რბილი ძალა საერთაშორისო ურთიერთობებში

gvanca abdalaZe

rbili Zala saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi

Gvantsa Abdaladze

SOFT POWER IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Tbilisi 2020 TBILISI 2020

redaqtori: TinaTin xidaSeli Editor: Tinatin Khidasheli

ISBN 978-9941-31-090-4

© gvanca abdalaZe, 2020. © GGvantsa Abdaladze, 2020.

`...xmlianma mterma ver dagvaTmobina, ver wagvarTva Cveni miwa-wyali, Cveni qveyana. xmlians mters gavuZe­ liT, gadavrCiT, qveyana da saxeli SevinaxeT, saxsenebeli ar amovikveTeT, SevirCineT, saqolavi aravis avagebineT. xmliT moseulma vera dagvaklo-ra – SromiT da garjiT, codniT da xerxiT mosuli ki Tan gagvitans, fex-qveSidan miwas gamogvaclis, saxels gagviqrobs, gagvwyvets. saxsene­ beli qarTvelisa amoikveTeba da Cvens mSveniers qveyanas, rogorc upatrono saydars, sxvani daepatronebian. Sro­ masa da garjas, codnasa da xerxs veravin-Ra gauZlebs, Tu Sroma da garja, codna da xerxi win ar mivagebeT, win ar davaxvedreT, win ar davuyeneT. varT ki yovel amisTvis mzad? an gvetyoba raSime, rom yovelive es viciT da vem­ zadebiT?... ra giTxraT? riT gagaxaroT?... exlac omia, xolo sisxlis Rvrisa ki ara, oflis Rvrisa, omi usisxlo, mSvidobiani, wynari. am omma arc buki icis, arc naRara. ubuk-naRarod sTesavs, ubuk-naRarod mkis. kokisebur Sxapuna niaRvars ki ar hgavs, rom mTa da bari Tan waiRos, moarRvios, moRaros da mogragnos, `mdu­ mare wvimisaebr nayofis gamomcemelia~... vaJkacoba amisTa­ na omSi bevriT win aris sisxlis omis vaJkacobaze. vaJkac guladze mSromeli samis gafreniT metiao, – ityoda glex­ kaci Taviseburad zedgamoWriT, Tu marTals aTqmevinebT. ra glexkaci, TiTon dRevandeli dRe amas gveubneba, amas hRaRadebs da Cven gvesmis ki es RaRadi? vai rom ara. maS ra giTxraT, riT gagaxaroT?~ ilia WavWavaZe, 1887

Sinaarsi CONTENTS

winaTqma...................................................................................................... 5 Preface......................................................................................................... 14 nawili I PART I

1.1. Zala saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis TeoriaSi.................................................................................. 22 Power in International Relations 1.2. jozef nais rbili Zalis Teoria.......................................... 32 Soft Power Theory by Joseph S. Nye 1.3. cifruli revolucia, Zalis difuzia da tranzicia, axali saxalxo diplomatia................ 50 Digital Revolution, Power Transition and Power Diffusion, New Public Diplomacy 1.4. dasavleTis rbili Zala............................................................ 76 Western Soft Power 1.5. basri Zala – ruseTi, CineTi.................................................... 90 Sharp Power – Russia, China 1.6. propaganda................................................................................... 105 Propaganda 1.7. dezinformacia da Ria wyaroebiT gamoZieba.................... 118 Disinformation and Open Source Intelligence nawili II PART II

2.1. ruseTis basri Zala saqarTveloSi...................................... 129 Russia’s Sharp Power in Georgia 2.2. ruseTis dezinformaciuli omi ukrainaSi....................... 150 oleqsandra cexanovska, gvanca abdalaZe Russia’s Disinformation War in Ukraine Oleksandra Tsekhanovska, Gvantsa Abdaladze

2.3. CrdiloeT makedonia – rbili da basri Zalebis zegavlena............................................................................. 164 Soft and Sharp Power influences in North Macedonia boloTqma – dilemebi da paradoqsebi....................................... 173 Afterwards – Dilemmas and Paradoxes

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winaTqma rbili Zala XXI saukunis erT-erT yvelaze xSirad gamoyenebad terminad iqca msoflio masStabiT. interne­ tis saZiebo sistemebi am terminTan dakavSirebul milio­ nobiT statias, dokuments, monografias da sxva tipis masalas gvTavazobs. iseve, rogorc sxva xSirad gamoyene­ buli terminebis SemTxvevaSi, am terminmac dakarga zus­ ti ganmarteba da misi Sinaarsi bundovani gaxda. rbili Zala axal Teoriad unda CavTvaloT Tu mxolod popula­ rul terminad? rogoria rbili Zalis fenomenis mimarT damokidebuleba akademiur Tu araakademiur wreebSi? ramdenad didia rbili Zalisadmi interesi samTavrobo wreebSi, mediasa Tu samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi? bolo aTwleulSi arasamTavrobo seqtorisa da akade­ miuri sferos warmomadgenlebi msjeloben rbil Zalaze saerTaSoriso forumebsa Tu konferenciebze. saqarTve­ loSic, sxva qveynebis msgavsad, dafuZnda organizaciebi, romlebic miznobrivad ikvleven rbili Zalis problema­ tikas. rbili Zalis anatomias ZiriTadad saerTaSoriso an arasamTavrobo organizaciebi da media-kvleviTi cen­ trebi aanalizeben. isini aqcents akeTeben rbili Zalis praqtikul gamoyenebasa da Sesabamisad, misi gavlenis prevencia-daZlevaze. swored amitom xSiria kvlevebi da RonisZiebebi media-wignierebaze, dezinformaciis gavrce­ lebis da faqtCekingis teqnikaze, dezinformaciis gamavr­ celeblebis gamovlenasa da sxva msgavs Temebze. Tumca, samwuxarod, sakiTxma ver SeaRwia akademiur sferoSi da 5

