially in those countries where Georgiaโ€™s geopolitical situation is acceptable and their plans include servicing Georgian ports. We have identified a large and powerful country as Kazakhstan in this regard. Our efforts to expand our business activities in several Central Asian countries would soon reach its third year, but we are mainly

DIPLOMAT 37


แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒก แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ›แƒ แƒขแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ แƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ›แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒงแƒแƒ แƒแƒก แƒคแƒแƒ—แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒ—แƒฃแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒฅแƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ˜แƒฅแƒœแƒ”แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒขแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—. แƒ”แƒ แƒ— แƒคแƒแƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ แƒกแƒแƒช แƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒฃแƒกแƒ•แƒ แƒฎแƒแƒ–แƒ˜ - แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒก แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒจแƒ แƒฃแƒขแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒ”แƒ—แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ“ แƒแƒ› แƒ แƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒจแƒ˜, แƒ แƒฃแƒกแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒแƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก, แƒ˜แƒก แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒก แƒแƒ™แƒ”แƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒขแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ แƒ—แƒ›แƒ แƒแƒ  แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒชแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒก แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ—แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒแƒช แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—. แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ› แƒฐแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ— แƒกแƒแƒญแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ, แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒก แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎ แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒฐแƒฅแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒ— แƒแƒšแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒœแƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒแƒ— แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒฆแƒแƒœ แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒฌแƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ—แƒฃ แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ’แƒแƒฃแƒจแƒ•แƒแƒœ แƒ”แƒก แƒขแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ แƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜. แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒขแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ แƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒชแƒแƒ แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒ˜, แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜, แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒœแƒ”แƒ“แƒšแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜, แƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒœแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜, แƒšแƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒฃแƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒจแƒแƒ•แƒ˜ แƒšแƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒฃแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒ“ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒก, แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒฌแƒฃแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒแƒ“, แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ แƒฃแƒกแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒจแƒ แƒฃแƒขแƒ˜แƒ— แƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒฃแƒกแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒฎแƒ•แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒžแƒแƒจแƒ˜. แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒœแƒ˜ แƒฉแƒ”แƒ› แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ  แƒฉแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒฃแƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒญแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ™แƒ›แƒแƒงแƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒญแƒแƒ แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒแƒ’แƒ˜ แƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ—, แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ›แƒแƒช แƒกแƒฃแƒ แƒ—, แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒแƒœ แƒแƒšแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒœแƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒจแƒ แƒฃแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜. แƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ“ แƒแƒ› แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒแƒ› แƒฉแƒแƒ’แƒ•แƒ˜แƒงแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ แƒแƒ› แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒจแƒ”แƒ•แƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒ— แƒ˜แƒฅ แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒ˜แƒœแƒคแƒ แƒแƒกแƒขแƒ แƒฃแƒฅแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ•แƒ—แƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ•แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ— แƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒ แƒฌแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜. แƒแƒ  แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒขแƒจแƒ˜ แƒแƒ  แƒจแƒ”แƒ’แƒ”แƒ™แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฎแƒแƒ— แƒ‘แƒแƒฅแƒ-แƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜-แƒงแƒแƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒ™แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒ’แƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒแƒฆแƒฅแƒ›แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒงแƒแƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒกแƒแƒขแƒ แƒแƒœแƒ–แƒ˜แƒขแƒ แƒขแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ แƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒ แƒแƒช แƒจแƒ”แƒ”แƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒฆแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒฃแƒš แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒจแƒ แƒฃแƒขแƒก, แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ•แƒชแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ”แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒจแƒ แƒฃแƒขแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฌแƒงแƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒขแƒแƒžแƒ–แƒ” แƒซแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒฅแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ แƒแƒกแƒแƒ™แƒแƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ แƒ แƒ‘แƒ แƒฃแƒœแƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒš แƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒก แƒ•แƒ”แƒ  แƒ˜แƒฅแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก. แƒ”แƒก แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ˜, แƒฉแƒ”แƒ›แƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒแƒฃแƒ“แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ’แƒแƒ—แƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒซแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ“ แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ•แƒแƒญแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒจแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—แƒแƒœ. แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒจแƒ•แƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ’แƒแƒฌแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ›แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ› แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒชแƒ•แƒแƒก แƒจแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒ™แƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ•แƒแƒญแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒžแƒแƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœ, แƒฉแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ”แƒ— แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒฎแƒ แƒ”แƒ— แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒฃแƒš แƒแƒฆแƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ—แƒ—แƒแƒœ. แƒ แƒแƒขแƒแƒ› แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ“แƒ˜แƒ— แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ“แƒ แƒฃแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ แƒ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ’แƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒ— แƒแƒ› แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒแƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒแƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—? แƒฎแƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒฌแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ•แƒ”แƒ  แƒฎแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ แƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒคแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒฏแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ แƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ  แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒแƒก: แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ–แƒ”แƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒ˜แƒฏแƒแƒœแƒก แƒ“แƒ, แƒ›แƒ”แƒแƒ แƒ” แƒ›แƒฎแƒ แƒ˜แƒ•, แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ”แƒก แƒฃแƒจแƒšแƒ˜แƒ“แƒ แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜ แƒขแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒ˜แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒจแƒ˜, แƒ“แƒแƒซแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒ™แƒแƒกแƒžแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒ–แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒ—, แƒฉแƒแƒ›แƒแƒกแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒฆแƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒฃ แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒก แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก, แƒฎแƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒญแƒแƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒ‘แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒ›แƒฎแƒ แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒ, แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒฌแƒฃแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒแƒ“, แƒฌแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒแƒฆแƒ•แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒ”, แƒ”แƒก แƒ—แƒ”แƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒ“แƒแƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜, แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒก แƒฃแƒ™แƒ•แƒ” แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒฏแƒ”แƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ› แƒแƒ–แƒ แƒ–แƒ”, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ‘แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒฃแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก, แƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒœ แƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒฃแƒฅแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒฏแƒ–แƒ” แƒแƒ  แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒซแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ, แƒแƒ˜, แƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ“ แƒ”แƒก แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ”แƒซแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ  แƒ’แƒ–แƒแƒก, แƒกแƒแƒ“แƒแƒช แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒ”แƒคแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒฎแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ. แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒซแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ”แƒ–แƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒขแƒแƒฅแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒงแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒแƒœ, แƒขแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ แƒ—แƒ›แƒคแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—แƒแƒœ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒฎแƒ“แƒ”แƒ— แƒแƒ› แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒฏแƒแƒญแƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒ แƒ—-แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒแƒœ, แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒแƒ“, แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ แƒ’แƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒšแƒ˜, แƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ˜แƒ› แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒจแƒ•แƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒกแƒแƒช แƒ•แƒแƒ™แƒ”แƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—, แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒ•แƒแƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ— แƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒ–แƒ˜แƒแƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒกแƒแƒช

38 DIPLOMAT

concentrated in Kazakhstan. Our goal is to clearly explain our projects and its needs to our future partners. As you know, it is iconic to say that Mendeleevโ€™s table is fully represented in Kazakhstan, because Kazakhstan is a country that is rich in natural resources, and is keenly interested in using our corridor to transport its cargoes through the ports of Poti and Batumi to Europe and every other place. I would also like to point out that we currently have many competing routes in this region. The Russian factor dominates, and Russia is doing its best not to move cargo to other corridors. Therefore, it is imperative for our Kazakh businessmen to have an alternative in deciding which direction to ship their cargoes. For example, I can name cargoes such as wheat, coal, various raw materials, ores, metal products and scrap metal that are abundant in Kazakhstan and are unfortunately transported through only one direction โ€“ crossing the Russian route and passing through Russia from Europe. The products I listed are usually produced in excess in Kazakhstan. They usually have a lot left to satisfy local needs and to export, so Kazakhs are very interested in finding alternative routes. It is this idea that has brought us to this country, we have set up our infrastructure there and we believe that we have achieved tremendous success from our efforts in recent years. I would like to ask about the Baku-Tbilisi-Kars railway project because it is within the same context. Do you think that it should be logically perceived as a competing direction for cargo transportation? As for the route mentioned above, I may be mistaken, but I think this route will be mainly used for containers at the initial stage and will not have much impact on non-container traffic to Georgian ports. This project is, I suppose, mainly aimed at Turkeyโ€™s trade with Central Asian countries. Services provided through Georgian ports should cover trade in Central Asia, and the Caucasus with Europe, North and South America, and the Far East. Why are you interested in Kazakhstan and what are your plans for this country? Over the years, thereโ€™s always been a failure to reconcile tariffs between the two countries operating in the region โ€“ Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan. Georgia also prevented businesses from shipping too much cargo produced in Kazakhstan via the Caspian Sea. The goods would have to arrive in Georgia before being shipped to the Far East or European countries. In many cases, there were ambitions from different sides, and unfortunately, for years, as I mentioned, these topics were unending. Today, everyone is convinced that at the expense of natural resources, oil or petroleum products, life cannot be sustained, and that is exactly what these countries are looking for, any path where they can make their business more effective. The main reason for our work in Kazakhstan is to make


แƒ›แƒแƒ™แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒก, แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒจแƒ˜ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒฃแƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ—แƒฃ แƒขแƒ แƒแƒœแƒ–แƒ˜แƒขแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒขแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒ— แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ  แƒ˜แƒฅแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ, แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒแƒ แƒฏแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ˜, แƒแƒ› แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒœแƒ— แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”. แƒแƒ˜, แƒแƒ› แƒ˜แƒœแƒคแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฌแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ— แƒ“แƒแƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜. แƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒก แƒฃแƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก, แƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ แƒฎแƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒฌแƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒขแƒก แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ“แƒก. แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒ•แƒคแƒ˜แƒฅแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒฎแƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ— แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“ แƒ˜แƒงแƒแƒก แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒกแƒแƒขแƒ แƒแƒœแƒ–แƒ˜แƒขแƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒœแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“, แƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ’แƒแƒกแƒแƒจแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—. แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ”แƒ’แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒฎแƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒจแƒ˜, แƒ˜แƒกแƒ” แƒแƒ–แƒ”แƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒ˜แƒฏแƒแƒœแƒจแƒ˜ แƒžแƒแƒกแƒฃแƒฎแƒแƒ‘แƒก แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก. แƒ™แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ• แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒฎแƒ”แƒš แƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ•แƒ—แƒฅแƒ•แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒชแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒš แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ— แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœ, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒช แƒแƒ˜แƒžแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ› แƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒคแƒแƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ, แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒแƒ•แƒก แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒก แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒก แƒ’แƒแƒแƒฉแƒœแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฏแƒ˜, แƒ’แƒแƒแƒฉแƒœแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒขแƒ”แƒขแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒก แƒœแƒแƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ แƒแƒœแƒ’แƒ˜แƒก แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒก. แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒขแƒแƒฅแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒ˜แƒ› แƒกแƒแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒก แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒซแƒฆแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—แƒแƒœ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒช แƒฅแƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ“แƒก แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ— แƒ“แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒจแƒ˜. แƒ›แƒ” แƒ›แƒฅแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ, แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฌแƒ•แƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒงแƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒงแƒแƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒกแƒžแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒ–แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒก

contact with various service providers such as freight forwarders, so that we can establish ourselves as one of the crowning chains on this great chain. Through this project we have currently embarked upon, we are going to claim these big ships that are missing in Georgia today. We are going to ship products produced in Kazakhstan or transit goods, through the territory of Kazakhstan, and we will take them with these great ships to their destination. We are currently making efforts to share this information. Since logistics is of the utmost importance, logistics often solves the fate of business owners. We think that through our efforts, our ports will be ready to receive large quantities of transit goods, which will be processed in our Georgian ports and then shipped to various large distances. The efforts of our friends in both Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan are quite positive in response to these demands. I would like to reiterate that partnering with a world-renowned company such as IPM Terminal, the sole managers of Poti Port, provides our company with an image, and a reputation which,

DIPLOMAT 39


แƒกแƒแƒœแƒแƒแƒกแƒœแƒแƒก แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒแƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ‘แƒแƒฅแƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒกแƒแƒ“แƒแƒช แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒงแƒแƒ แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒกแƒแƒšแƒฃแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ›แƒ, แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ›แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒ›, แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒ›แƒฅแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ’แƒ•แƒ”แƒ›แƒงแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒœแƒ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒ™แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒ’แƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒš แƒ”แƒจแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒœแƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ’แƒ•แƒ”แƒฌแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒœแƒ แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘ แƒ˜แƒœแƒคแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ. แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒ›แƒ”แƒ แƒ’แƒ แƒžแƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒจแƒ”แƒ•แƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ˜ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒฎแƒแƒš แƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒก แƒฅแƒแƒšแƒแƒฅ แƒœแƒฃแƒ แƒกแƒฃแƒšแƒ—แƒแƒœแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ•แƒ แƒชแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ‘แƒ แƒ แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ’แƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘ แƒ“แƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ—แƒฅแƒ•แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ˜, แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒกแƒแƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ›แƒ˜, แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒช แƒฃแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒฃแƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒจแƒ˜ แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒก แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒก, แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ“แƒแƒญแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒš แƒ˜แƒฅแƒœแƒ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒฎแƒ แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ. แƒ แƒ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒจแƒ”แƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ–แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒฆแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒ—แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก? แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ•แƒ”แƒชแƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ, แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ’แƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘ แƒ•แƒ แƒชแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ‘แƒ แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ” แƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒฎแƒแƒ–แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒฃแƒกแƒ•แƒ แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒฉแƒ”แƒ›แƒ–แƒ” แƒฃแƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒกแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒญแƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒขแƒแƒ•แƒ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒจแƒ”แƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒแƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒขแƒ แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ›, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒจแƒ”แƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก, แƒแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“ แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒแƒœ แƒงแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒชแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒฌแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒ’แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ•แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ•แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒกแƒžแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ”. แƒซแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ“ แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒ™แƒแƒกแƒžแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒ–แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒ— แƒขแƒ แƒแƒœแƒ–แƒ˜แƒขแƒฃแƒš แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ”, แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒก แƒ–แƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ— แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ”, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ’แƒแƒ’แƒ•แƒ”แƒ™แƒ”แƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒœแƒ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒฃแƒ™แƒ•แƒ” แƒ›แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ” แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒช แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ—, แƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒฅแƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜, แƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒจแƒ”แƒ™แƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜, แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก, แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒซแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ“แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ–แƒฆแƒ•แƒแƒ แƒฅแƒแƒšแƒแƒฅแƒ˜แƒก, แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒแƒฃแƒก, แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ” แƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ—แƒแƒœ. แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒ•แƒแƒช, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒจแƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜แƒก, แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒแƒชแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒฉแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒ› แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ” แƒแƒ› แƒจแƒ”แƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒก แƒแƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒขแƒ แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒก, แƒแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“ แƒ–แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒ˜ แƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘ แƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒ“แƒ แƒ, แƒ”แƒก แƒ แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒก แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜. แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ  แƒจแƒ”แƒแƒคแƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ— แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—-แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒกแƒแƒ•แƒแƒญแƒ แƒ แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ  แƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ— แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒแƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒก? แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ›แƒแƒแƒ“ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒš-แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒแƒ›แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—-แƒ”แƒ แƒ— แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒฌแƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒข แƒ แƒแƒšแƒก แƒ—แƒแƒ›แƒแƒจแƒแƒ‘แƒก แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒจแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ”แƒšแƒฉแƒ˜, แƒ‘แƒแƒขแƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ–แƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ‘ แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜แƒซแƒ”, แƒแƒšแƒ‘แƒแƒ—, แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒฎแƒแƒขแƒแƒ• แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ แƒแƒ–แƒ แƒก แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒกแƒแƒช แƒ—แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒแƒช แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒฎแƒ”แƒš แƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒช แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฃแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒก แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒšแƒฉแƒแƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ› แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ“ แƒ”แƒšแƒฉแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒ‘แƒกแƒแƒšแƒฃแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒก แƒแƒ™แƒ”แƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒฃแƒฌแƒงแƒแƒœ แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒขแƒแƒฅแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒงแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ• แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒชแƒ”แƒœ แƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ”แƒฎแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒแƒœ แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒฃแƒฅแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒงแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜. แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒกแƒแƒžแƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒกแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒแƒœแƒ’แƒจแƒ˜ แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒฃแƒšแƒ”, แƒ‘แƒแƒขแƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒจแƒแƒ—แƒ แƒฏแƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒขแƒแƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒ—แƒฃ แƒแƒ  แƒ•แƒชแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒฃแƒ™แƒ•แƒ” 30 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒฌแƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒ, แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒฅแƒแƒšแƒแƒฅแƒ”แƒ, แƒ˜แƒฅ แƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒก แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒš แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒกแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒแƒœ, แƒ˜แƒกแƒ” แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒ แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒฃแƒฌแƒงแƒแƒ‘แƒก แƒแƒ› แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ˜แƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก. แƒ›แƒแƒก แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒแƒ•แƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒขแƒ”แƒขแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒแƒฉแƒœแƒ˜แƒ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒžแƒฃแƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒ  โ€žแƒฎแƒ˜แƒ“แƒกโ€œ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒก แƒแƒ  แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒแƒก แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒœแƒแƒงแƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒงแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒจแƒ˜. แƒ›แƒ” แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒชแƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒจแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒช แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒ•แƒแƒฌแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒจแƒ˜, แƒ”แƒก แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ•แƒแƒญแƒ แƒ แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜, แƒกแƒแƒขแƒ แƒแƒœแƒกแƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜, แƒ™แƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ›แƒ แƒ”แƒฌแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ—แƒฃ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ. แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒ—แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ, แƒแƒšแƒ‘แƒแƒ—, แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒฎแƒกแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒ แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒฌแƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒ, แƒ—แƒฃ แƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒ, แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒกแƒแƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒฃแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜. แƒ”แƒ แƒ—-แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ˜, แƒ‘แƒแƒ—แƒฃแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ˜, แƒฎแƒแƒœแƒ’แƒ แƒซแƒšแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜

40 DIPLOMAT

makes it easier to convince high-profile business people. We have established good personal contacts with the managers of the companies that determine the business scope in this area. I had the opportunity to be invited to the Caspian Sea Jubilee Day in Baku, where all the carriers, all the logistics companies gathered, and at that event, we had the opportunity to get in touch with the high echelons of the Kazakh Railway Service with whom we discussed our project extensively. I was also honored to meet the new President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev, in Nursultan and I intimated him about our investment plans. I can say that our team, our consortium, and all of our projects that are directly related to our business in Kazakhstan were supported by the President of Kazakhstan. What was the purpose of the meeting with the President of Kazakhstan, and what is the significance of this meeting for you? We had the opportunity to talk about our plans in detail in this meeting, and I want to emphasize the fact that I was impressed by the meeting with the President of Kazakhstan. My impression about the meeting was not only formed because he agreed to this meeting, but because he posed comprehensive questions about the aspects of our business activities in his country. We mainly talked about transit shipments through the Caspian Sea, as well as some of our initiatives to invest in Kazakhstan. This is our third year in Kazakhstan and we have a company set up, we have contracts, for example with both ports of Kazakhstanโ€™s main seaport of Aktau. We were also interested in his vision as a relatively new president, and I was pleasantly surprised by the programs he shared at this meeting about business, and about his visions as the new Head of State. This meeting and the recommendations we received will help us in our business activity in Kazakhstan. How do you assess Kazakhstan-Georgia trade relations and where do you see the potential for development? Georgian-Kazakh business relations are developing very dynamically, and one of those who play a decisive role in the development of these relations is the Ambassador of Georgia to Kazakhstan, Mr. Zurab Abashidze. If you try to gather the common opinion of all Georgian businessmen, who at least applied once to our embassy in Kazakhstan, you will hear positive remarks about the Ambassador and his staff. They do absolutely everything to promote the establishment of contacts between Georgian and local businessmen. They give advice and help Georgian businessmen build ties with government agencies in Kazakhstan. Also, our Honorary Consul, Mr. Shota Jakhutashvili, who, if I am not mistaken, has been a citizen of Kazakhstan for over 30 years, lives and actively cooperates with both the Georgian business sector and Kazakhstani, and he facilitates these visits. He has great authority in the Republic of Kazakhstan and is a kind of โ€œbridgeโ€ through which we establish fruitful ties between the two countries. I have met many Georgian businessmen in Kazakhstan working in various fields, such as


แƒ˜แƒฏแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ•แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒ— แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒแƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—-แƒ”แƒ แƒ— แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ  แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒก, แƒ”แƒก แƒฃแƒ™แƒ•แƒ” แƒ›แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ—แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒฃแƒซแƒ แƒแƒ• แƒฅแƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒ แƒ”แƒขแƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ‘แƒแƒ—แƒฃแƒ›แƒจแƒ˜, แƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ›แƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒจแƒ˜. แƒ—แƒฃ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ— แƒ—แƒ•แƒแƒšแƒก, แƒ“แƒแƒแƒฎแƒšแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒฎแƒฃแƒ—แƒ˜ แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜ แƒ แƒ”แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒ แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒแƒšแƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ, แƒœแƒฃแƒ แƒกแƒฃแƒšแƒ—แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒแƒฃแƒ“แƒแƒœ. แƒ›แƒ” แƒฎแƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฌแƒ”แƒ•แƒก แƒ›แƒ’แƒ–แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ›แƒคแƒ แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒšแƒแƒœแƒจแƒ˜ แƒกแƒฃแƒš แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ•แƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒ•, แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜-แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ—แƒฃ แƒ˜แƒฅแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜. แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ› แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒกแƒžแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ, แƒซแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ™แƒ˜, แƒ—แƒฃ แƒฃแƒ›แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒ, แƒแƒšแƒ‘แƒแƒ—, แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒกแƒแƒช แƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒชแƒแƒ•แƒก แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒกแƒแƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก - โ€žแƒคแƒแƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒกแƒแƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก" แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒแƒ› แƒฃแƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ–แƒแƒ  แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒแƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ—แƒฃ แƒกแƒแƒขแƒ แƒแƒœแƒ–แƒ˜แƒขแƒ แƒขแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ แƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒกแƒ™แƒ”แƒœ แƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒ›แƒแƒฅแƒกแƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒจแƒ”แƒ•แƒฃแƒฌแƒงแƒแƒ— แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ แƒ™แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒ’แƒ–แƒ แƒ˜แƒงแƒแƒก แƒ“แƒแƒขแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ - แƒ”แƒก แƒฅแƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก, แƒแƒ› แƒคแƒแƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒฃแƒฏแƒ”แƒขแƒจแƒ˜ แƒคแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒกแƒแƒขแƒ แƒแƒœแƒ–แƒ˜แƒขแƒ แƒžแƒแƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ— แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒ แƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒก แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒฌแƒ˜แƒœแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒแƒš แƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒฏแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก. แƒ›แƒ” แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒฉแƒœแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ›แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒขแƒ แƒแƒœแƒกแƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ แƒกแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒ•แƒแƒฌแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ, แƒ—แƒฃแƒ›แƒชแƒ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒช แƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ•แƒ—แƒฅแƒ•แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒžแƒแƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ— - แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒš แƒ แƒ˜แƒ’แƒจแƒ˜, แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ”แƒ–แƒก แƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒก แƒกแƒ˜แƒงแƒ•แƒแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ— แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ˜ แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜, แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ แƒแƒ› แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒฎแƒแƒ–แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒฃแƒกแƒ•แƒ แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜ แƒกแƒ˜แƒ›แƒžแƒแƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒฌแƒงแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒœแƒ˜ แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—, แƒแƒ› แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ› แƒกแƒแƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ“แƒ แƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒฐแƒžแƒแƒ•แƒแƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ•แƒแƒญแƒ แƒ แƒ‘แƒ แƒฃแƒœแƒ•แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒก แƒแƒ แƒช แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ— แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒš แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒฃแƒšแƒ–แƒ”แƒ, แƒฌแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ• แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ˜แƒ–แƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒ“แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒแƒก, แƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒฎแƒแƒ–แƒ’แƒแƒกแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ— แƒแƒฆแƒ•แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒ, แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒก แƒฃแƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒก แƒžแƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒชแƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒก แƒ˜แƒ›แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ’แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒฎแƒ˜, แƒแƒ› แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒฅแƒแƒšแƒแƒฅแƒ”. แƒแƒ›แƒแƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒแƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ—แƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ“แƒ แƒฌแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ  แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ•แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒชแƒ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎ แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒฎแƒก, แƒฉแƒ”แƒ›แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒ’แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก, แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒแƒฃแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ•แƒฃแƒกแƒฃแƒ แƒ•แƒ แƒงแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ” แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ™แƒ”แƒ—แƒ”แƒกแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒแƒš 2020 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก.

trading, transportation, catering, and other industries. You should also probably know that Kazakh businessmen in Georgia have been experiencing booms in the last two years or more. One of our ports, Batumi Port, has been leased by one of the Kazakh companies for a long time. It is quite possible, as you know, for Kazakh businessmen to be investing money in real estate, in Batumi, and Tbilisi. There is a lot of investment in construction in those areas. If I am not mistaken there are five direct flights a week from Almaty, Nursultan and Aktau. I often have to travel and in the plane, there are mostly Kazakhs and only a few Georgians. So, the prospect is very big, but the key, if not the main direction, is probably the work of our Poti New Terminal Consortium in helping this huge country and its cargo or transit cargo as much as possible to reach Georgia and Georgian ports successfully. This will help boost the activities of Georgian Railways and it would create additional jobs, and will contribute more money for the countryโ€™s budget. Georgia is making extensive and progressive moves with her transit potential. I think that working in transport field is the most important, but we should also highlight another distinct potential of the Kazakh nation. Very good people live in this country and I would like to emphasize that they are sympathetic towards our country and that we should take advantage of this, and hope that our trade turnover, which is not so high today, will increase in the future. Lastly, I would like to emphasize our deepest respect for the heroic Kazakh people, I mean each citizen of this country. In this regard, I would like to take this opportunity to congratulate the Kazakh people, my friends and partners on the anniversary of the independence of the country, and to wish them all the best in 2020.

DIPLOMAT 41


แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒฏแƒ’แƒฃแƒคแƒ˜ โ€žแƒ™แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒšแƒ˜โ€œ - แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ“แƒแƒฌแƒงแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ

Capitol Investment Group โ€“ a Success Story Started with the Management of Kazakh Investment Projects แƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒœแƒชแƒ แƒ’แƒฃแƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒซแƒ” GVANTSA GUBELADZE แƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒฏแƒ’แƒฃแƒคแƒ˜ โ€žแƒ™แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒšแƒ˜โ€œ 2014 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒฅแƒ›แƒœแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒฃแƒซแƒฆแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒแƒก แƒฃแƒซแƒ แƒแƒ•แƒ˜ แƒฅแƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒ›แƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ›แƒจแƒ˜, แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒฃแƒ แƒœแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ-แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒจแƒ˜. แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒฏแƒ’แƒฃแƒคแƒ˜ โ€žแƒ™แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒกโ€œ แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒก

แƒก

42 DIPLOMAT

apitol Investment Group, an investment management group established in 2014 has recorded huge successes in the management of Georgian and Kazakh investment projects in real estate development and management, construction, tourism, agriculture and manufacturing. The Capitol Investment Group is also connected to the

C


แƒฃแƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒกแƒขแƒฃแƒ›แƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ‘แƒ แƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒ˜แƒก โ€žแƒ‘แƒ”แƒกแƒ— แƒฃแƒ”แƒกแƒ—แƒ”แƒ แƒœ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ—แƒ”แƒ แƒœแƒ”แƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒโ€œ แƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒžแƒแƒœแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒกแƒขแƒฃแƒ›แƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ’แƒฃแƒคแƒ˜แƒก โ€žแƒฐแƒแƒขแƒ”แƒš แƒฅแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒฅแƒจแƒ”แƒœ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ—แƒ”แƒ แƒœแƒ”แƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒกโ€œ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ. แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒฏแƒ’แƒฃแƒคแƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒฆแƒ›แƒแƒกแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒฏแƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒขแƒแƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒŸแƒฃแƒ แƒœแƒแƒš โ€žแƒ“แƒ˜แƒžแƒšแƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ—แƒแƒœโ€œ แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒš แƒ’แƒ–แƒแƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒš-แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ  แƒกแƒแƒ•แƒแƒญแƒ แƒ แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ” แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒก. แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ› โ€žแƒ™แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒกโ€œ แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒคแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฃแƒแƒฎแƒšแƒแƒ”แƒก แƒฌแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ• แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ˜แƒ–แƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒช แƒ˜แƒฅแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒšแƒœแƒ˜.

representation of the American hotel brand, Best Western International, and the Spanish hotel management group, Hotel Collection International, in Georgia. The Executive Director of Capitol Investment Group Giorgi Jakhutashvili, had a conversation with us at Diplomat Magazine and spoke about the companyโ€™s path and Georgian-Kazakh trade relations. He hopes that Capitolโ€™s investment portfolio will grow in the coming years and investors from other countries besides Kazakhstan will also be represented by the group.

แƒ‘แƒแƒขแƒแƒœแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ  แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒฅแƒ›แƒœแƒ แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒฏแƒ’แƒฃแƒคแƒ˜ โ€žแƒ™แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒšแƒ˜โ€œ แƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜ แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒก แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ—แƒแƒœ? 2014 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒฅแƒ›แƒœแƒ โ€žแƒ™แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒš แƒฏแƒ’แƒฃแƒคแƒ˜โ€œ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒแƒช แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒจ แƒ›แƒแƒแƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒ 2006 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ 2013 แƒฌแƒšแƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ” แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜. แƒ˜แƒ› แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒก แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒœ แƒ™แƒ แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ˜แƒกแƒฃแƒš แƒ›แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜ 2008 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒฃแƒกแƒ”แƒ—-แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒคแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒœแƒกแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒ แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒซแƒ˜แƒ›แƒ” แƒจแƒ”แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒ. แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ“, แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒ™แƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒญแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ” แƒ“แƒแƒ”แƒ›แƒ—แƒฎแƒ•แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ’แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒกแƒแƒญแƒ˜แƒ แƒ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒแƒ› แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก, แƒจแƒ”แƒ•แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ— แƒฃแƒ›แƒแƒ™แƒšแƒ”แƒก แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒจแƒ˜, แƒ›แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒš แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ— โ€žแƒ™แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒš แƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒฏแƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜โ€œ, แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ โ€žแƒ™แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒš แƒฏแƒ’แƒฃแƒคแƒ˜โ€œ แƒ”แƒฌแƒแƒ“แƒ แƒฏแƒ’แƒฃแƒคแƒก , แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒจแƒ˜แƒช แƒ–แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒ— แƒฎแƒกแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ. แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒ แƒ—-แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒฃแƒชแƒฎแƒแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ•แƒแƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ  แƒแƒคแƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ— แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒก แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒฃแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ—แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ  แƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒแƒ‘แƒ— แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—? แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ›แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ› - แƒแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒงแƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒญแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒฃแƒ›แƒฏแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—. แƒ—แƒฃแƒ›แƒชแƒ แƒกแƒแƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒ”แƒŸแƒ˜แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒจแƒ”แƒ™แƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒช แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ— แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ›, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒช แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒก แƒแƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒก แƒกแƒแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก, แƒจแƒแƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ–แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒ— แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒก แƒ›แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒฌแƒงแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒœแƒแƒก แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒฃแƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒฅแƒ˜แƒ—. แƒ แƒแƒช แƒจแƒ”แƒ’แƒ•แƒ”แƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ, แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก, แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ“ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ• แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒ”แƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒก แƒ•แƒ˜แƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—. แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒฃแƒชแƒฎแƒ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒฅแƒแƒšแƒแƒฅแƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒช แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ“ แƒแƒ  แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ แƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒ—แƒแƒ“ แƒฉแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒแƒœ - แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒฌแƒแƒ“แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒฏแƒ”แƒ แƒ›แƒ”, แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ“, แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒ•แƒแƒกแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ— แƒ›แƒแƒ— แƒคแƒฃแƒœแƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช, แƒแƒกแƒ” แƒ•แƒ—แƒฅแƒ•แƒแƒ—, แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒคแƒฃแƒซแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒ•แƒ–แƒ แƒฃแƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ— แƒ›แƒแƒ— แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒงแƒแƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜. แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒฏแƒ’แƒฃแƒคแƒ˜ โ€žแƒ™แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒšแƒ˜โ€œ แƒกแƒฌแƒ แƒแƒคแƒแƒ“ แƒ“แƒ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฆแƒฌแƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒฌแƒ•แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒแƒฌแƒงแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ–แƒ”? 2014 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒคแƒฃแƒซแƒœแƒ“แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ›แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒกแƒแƒ–แƒฆแƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒ— แƒฏแƒ’แƒฃแƒคแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒ, แƒจแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒ— แƒ›แƒ™แƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒ, แƒ—แƒฃ แƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ•แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ•แƒœแƒ 10 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ•แƒแƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก, แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ“, แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒ— แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒกแƒแƒญแƒ˜แƒ แƒ แƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒฏแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒแƒช แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฆแƒฌแƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ. แƒ”แƒ แƒ—-แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒช แƒฉแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒฅแƒ แƒ”แƒ—, แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒฃแƒซแƒ แƒแƒ•แƒ˜ แƒฅแƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒขแƒฃแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒžแƒ˜แƒœแƒซแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ, แƒ’แƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒฌแƒ•แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒ”แƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒฃแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒ แƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก

How did the Capitol Investment Group start, and how is it related to Kazakhstan? In 2014, the Capitol Group was created, to unify the management of various projects that had started between 2006 and 2013 from Kazakh investments. At the time, those projects were in a crisis position due to the severe consequences of the 2008 Russo-Georgian war and the global financial crisis. For that reason, there was a need for qualified management and it

DIPLOMAT 43


แƒ˜แƒœแƒคแƒ แƒแƒกแƒขแƒ แƒฃแƒฅแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒฃแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ, แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ“, แƒ›แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒฎแƒ“แƒ˜แƒ— แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ–แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒœแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ“ - โ€žแƒ‘แƒ”แƒกแƒ— แƒฃแƒ”แƒกแƒ—แƒ”แƒ แƒœ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ—แƒ”แƒ แƒœแƒ”แƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒšแƒ˜โ€œ แƒกแƒแƒกแƒขแƒฃแƒ›แƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒ แƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒกแƒแƒช แƒ“แƒแƒแƒฎแƒšแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— 16 แƒจแƒ˜แƒ“แƒ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒ˜ แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ”แƒจแƒ•แƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒฌแƒ•แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ–แƒ”แƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒ˜แƒฏแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ–แƒ”. แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒฎแƒ“แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ”แƒกแƒžแƒแƒœแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒกแƒขแƒฃแƒ›แƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ’แƒฃแƒคแƒ˜แƒก โ€žแƒฐแƒแƒขแƒ”แƒš แƒฅแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒฅแƒจแƒ”แƒœ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ—แƒ”แƒ แƒœแƒ”แƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒกโ€œ (HCI) แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜. HCI 22 แƒกแƒแƒกแƒขแƒฃแƒ›แƒ แƒแƒก แƒแƒ™แƒ แƒ”แƒ“แƒ˜แƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ›แƒแƒ— แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒ แƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒชแƒแƒ โ€žแƒฐแƒ˜แƒšแƒขแƒแƒœแƒ˜โ€œ, โ€žแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ˜โ€œ, โ€žแƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒขแƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒแƒšแƒ˜โ€œ, โ€žแƒจแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒขแƒแƒœแƒ˜โ€œแƒ“แƒ โ€žแƒ›แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒขแƒ˜โ€œ. แƒแƒ› แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒกแƒแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ•แƒ”แƒชแƒ, แƒ แƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒ•แƒกแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒงแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒจแƒ”แƒ’แƒ•แƒ”แƒฅแƒ›แƒœแƒ แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ˜ แƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ’แƒ•แƒฅแƒแƒœแƒแƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ‘แƒ แƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒฎแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ. แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒกแƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ”แƒกแƒžแƒแƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒกแƒแƒ› แƒกแƒแƒกแƒขแƒฃแƒ›แƒ แƒแƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒชแƒ แƒ™แƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒ•แƒ แƒกแƒแƒกแƒขแƒฃแƒ›แƒ แƒแƒก แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ‘แƒ แƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒญแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒช แƒ แƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ’แƒœแƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒฎแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฌแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒ. แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฆแƒฌแƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒฌแƒ แƒแƒคแƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒฎแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ–แƒ” แƒ“แƒแƒงแƒ แƒ“แƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒช แƒ•แƒแƒ™แƒ”แƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ— แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒ˜แƒ› แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ“แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ แƒ” แƒ”แƒขแƒแƒžแƒ–แƒ” แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ“แƒแƒช แƒฃแƒ™แƒ•แƒ” แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒกแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ“แƒฃแƒ  แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒฅแƒชแƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒช แƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒช. แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒแƒฆแƒกแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ แƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒคแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ”แƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒฌแƒแƒ“แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒแƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒ— แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒคแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒช แƒฉแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ—, แƒ”แƒก แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒ“แƒแƒแƒฎแƒšแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— 45 แƒ›แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒšแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒแƒฎแƒšแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— 150 แƒ›แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒšแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ•แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ—. แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒแƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ—แƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒฌแƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฅแƒ•แƒแƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ” แƒ แƒแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒšแƒœแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ  แƒฎแƒกแƒœแƒ˜แƒ— แƒแƒ›แƒแƒก, แƒ แƒ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒคแƒแƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜? แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒญแƒแƒ—แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒจแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ›แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ”, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ› แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ -แƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒฎแƒ˜แƒ— แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒ–แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒšแƒ, แƒ›แƒแƒ— แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒฌแƒ•แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒฐแƒฅแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒแƒ—

44 DIPLOMAT

coincided with the fact that the team needed for this task was assembled as quickly as possible. We named the management company โ€œCapitol Managementโ€, while the โ€œCapitol Groupโ€ was selected as the name for the united group of companies mentioned above. One of the main directions of the company is attracting foreign investments, how would you evaluate the investment environment in Georgia and how do you work in this direction? The investment environment in Georgia is attractive but incomplete and needs to be improved in many ways. However, with its tax regime, preferences, and various international treaties, the investment environment in Georgia is still attractive to many countries, including Kazakhstan. Georgia is in a very good location, and this allows Kazakhstan to cross the Black Sea to reach world waters and export its products and vice versa. As for us, we use local competence in project management, along with international practice. Our investors are mostly foreign nationals who do not personally work in Georgia and rarely arrive - several times a year, so we perform the functions of investors and founders as it were, taking care of their business so that their goals and strategies are implemented. Capitol Investment Group is developing rapidly and attaining a lot of success. What has been the companyโ€™s key achievements and what challenges do you face in the market? Since we began operations in 2014, we quickly identified a medium-term strategy for group development, and this provided a clear idea of the kind of investments we were going to attract and implement over the next 10 years. Therefore, we only took all the necessary steps that led to our current achievements. One of the big directions that we decided to work on was real estate and hospitality. We understood that the challenge was managing competencies and human resources and infrastructure development in the regions. Consequently, we became partners with many international organizations, such as Best Western International, an American hotel brand that has around 16 sub brands all of which are available through us in the Georgian and Azerbaijani markets. We also became representatives and partners of the Spanish hotel management group, Hotel Collection International (HCI) in Georgia. HCI is an accredited manager of 22 hotels, including brands such as Hilton, Actor, Intercontinental, Sheraton and Marriott. With these two partnerships, we were able to penetrate the regions, create an investment project for tourism, have an international brand and manage international quality in the area of hospitality. Currently, three hotels enjoy the privilege of qualified management and eight hotels are a part of the brandโ€™s representation, which places us at a unique position to provide predictable international quality in the regions. Our main achievement is a rapidly growing team, through whose help we are building on all the projects that will be transformed into very solid investment projects for the present and in the future. These projects will bring relevant dividends to our


แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ“, แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ—แƒ˜ แƒแƒ  แƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ แƒ™แƒ”แƒ แƒซแƒ แƒ™แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ— แƒ’แƒแƒกแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒงแƒ, แƒจแƒ”แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’แƒแƒ“, แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ–แƒ”, แƒซแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ“, แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ–แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒจแƒ•แƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒ. แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒชแƒ”แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜ - โ€žแƒ™แƒแƒ–แƒ›แƒฃแƒœแƒแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ–แƒ˜โ€œ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ“แƒ แƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒจแƒขแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ’แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒ˜แƒ‘แƒฃแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒก. แƒแƒฎแƒšแƒ แƒ™แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒ โ€žแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒ”แƒขแƒ แƒแƒšแƒ˜โ€œ, โ€žแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ™ แƒ‘แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒ˜โ€œ, แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒแƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒกแƒขแƒฃแƒ›แƒ แƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒฏแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒแƒช โ€žแƒ แƒ˜แƒฅแƒกแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒกโ€œ แƒ‘แƒ แƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒฌแƒงแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ’แƒแƒกแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’ โ€žแƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒฏแƒแƒ›แƒ˜ แƒšแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒ˜โ€œ-แƒก แƒ‘แƒ แƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ’แƒแƒแƒ’แƒ แƒซแƒ”แƒšแƒ. แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒฉแƒแƒœแƒก, แƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒ แƒแƒ— แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒฌแƒแƒ“แƒจแƒ˜ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒจแƒ˜แƒช แƒ“แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒ“แƒ แƒ™แƒ”แƒ แƒซแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ แƒจแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ— แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒฌแƒงแƒ•แƒ˜แƒขแƒ”แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ แƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ”แƒฎแƒ“แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ— แƒ“แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ”แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ—. แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ“, แƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒ แƒฌแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒฃแƒ™แƒ•แƒ” แƒ’แƒแƒแƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฅแƒ•แƒแƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒจแƒ˜แƒช แƒ’แƒแƒแƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒšแƒ˜ - แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒช แƒคแƒ˜แƒฅแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ แƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒจแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜. แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒฃแƒ–แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ™แƒ”แƒ—แƒจแƒ˜, แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒจแƒ˜, แƒ›แƒ”แƒข-แƒœแƒแƒ™แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“ แƒ˜แƒ› แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜, แƒกแƒแƒ“แƒแƒช แƒคแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒœแƒกแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒแƒœแƒขแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒแƒ“ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ แƒ” แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜, แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ“, แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒช แƒ’แƒแƒ”แƒ“แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ› แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒ•แƒคแƒ˜แƒฅแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ•แƒœแƒ แƒฌแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ”แƒก แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒฆแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒช แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒข แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒก แƒ›แƒแƒฃแƒขแƒแƒœแƒก แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒฃแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ. แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ”, แƒ—แƒฃ แƒ แƒแƒขแƒแƒ› แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก - แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ“แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒ™แƒ แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒขแƒฃแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒฎแƒ˜แƒ— แƒšแƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒ แƒ แƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒจแƒ˜, แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒขแƒ”แƒ›แƒžแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฃแƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ“, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒ แƒฌแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒช แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’ แƒžแƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ แƒฉแƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ›แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ แƒ”แƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒœแƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒ”แƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒฃแƒœแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒฎแƒ˜แƒ—. แƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒ”แƒแƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก, แƒ’แƒแƒกแƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒฃแƒกแƒแƒคแƒ แƒ—แƒฎแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ™แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ‘แƒก, แƒ—แƒฃแƒ›แƒชแƒ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒงแƒแƒก แƒœแƒแƒชแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒ›แƒ”แƒข-แƒœแƒแƒ™แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒกแƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ’แƒœแƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ˜. แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒžแƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎ แƒ“แƒ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒš แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒฎแƒก แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ - แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜ แƒฉแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒกแƒแƒ“แƒแƒช แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜ แƒแƒ  แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒ—, แƒกแƒแƒ“แƒแƒช แƒแƒ—แƒฎแƒกแƒ”แƒ–แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ™แƒšแƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒช แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒ—แƒ˜แƒ, แƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒ™แƒแƒชแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒšแƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒฎแƒ˜แƒ— แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ, แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒกแƒขแƒ แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒฎแƒ˜แƒ‘แƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒช แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒ”แƒ แƒขแƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ˜แƒฅแƒชแƒ”แƒ•แƒ, แƒจแƒ”แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’แƒแƒ“ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒฎแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒกแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒ แƒกแƒแƒกแƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ“. แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ  แƒคแƒ˜แƒฅแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ—, แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒแƒก แƒฃแƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒ•แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ›แƒแƒ—, แƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒช แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒคแƒ˜แƒฅแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒก, แƒ—แƒฃแƒ›แƒชแƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒแƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒฏแƒ”แƒ  แƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒช แƒงแƒแƒงแƒ›แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒก? แƒ™แƒ”แƒ แƒซแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ แƒจแƒ˜, แƒ แƒ แƒ—แƒฅแƒ›แƒ แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ, แƒšแƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒก แƒฃแƒซแƒ แƒแƒ•แƒ˜ แƒฅแƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒฃแƒซแƒ แƒแƒ•แƒ˜ แƒฅแƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ’แƒœแƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒ, แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒกแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ, แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ› แƒฃแƒซแƒ แƒแƒ• แƒฅแƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒ‘แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ, แƒกแƒขแƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒ™แƒ”แƒ แƒซแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜แƒ. แƒ แƒแƒช แƒจแƒ”แƒ”แƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒก, แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒš แƒ แƒ˜แƒ’แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒขแƒงแƒแƒ“แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒฃแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ, แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒขแƒ แƒฃแƒซแƒ แƒแƒ• แƒฅแƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“ แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ”-

group and our investors. Itโ€™s also worth to mention tripling the portfolio. Weโ€™ve tripled our portfolio of investment projects in six years. When we started it was about $ 45 million, today weโ€™re managing projects of about $ 150 million. Given the potential of Kazakh investments, it can be said that they are on a small scale in Georgia, how do you explain this? And what are the main obstacles for Kazakh investors? After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Kazakhstan, just like Georgia, had a very difficult path in terms of economic and political development. There were sufficient challenges in the country, so there was no private capital accumulated for investments outside the country. As a result, Kazakhstanโ€™s investments became a part of the international market, mainly through state organizations. There is a similar precedent in Georgia - KazMunayGas, which carried out gas distribution throughout Tbilisi. Major Kazakh investments are now represented in Georgia as Rompetrol, and Khalik Bank. Also by co-investment, a Kazakh company built a hotel in Borjomi, which started with the Rixos brand and continued with the Borjomi Likani brand after the Kazakh partnership ended. It seems that in the last ten years, Kazakhstan has also accumulated enough capital in the private sector and they have decided to diversify in the region, and expand their businesses to different countries. As a result, Kazakh capital became activated in Georgia in recent years and it should be said that Georgian capital has also been activated in Kazakhstan - there are Georgians who are thinking about diversifying their businesses, and moving to the region and Central Asia. In both Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan, in the countries where there are more financial and legal guarantees, Georgian investments are also flowing, so we expect that in the coming years it will grow and deepen, and will bring more direct investments to Georgia from Kazakhstan. Also, as to the reason behind Georgiaโ€™s attraction for Kazakh investors - I would add that Georgia is a leader in the development of democratic institutions in the region, and despite its economic growth rates that have slowed in recent years, it still holds a good position in terms of doing business and business competitiveness. Georgia has an excellent location in terms of logistics and geopolitics, although there are security risks, it is very important for Kazakh companies to participate in a market they are familiar with and is more or less understandable and predictable. There is also a positive context for the historically very good relationship between Kazakhstan and the Georgian people - they arrive in a country with no language barrier, with an all-year round tourism industry due to its diverse nature and climate which, is rare for them, as there is a very harsh natural climate in Kazakhstan. Georgia is attractive to Kazakhs. Georgian gastronomy is also fascinating and is an extra point of attraction for Kazakh visitors. The result is an investment with a pleasant benefit. What areas of Georgia do you think are most attractive to Kazakh investors and what would you recommend to

