over the last 20 years. Companies like Brokk present a series of remote-controlled demolition robots that can be used to remove concrete and asphalt from strategic locations in pavements and bridges where excavators of any size are not recommended as seen in Figure 4. In addition, traffic interruptions are limited due to the smaller features of the equipment. The use of this type of technology can improve safety for on-foot workers operating hand demolition devices which can cause several health hazards and also provide safer distance from the demolition work.
Figure 4: Example of bridge deck demolition using a remote-controlled robot [15] 2.2.1.5 UAS for Land Surveying UAS equipped with professional cameras can be used for area surveying instead of traditional surveying devices like Global Positioning System (GPS) and total station. The images and videos collected must be analysed by a 3D software. While traditional surveying usually covers about 3 to 4 hectares a day, UAS can survey about 10 times more in around 60 minutes [16]. This results in less on-foot workers conducting surveys near highways and construction zones and considerably less time of exposure for the UAS operators. However, using UAS for surveying has its challenges like vegetation and UAS current regulations on flying over traffic. 2.2.1.6 UAS for Earthwork Volumetrics Correct earthwork estimation is a key project aspect from design to construction. On site measurements of actual volumes is time-consuming, expensive, and sometimes dangerous depending on the topography of the area. As part of land surveying, photogrammetric data 10