ver iqca politikuri mecnierebis da saerTaSoriso ur­ TierTobebis kvlevis Temad an saswavlo kursad sauniver­ siteto programebSi mcire gamonaklisebis garda. aRniSnuli tendenciis mizezad ramdenime faqtori unda dasaxeldes. akademiuri sfero konservatiulia Tavisi bunebiT da uWirs saerTaSoriso politikis mim­ dinare problemebis myisierad asaxva. amasTan, rbili Zalis sakiTxi interdisciplinuria da rTulia misTvis konkretuli adgilis miCena tradiciul akademiur mi­ marTulebebSi, sadac kvlevebisTvis iyeneben aprobire­ bul meTodebsa da meTodologias. globalizaciis daCqarebuli tempi da rbili Zalis gavlenis swrafi zrda ar gvitovebs simSvidis uflebas. ruseTis rbili Zalis gaaqtiurebam saqarTveloSi (gan­ sakuTrebiT, 2008 wlis ruseT-saqarTvelos omis Semdgom periodSi) unda ganapirobos rbili Zalis Temis priori­ tetuloba saqarTveloSi. 2016 wlis aSS saprezidento arCevnebSi ruseTis rbili Zalis zegavlenis eqsper­ tulma dadasturebam rbili Zalis Tema prioritetulad aqcia msoflio masStabiT. winamdebare saxelmZRvanelo rbili Zalis sakiTxis akademiur sivrceSi adgilis gansazRvris mokrZalebuli mcdelobaa. saxelmZRvanelo SesaZlebelia gamoviyenoT ZiriTad an damxmare literaturad sxvadasxva saswavlo kursebisTvis. aseve, SesaZlebelia saxelmZRvanelom xeli Seuwyos akademiur diskurss politikuri mecnierebebis (maT Soris saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis) dargSi. saxelmZRvanelos Seqmnis procesSi wavawydiT ramde­ nime mniSvnelovan problemas Tematikis gansazRvris da Teoriuli CarCoebis gamokveTis mimarTulebiT. saxelmZRvaneloSi rbili Zalis Teoriul CarCod ganv­sazRvreT: jozef nais xedva rbili Zalis (Soft Power), xisti Zalis (Hard Power), Wkviani Zalis (Smart Power) da 6

Zalis difuziis Sesaxeb; aseve gaviTvaliswineT jesika ludvigis da qristofer uolkeris `basri Zalis~ (Sharp Power) termini, romliTac Tavisi specifikuri meqanizme­ bisa da mZime Sedegebis gamo calke segmentad gamoiyo ruseTis da CineTis rbili Zala. ruseTis da CineTis `rbili Zalis~ aRsaniSnavad saxelmZRvaneloSi viyenebT termins `basri Zala~, ro­ melsac vmijnavT jozef naiseuli `rbili Zalisgan~. nasknelSi `RirebulebiTi momxibvlelobis Zala~ am uka­ moiazreba da is dasavluri samyaros maxasiaTeblad mig­ vaCnia, rogorc civi omis, aseve mis Semdgom periodSi. `basri Zalis~ anatomia kidev ufro naklebad aris Seswavlili, vidre klasikuri `rbili Zala~. rusuli `bas­­ ri Zalis~ analizisas daskvnebi umetesad mokle (mag. civi omis droindeli meTodebis aRorZineba) da fragmentulia (ZiriTadad dezinformaciis mimarTule­ biT). Cven SevecadeT saxelmZRvaneloSi rusuli `basri Zalis~ elementebad gveCvenebina: sabWoTa propaganda, dezinformaciis gavrcelebis cifruli SesaZleblobebi da sainformacio operaciebi. nais `rbili Zalis~ TeoriaSi yvelaze sayuradReboa ara imdenad Zalis danawevreba da sxarti terminebis damkvidreba, aramed msjeloba Zalis difuziis Sesaxeb.