DIPLOMAT 45


แƒฃแƒ แƒœแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ แƒ’แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒ›แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”, แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒกแƒแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒ. แƒ›แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒชแƒแƒขแƒ แƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒแƒ›แƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ‘แƒ›แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒชแƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ  แƒ˜แƒœแƒคแƒ แƒแƒกแƒขแƒ แƒฃแƒฅแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒ แƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ  แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—แƒแƒœ, แƒ—แƒฃแƒ›แƒชแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒกแƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒ›แƒ˜ แƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒช แƒ”แƒก แƒ˜แƒฅแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ—แƒฃ แƒฏแƒ”แƒ  แƒแƒ  แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒ— แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒฌแƒงแƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ” แƒแƒœ แƒกแƒแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒ แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒ—. แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒแƒฅแƒแƒช แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒ, แƒแƒšแƒ‘แƒแƒ—, แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒ˜แƒ› แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒฃแƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒ•แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒฉแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒแƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒจแƒ˜แƒช แƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒช แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒ— แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ— แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒแƒœ แƒกแƒญแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ— แƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ— แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒแƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒจแƒ˜ - แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ“, แƒกแƒแƒขแƒ แƒแƒœแƒกแƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ-แƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ—แƒฃ แƒ แƒแƒฆแƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒ›แƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜. แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒช แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ, แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ แƒ” แƒ˜แƒฅแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒฃแƒคแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒญแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒฎแƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒฃแƒ›แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒก แƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—แƒแƒœ - แƒ”แƒก แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒก, แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒฉแƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒฃแƒ›แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒ’แƒแƒแƒฉแƒœแƒ˜แƒ แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒจแƒ”แƒฆแƒแƒ•แƒแƒ—แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ•แƒแƒญแƒ แƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒฎแƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒแƒจแƒจ-แƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒกแƒ—-แƒ˜แƒก แƒงแƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒš แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœ, แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ“, แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒแƒ, แƒ—แƒฃ แƒแƒ›แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒ”แƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ“ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒก แƒแƒœ แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒก แƒ’แƒแƒแƒฉแƒœแƒ˜แƒ. แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒแƒ แƒคแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒœแƒกแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒขแƒฃแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฉแƒแƒ›แƒแƒงแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ›, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ™แƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒœแƒกแƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ”แƒ›แƒ, แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฅแƒ•แƒแƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ”แƒ แƒ—-แƒ”แƒ แƒ— แƒ›แƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ” แƒžแƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ”แƒ แƒฃแƒ™แƒ•แƒ” แƒแƒฆแƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ— แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒžแƒแƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜แƒช. แƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ แƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒกแƒแƒช แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒ“แƒ”แƒ•แƒก แƒจแƒ˜แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒฃแƒ แƒœแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ, แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒฃแƒฅแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜แƒช แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒกแƒžแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก, แƒ™แƒ”แƒ แƒซแƒแƒ“, แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒฃแƒ แƒœแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒœแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒšแƒ™แƒแƒฐแƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ  แƒกแƒแƒกแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜. แƒแƒกแƒ” แƒ แƒแƒ›, แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒฅแƒแƒœแƒ” แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒฏแƒ’แƒฃแƒคแƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒœ แƒคแƒ˜แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒคแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก. แƒ แƒ แƒ—แƒฅแƒ›แƒ แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ, แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒšแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒŸแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜แƒช แƒแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒแƒœ แƒฏแƒคแƒฃแƒคแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ›แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒ  แƒ˜แƒงแƒแƒก แƒแƒ› แƒœแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜, แƒ—แƒฃแƒ›แƒชแƒ แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ™แƒ•แƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ™แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒแƒœแƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒ“แƒ”แƒก, แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒก แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒ, แƒกแƒแƒ“แƒแƒช แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒฏแƒ’แƒฃแƒคแƒ›แƒ แƒแƒœ แƒ™แƒ”แƒ แƒซแƒ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒแƒ แƒ” แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ” แƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒฏแƒ˜ แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒก. แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ  แƒแƒคแƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ— แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ-แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ•แƒแƒญแƒ แƒ แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ— แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก? แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ-แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ•แƒแƒญแƒ แƒ แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒš แƒ แƒ˜แƒ’แƒจแƒ˜, แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ” แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก. แƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒœแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒจแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒคแƒแƒกแƒแƒ—, แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ” แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ”แƒจแƒฃแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒœแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒขแƒ แƒ˜แƒ‘แƒฃแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ, แƒ•แƒ’แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒฎแƒ›แƒแƒ‘ แƒฉแƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ”แƒจแƒฃแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒก, แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ“ แƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒคแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒฌแƒงแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ. แƒแƒฅแƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ แƒ”, แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ•แƒแƒญแƒ แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜. แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒ›แƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒแƒ, แƒซแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ“ แƒ แƒฃแƒกแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒฎแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒ›แƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ“ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒฎแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒชแƒแƒ, แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒœแƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒก แƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ”, แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ“, แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ“แƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒฃแƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ แƒœแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒจแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒก แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ•แƒแƒญแƒ แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒกแƒแƒญแƒ˜แƒ แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ. แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒฎแƒ˜แƒš-แƒ‘แƒแƒกแƒขแƒœแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ

46 DIPLOMAT

those who are thinking of starting a new business, but are still hesitant to choose Georgia? In the private sector, of course, real estate is leading, as the real estate business in Georgia is stable and predictable. So, real estate investments are naturally the highest in the private sector. As for advice, first of all, I would say that Georgia is a very good and untapped market, as there are many interesting projects not only in real estate but also in agriculture, energy for small and medium businesses. Large projects are slightly difficult to implement, as these projects are tied to central infrastructure and logistics, though it is understandable and my advice would be that if they do not have experience with Georgia, they should start with small or medium-sized businesses. The directions here are different as well; perhaps I would prefer that any interested person gets involved in a business where they have experience in their own country or need to get in touch with their own country - for example, in the transport-logistics field, if they are importing something. The direction of production is also interesting given that Georgia has free trade agreements with the largest markets - these are the largest markets in Europe, the European Union and China, and Georgia has very favorable trade agreements with the US and former CIS states so, it is attractive for any production if the investor or the investment company has enough competence. Georgia is a very attractive country for the establishment and development of financial institutions. The banking and financial system of Georgia is very developed because of the strength of qualified staff in the country. Georgiaโ€™s financial industry can be said to occupy one of the leading positions in Eastern Europe and the European Union. Tourism is a growing sector, followed by domestic consumption, and Georgia has great prospects for exporting such products, particularly in the area of agriculture, food, wine and spirits come to mind. So, for any Kazakh investment group or individual with any interest, Georgia is a very attractive country to diversify its portfolio. Of course, there may be much higher-cost projects in other countries as well, and Georgia may not compare in this regard, but in order to diversify some capital and balance the risks, Georgia is definitely the country which an investment group or private investor should consider as a second or third step. How do you assess Georgia-Kazakhstan trade relations and how do you view the opportunities for development? Georgia-Kazakhstan trade relations are, first of all, very important for both parties. To assess the areas of logistics, both countries contribute to, and are a part of the Silk Road (Chinaโ€™s New Silk Road Initiative, where Georgia and Kazakhstan, along with other countries, are involved in the construction of the logistics corridor). Therefore, trade links are very important. Georgia is a wheat importing country, which mainly comes from Russia. The demand for wheat alongside logistic issues have made Georgia a consumer of Kazakh wheat. Kazakh wheat is in demand in European markets, therefore trade and export relations between Georgia and Kazakhstan are very much needed in the Kazakh primary export sector. It is of course very attractive


แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒกแƒแƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ-แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒฃแƒ แƒœแƒ”แƒ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒฃแƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒ›แƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ˜, แƒฌแƒ˜แƒแƒฆแƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒžแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒขแƒแƒœแƒ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒ”แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒœ - แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒจแƒ˜, แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ แƒ’แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ, แƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒฃแƒฅแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒคแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒœแƒกแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒกแƒ”แƒ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ - แƒ”แƒก แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒ”แƒ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒฃแƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ” แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒแƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒญแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒก. แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ”, แƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ›แƒ˜ - แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ, แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฅแƒ•แƒแƒก, แƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒแƒ, แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ–แƒ”แƒช แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒก แƒ—แƒฅแƒ›แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ’แƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ—แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒแƒช แƒแƒคแƒ แƒแƒฃแƒ“แƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒก แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ™แƒšแƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ˜, แƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒขแƒ แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ. แƒแƒกแƒ” แƒ แƒแƒ›, แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฎแƒ˜, แƒ—แƒฃ แƒ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒงแƒแƒก แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ - แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ™แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ• แƒ”แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ” แƒ›แƒฎแƒ แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ, แƒ—แƒฃแƒ›แƒชแƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒ›แƒ˜ แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ แƒฌแƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒ— แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ” แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒแƒฉแƒœแƒ˜แƒ แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒฏแƒ”แƒ  แƒแƒฆแƒ›แƒแƒฉแƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒ  แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒ–แƒฃแƒกแƒขแƒแƒ“ แƒแƒ แƒ›แƒฎแƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒžแƒšแƒแƒขแƒคแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก, แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒจแƒ•แƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ”แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ˜แƒฎแƒกแƒœแƒแƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒœ แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒ™แƒ”แƒ แƒซแƒ, แƒ˜แƒกแƒ” แƒกแƒแƒฏแƒแƒ แƒ แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒฃแƒฅแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก. แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒฏแƒ’แƒฃแƒคแƒ˜ โ€žแƒ™แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒกโ€œ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ’แƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜? แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ  แƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ— โ€žแƒ™แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒš แƒฏแƒ’แƒฃแƒคแƒกโ€œ 10 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’? แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒฏแƒ’แƒฃแƒคแƒ˜ โ€žแƒ™แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒšแƒ˜โ€œ 10 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’แƒแƒช แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ แƒฉแƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒก แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒคแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ— แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒฌแƒงแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘, แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ“, แƒ˜แƒก, แƒแƒšแƒ‘แƒแƒ—, แƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ—แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒคแƒ”แƒšแƒก, แƒแƒ›แƒแƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ”, แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒจแƒ˜, แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ, แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒช แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒšแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ” แƒ›แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜, แƒ›แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒกแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ’แƒฃแƒคแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒช แƒฃแƒ™แƒ•แƒ” แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ–แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก.

and holds huge prospects. It is also very attractive to Kazakhstan for the import and export of minerals, and other agricultural products between countries. Energy, petroleum products, financial services - these are all services and products that both countries may need and benefit from each other. Georgia can be said to be a tourist destination, and Kazakhstan can be regarded as a tourist destination as well because it has very important and interesting places for different interested parties, even for off-roaders, and hunters. This is an ideal nature and climate, with wide opportunities for extreme destinations. So the question of how Georgia might be of interest to Kazakhstan and Kazakhstan to Georgia is still subject to elaboration by both sides, but in my personal belief and experience, both sides have so many opportunities that have not yet been discovered which will be precisely discovered through bilateral cooperation. These opportunities can be opened via different platforms and used by both private and public structures. What are the future plans of Capitol Investment Group? How do you see your company after 10 years? After 10 years, Capitol Investment Group will still maintain its mission of attracting investment and promoting effective management to aid Georgian economy. It is likely that our investment portfolio would have increased to about five times its current size, with investors from countries other than Kazakhstan also represented. Capitol Investment Group will be a diverse and multi-sector group as it is today, with a lot more benefits for its investors and the public.

DIPLOMAT 47


แƒ“แƒ˜แƒžแƒšแƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ–แƒ˜แƒœแƒคแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒžแƒแƒกแƒฃแƒฎแƒแƒ“

Diplomatic Training in Response to Fake News and Disinformation แƒœแƒ˜แƒœแƒ แƒจแƒแƒ แƒแƒจแƒ˜แƒซแƒ” NINO SHARASHIDZE แƒ› แƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒฃแƒจแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒกแƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒ—แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒแƒก แƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฅแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒซแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ˜แƒžแƒšแƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ™แƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒขแƒฃแƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒซแƒฆแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ—แƒ˜แƒœ แƒ‘แƒ แƒ”แƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒซแƒ” แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒœแƒคแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒฃแƒชแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒ”, แƒ›แƒแƒก แƒกแƒฏแƒ”แƒ แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ“แƒ”แƒ–แƒ˜แƒœแƒคแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒฆแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒฃแƒš แƒ”แƒขแƒแƒžแƒ–แƒ” แƒ“แƒแƒฌแƒงแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ  แƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒžแƒšแƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ™แƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒขแƒฃแƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ? แƒกแƒแƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒ—แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒฎแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ‘แƒก, แƒ—แƒฃแƒ›แƒชแƒ แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒฃแƒฅแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฉแƒแƒ›แƒแƒงแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒกแƒกแƒ˜แƒž-แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ˜แƒ— 2012 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒ“แƒ. แƒ˜แƒœแƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒขแƒฃแƒขแƒ˜ แƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฅแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒซแƒ˜แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒฌแƒฃแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒแƒ“ 2009 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒชแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ, แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ. แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ“, แƒ˜แƒกแƒ” แƒžแƒ แƒแƒคแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“. แƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฅแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒซแƒ” แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ” แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“ แƒžแƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒชแƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒก แƒ˜แƒ›แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก. แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒแƒฌแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒกแƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ แƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒแƒฆแƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒก แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒ˜แƒกแƒ” แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ–แƒ”, แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ“ แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ”แƒก แƒ˜แƒœแƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒขแƒฃแƒขแƒ˜ แƒแƒ› แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก. แƒ˜แƒœแƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒขแƒฃแƒขแƒ˜ แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ“แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒžแƒšแƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒ”, แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒ”, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒฃแƒฌแƒงแƒแƒ‘แƒ“แƒ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒžแƒšแƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒžแƒฃแƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒซแƒšแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก, แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ—แƒ”แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒชแƒแƒ“แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก. แƒ“แƒแƒแƒฎแƒšแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒฌแƒแƒ“แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒ˜แƒœ แƒ™แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒขแƒฃแƒขแƒ›แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒชแƒแƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ™แƒ•แƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ แƒ”แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ› แƒ—แƒ•แƒแƒšแƒกแƒแƒ–แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ• แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒคแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒคแƒฃแƒœแƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ. แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ แƒแƒช แƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒ“แƒ, แƒ“แƒแƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ แƒแƒœแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ™แƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒกแƒแƒ“แƒแƒช แƒแƒ›แƒŸแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒแƒ‘แƒก แƒ แƒ•แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ”แƒšแƒฉแƒ˜,

แƒ

48 DIPLOMAT

n this interview with Tinatin Bregvadze, the Acting Head of the Levan Mikeladze Diplomatic Training And Research Institute, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia, she spoke about the need for adequate training and proper sharing of information, she believes that it is important to begin this training at early stages in order to mitigate the growing trends of misinformation. How was the Diplomatic Training Institute established? Can you share with us briefly? The Ministry of Foreign Affairs had carried out extensive work on the study component for a long time, although it was structured as a LEPL in 2012. The Centre is named after Levan Mikeladze who was a very distinguished person, and highly respected both in his personal and professional life. Mikeladze is deserving of so much respect even after his unfortunate death. Levan Mikeladzeโ€™s brilliant work in the formation of Georgiaโ€™s foreign policy is recognized both within our ministry and internationally so, it is very important for the institution to bear this manโ€™s name. The Institute was initially focused on training diplomats, and developing various programs that helps strengthen the Georgian diplomatic corps while enhancing their theoretical and practical knowledge. About a year and a half ago, the institute carried out some reform which further expanded its mandate and added other important functions. The most important reform in the institute is its new analytical and research direction, which currently employs eight โ€œdistinguished ambassadorsโ€ who have held senior diplomatic posts at various times and in different countries, but are not currently engaged as diplomats. These

