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Odbor za kardiovaskularnu patologiju SANU Board on Cardiovascular Pathology of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts
15 PITANJA i 15 ODGOVORA O BORBI ČOVEČANSTVA PROTIV COVID-19 I BUDUĆIH OPASNIJIH VIRUSNIH PANDEMIJA 15 QUESTIONS and 15 ANSWERS ON HUMANITY’S STRUGGLE AGAINST COVID-19 AND FUTURE MORE DANGEROUS VIRUS PANDEMICS Vladimir Kanjuh, Nebojša Antonijević, Snežana Kanjuh, Momir Pušac
1. Virusi – kakva su to živa bića?1,2
Virusi su najmanja živa bića. Mogu se videti samo elektronskim mikroskopom. Jednostavne su građe: u sredini je njihov genom (RNK ili DNK), opkoljen i čuvan lipidno-belančevinastom membranom, koja na površini ima strukture za ulazak u ćelije ljudi, životinja i biljaka. Nesavršeni su jer su aktivni i razmnožavaju se samo u ćelijama u koje su ušli. Naime, njihov genom tada nateruje ćelijske organele – ribozome da stvaraju kopije virusa. Virusi imaju superiorne biološke osobine za svoje održavanje: brojnost, raznovrsnost, otpornost i prilagodljivost2. Prodrle viruse u ćeliju napada naš imuni sistem svojim: (1) humoralnim imunitetom (limfocit se preobrazi u plazmocit, koji sekretuje antitela) i (2) urođenim i adaptativnim ćelijskim imunitetom (posebne imunološke ćelije ubijaju ćelije zaražene virusom). Neki virusi miruju u ćelijama (biološka ravnoteža između virusa i domaćina – čoveka). Drugi izazivaju teška i smrtonosna oboljenja ljudi (Ebola hemoragična groznica, velike boginje, HIV). Zatim, zapaljenja mozga, srca, pluća, jetre i drugih organa. Onkogeni virusi sudeluju u nastanku zloćudnih tumora. Virusi se koriste kao vektori (prenosioci) gena, lekova i vakcina do ćelija.
1. Viruses - what are these living beings?1,2
Viruses are the smallest living beings. They can only be seen with an electron microscope. The structure are simple: in the middle is their genome (RNA or DNA), surrounded and guarded by a lipid-protein membrane, which has structures on the surface for entry into human, animal and plant cells. They are imperfect because they are active and reproduce only in the cells they have entered. Namely, their genome then forces cellular organelles ribosomes to make copies of the virus. Viruses have superior biological properties for their maintenance: abundance, diversity, resistance and adaptability2. The viruses that have penetrated the cell are attacked by our immune system with its: (1) humoral immunity (the lymphocyte is transformed into a plasma cell, which secretes antibodies) and (2) innate and adaptive cellular immunity (special cells of the immune system kill the cells infected with the virus). Some viruses are dormant in cells (biological balance between the virus and the human host). Others cause severe and deadly human diseases (Ebola hemorrhagic fever, smallpox, HIV). Then, inflammation of the brain, heart, lungs, liver and other organs. Oncogenic viruses are involved in the formation of malignant tumors. Viruses are used as vectors (carriers) of genes, drugs and vaccines to cells.
2. U kakvom su međusobnom odnosu: životinje - virusi - ljudi? 2. What is the relationship between: animals - viruses - humans? Ljudi su suočeni sa oko 5.000 različitih virusa od kojih je 3.500 životinjskog porekla2. Slepi miš nosi oko 200 različitih virusa (dokazano je još šest novih korona virusa). Kinezi jedu supu od slepih miševa. SARS-CoV-2 postoji kod slepih miševa (ne smeta im) i preko pangolina (vrsta mravojeda sa njuškom, čiju krljušt koristi tradicionalna kineska medicina kao afrodizijak) preneo se na ljude. Pangolin je prodavan na pijaci u Vuhanu. Virus je, dakle, iz životinje preskočio barijeru vrste i ušao u humanu populaciju, koja je za njega ’’slepa ulica’’2. Za viruse koji su ušli u ćelije ljudi je najbolje ako uspeju da se neograničeno razmnožavaju uz nizak letalitet svojih domaćina – ljudi (za virus je najbolje da bude više zarazan a manje opasan)2-10. (Sl. 1,2).
Humans are faced with about 5,000 different viruses, of which 3,500 are of animal origin2. The bat carries about 200 different viruses (6 more new corona viruses have been proven). The Chinese eat bat soup. SARS-CoV-2 exists in bats (they don’t mind) and has been transmitted to humans through pangolin (a type of anteater with a snout whose scales are used by traditional Chinese medicine as an aphrodisiac). Pangolins were sold at the market in Wuhan. The virus, therefore, jumped over the species barrier from the animal and entered the human population, which is a “dead street” for him2. For viruses that have entered human cells, it is best if they manage to multiply indefinitely with the low lethality of their hosts – humans2-10 (Fig. 1, 2).
Foto: Profimedia.rs
Sl. (Fig.) 1. Slepi miš (bat).
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Sl. (Fig.) 2. Pangolin