Zalis difuzia, rogorc cifruli revoluciis Tanmdevi procesi, aris swored is mTavari tendencia, romelic cvlis Cvens warmodgenaSi damkvidrebul narativebs da meta-narativebs globalizaciis, saerTaSoriso poli­ tikis, diplomatiis, mediis da sxva aqtorebisa Tu faq­ torebis Sesaxeb. amdenad, Zalis difuziaze dafuZnebuli saerTaSoriso politikis postmodernuli transformacia mniSvnelovan komponentad miviCnieT saxelmZRvanelos Tematikis gansa­ zRvris dros. saxelmZRvanelos sxvadasxva TavebSi gan­ 7

vixilavT sakiTxebs, romlebic aqtiuri gansjis sagania saerTaSoriso wreebSi. samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi nakle­ bad icnoben am Temebs da aqtualuri ar aris diskursi mimdinare saerTaSoriso tendenciebis Sesaxeb. maT Soris iseT sakiTxebze, rogoricaa Ria wyaroebiT gamoZiebis da cifruli Jurnalistikis mzardi politikuri zegavlena, samTavrobo diplomatiis cifrul diplomatiad gardaqm­ nis gamowvevebi da sxv. qarTulma sazogadoebam, romelic damoukideblobis gamocxadebis dRidan aqtiuradaa CarTuli saxelmwifos mSeneblobis da modernizaciis mZime procesSi, Tvali unda gausworos axal gamowvevebs. dRes samyaro Tviso­ brivad icvleba, rac kidev ufro amZimebs Sida transfor­ maciis process. bolo periodis gaxmaurebulma skandale­ bma (terorizmi, kiberTavdasxmebi, bavSvTa pornografia da a.S.) kargad aCvena, rom qarTuli saxelmwifo ar aris mzad Zalis difuziiT gamowveul axal gamowvevebTan ga­ samklavleblad.

Teoriuli msjelobis garda, saxelmZRvanelo gTava­ zobT sami SemTxvevis analizs: saqarTvelos, ukrainis da CrdiloeT makedoniis magaliTebze. saqarTvelos da ukrainis Sida Tu sagareo gamowvevebi metnaklebad msgavsia da maT xSirad ganixilaven erT konteqstSi. am ori qveynis magaliTis ganxilva gvaZlevs SedarebiTi analizis saSualebas. CrdiloeT makedoniis magaliTi sayuradReboa im mxriv, rom kargad gvaCvenebs Tu ra gamowvevebis winaSe SeiZleba aRmovCndeT momavalSi, evrointegraciis procesis finalur etapze. *** saxelmZRvaneloze muSaobis procesSi gamoikveTa ram­ de­ nime sayuradRebo tendencia. Cvens mier gamoyenebul masalebSi saqarTvelo aRar moixsenieba rogorc rusuli 8

`basri Zalis~ safrTxis qveS myofi saxelmwifo. akademiur statiebsa Tu saerTaSoriso organizaciebis angariSebSi saqarTvelo sul ufro xSirad moiazreba ru­suli gavle­ nis qveS myof da ara gavlenis safrTxis qveS myof saxel­ mwifod. msgavsi tendencia aCvenebs, rom sa­qarTvelo aRq­ mulia SezRuduli suverenitetis qveynad. damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg saqarTvelo gaxda rusuli politikis erTgvari laboratoria. saqarTve­ loSi gamoyenebuli da aprobirebuli meTodebi Semd­ gom aqtiurad gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva regionSi. saerTa­ Soriso asparezze am Temis wamowevisTvis mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia akademiuri wreebis meti aqtiuroba, radgan saerTaSoriso azrs da tendenciebs swored mecnierebi, politikis mkvlevarebi da eqspertebi qmnian. saWiroa saerTaSoriso akademiur wreebs vaCvenoT saqarTvelos problemebis prioritetuloba. cifruli globalizaciis da Zalis difuziis pro­ cesSi axal gamowvevebTan gasamklaveblad aucilebelia miznobrivi centrebis Seqmna. centrebSi vgulisxmobT rogorc specialur saxelmwifo uwyebas, aseve akademiur kvleviT centrebs. sakiTxis kompleqsurobidan da mniS­ vnelobidan gamomdinare, araracionaluria saxelmwifos usafrTxoebaze diskusia mivandoT mxolod arasamTa­ vrobo seqtors an erTeul mkvlevarebs. Zalis difuziiT Tu ruseTis `basri ZaliT~ Seqmnili axali gamowvevebis kvleva moiTxovs mravalmxriv CarTulobas, fundamen­ tur kvlevas da interdisciplinuri meTodologiis Se­ mu­Savebas. specialuri saxelmwifo centris saqmianobis miznad ganvixilavT rogorc axali tipis safrTxeebis identifi­ kacias da prevencias, aseve muSaobas kanonmdeblobis daxvewis sakiTxebze. ukanasknel wlebSi sxvadasxva saxelm­ wifoSi mravlad Camoyalibda msgavsi centrebi. maTi fun­ 9