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แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ—แƒแƒช แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒฃแƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒšแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒžแƒšแƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ—, แƒแƒ›แƒŸแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ“ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜ แƒแƒ  แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ  แƒ“แƒ˜แƒžแƒšแƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ— แƒชแƒแƒ“แƒœแƒแƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ• แƒแƒ› แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒก แƒฃแƒซแƒฆแƒ•แƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒœ, แƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ แƒ˜แƒœแƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒขแƒฃแƒขแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒฉแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒœแƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒกแƒแƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ›แƒแƒœแƒแƒ—แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒ, แƒ˜แƒกแƒ” แƒแƒœแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ  แƒ“แƒ แƒ™แƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ— แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜. แƒแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ— แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒก แƒแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ— แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒแƒก แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฏแƒแƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒš แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒงแƒแƒคแƒ“แƒ˜แƒ—? แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒ–แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒ— แƒแƒฆแƒ•แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒ”, แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒคแƒฃแƒœแƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ˜แƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒช แƒซแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ“ แƒคแƒฃแƒœแƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒ“ แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒžแƒšแƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒฎแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒแƒก แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒฃแƒœแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒชแƒแƒ“แƒœแƒ˜แƒ— แƒแƒฆแƒญแƒฃแƒ แƒ•แƒ แƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—-แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ–แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ แƒแƒช แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ แƒแƒฃแƒ“แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒชแƒ•แƒแƒ—, แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒกแƒแƒ–แƒฆแƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒ— แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒ แƒ”แƒขแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ” แƒฏแƒ’แƒฃแƒคแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ”แƒช แƒ•แƒ—แƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ แƒ–แƒฃแƒกแƒขแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒคแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒคแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒฐแƒฅแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒ— แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒกแƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ แƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘, แƒ”แƒก แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ” แƒฏแƒ’แƒฃแƒคแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ’แƒแƒ–แƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒกแƒขแƒฃแƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒแƒœแƒฃ แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ แƒแƒคแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒช แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒจแƒ˜ แƒแƒ› แƒฃแƒฌแƒงแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒฎแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒแƒœ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒคแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒ“แƒ”แƒก แƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒšแƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒ แƒฐแƒฅแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒ— แƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒžแƒšแƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘ แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ›, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒฎแƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒแƒ› แƒžแƒ แƒแƒคแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ— แƒแƒ แƒแƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒ แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒ— แƒ“แƒ แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒ•แƒชแƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ— แƒ แƒแƒช แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒงแƒแƒก แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒฎแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒแƒช แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒžแƒšแƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ แƒแƒ˜แƒ แƒฉแƒ˜แƒแƒก. แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ”, แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒก แƒ•แƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒแƒ‘แƒ— แƒกแƒแƒฏแƒแƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—แƒแƒœ, แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒ•แƒคแƒ˜แƒฅแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ แƒ— แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ“แƒ”แƒก แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ, แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒฐแƒฅแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒก แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒคแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒœแƒคแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒžแƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ“แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ แƒ” แƒžแƒ แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ”, แƒ•แƒ—แƒ•แƒšแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒแƒ›แƒแƒก แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒš แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒกแƒแƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒ”แƒžแƒแƒฅแƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒช แƒชแƒ แƒฃ แƒ˜แƒœแƒคแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ–แƒ˜แƒœแƒคแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒšแƒ”แƒ›แƒ. แƒแƒ› แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒฌแƒ•แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒแƒœแƒ–แƒ” แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒกแƒแƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ˜แƒ› แƒชแƒ แƒฃ แƒ˜แƒœแƒคแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ“แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ แƒ” แƒžแƒ แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ— แƒ•แƒ แƒชแƒ”แƒšแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒฃแƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ— แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜, แƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒคแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒคแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ. แƒ˜แƒœแƒคแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ–แƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ, แƒแƒฃแƒชแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒคแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒกแƒ™แƒฃแƒกแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒช แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒฎแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก, แƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒชแƒ”แƒคแƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒชแƒ•แƒšแƒ-แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ•แƒšแƒ, แƒแƒฅ แƒ˜แƒ’แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒฎแƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒกแƒแƒฏแƒแƒ แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒแƒ› แƒกแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ™แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒ•แƒแƒช แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ›, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ“ แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒœแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒขแƒ”แƒขแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒชแƒœแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ แƒชแƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒฅแƒ›แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒชแƒแƒ“แƒœแƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒ› แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒซแƒšแƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒฅแƒชแƒ”แƒก แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒ แƒ”แƒขแƒฃแƒš แƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒ“, แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ“ แƒ”แƒก แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒฃแƒœแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ, แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒขแƒ˜แƒžแƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒšแƒแƒขแƒคแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒฉแƒ”แƒœแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒแƒช แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฉแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฃแƒ–แƒ แƒฃแƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒงแƒแƒคแƒ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—-แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒแƒ›แƒแƒชแƒแƒœแƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒกแƒแƒช แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ˜แƒ— แƒ•แƒชแƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ—. แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒœแƒแƒ“ แƒ•แƒ”แƒ  แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒงแƒแƒคแƒ“แƒ˜, แƒแƒกแƒ” แƒ•แƒ—แƒฅแƒ•แƒแƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ›แƒ” แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒ แƒ”แƒขแƒฃแƒš แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ–แƒ”แƒช แƒ•แƒ—แƒ•แƒšแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒ”แƒก แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒญแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ, แƒ แƒแƒช แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜ แƒฉแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ— แƒ›แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒก แƒฆแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒซแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜ - แƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒฅแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ”แƒก, แƒแƒ™แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜, แƒแƒ แƒแƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ,

ambassadors are involved in both educational, analytical and research activities. You embarked upon many projects for the Ministry staff and other public servants. Which of these projects would you highlight as the most interesting? As I mentioned in the last question, our mandate has grown, and besides providing quality diplomatic programs to our diplomats, and equipping the Ministry staff with various skills and knowledge, one of our strategic goals is to keep a broad audience engaged at all times. So, we have defined target groups and we believe that it is crucial to provide them with accurate and professional information about our foreign policy. These important target groups of young people, students, and professionals, have a high chance at becoming future employees of the ministry therefore, it is important to keep them informed and for them to have the right expectations and a healthy view about diplomatic service. We are often confronted with problems arising from people who have formed a wrong opinion about this profession, and this is why we believe that we must try to make the people who are going to choose diplomatic careers better prepared. Also, we do a lot of work with public officials because we think it is very important for everyone to speak one language, and operate with the same information on the genuine and official position of the country on current processes. I think this is of particular importance today as we are in an era where false information and misinformation have become huge problems. When we look at the challenges of our country, it is especially important for us to counter false information about our country and our ongoing processes with correct information from a professional standpoint. In addition to raising awareness, professional discussions are needed for the exchange of ideas, visions, concepts, and exchanges between different sectors. These may not only be among civil servants, but the academic scope that we can cover through these efforts looks interesting and promising because it is in the university and science spaces. From these spaces, we can create new knowledge that can then be formed into a specific policy. These discussions will aid communication and will ensure the most possible engagement on any of the tasks we strive to accomplish as projects. I wouldnโ€™t say that there is a particular project that I like the most or I think is most important because all of these projects are necessary, and with more involvement we will be carrying out similar activities across all sectors โ€“ from the media, academic, non-governmental or state sectors. How do you inform foreign diplomatic staff about Georgia, and what specific programs do you have planned in this regard? First of all, I would like to mention the free Georgian language lessons we have organized for foreign diplomats in Georgia. These lessons are important because I have a lot to learn about the process of teaching the language and a lot more about Georgia. This year, we had a surprise influx of foreigners, at the Georgian language program. Since its inception, we have

DIPLOMAT 49


แƒ—แƒฃ แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ, แƒฃแƒ™แƒ”แƒ—แƒ”แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒฅแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒฆแƒฌแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒ“. แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ  แƒแƒฎแƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒ— แƒฃแƒชแƒฎแƒ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ˜แƒžแƒšแƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒœแƒคแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ“แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒ แƒ”แƒขแƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ แƒ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒ— แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—? แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒš แƒ แƒ˜แƒ’แƒจแƒ˜ แƒแƒฆแƒ•แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒแƒ• แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒฃแƒคแƒแƒกแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ™แƒ•แƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒงแƒแƒคแƒ˜ แƒฃแƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒžแƒšแƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก, แƒแƒ›แƒแƒก แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ› แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒงแƒแƒค, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒกแƒก แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜ แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒแƒฎแƒšแƒแƒ•แƒก แƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒ แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ•แƒ  แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒก แƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘. แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒช แƒกแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒžแƒ แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒฃแƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ แƒแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ แƒฌแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒฅแƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ” แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ˜ แƒแƒ  แƒงแƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒšแƒ. แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒฃแƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ•แƒแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ— แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒก โ€žAbout Georgiaโ€œ โ€“ โ€žแƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘โ€œ, แƒ”แƒก แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒกแƒ˜, แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒžแƒšแƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ–แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒ•แƒ” แƒฃแƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก. แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒกแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒกแƒแƒแƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ, แƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒกแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒกแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒฃแƒ–แƒ”แƒฃแƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒ™แƒšแƒฃแƒ–แƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒกแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒฌแƒแƒœแƒ— แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒฆแƒแƒคแƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ— แƒฃแƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก - แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ’แƒ•แƒงแƒแƒ•แƒก แƒกแƒฃแƒฎแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒœแƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒ”แƒžแƒ”แƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ” แƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒก แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒจแƒ—แƒแƒ›แƒ‘แƒ”แƒญแƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก. แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒฅแƒแƒšแƒแƒฅแƒ˜แƒก แƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ” แƒ“แƒ แƒ.แƒจ. แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ–แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒแƒ  แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒแƒ› แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ’แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ แƒแƒฆแƒแƒช แƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒแƒขแƒงแƒฃแƒแƒ— แƒ“แƒ แƒชแƒ แƒฃ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒ•แƒฃแƒฅแƒ›แƒœแƒแƒ— แƒแƒ› แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ”แƒก แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒ, แƒ›แƒ” แƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ•แƒแƒ  แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒแƒฆแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜. แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒจแƒ”แƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ - แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜, แƒกแƒแƒ“แƒแƒช แƒ•แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ— แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ–แƒ”, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒžแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒžแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒชแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒ–แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ  แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ แƒชแƒ” - แƒ”แƒก แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒกแƒแƒ›แƒงแƒแƒคแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜, แƒกแƒแƒ“แƒแƒช แƒ•แƒชแƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ‘แƒ แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒ— แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒก แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒฃแƒš แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒ•แƒฃแƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ›แƒแƒ—. แƒ›แƒ”แƒแƒ แƒ” - แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒกแƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ แƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒ˜แƒšแƒ•แƒ, แƒ—แƒฃ แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒ— แƒ˜แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒ›แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ” -แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ แƒ™แƒฃแƒšแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒแƒ› แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ˜ แƒซแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒแƒœแƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ— แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒฌแƒงแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ”แƒก แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒ“แƒแƒแƒฎแƒšแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— 15 แƒจแƒ”แƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒจแƒ”แƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ” แƒ’แƒ แƒซแƒ”แƒšแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒแƒก แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒคแƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก, แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒฌแƒแƒœแƒ— แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒฆแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ”แƒก แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ แƒชแƒ”, แƒกแƒแƒ“แƒแƒช แƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ— แƒ˜แƒœแƒคแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ— แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒ˜แƒซแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒœ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒกแƒแƒช แƒ•แƒ”แƒ  แƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ–แƒแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒก แƒแƒœ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒก, แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ› แƒ•แƒ—แƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ”แƒก แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜ แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ. แƒกแƒขแƒฃแƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒแƒœ แƒฃแƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒš แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ—แƒฃ แƒจแƒ”แƒฃแƒซแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒ— แƒ—แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒก แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒฆแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒซแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ” แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒฌแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ? แƒ แƒ แƒ—แƒฅแƒ›แƒ แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ, แƒจแƒ”แƒฃแƒซแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒ—. แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ•แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ— แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒแƒœ แƒ–แƒแƒ’แƒฏแƒ”แƒ  แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒกแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒช แƒ•แƒแƒ™แƒ”แƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ— แƒแƒ›แƒแƒก, แƒ•แƒฎแƒกแƒœแƒ˜แƒ— แƒกแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ แƒชแƒ”แƒก แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒงแƒแƒก แƒแƒ แƒ แƒกแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒกแƒ˜, แƒแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฏแƒแƒ แƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ แƒกแƒžแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ›แƒ” แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ  แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฎแƒ–แƒ” แƒแƒœ แƒ–แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ“ แƒ—แƒ”แƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ”. แƒ•แƒชแƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒงแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒฎแƒ›แƒแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ— แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ— แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒช แƒ˜แƒ› แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒก แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒฎแƒกแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ—, แƒ”แƒก แƒกแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒงแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒแƒฆแƒแƒช แƒ˜แƒชแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ, แƒ แƒ แƒ—แƒฅแƒ›แƒ แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ, แƒ•แƒชแƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒงแƒแƒก แƒฆแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒฌแƒ•แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ˜.