qcionirebis modeli SesaZlebelia nimuSad gamodges. sa­ mecniero-analitikuri centris saqmianobis mizani unda iyos axali kvleviTi kiTxvebis, axali Temebis da korela­ ciebis dadgena. amisTvis koordinirebul kvlevebSi unda CaerTon sxvadasxva dargis mkvlevarebi (saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis eqspertebi, samarTlis da saerTaSoriso samarTlis, politikis mkvlevarebi, fsiqologebi, socio­ logebi, usafrTxoebis da kiber-usafrTxoebis mkvleva­ rebi, mediis da strategiuli komunikaciis eqspertebi, samxedro da sadazvervo saqmianobis eqspertebi, Teolo­ gebi, praqtikosi diplomatebi da sxva). maTi CarTulobis gareSe SeuZlebeli xdeba Sedegze orientirebuli kvle­ vebis ganxorcieleba Zalis difuziis Tu `basri Zalis~ safrTxeebTan dakavSirebiT. msgavsi kvleviTi centris Seqmna didi gamowvevaa qarTuli samecniero resursebis da interdisciplinuri kvlevebis simwiris gamo. saerTa­ Soriso eqspertebis procesSi CarTva erTaderTi logi­ kuri da racionaluri gamosavalia. samomavlo kvlevebis TematikasTan dakavSirebiT, Ca­ mov­TvliT ramdenime aspeqts, romelic aSkarad gamorCe­ nilia Tanamedrove qarTul akademiur kvlevebSi. sxva­ da­ sxva saerTaSoriso kvlevebis mixedviT, propaganda da dezinformacia iwvevs narkotikul miCvevas da axalaxa­ li ulufis moTxovnilebas. cifruli globaliza­ ciis pirobebSi dezinformaciis zewolisgan Tu piradi safrTxeebisgan Tavis dacvis uunarobis mTavari mizezia sazogadoebaSi media-wignierebis dabali done. amasTan, axali safrTxeebis mimarT gansakuTrebulad mowyvladia zogierTi jgufi. maT Soris: bavSvebi, moxucebi, socia­ lurad daucveli adamianebi da zogadad post-krizisuli sazogadoebebi. aseve TvalnaTelia korelacia politi­ kuri institutebis efeqtur funqcionirebasa da Zalis difuziiT gamowveuli safrTxeebis daZlevas Soris.

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aucilebelia kvlevebi, rac daadasturebs an uar­ yofs msgavs hipoTezebs saqarTvelos realobaSi. aseve gavrcelebuli aqsiomaa postsabWoTa adamianis mentalu­ ri mzaoba daijeros warmoudgeneli da ar aiRos pasu­ mgebloba sakuTar qmedebebze. Tumca konkretulad xis­ saqarTvelos sazogadoebis analizi verasdros gaxdeba saerTaSoriso mkvlevarTa kvlevis prioritetuli Tema. qarTuli sazogadoebis maRali mimRebloba rbili da bas­ ri meqanizmebis mimarT unda gamyardes kvlevebiT kogni­ turi meqanizmebis, politikuri qcevis Tu sxva sakiTxe­ bis Sesaxeb.

Zalis difuzias aqvs dadebiTi mxareebic, magaliTad informaciis xelmisawvdomoba. am saxelmZRvaneloze mu­ Sa­ obac swored informaciis xelmisawvdomobam gaxada SesaZlebeli. gacifrebulia iseTi dokumentebic ki, rac sul raRac aTiode wlis win warmoudgeneli iqneboda.

Zalis difuziis da cifruli revoluciis mTavari upiratesobaa, rom rbil Zalas qmnian da iyeneben patara saxelmwifoebi da individebi. saerTaSoriso politika­ Si individis rolis zrdasruliad axali movlenaa da sa­ xelmwifoebi eguebian axal realobas. saqarTvelos saxelmwifom da qarTulma sazogadoebam unda gamoZeb­ nos resursi sakuTari rbili meqanizmebis SeqmnisTvis, ro­ gorc saxelmwifos reintegraciis, aseve mezobel saxelmwifoebTan urTierTobebis gaumjobesebis mizniT. am miznis misaRwevad aucilebeli procesia axali teqno­ logiuri unarebis daufleba da sxvadasxva dargebis transformacia. magaliTad, axali saxalxo diplomatiis, cifruli Jurnalistikis da strategiuli komunikaciis ganviTareba da sxva. axali Taobis mkvlevarebs, sajaro moxeleebs Tu dip­ lomatebs unda esmodeT, rom maT mouwevT iseTi unare­ bis daufleba, rasac maTi winamorbedebi ar flobdnen.

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rbili Zalis axali meqanizmebis Seqmna saerTo-saxalxo CarTulobas moiTxovs da scdeba samTavrobo Zalaufle­ bisa da gadawyvetilebebis areals. aRniSnul konteqstSi gadamwyveti iqneba samoqalaqo sazogadoebis gaZliereba da profesionalizmi. samomavlo tendenciebze saubris da survilebis grZe­ li CamonaTvalis garda, cxadi xdeba zogierTi refor­ mis aucilebloba, rac saxelmwifos Carevis gareSe ver ganxorcieldeba. mediawignierebis savaldebulo kursis CarTva ganaTlebis yvela safexurze is minimumia, rac uaxloes momavalSi unda gakeTdes saxelmwifos mxridan. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis aqtiuroba da zewola am mimar­ TulebiT gadamwyveti SeiZleba aRmoCndes.

Tanamedrove msoflios swrafi cvlilebebis, ryeve­ bisa da revoluciebis xanaSi cxovreba rTulia, rogorc individisTvis, ise saxelmwifosTvis. gamowvevebisTvis Tvalis gasworebis gareSe saxelmwifo CamorCeba mimdi­ nare saerTaSoriso tendenciebs da dakargavs momavali ganviTarebis orientirs. is erebi, romelTac ver SeZles procesebze miyola wina sami industriuli revoluciis dros, samudamod an didi xniT CamoSordnen civilizaciis ganviTarebas. meoTxe industriuli revolucia ar iZleva TviTizola­ ciis saSualebas. is bevr sikeTes moutans warmatebulebs da gadarCenis Sanss ar miscems CamorCenilebs. *** saxelmZRvanelos momzadeba da gamocema SesaZlebeli gaxda WEASA-s (varSavis evro-atlantikuri sazafxulo akademia) 2019 wlis individualuri grantis safuZvelze. madlobas vuxdiT proeqtis sponsor organizaciebs. aseve madlobas vuxdiT: saxelmZRvanelos redaqtors, TinaTin xidaSels, proeqtiT dainteresebisa da gaweuli 12

SromisTvis; proeqtis saerTaSoriso eqsperts oleqsan­ dra cexanovskas – ukrainis qeisis TanaavtorobisTvis; liliana pesova ilieskas, romelmac gagviwia konsulta­ cia da mogvawoda masalebi CrdiloeT makedoniis magali­ Tis mosamzadeblad.

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PREFACE In the 21st century, soft power has become one of the most commonly used terms worldwide. Internet search engines provide numerous articles, documents, monographs, and other material related to this term. As with other commonly employed terms, this term has also lost its precise definition which makes the meaning obscure. The question is whether we should consider ~soft power”to be a new theory or just a popular term. What is the attitude to the phenome­ non of soft power in either academic or non-academic circles? How high is the interest in soft power in government circles, the media, or civil society?

In the last decade, representatives of the non-governmental sector and academia have often discussed the concept of soft power at international fora or conferences. Organizations dedicated to the methodical study of soft power issues were established in Georgia as well as in the rest of the world. However, there is an obvious worrying trend soft power anatomy is mainly analyzed by international organizations, NGOs and media research centers. They focus on media literacy, disinformation dissemination and fact-checking techniques, detection of disinformation centers and other topics related to these problems. The issue has not yet penetrated the academic sphere and therefore has not become a research topic for political science experts or an academic course in the university curriculum.

Several factors can be identified as the cause of this problem.

The academic sphere is conservative by its very nature and finds it difficult to reflect immediately on the problems emerging in international politics. Moreover, the issue of soft power is interdisciplinary and not easily found in traditional academic settings where already proven research methods and methodologies are employed.

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Sadly, the accelerated rhythm of globalization in international politics and the rapid increase in the influence of soft power do not present an opportunity for quiet judgment. Expert confirmation of the influence of Russia’s soft power in the 2016 US presidential elections has made this issue a top priority all over the world. The intensive use of Russia’s soft power in Georgia since the 2008 Russian-Georgian war has made this issue critical for Georgia as well.

This textbook is a modest attempt to define the issue of soft power in academia. The textbook can be used as the main or an additional literature source for various courses. It will also assist in promoting academic discourse in the field of political science (primarily concerning international relations).

In the process of writing the textbook we came across some important issues concerning the definition of the topic and outlining the theoretical framework.

The theoretical framework of Soft Power employed in the textbook is based on the theory by Joseph Nye concerning Soft Power, Hard Power, Smart Power and Power Diffusion; together with Jessica Ludwig’s and Christopher Walker’s contribution to the creation of the term ~Sharp Power” within the frames of this theory, in which, Russian and Chinese Soft Power were singled out as separate segments due to specific mechanisms and severe consequences associated with them.

To refer to ~Soft Power,” practiced by Russia and China, we use the term ~Sharp Power”, which we distinguish from the term ~Soft Power” employed by Joseph Nye. The latter is considered to be ~attraction with values” and is a characteristic of the Western world, both in the Cold War and in the post-Cold War era.

We believe that in Nye’s theory of ~Soft Power”, the most notable factor is not so much the breaking of power into components and the introduction of neat terms, but the discussion concerning the diffusion of power. Diffusion of power, as an accompanying process of the digital revolution, is the main trend that replaces the narratives 15

and meta-narratives fixed in our imagination concerning actors or factors of globalization, international politics, diplomacy, the media, etc.

Therefore, the post-modern transformation of international politics based on the diffusion of power, is considered to be an important component in defining the scope and theme of the textbook. The Georgian society, which has been actively involved in the critical process of state-building and modernization since its declaration of independence, must face new challenges. Today the world is changing qualitatively, further aggravating the process of internal transformation of the Georgian state. Various high-profile events of recent years (terrorism, cyber-attacks, child pornography, etc.) have made it clear that the Georgian state is not ready to face the difficulties of the diffusion of power.

The anatomy of ~Sharp Power” is less explored compared to the classic understanding of ~Soft Power”. The conclusions made as a result of the analysis of Russian ~Sharp Power” are mostly brief (e.g. Cold War methods have been revived) and fragmented (mainly concerning disseminating disinformation). In this textbook, we have attempted to specify elements of the Russian ~Sharp Power” and outline three key features: the Soviet propaganda; capabilities and opportunities of dissemination of digital disinformation; and information operations.

In various chapters of this textbook, crucial issues actively discussed in international circles are outlined. Unfortunately, these topics are not well-known in Georgia and there is no active discussion concerning current international trends. These include the growing political influence of open-source investigations and digital journalism on international politics and the challenges of transforming government diplomacy into digital diplomacy, etc.