50 DIPLOMAT

not witnessed such a high interest. Going by the previous question, I have to say that there is one project I particularly like. This project is called โ€œAbout Georgia,โ€ and it is an interactive training course for diplomats living in Georgia and foreigners working in various organizations. The program covers lectures, field trips to museums, and we have one of those exclusive sessions that mostly fascinate foreigners. We equally attend rehearsals of the Sukhishviliโ€™s ensemble and they find this to be very interesting for them. We also organize wine and city tours amongst other programs. We do not wish to deceive ourselves or to create false assumptions about this country under this program, i.e., we do not want to make this country seem like the coolest country in the world. I am against that. There are three main areas that we focus on in this program. One, we talk about Europe and European civilization which is not something new, and most people are quite aware of Georgiaโ€™s efforts to get into Europe. Europe is our natural space and we are only trying to come back and share our historical experience. The second is Georgiaโ€™s foreign policy and historical review, which Georgia has been striving for throughout its history. The third area is Georgiaโ€™s very good and interesting cultural direction. Based on these three key components, the program is structured around 15 meetings and lasts for two months. The program has received very positive reviews. The foreigners like it and they often point out that this is a place where they can get information about Georgia and gain experiences that they canโ€™t get when visiting as a tourist, or staying for a short working trip. Therefore, we think itโ€™s all very important. Can students or any interested persons participate in your projects and attend your events? Of course they can. We work with donors in this regard, or sometimes with our own funds, to open up spaces for everyone. We may not have a course designed for them, but we always open them up to public meetings with an interesting speaker about a topical issue, or general topics. We try to always respond to things that are relevant at the time and you know itโ€™s very dynamic, and the world is always changing but we will always try to make it accessible to everyone. We also have courses that we offer to the general public. These courses have fees attached to them, but we are trying to be less keen about the money so that these fees will not pose hindrances to students but will rather create access for students and anyone interested. The fees are somewhat inevitable for these courses and this is why they cannot be totally free. We have announced three of these courses already. The interest is very high, and I am very happy about that. When we organized a summer course as a pilot for these courses, I was very surprised to see a group in August that attended throughout, and weโ€™re just very pleased about that. The responses we gathered have served as an indicator to me that the demand for information and education in this country is steadfast, and it is very gratifying to see that the new generation is different. As much as we hope for their knowledge and skills in the future, we have to invest in


แƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒกแƒแƒช แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ–แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒ•แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒแƒ‘แƒ—, แƒ”แƒก แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒคแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ•แƒชแƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒแƒฅแƒแƒช แƒ›แƒแƒฅแƒกแƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒ™แƒ แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒงแƒแƒ— แƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒก แƒกแƒแƒคแƒแƒกแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ แƒแƒฆแƒแƒช แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒจแƒšแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒคแƒแƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒ˜ แƒแƒ  แƒแƒฆแƒ›แƒแƒฉแƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒก, แƒแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“ แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒฅแƒ˜แƒ— แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒฌแƒ•แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒงแƒแƒก แƒกแƒขแƒฃแƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก - แƒ”แƒก แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒแƒฃแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒ›แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒช แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ› แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒฆแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒคแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜. แƒแƒ›แƒฏแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒกแƒแƒ› แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒกแƒ–แƒ” แƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒšแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒช แƒ›แƒ” แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก. แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒกแƒแƒชแƒ“แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒกแƒแƒ–แƒแƒคแƒฎแƒฃแƒšแƒ แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒช แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ™แƒ”แƒ—แƒ”แƒ— แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒฉแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒแƒ’แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒ“แƒ’แƒ แƒฏแƒ’แƒฃแƒคแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒแƒช แƒ›แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒ’แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ, แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ™แƒ›แƒแƒงแƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒ แƒฉแƒ, แƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒ’แƒ•แƒ”แƒฃแƒ‘แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒœแƒ”แƒœ. แƒ”แƒก แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ™แƒ•แƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ“แƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฉแƒ”แƒ›แƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ˜แƒœแƒคแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒแƒ—แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒœแƒ แƒแƒ› แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒœแƒแƒ“แƒ›แƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒกแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒ แƒกแƒแƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ—แƒแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ‘แƒกแƒแƒšแƒฃแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒกแƒแƒช แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒชแƒแƒ“แƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒฃแƒœแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒก แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ แƒ’แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒ•แƒแƒšแƒกแƒแƒ–แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒ— แƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒก แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒ. แƒ แƒ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ’แƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒ— แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ“? แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ’แƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ แƒแƒช แƒจแƒ”แƒ”แƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ - แƒ›แƒแƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’ แƒ แƒแƒช แƒ”แƒก แƒชแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒ“แƒ, แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ แƒแƒช แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ™แƒ”แƒ—แƒ”แƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ แƒแƒฆแƒแƒชแƒœแƒแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒฅแƒแƒแƒกแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒแƒ  แƒงแƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒ”แƒŸแƒ˜แƒ›แƒ˜, แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒฌแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ— แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒ, แƒแƒฆแƒแƒœแƒ“ แƒแƒ แƒ แƒแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ’แƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒ™แƒฃแƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜, แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“, แƒแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ’แƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ˜ - แƒกแƒฅแƒ”แƒ›แƒ, แƒ—แƒฃ แƒ แƒแƒก แƒ•แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ— แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒจแƒ˜, แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ’แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒแƒฎแƒšแƒ แƒฃแƒ™แƒ•แƒ” แƒ–แƒฃแƒกแƒขแƒแƒ“ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ—, แƒกแƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ“แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ— แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒ แƒ”แƒขแƒฃแƒš แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒก. แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ–แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ”แƒก แƒ˜แƒœแƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒขแƒฃแƒขแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒฎแƒ“แƒ”แƒก แƒ™แƒ”แƒ แƒ แƒแƒœแƒฃ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜, แƒกแƒแƒ“แƒแƒช แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ›แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ แƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒก แƒ”แƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒแƒฅ แƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒก, แƒ˜แƒฅแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ”แƒก แƒกแƒแƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ—แƒฃ แƒแƒกแƒ” แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’, แƒแƒœแƒฃ แƒ’แƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ“แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒแƒ แƒฏแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ แƒแƒช แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒชแƒ•แƒแƒ— แƒกแƒแƒกแƒแƒฌแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒแƒช แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒฎแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒญแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ” แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒ•แƒฅแƒ›แƒœแƒแƒ— แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒžแƒšแƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒ”แƒก แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ. แƒ—แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒ—แƒฃ แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ— แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก, แƒ“แƒ˜แƒžแƒšแƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ  แƒกแƒแƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒญแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒฃแƒ™แƒ•แƒ” แƒแƒฆแƒ•แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒ”, แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒฎแƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒฎแƒ•แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ แƒแƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒžแƒšแƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ แƒแƒคแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘ แƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒแƒช แƒแƒฅ แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒฌแƒงแƒ” แƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒแƒ‘แƒ, แƒฉแƒ”แƒ›แƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒกแƒแƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ’แƒฃแƒšแƒกแƒแƒขแƒ™แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒ. แƒ–แƒแƒ’แƒ˜ แƒคแƒ˜แƒฅแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ“แƒ˜แƒžแƒšแƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ˜ แƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒก แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒ“แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ”, แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ‘แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ—. แƒ”แƒก แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ› แƒžแƒ แƒแƒคแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒ•แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ” แƒแƒ› แƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒ แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒฌแƒแƒ“-แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒก แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ•แƒ  แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒšแƒฉแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒงแƒแƒ•แƒ˜ แƒฉแƒแƒกแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ แƒฌแƒ›แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ”แƒก แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒ แƒฏแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ™แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ”, แƒ”แƒกแƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒช แƒฃแƒแƒœแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒแƒ“ - แƒฏแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ™แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ”แƒ›แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒแƒก, แƒ–แƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ— แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒšแƒฉแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒแƒ‘แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ˜-แƒแƒ—แƒฎแƒ˜ แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒ แƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ˜ แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒก แƒแƒ™แƒ”แƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒฎแƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ›แƒ”, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ“ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒ แƒ”แƒขแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜, แƒกแƒแƒ•แƒแƒญแƒ แƒ แƒ—แƒฃ แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฆแƒฌแƒ”แƒ•แƒ, แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒแƒœ แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒ›แƒ” แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒฉแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒจแƒ˜. แƒ•แƒคแƒ˜แƒฅแƒ แƒแƒ‘, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ”แƒข แƒ“แƒแƒคแƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒกแƒแƒญแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘ แƒชแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ› แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ“ แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ—.

it today with the right amount of energy and time. This will help us set a very good trend. What are your plans for the future? After the recent changes we made in the institute, the first thing was to try to avoid chaotic work. So, we wrote our strategy, which was not a bulky two hundred-page document, but a threepage document which contained a chart of what we are going to do next, and how we plan to execute our strategy. With this, we know exactly where we want to be at every specific time, and we want this institution to become a hub, where any process that relates to international relations and foreign policy would be referred. This would be irrespective of the educational direction, intellectual processes, or so on. That is, we want to eventually cover as much of the area as possible. We of course, want to create programs that are of high-quality and tailor-made for our diplomats, because this is very important. If you look at the experience of developed countries, diplomat institutions are very important everywhere. As I said, there is often a misconception about this profession, and since I started working here, it is particularly frustrating to me that people think that diplomats live in a good country, go to reception, talk to colleagues and thatโ€™s it. This is a very naive view of this profession and during the last one and half year, I have visited many of our embassies, and that convinced me that this is really a soldierโ€™s job, and these are people who serve the country effortlessly like soldiers. In some embassies, there are only three or four people employed, who take on the job of forty people, and this is often the case when there is a very important specific political achievement about a country. In fact, having three people do the job meant for thirty people is not really possible. Most times, one person takes on these tasks and when the results are finally earned; their names often remain in the shadows. I think that we all need to raise awareness about this and get more people to appreciate the work of diplomats, because they selflessly serve their country just like soldiers at war.

DIPLOMAT 51


แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฉแƒแƒ›แƒแƒงแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜

Turks and Their Role in the Formation of Georgian History and Georgian Statehood OP-ED แƒ”แƒšแƒ‘แƒ แƒฃแƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ˜, แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ”แƒ›แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒชแƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒ™แƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒชแƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ›แƒฏแƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ” OP-ED ELBRUS MAMEDOV, CHAIRMAN AT THE CAUCASUS CENTER FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE TURKIC HERITAGE

แƒฌ

แƒงแƒœแƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒแƒ™แƒ”แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒฎแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ—แƒแƒจแƒฃแƒ แƒ–แƒฆแƒ•แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ” แƒแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒš แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ แƒชแƒ”แƒจแƒ˜ แƒแƒ—แƒแƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒฃแƒซแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒฅแƒ˜แƒขแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒซแƒ”แƒ’แƒšแƒ˜, แƒซแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒžแƒแƒ”แƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ›แƒฌแƒ”แƒ แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒœแƒแƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒ”-

T

housands of ancient architectural monuments on a vast space from the Pacific Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea, works of ancient poets, writers and

แƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒฌแƒ›แƒแƒ‘แƒก แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒš แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒก. แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒšแƒ“แƒœแƒ”แƒœ แƒ แƒ

chroniclers testify to the Turkic influence. Settling in

แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒก แƒฃแƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ–แƒแƒ  แƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ”, แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ›แƒ

the vast territories of Asia and Europe, the Turks contributed

แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ›แƒ แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒฃแƒฌแƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒก แƒ›แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒแƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒฅแƒ›แƒœแƒแƒก. แƒ—แƒฃแƒ -

to the establishment of statehood of many peoples. The Tรผrks

แƒฅแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ—แƒ แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒ” แƒงแƒ-

are an integral and constituent part that was formed later in

แƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก, แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒ›แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒ” แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ˜แƒก,

the process of ethnogenesis, the Kazakh nation and modern

แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒชแƒแƒ แƒแƒ–แƒ”แƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒ˜แƒฏแƒแƒœแƒ˜, แƒฃแƒ–แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ™แƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜, แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•., แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒฃแƒงแƒแƒคแƒ”แƒš

Kazakhstan, as well as a number of modern Turkic-speak-

แƒ“แƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒš แƒœแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ“, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒช แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’ แƒฉแƒแƒ›แƒแƒงแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ‘แƒ“แƒœแƒ”แƒœ แƒ”แƒ—แƒœแƒ-

ing countries, such as Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Turkey and

แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒกแƒจแƒ˜. แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒ” แƒ’แƒ”แƒแƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜

others. In modern geopolitical and economic reality, Georgia

แƒ แƒ”แƒแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒฎแƒ“แƒœแƒ”แƒœ แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”-

and Kazakhstan have become an important part of the same

แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒœแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ”แƒจแƒฃแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒ–แƒ˜แƒกแƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒจแƒฃแƒ

great silk road of our time, as it was in the Middle Ages. In

แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ™แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ‘แƒ“แƒ. แƒกแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒ” แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ

reality, modern Georgia and modern Kazakhstan are the heirs

แƒ“แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒ” แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ™แƒฃแƒœแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก

of centuries-old cooperation, and this cooperation is based on

แƒ›แƒ”แƒ›แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒก แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ”แƒ›แƒงแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒฃแƒš

historical experience.

แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก.

Perhaps, Turkic traditions are nowhere stronger than in the

แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฅแƒ•แƒแƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒขแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒกแƒแƒ“แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜

Caucasus. The unique country of Georgia, with huge cultural

แƒซแƒšแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒช แƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒ™แƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜. แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒฃแƒœแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒแƒ

and geopolitical opportunities. Georgia is a country with a

แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒฃแƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒฃแƒšแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒ”แƒแƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒ-

rich and ancient history, which is closely intertwined with the

52 DIPLOMAT


แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—. แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒฃแƒซแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒฅแƒแƒœแƒ” แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ

history of other peoples. True, historiography has long been

แƒ›แƒญแƒ˜แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœ. แƒ›แƒ-

dominated by the so-called โ€œEurocentricโ€ concept. According

แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒฎแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ”.แƒฌ. โ€แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ-

to this concept, everything progressive, progressive and gen-

แƒชแƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜โ€ แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒชแƒ”แƒคแƒชแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒแƒช แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ”,

erally good came from Europe. As a result, entire nations and

แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ, แƒ–แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ“, แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒก. แƒจแƒ”แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’แƒแƒ“,

civilizations, contrary to facts, were deleted from the historical

แƒ›แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒ–แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒคแƒแƒฅแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒแƒฆแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’แƒแƒ“, แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ’-

process, and even in general their role was consciously pre-

แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒฅแƒœแƒ”แƒœ แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒ’แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃ-

sented as destructive.

แƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ˜แƒฅแƒœแƒ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒฃแƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ“.

For a long time in Georgian historiography, the role of Turkic

แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒฎแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒš แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒแƒ  แƒ˜แƒงแƒ

peoples in the formation of Georgian culture and statehood

แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒฃแƒšแƒขแƒฃ-

has not been comprehensively studied and has white spots.

แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฉแƒแƒ›แƒแƒงแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒฅ แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒช แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜

From ancient chronicles directly follows that the Tรผrks played

แƒ™แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฎแƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ. แƒซแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฌแƒงแƒแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒœแƒแƒ—แƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒฉแƒแƒœแƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒฃแƒšแƒ”-

a key role in the formation of Georgian history and Georgian

แƒœแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ›แƒ แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ›แƒ แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ›แƒแƒจแƒ”แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก

statehood even before our era.

แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฉแƒแƒ›แƒแƒงแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒก แƒ”แƒžแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒช แƒ™แƒ˜.

The Turks had a great clout on Georgian culture and history. The mass of Turkic words entered the Georgian language - in

แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ›แƒ แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ›แƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒœแƒ แƒ˜แƒฅแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ”แƒก แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒš

ancient times, Georgian literature developed according to the

แƒ™แƒฃแƒšแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ–แƒ”. แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒš แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ แƒฃแƒแƒ›แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ—แƒฃแƒ -

influence of literature of Turkic peoples, the state system of

แƒฅแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒ˜แƒขแƒงแƒ•แƒ - แƒซแƒ•แƒ”แƒš แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ

medieval Georgia was largely copied from Turkic states, and

แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒจ, แƒจแƒฃแƒแƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ™แƒฃ-

even many government posts were called in Turkic (for exam-

แƒœแƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ”แƒ›แƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒš

ple, Atabek). They also influenced the formation of Georgian

แƒ˜แƒฅแƒœแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ

and Caucasian cuisine.

แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒช แƒ™แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒฌแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ— แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ–แƒ” (แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ“, แƒแƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ’แƒ˜).

The fact that the Turks have been living in Georgia for

แƒ›แƒแƒ— แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒœแƒ แƒ˜แƒฅแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ”แƒก แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒ™แƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒก

more than two and a half thousand years follows from such

แƒฉแƒแƒ›แƒแƒงแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒ”.

a historical source as Kartlis Tskhovreba. In particular, in the

แƒ˜แƒ› แƒคแƒแƒฅแƒขแƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒฃแƒ™แƒ•แƒ”

very first book included in Kartlis Tskhovreba - in โ€œThe Life of

แƒแƒ -แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒแƒ—แƒแƒกแƒ–แƒ” แƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜ แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ, แƒแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜

the Kartlian Kingsโ€, Leonty Mroveli indicates that the Turks

แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ”, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒชแƒแƒ โ€žแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒโ€œ. แƒ™แƒ”แƒ แƒซแƒแƒ“,

(BunTurks) were one of the oldest settlers in Georgia, and the

โ€žแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกโ€œ แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ” แƒฌแƒ˜แƒ’แƒœแƒจแƒ˜ โ€“ แƒšแƒ”แƒแƒœแƒขแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒก

Georgian population was interested in living nearby with the

ยซแƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒคแƒ”แƒ—แƒยป - แƒแƒฆแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜

Turks and with them defend from the invaders.

แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ (แƒ‘แƒฃแƒœแƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜) แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒฃแƒซแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒœแƒ˜

Moreover, practically throughout the entire history of Geor-

แƒ˜แƒงแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒœ, แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒช แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒšแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒ“แƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒ

gia, the Qipcaq Turks played a crucial role in the formation

แƒ›แƒแƒ— แƒ’แƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ— แƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ“ แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒงแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ—แƒ แƒฌแƒ˜แƒœแƒ-

of Georgian statehood. The Georgian centralized state itself,

แƒแƒฆแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’ แƒ‘แƒ แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ.

we recall, was formed from the union of the West Georgian

แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜แƒช, แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฅแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœ-

state - the Abkhaz kingdom with the Tao-Klarjet principality. The

แƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒงแƒ˜แƒ•แƒฉแƒแƒฆแƒ—แƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ›แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒฌแƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜ แƒ แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ›แƒแƒจแƒ”แƒก แƒฅแƒ-

Abkhazian (West Georgian) kingdom itself, with its capital in

แƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฉแƒแƒ›แƒแƒงแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜. แƒจแƒ”แƒ’แƒแƒฎแƒกแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ›

Kutaisi, became independent of the Byzantine Empire thanks

แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ“ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒชแƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ–แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ แƒฉแƒแƒ›แƒแƒงแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ‘แƒ“แƒ

to the support of the Tรผrks - the Khazars (the mother of the first

แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ— แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒแƒก - แƒแƒคแƒฎแƒแƒ–แƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒคแƒแƒกแƒแƒ’แƒแƒœ. แƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—

king of Abkhazia Leon was the daughter of the Khazar Kagan).

แƒแƒคแƒฎแƒแƒ–แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ (แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ— แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜) แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒคแƒ แƒ™แƒ˜, แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒฅแƒแƒšแƒแƒฅแƒ˜แƒ—

King of Georgia David IV The Builder (Agmashenebeli)

แƒฅแƒฃแƒ—แƒแƒ˜แƒกแƒจแƒ˜, แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒแƒœแƒขแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒ›แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒแƒฃแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ“ แƒ—แƒฃแƒ -

was able to reunite the country and take Tbilisi thanks to an

แƒฅ-แƒฎแƒแƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ“แƒแƒญแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒงแƒแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ’แƒแƒฎแƒ“แƒ (แƒแƒคแƒฎแƒแƒ–แƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜

army of Qipcaq Turks resettled in Georgia. He also became

แƒ›แƒ”แƒคแƒ˜แƒก, แƒšแƒ”แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก, แƒ“แƒ”แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒฎแƒšแƒ“แƒแƒ— แƒฎแƒแƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒแƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒกแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜).

related to the Cuman-Qipcaq chieftain (khan) Otrok (also At-

แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒคแƒ”แƒ›, แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ— แƒแƒฆแƒ›แƒแƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒ, แƒจแƒ”แƒซแƒšแƒ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ˜แƒก

rak), and since then, representatives of the Georgian ruling

แƒ’แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒฉแƒแƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒš

dynasty have repeatedly entered into marriages with the rulers

DIPLOMAT 53


แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅ-แƒงแƒ˜แƒ•แƒฉแƒแƒฆแƒ—แƒ แƒแƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒงแƒแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—. แƒ˜แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒฃแƒœแƒแƒ—แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ•แƒ“แƒ แƒงแƒ˜แƒ•แƒฉแƒแƒฆ แƒฎแƒแƒœแƒก, แƒแƒ—แƒ แƒแƒฅแƒ แƒจแƒแƒ แƒแƒฆแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒซแƒ”แƒก, แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ›แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒฎแƒ”แƒš แƒจแƒ”แƒฃแƒฆแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒœ แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœ แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒฎแƒ—แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒแƒ—แƒ แƒ›แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—แƒแƒœ. แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ›แƒแƒ“ โ€žแƒฅแƒแƒ—แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜" แƒ›แƒแƒงแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฌแƒงแƒแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ, แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒฆแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒฉแƒ•.แƒฌ. แƒแƒฆแƒ แƒ˜แƒชแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ” แƒ›แƒ”โ€“7โ€“4 แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ™แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—. แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒ” โ€žแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜" แƒ•แƒ™แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฎแƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ— แƒชแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒฃแƒš แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก โ€žแƒ›แƒ”แƒแƒ แƒ” แƒขแƒแƒšแƒฆแƒ˜แƒก" แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘. แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘ แƒชแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒ "แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก" แƒ”แƒ แƒ—-แƒ”แƒ แƒ— แƒฌแƒงแƒแƒ แƒแƒจแƒ˜ - โ€žแƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒคแƒ”แƒ—-แƒ›แƒ”แƒคแƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜", แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ•แƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒช แƒฃแƒชแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ. แƒแƒฆแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฌแƒงแƒแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ›แƒแƒ“, แƒ›แƒ”แƒคแƒ” แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ— IV แƒแƒฆแƒ›แƒแƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒšแƒฉแƒฃแƒ™แƒ—แƒ แƒ˜แƒ›แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅ-แƒแƒ’แƒฃแƒ–แƒ—แƒ แƒฌแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒแƒฆแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’ แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒฌแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒฉแƒแƒšแƒแƒกแƒ (แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒ›แƒ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒ˜) แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒ” แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒจแƒ˜ แƒฉแƒแƒ›แƒแƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒšแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅ-แƒงแƒ˜แƒ•แƒฉแƒแƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ—แƒแƒช แƒจแƒ”แƒ”แƒซแƒšแƒแƒ— แƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ˜ แƒแƒ—แƒแƒกแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒงแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ. XI แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ™แƒฃแƒœแƒ” แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒกแƒแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒแƒ“ แƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒซแƒ˜แƒ›แƒ” แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ. XI แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ™แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒ™แƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒฃแƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒ”แƒก แƒœแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒจแƒ˜, แƒ™แƒ”แƒ แƒซแƒแƒ“ แƒ™แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ— แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅ-แƒกแƒ”แƒšแƒฉแƒฃแƒ™แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒ— แƒกแƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ“แƒœแƒ”แƒœ. แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒแƒ“ XII แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ™แƒฃแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒฌแƒงแƒ˜แƒกแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ แƒฎแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒฌแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ— แƒแƒฆแƒ›แƒแƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅ-แƒงแƒ˜แƒ•แƒฉแƒแƒฆแƒ—แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒฎแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ“แƒ แƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒแƒ  แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒคแƒแƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฃแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ. XII-XIII แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ™แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒ™แƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—-แƒ”แƒ แƒ— แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒซแƒšแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ  แƒ“แƒ แƒ™แƒฃแƒšแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒฃแƒš แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒแƒ“ แƒ˜แƒฅแƒชแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅ-แƒงแƒ˜แƒ•แƒฉแƒแƒฆแƒ—แƒ แƒฌแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒ. แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒก, แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ— แƒแƒฆแƒ›แƒแƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒก, แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒฅแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒก, แƒ—แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ  แƒ›แƒ”แƒคแƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒžแƒแƒฅแƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒแƒฅแƒ แƒแƒก แƒฎแƒแƒœแƒแƒ“ แƒ˜แƒฌแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒกแƒžแƒ”แƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒแƒ›แƒขแƒ™แƒ˜แƒชแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒงแƒ˜แƒ•แƒฉแƒแƒฆแƒ—แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ แƒ แƒแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒ˜ แƒแƒฏแƒแƒฎแƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ—แƒ แƒฉแƒแƒ—แƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒ— 200 แƒแƒ—แƒแƒกแƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒ. แƒ›แƒ”แƒชแƒœแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ“แƒงแƒแƒคแƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ˜แƒ› แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ“ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ—แƒ แƒ แƒแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒก แƒแƒ  แƒแƒญแƒแƒ แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ“แƒ, แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ— แƒœแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒœแƒ”แƒœ แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ” แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒฉแƒแƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜. แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ•แƒแƒฆแƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒแƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ–แƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฎแƒแƒœแƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒกแƒแƒช แƒกแƒแƒคแƒฃแƒซแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ— แƒแƒฆแƒ›แƒแƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒก แƒฉแƒแƒ”แƒงแƒแƒ แƒ, แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒแƒœแƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ–แƒ”แƒ“ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฉแƒฃแƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒฃแƒจแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ. แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ— แƒแƒฆแƒ›แƒแƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘ แƒ›แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ” แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฎแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’แƒก: ยซแƒฃแƒฌแƒงแƒแƒ“แƒ แƒ™แƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒงแƒ˜แƒ•แƒฉแƒแƒงแƒ—แƒ แƒœแƒแƒ—แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒ›แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ”, แƒ“แƒ แƒฌแƒงแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ—แƒ แƒจแƒ˜แƒœแƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒ›แƒดแƒœแƒ”, แƒกแƒ˜แƒกแƒฃแƒ‘แƒฃแƒฅแƒ” แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒšแƒ•แƒ, แƒกแƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒชแƒฎแƒ” แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ, แƒแƒ“แƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒ›แƒญแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒงแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒ— แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ—แƒณแƒกแƒ˜แƒกแƒ. แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ— แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒ แƒฃแƒแƒ“แƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒก แƒ˜แƒงแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒšแƒ•แƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒชแƒ แƒ“แƒ

54 DIPLOMAT

of Turkic states. Judging by the chronicles included in Karlis Tskhovreba, the settlement of Turks in Georgia dates from at least the 7th-4th centuries BC. But the same โ€œKartlis Tskhovrebaโ€ tells us about the โ€œsecond waveโ€ of the mass settlement of Turks in Georgia. Information about this is contained in the โ€œChronicles of David -the King of Kingsโ€, which is part of the Kartlis Tskhvoreba. According to this record, Georgian King David IV Agmashenebeli invited and settled in the Borchaly (Kvemo Kartli) and adjacent areas Qipcaq Turks, who could put in at least 40 thousand soldiers, in the fight against the Oghuz Turks of the Seljuk Empire. The eleventh century was a bit hard and difficult period for Georgia. In the XI century in the greater part of the Caucasus, in particular in western Georgia, the Seljuk Turks had great military and political influence. Only at the beginning of the XII century, Tsar David the Builder with the help of the Qipcaq Turks managed to push back in confrontation with the Seljuk Turks and annex Tbilisi to their state. Thanks to the Qipcaq Turks in the XII-XIII centuries, Georgia became one of the most powerful and cultural states in the Caucasus. The era of David Agmashenebeli, uniting the country and returning Tbilisi, George III and his daughter Tsarina Tamara with the help of the Qipcaq Turks, went down in history as the Golden Age of Georgia. According to experts, together with members of their Qipcaq families there were more than 200 thousand people. According to scientistsโ€™ research, the number of Georgians proper in Georgia at that time did not exceed 1 million people, of which, of course, the Turks who had lived in Georgia since ancient times have been a part. We have to admit that the role of the Turkic component during the heyday of Georgian statehood, the beginning of which fell on the reign of David Agmashenebeli, was huge and could not be hushed up. The chronicler writes about King David the Builder that he: โ€œ[He] knew a lot of the kind of Cuman, and in the militias there was strength, lightness and walking, swiftness of onslaught, ease of retention, and in every way correspondence to oneโ€™s will. And with all this it was the easiest for them to come both in proximity and in poverty, because before many years the Queen Gurandukht, the daughter of Atraka, son of Sharagan (i.e., Sharukan), the chieftain of Cumans, had been brought by him to his legal spouses and to the queen of all Georgia.Therefore, he sent faithful people and called on


แƒฃแƒžแƒแƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ, แƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ—แƒฃ แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒš แƒ›แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ—แƒ แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒ—แƒแƒกแƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ  แƒ›แƒ-

the Cuman and his father-in-law. They gladly accepted it...

แƒ”แƒงแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ แƒกแƒแƒœแƒแƒขแƒ แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒงแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ—แƒฅแƒ›แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ แƒ’แƒฃแƒแƒ แƒแƒœแƒ“แƒฃแƒฎแƒข

He put Cumans with their wives and children in comfortable

แƒ“แƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒคแƒแƒšแƒ˜, แƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒงแƒ˜แƒ•แƒฉแƒแƒงแƒ—แƒ แƒฃแƒ›แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒแƒ—แƒ แƒแƒฅแƒ แƒจแƒแƒ แƒแƒฆแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒซแƒ˜แƒกแƒ,

places, with whom there were selected forty thousand militants.

แƒกแƒฏแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒ”แƒฃแƒฆแƒšแƒ”แƒ“ แƒ—แƒณแƒกแƒแƒ“ แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒคแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒงแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ-

He supplied them with horses and equipment. And he gave

แƒกแƒ. แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒณแƒกแƒชแƒ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒœแƒœแƒ แƒ™แƒแƒชแƒœแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ แƒฌแƒ›แƒฃแƒœแƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒฃแƒฌแƒแƒ“แƒ แƒงแƒ˜แƒ•แƒฉแƒแƒงแƒ—แƒ

them the slaves, whom he had chosen and learned in the feat,

แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒ แƒกแƒ แƒ—แƒณแƒกแƒกแƒ.แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ— แƒกแƒ˜แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ— แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฃแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒก...

about five thousand people who had become Christians, trust-

แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ แƒงแƒ˜แƒ•แƒฉแƒแƒงแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒแƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒœแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒ—แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ— แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒฏแƒฃแƒ”แƒ—แƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ“แƒ-แƒฌแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ

ed and experienced in courage. And the Cumans themselves,

แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ—แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒฌแƒงแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ˜

for the most part, were made Christians by the day, and many

แƒแƒ—แƒแƒกแƒ˜. แƒ”แƒกแƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒแƒกแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒœแƒ แƒชแƒฎแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒญแƒฃแƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ; แƒ“แƒ แƒ™แƒฃแƒแƒšแƒแƒ“

countless were acquired by Christ. โ€

แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒš แƒฐแƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒก แƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒฃแƒšแƒœแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒฃแƒแƒฌแƒšแƒกแƒ, แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ 

Thus, the chronicles directly indicate the changeover of the

แƒฎแƒฃแƒ—แƒ˜แƒแƒ—แƒแƒกแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒชแƒ˜, แƒงแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒœแƒ˜ แƒฅแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ” แƒฅแƒ›แƒœแƒฃแƒšแƒœแƒ˜, แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒช-

Qipcaq Turks to Christianity. In this case, the Qipcaq Turks

แƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒœแƒ˜ แƒกแƒ˜แƒ›แƒดแƒœแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ. แƒ“แƒ แƒ—แƒณแƒ— แƒงแƒ˜แƒ•แƒฉแƒแƒงแƒœแƒ˜แƒชแƒ แƒฃแƒ›แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒกแƒœแƒ˜ แƒฅแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ” แƒ˜แƒฅแƒ›แƒœแƒ”-

faithfully served not only King David Agmashenebeli, who with

แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒก แƒ“แƒฆแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ˜-แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”, แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒ›แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ” แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒชแƒฎแƒณ แƒจแƒ”แƒ”แƒซแƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ แƒฅแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ”แƒกแƒ.ยป

their help drove the Seljuk Turks in the Didgori battle and an-

แƒแƒ›แƒ แƒ˜แƒ’แƒแƒ“, แƒ›แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒ  แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฃแƒ—แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅ-แƒงแƒ˜แƒ•แƒฉแƒแƒฆแƒ—แƒ

nexed Tbilisi, Dmanisi and Ani to their kingdom. The Qipcaq

แƒ’แƒแƒฅแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒ”. แƒแƒ›แƒแƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœ, แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅ-แƒงแƒ˜แƒ•แƒฉแƒแƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ’แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ”แƒ›แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ”-

Turks also served as descendants of King David, and many

แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒœแƒ”แƒœ แƒแƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒ”แƒคแƒ” แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ— แƒแƒฆแƒ›แƒแƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒแƒช แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒ˜

Georgian military leaders of the โ€œGolden Ageโ€ of Georgia were

แƒ“แƒแƒฎแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ‘แƒ แƒซแƒแƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅ-แƒกแƒ”แƒšแƒฉแƒฃแƒ™แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒ•แƒœแƒ แƒ“แƒ

of Turkic-Qipcaq origin.

แƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜, แƒ“แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒแƒ  แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒคแƒแƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒฃแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ. แƒ—แƒฃแƒ -

It was the Qipcaq Turks who saved the united state from

แƒฅ-แƒงแƒ˜แƒ•แƒฉแƒแƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒ”แƒ›แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒœแƒ”แƒœ แƒ›แƒ”แƒคแƒ” แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ—แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก,

turmoil when, against the grandson of Tsar David Agmash-

แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก "แƒแƒฅแƒ แƒแƒก แƒฎแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก" แƒ›แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒ -

enebeli George III, his nephew Prince Demna rebelled, who

แƒ—แƒ›แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒฃแƒš-แƒงแƒ˜แƒ•แƒฉแƒแƒฆแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒจแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ.

partially relied on the forces of Armenians and feudal lords of

แƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ“ แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅ-แƒงแƒ˜แƒ•แƒฉแƒแƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ›แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒแƒ แƒฉแƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒก แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ

southern Georgia. The victory of Demna could lead to the col-

แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒ›แƒแƒจแƒ˜แƒœ, แƒ แƒแƒชแƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ— แƒแƒฆแƒ›แƒแƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒก, แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜

lapse of Georgia and the fall of the southern regions from it. At

III-แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒซแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜, แƒฃแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒฌแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ›แƒœแƒ, แƒแƒฃแƒฏแƒแƒœแƒงแƒ“แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช,

this critical moment, the Qipcaq Turks remained faithful to the

แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒฎแƒ แƒ˜แƒ•, แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ— แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒคแƒ”แƒแƒ“แƒแƒšแƒ—แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒฎแƒ—แƒ แƒซแƒ-

Georgian king. One of the first to the tsar was the commander

แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ”แƒงแƒ แƒ“แƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ. แƒ›แƒแƒจแƒ˜แƒœ แƒฃแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒฌแƒฃแƒš แƒ“แƒ”แƒ›แƒœแƒแƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒฏแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒฌแƒ•แƒ”-

of the Qipcaq army Kubasar (the descendants of Kubasar still

แƒ•แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ“แƒแƒจแƒšแƒแƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒฅแƒฃแƒชแƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก. แƒ˜แƒ› แƒ™แƒ แƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒš แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒจแƒ˜

live in Trebizond and are engaged in the production of knives,

แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅ-แƒงแƒ˜แƒ•แƒฉแƒแƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ›แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒคแƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ’แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒก.

including medieval ones). The army of the ruler of northern

แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒ”แƒคแƒ”แƒก แƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ“ แƒงแƒ˜แƒ•แƒฉแƒแƒฆแƒ—แƒ แƒšแƒแƒจแƒฅแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ›แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ˜

Azerbaijan, Shirvanshah Akhsitan I, also helped in suppressing

แƒฅแƒฃแƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ”แƒแƒฎแƒšแƒ (แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ”แƒ›แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ” แƒขแƒ แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒ–แƒแƒœแƒจแƒ˜ แƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ

the rebellion. It turns out that it was thanks to the Turks that

แƒ“แƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒแƒฆแƒ˜แƒก, แƒจแƒฃแƒแƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ™แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก, แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒแƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜.

the Georgian state could withstand at a critical moment in its

แƒแƒฏแƒแƒœแƒงแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฉแƒแƒฎแƒจแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜ III-แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ”แƒฎแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ แƒฉแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ”แƒ— แƒแƒ–แƒ”แƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒ˜แƒฏแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก

history. According to historians, it was the Kypchaks, who were

แƒ›แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒก, แƒแƒฅแƒกแƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒœ I-แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒแƒ แƒ˜. แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”-

loyal to the tsar, who were able to guarantee the transfer of

แƒšแƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ แƒฉแƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒฌแƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒข แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒจแƒ˜ แƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ“ แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒ˜

power from the son of Tsar George III to his daughter, Georgian

แƒฌแƒงแƒแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒ“แƒ. แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒ›แƒชแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒ”แƒคแƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ’แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜

queen - King Tamar, under whom the borders of the Georgian

แƒงแƒ˜แƒ•แƒฉแƒแƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒกแƒ•แƒ”แƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ แƒ›แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ

kingdom expanded far to the south.

แƒ•แƒแƒŸแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ แƒ›แƒงแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜ III-แƒ˜แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒฅแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ–แƒ”, แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”-

Of even greater interest is the fact that in the 13th century,

แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒคแƒ” แƒ—แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ–แƒ”, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒกแƒแƒช แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒกแƒแƒ–แƒฆแƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜

a Turk of descent became virtually the Georgian king - the

แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒฎแƒ แƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒกแƒแƒ’แƒ แƒซแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒคแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ“แƒ.

husband of the daughter of King Tamar, Queen Rusudan - the

แƒ™แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ• แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒแƒฅแƒขแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ› XIII แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ™แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒจแƒ˜ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒš-

Seljuk prince Muhammad Mugis ud-Din Turkan Shah (son of

แƒ—แƒ แƒคแƒแƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ”แƒคแƒ” แƒ—แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ  แƒ›แƒ”แƒคแƒ˜แƒก แƒฅแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒก, แƒ“แƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒคแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ แƒฃแƒกแƒฃ-

the Erzrum Sultan Mogis ad-din Togrul Shah and the grandson

แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒฃแƒฆแƒšแƒ” แƒ’แƒแƒฎแƒ“แƒ, แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒจแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒฃแƒฐแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“ แƒ›แƒฃแƒ’แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ“-แƒ“แƒ˜แƒœ

of Rumsky Sultan Kylych-Arslan II), who adopted Christianity

แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒแƒœ แƒจแƒแƒฐแƒ˜ (แƒแƒ แƒ–แƒ แƒฃแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒฃแƒšแƒ—แƒœแƒ˜แƒก, แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ“-แƒ“แƒ˜แƒœ แƒขแƒแƒฆแƒ แƒฃแƒš-แƒจแƒแƒฐแƒ˜แƒก

with the name Dmitry. His son, David Narin became the em-

แƒ•แƒแƒŸแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒฃแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒฃแƒšแƒ—แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒฉ-แƒแƒ แƒกแƒšแƒแƒœ II-แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜), แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”-

peror of Western Georgia.

DIPLOMAT 55


แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒฅแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ—แƒšแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒฌแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒ แƒ”แƒ“. แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒŸแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ— แƒœแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ— แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ›แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒฎแƒ“แƒ.

In fact, the Georgian Kingdom of the Golden Age (from times of David Agmashenebeli, George III and King Tamar)

แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒ— แƒแƒฅแƒ แƒแƒก แƒฎแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒคแƒ (แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ— แƒแƒฆแƒ›แƒแƒจแƒ”-

was a Georgian state, which Georgia, through the mediation

แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒก, แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜ III-แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ  แƒ›แƒ”แƒคแƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ) แƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒ“

of the Kypchak Turks, also communicated with other Orthodox

แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒงแƒ˜แƒ•แƒฉแƒแƒฆแƒ—แƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒฃแƒแƒ›แƒ-

countries.

แƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ“แƒแƒฃแƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒš แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒกแƒแƒช.

In addition, it is important to note that according to a number

แƒแƒ›แƒแƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœ, แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒฆแƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒแƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ™แƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜แƒก

of researchers, more than a hundred Georgian surnames are

แƒแƒ–แƒ แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒแƒกแƒ–แƒ” แƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒแƒœ แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒจแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ, แƒแƒœ

either of Turkic origin, or have ancestor-Turks. Many such

แƒฌแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒžแƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒก. แƒ›แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒแƒš แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ— แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒก

names are found among the Georgian aristocracy. In particular,

แƒจแƒ”แƒฎแƒ•แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒš แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ™แƒ แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜แƒช. แƒ™แƒ”แƒ แƒซแƒแƒ“, แƒแƒคแƒฎแƒแƒ–แƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒ›แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜-

the hereditary rulers of Abkhazia Shervashidze are descended

แƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒ แƒ•แƒแƒจแƒ˜แƒซแƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒจแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒแƒ–แƒ”แƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒ˜แƒฏแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก

from the Turkic rulers of the state of Shirvan on the territory

แƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒแƒก แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ”-

of Azerbaijan - Shirvan Shah (Shirvan Shahidze). The rulers

แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ - แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒแƒœ แƒจแƒแƒฐแƒ˜ (แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒแƒœ แƒจแƒแƒฐแƒ˜แƒซแƒ”) แƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒแƒœ. แƒกแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜,

of Svaneti, the Dadeshkeliani princes, trace their origin to the

แƒ›แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒ“แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒจแƒฅแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ— แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒจแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒฃแƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒแƒœ

powerful Turkic rulers in the North Caucasus - the Kumyk

แƒฉแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ”แƒ— แƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒ™แƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒซแƒšแƒแƒ•แƒ  แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅ แƒ›แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก - แƒขแƒแƒ แƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒกแƒ™แƒ˜แƒก

shamkhals of Tarkovsky. In addition, the Turkic influence on

แƒ™แƒฃแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒแƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก. แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ, แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒœแƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก

the life and life of one of the most inaccessible regions of

แƒ”แƒ แƒ—-แƒ”แƒ แƒ— แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฃแƒฌแƒ•แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒš แƒกแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ–แƒ” แƒ—แƒ•แƒแƒšแƒจแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒชแƒ”แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒœ

Georgia of Svaneti is enormous, since the closest neighbors

แƒกแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฃแƒแƒฎแƒšแƒแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ”แƒ–แƒแƒ‘แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฌแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒงแƒแƒ -

of the Svans are the Turkic peoples - Karachais and Balkars,

แƒแƒฉแƒแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒงแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒช แƒกแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ“แƒœแƒ”แƒœ

with whom the Svans have become related and mixed up over

แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ™แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒ”แƒ แƒฌแƒงแƒœแƒ”แƒœ แƒ™แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒช. แƒจแƒ”แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’แƒแƒ“, แƒ›แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ˜

the centuries. As a result, many Svan families are of Turkic

แƒกแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒแƒฏแƒแƒฎแƒ˜ แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒจแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ, แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ แƒงแƒแƒ แƒแƒฉแƒแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ‘แƒ-

origin, while many descendants of immigrants from Svaneti

แƒšแƒงแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜แƒ แƒกแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ.

live among Karachais and Balkars.

แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅ-แƒงแƒ˜แƒ•แƒฉแƒแƒฆแƒ—แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒ” แƒจแƒ—แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜

MODERN DESCENDANTS OF THE QIPCAQ TURKS IN THE SOUTH CAUCASUS

แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒฎแƒ แƒ”แƒ— แƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒ™แƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒ” แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒœแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒ›แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”-

Modern Turks in Georgia, some of them, remaining Ortho-

แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ แƒฉแƒฃแƒœแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒฉแƒแƒœแƒก, แƒฉแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒ-

dox, apparently moved to the north and mixed with Georgian

แƒ”แƒ—แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒš แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒšแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒก.

people.

แƒœแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒ˜ แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ“แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฉแƒแƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒ–แƒ” แƒ“แƒแƒ แƒฉแƒ แƒกแƒแƒชแƒฎแƒ-

Part of them remained in the same place where they lived,

แƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒช แƒ”แƒก แƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒฃแƒกแƒฃแƒšแƒ›แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก

and when these territories came under the rule of Muslim

แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ (แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒš แƒ แƒ˜แƒ’แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒ˜ แƒงแƒแƒ แƒ-แƒ™แƒแƒ˜แƒฃแƒœแƒšแƒฃแƒก แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒแƒก

rulers (primarily the Turkic state of Kara-Koyunlu), they bap-

แƒ›แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜), แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒฆแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒšแƒแƒ›แƒ˜. แƒงแƒแƒ แƒ-แƒ™แƒแƒ˜แƒฃแƒœแƒšแƒฃแƒก แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒแƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœ

tized to Islam. At the same time, having joined the state of

แƒจแƒ”แƒ แƒฌแƒงแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅ-แƒงแƒ˜แƒ•แƒฉแƒแƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ›แƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ แƒฉแƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒก แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ”แƒœแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒ -

Kara-Koyunlu, the Kypchak Turks retained the Turkic language

แƒฅแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒชแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒแƒ–แƒ”แƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒ˜แƒฏแƒแƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก

and Turkic identity, subsequently becoming a part of the Azer-

แƒœแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ˜แƒฅแƒชแƒœแƒ”แƒœ.

baijani Turkic people.

แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒ›แƒแƒœแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒขแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ” แƒชแƒฎแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒซแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒ”แƒ—แƒ•แƒ” แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ”แƒช แƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒกแƒขแƒ”แƒžแƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒ—แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒแƒกแƒจแƒ˜ แƒฉแƒแƒชแƒ›แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜. แƒแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ‘แƒก แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒแƒฃแƒ“แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅ-แƒงแƒ˜แƒ•แƒฉแƒแƒฆแƒ—แƒ แƒจแƒ—แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒœแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒก แƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒฉแƒแƒšแƒแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒ–แƒ”แƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒ˜แƒฏแƒแƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒœ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒช, แƒšแƒ”แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ›แƒแƒ“, แƒงแƒ˜แƒ•แƒฉแƒแƒฆแƒ—แƒ "แƒ‘แƒฃแƒ แƒฏ-แƒแƒฆแƒšแƒฃ-แƒก" แƒขแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœ.

56 DIPLOMAT

It is interesting that the Turkic burial tradition with tombstones in the form of stone sculptures of horses and rams, as well as tombstones depicting people in clothes typical of the steppe Turkic peoples, has survived to the present day. It is assumed that in Georgia, part of the descendants, the Qipcaq Turks, are Borchalian Azerbaijans, who, according to legend, come from the Qipcaq tribe โ€œBurj-ogluโ€.


Heritage Hotel and Suites Heritage of Georgian Hospitality

Address: 6 Saint Petersburg Street Phone: (+995) 032 2 448 777 Webpage: www.hotelheritage.ge

DIPLOMAT 57


Batumi Oil Terminal Ltd. 4 Mayakovsky st. Batumi, Georgia, 6000. Georgia Office: (+995) 422 27 60 06 E-mail: info@bot.ge Web-site: www.batumioilterminal.com 58 DIPLOMAT


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แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒกแƒแƒขแƒ แƒแƒœแƒ–แƒ˜แƒขแƒ แƒžแƒแƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒคแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒœแƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒ–แƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒก แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒก

6min
pages 36-41

แƒœแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒšแƒแƒ– แƒ’แƒ”แƒ’แƒฃแƒฉแƒแƒซแƒ”: แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒฃแƒ™แƒแƒœ แƒกแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ–แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒคแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒœแƒกแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ’แƒฃแƒคแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒก

3min
pages 32-35

แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒฏแƒ’แƒฃแƒคแƒ˜ "แƒ™แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒšแƒ˜" - แƒงแƒแƒ–แƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ“แƒแƒฌแƒงแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ

3min
pages 42-47

แƒœแƒแƒ—แƒ˜แƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ: แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒ•แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ— แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒ•แƒแƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒ— แƒฃแƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒžแƒแƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒฅแƒแƒœแƒ” แƒ แƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒฃแƒš แƒฐแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ“ แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก

5min
pages 26-31

แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ— แƒฉแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ•แƒแƒ˜แƒซแƒ” แƒ’แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒงแƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒซแƒฆแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒก, แƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒข แƒขแƒแƒ™แƒแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก, แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘ แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒก

3min
pages 22-25

แƒ–แƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ‘ แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜แƒซแƒ”: แƒฌแƒ˜แƒœ แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒก

4min
pages 15-19

Diplomatic Training in Response to Fake News and Disinformation

6min
pages 48-51

Capitol Investment Group - a Success Story Started with the Management of Kazakh Investment Projects

8min
pages 42-47

Georgia's Transit Potential If Explored Will Contribute Greatly to the Nation's Budget Growth

8min
pages 36-41

Nikoloz Geguchadze: Halyk Bank Enjoys the Support of a Strong Financial Group

5min
pages 32-35

Natia Turnava: We Are Going to Make Georgia a Regional Hub with Huge Potentials for Business Success

7min
pages 26-31

David Chikvaidze on President Tokayev, His Former Boss at the United Nations

5min
pages 22-25

Zurab Abashidze: There Is a Lot of Interesting And Important Work Ahead

6min
pages 15-19

Baurzhan Mukhamejanov: The Main Wealth of Georgia Is Its People

10min
pages 8-14
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