In addition to the theoretical part, the textbook encompasses the analysis of three cases: examples of Georgia, Ukraine, and Northern Macedonia. The internal and external challenges faced by Georgia and Ukraine are similar and they are often discussed in the same context.

Considering the examples of these two countries once again presents 16

an opportunity for comparative analysis. The example of North Macedonia is noteworthy in that it illustrates the challenges we are going to face shortly at the final stage of the European integration process. *** Several problems and nuances emerged while working on the textbook. In international studies or reports reviewed, Georgia is no longer referred to as a state at high risk by the Russia’s ~Sharp Power”. In our opinion, in academic articles or reports of international organizations, Georgia is described to be a Russian-influenced state and not a state threatened by this country. Such a trend shows that Georgia is perceived as a country of limited state sovereignty. Therefore, it is vital to intensify the discussion in this direction.

After restoring independence, Georgia became a kind of laboratory of Russia’s politics. The methods utilized and tested in Georgia were then actively applied in different regions. To bring this topic now for discussion into the international arena, we consider it crucial for the academic community to become more active, as scholars and experts of politics create international opinion and trends. It is also critical to show the priority of the issues connected with Georgia to international academic circles.

Special centers need to be created to meet new challenges in the process of digital globalization and power diffusion. Under such centers, we mean both specialized state agencies and academic research centers. Given the complexity and importance of the issue, it is unreasonable to assume that the responsibility for the security of the state lies only with the non-governmental sector or individual researchers. Exploring new challenges created by either the diffusion of power or by the Russia’s ~Sharp Power” requires the involvement of many scholars, multidisciplinary research and the development of interdisciplinary methodologies.

The main purpose of the special State Centre will be to identify and prevent threats, as well as to refine existent legislation to deal 17

with new types of threats. In recent years, similar centers have been established in various countries. The model these centers employ can serve as a working model. The purpose of the work of the ScientificAnalytical Centre should be to identify new research questions, new topics and correlations. To achieve these goals, coordinated research should involve researchers from various fields (international relations, policy and security experts; cyber security experts; law and international law specialists; psychologists, sociologists, theologians; media and strategic communication experts; practicing diplomats; military and intelligence experts, etc.). Without their involvement, it is impossible to carry out results-oriented research related to the dangers of Power Diffusion or ~Sharp Power”. Creating such a Research Centre is a major challenge due to the scarcity of scientific resources and interdisciplinary research in Georgia. Engaging international experts in the process of is the only logical and rational solution to this problem.

Concerning the topics of future research, several aspects can be named that are currently missing in contemporary Georgian academic research. According to various international studies, propaganda and disinformation lead to addiction and the longing for new portions of similar information. The main reason for the inability to protect against the pressure of disinformation or personal threats in the face of digital globalization is at the low level of media literacy in society.

As well as this, some groups of society are particularly vulnerable to new threats. Amongst these are children, the elderly, socially vulnerable, unprotected people and generally post-crisis societies. There is also a clear correlation between the effective functioning of political institutions and the dangers posed by the diffusion of power.

Further research is needed to confirm or disprove such hypotheses in Georgian reality. There is also a widespread axiom characteristic of the post-Soviet person’s mental readiness to believe in the unthinkable and not to take responsibility for his or her actions. However, the analysis of Georgian society, in particular, will never be a scorching research topic for international researchers. The high acceptance of Georgian 18

society of soft and sharp mechanisms should be supported by research on cognitive mechanisms, political behavior or other critical issues.

The diffusion of power also has advantages, such as access to information. Working on this textbook was made easy by the information being accessible. Even documents that were unthinkable to access just a decade ago have been digitized today.

The main advantage of Power Diffusion and the digital revolution is that both small states and individuals create and utilize Soft Power. The emerging role of the individual in international politics is a completely new phenomenon, and states are gradually adapting to a new reality. Georgia and Georgian society should find resources to create their soft mechanisms to reintegrate as the State and improve relations with neighboring countries. The factors critical to achieving this goal are the acquisition of new technological skills and the transformation of various fields. For example, the development of new public diplomacy, digital journalism and strategic communication, etc.

The new generation of researchers, civil servants, or diplomats must realize that they will have to master skills that their predecessors did not possess. Creating new Soft Power mechanisms requires general public engagement and goes beyond the scope of governmental power and decision-making. Strengthening of civil society and professionalism will be crucial in this context.

In addition to discussing future trends and a long list of wishes, there is a clear need for certain reforms that cannot be implemented without State intervention. The mandatory media literacy course at all levels of education is the least that should be initiated soon by the State. Activism and pressure from civil society can become crucial in this regard.

Life is difficult for both the individual and the State in the conditions of rapid changes, instabilities and revolutions so common in the modern world. Due to this, without facing the challenges posed by the modern age, the State lags behind current international trends and loses the guidelines of future development.

19

Nations that failed to follow the processes of the previous three industrial revolutions were removed from the development of civilization forever or at least for a considerable time. The Fourth Industrial Revolution does not allow for self-isolation. It will bring a lot of benefits to the victorious states but will not give retrospective chances of survival to those out of step. *** The preparation and publication of the textbook was made possible through an 2019 individual grant from WEASA (Warsaw EuroAtlantic Summer Academy), for which we thank the project managers and sponsors.

Our special thanks go to Tinatin Khidasheli, Editor of the textbook for her interest in the project and hardwork; Oleksandra Tsekhanovska, International Expert of the Project and Co-author of the Ukrainian Case; Liljana Pesova Ilieska for consultations and provision of materials to prepare the text related to North Macedonia case.

20

nawili I

1.1.Zala saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis TeoriaSi • ra aris Zala? ra gansxvavebaa Zalasa da Zalauflebas Soris?

• Zalis gageba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis TeoriebSi • rogor icvleba Zalis gageba drosa da sivrceSi? • rogor gavzomoT Zala? Zalis axali ganzomilebebi

Zala saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis erT-erTi mTa­ vari ideaa Tukididedan moyolebuli dRemde. imisTvis, rom ukeT gaviazroT jozef nais Teoriuli wvlili Za­ lasTan mimarTebaSi, gavakeToT mokle mimoxilva rogor aris `Zala~ ganmartebuli da aRqmuli saerTaSoriso ur­ Ti­erTobebis sxvadasxva Teoriasa da praqtikaSi. inglisuri termini Power Tavis TavSi moicavs Zalasac da Zalauflebasac. oqsfordis inglisuri enis ganmarte­ biTi leqsikonis mixedviT, Zala da Zalaufleba (power) gulisxmobs adamianebis an movlenebis marTvis unars.1 maqs veberisTvis Zala niSnavs unars sakuTari survili Tu survilebi Tavs moaxvio sxvas (sxvebs) maTi Tanxmobis Tu winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad. misive azriT, yvela tipis sazogadoeba efuZneba Zalas (Zalauflebas).2 robert da­

1

2

Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/ definition/english/power_1?q=power Stefano Guzzini. Max Weber’s Power. in: Max Weber and International Relations. Edited by Richard Ned Lebow. Cambridge University Press. 2017. p.

97-118

22

lis cnobili definiciis mixedviT, rodesac A aiZulebs B-s gaakeTos is, ris gakeTebasac B sxva SemTxvevaSi ar ecdeboda, es aris Zalis gamovlineba.1 devid bolduini Za­las komponentebad yofs – Zala, rogorc saxelmwifo Zli­ereba da Zala, rogorc potenciuri TanamSromloba.

Sesabamisad, Zala SesaZloa gulisxmobdes Tavs moxveul Zalauflebas an sasurvel Zalauflebas.2 endriu heivudi aqcents akeTebs Zalis definiciaze saerTaSoriso poli­ tikaSi da Zalas ganmartavs, rogorc saxelmwifoebis da supranacionaluri organizaciebis SesaZleblobas gaa­ taros sakuTari interesebi sxva aqtorebis TanxmobiT an maTi Tanxmobis gareSe.3 sxvadasxva ganmartebebis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia SevTanxmdeT Zalis martiv definiciaze – Zala SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT rogorc resursebis, aqtorebis, movle­ nebisa da Sedegebis kontroli, risi miRwevac SesaZle­ belia Tavs moxveuli ZalauflebiT an nebayoflobiTi TanamSromlobiT. Zala da Zalaufleba politikuri cxo­ vrebis safuZvelia, rogorc saxelmwifos Sida politi­ kur asparezze, aseve sagareo politikasa da saerTaSo­ riso urTierTobebis warmoebis procesSi. Zalis sxvadasxva gagebas emyareba saerTaSoriso ur­ TierTobebis klasikuri Tu neo-Teoriebi da Sesabamisad, meqanizmebis, miznebisa Tu Sedegebis ganmartebasac sxva­ dasxvagvarad axdens.4

1

2

3 4

Robert A.Dahl. The Concept of Power. Behavioral Science. v.2. Issue 3. 1957. p.

201-215 David A.Baldwin. Power and International Relations. A conceptual approach.

Princeton University Press. 2016. p. 1-10 Andrew Heywood. Global Politics. Palgrave Macmillan. 2011. p. 17-18.

Zalis koncefciis mimoxilva saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sx­ vadasxva skolebTan da avtorebTan mimarTebiT ix. bibliogra­ fiaSi miTiTebul monografiebSi.

23

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoriis liberaluri skola (politikuri idealizmi) sruliad SesaZleblad miiCnevs omis (rogorc saxelmwifoTa Soris urTierTo­ bis saukunovani instrumentis) Canacvlebas koleqtiuri usafrTxoebiT. saerTaSoriso sazogadoebrivi Tanxmoba saerTaSoriso mSvidobis dasamyareblad realur SesaZ­ leblobad miiCneva, radgan mSvidoba erTaderT raciona­ lur qmedebad ganixileba rogorc individisTvis, aseve saxelmwifoebisTvis. racionalizmi, saerTo interesebis gamoZebna da calkeuli agresiis saerTo ZalisxmeviT aR­ mofxvra politikuri idealizmis Teoriebis safuZvelia. aq Zala aRiqmeba TanamSromlobad, xolo TanamSromlo­ bis instrumentebad miCneulia diplomatia, Tavisufali vaWroba da politikuri morali. diplomatia ar unda iyos faruli da aqtiurad iyenebdes saxalxo diploma­ tiis SesaZleblobebs, xolo politikuri morali gani­ xi­ leba Zalaze dafuZnebul racionalur qmedebad da sa­xelmwifoTa (gansakuTrebiT, did saxelmwifoTa) val­ debulebad. klasikuri realizmi (Tukidide, makiaveli...) da ase­ve omTaSoris periodSi Seqmnili saerTaSoriso urTierTo­ bebis realisturi skola saerTaSoriso politikas Za­ lauflebisTvis dausrulebel brZolad miiCnevs. liberalizmis pirveli mxurvale kritikosi, eduard qari TanamSromlobaze dafuZnebul saerTaSoriso poli­ tikas warmosaxviT realobas da utopias uwodebs. qaris­ Tvis Zala zegavlenis Tavs moxvevis da omSi gamarjvebis unaria, xolo saerTaSoriso politikuri wesrigi omSi ga­ marjvebuli saxelmwifoebis (`kmayofili Zalebis~) wesri­ gi, romelic stabiluria axal omebSi gamovlenil axali gamarjvebulebis gamoCenamde. qarisTvis, iseve rogorc realizmis sxva avtorebisTvis, konfliqti individebs, jgufebs Tu saxelmwifoebs Soris gardauvali realobaa.

24

realizmSi Zala gaigivebulia saxelmwifoebis unar­ Tan sakuTari interesebis dasacavad sxva saxelmwifoebs Tavs moaxvios sakuTari survilebi da zegavlena. racio­ nalur qmedebad miiCneva Zalis floba, misi maqsimizacia da ara moralis kategoriebiT politikis warmoeba. rea­ lizmSi saerTaSoriso politika dausrulebeli brZolaa Zalauflebis mosapoveblad (hobsiseuli `yvelas omi yvelas winaaRmdeg~), saerTaSoriso sistema ki anarqiuli. saerTaSoriso anarqia ganpirobebulia msoflio mTavro­ bis ararsebobiT, saxelmwifoTa mier srulyofili in­ maciis flobis SeuZleblobiT, didi da patara sa­ for­ xel­­mwifoebis asimetriuli SesaZleblobebiT. realizmi aqcents akeTebs adamianis Zaladobriv bunebasa da politikis warmoebis procesSi politikur liderTa rolze. is Zalas aigivebs samxedro resursTan. nai Segvaxsenebs, rom adreuli realistebi gvTava­ zobdnen msjelobas Zalis sxvadasxva ganzomilebaze, rac SemdgomSi sxva Teoretikosebma daiviwyes. magaliTad, eduard qaris azriT, Zala SesaZloa daiyos samxedro Zalad, ekonomikur Zalad da Cvens azrebze gabatonebul Zalauflebad (propaganda), Tumca, samxedro Zalaufleba yvelaze mniSvnelovani komponentia saerTaSoriso poli­ tikaSi omis wamowyebis mudmivi safrTxis gamo.1 morgenTau ZalaSi gulisxmobs, rogorc materialur, aseve aramaterialur resursebs da aRwers saxelmwifo­ Ta Soris brZolis sam ZiriTad models: Zalis Senar­ Cuneba (status quo), Zalauflebis gazrda (revizionizmi, imperializmi), Zalauflebis demonstrireba (prestiJi). morgenTausTvis saerTaSoriso politika dausrulebeli brZolaa status-qvo da revizionist Zalebs Soris. Ti­ Toeuli saxelmwifos mcdeloba daicvas sakuTari inte­ resebi gavlenas axdens sxva saxelmwifoTa qmedebaze.

1

Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. p.82

25

gansxvavebuli aqcentebia dasmuli jon merSaimeris Tav­dasxmiT realizmSi. misi azriT, saerTaSoriso anar­ is daZlevis erTaderTi gza globaluri hegemoniis qi­­ damyarebaa. es realurad SeuZlebelia, magram didi sa­ mwifoebi mas mainc mieswrafvian. Sesabamisad, yvela xel­­ di qveyana revizionistia da awarmoebs eqspansionis­ di­ tur politikas.1 klasikuri liberalizmis da realizmis Teoriebis Sedarebisas unda aRiniSnos, rom am orma msoflmxedv­ elobam moaxdina erTurTis sisusteTa identificireba da mxileba, riTic xeli Seuwyo neo-Teoriebis Seqmnas da ufro srulyofil analizs. skot burCilis azriT, realizmma liberaluri uto­ piis gulubryviloba Seaswora da amxila politikuri utopizmi privilegirebulTa da ZlevamosilTa intere­ sebis gatarebaSi. Tumca utopianizmis arseboba aucile­ belia realizmis `unayofobis~ saCveneblad. utopizmi uar­ yofs altruizmis iluzorul xasiaTs da kargad moaCens realizmis sisusteebs: realizmi verafers war­ gvTavazobs ZalauflebisTvis gamudmebuli brZolis garda, rac SeuZlebels xdis nebismieri saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis mSeneblobas. liberalur TeoriebSi (idea­ listebi, utopistebi) Zaladoba iracionaluri deviaciaa da zians ayenebs saxelmwifoTa grZelvadian interesebs.2 neoliberalizmi (liberaluri institucionalizmi) iziarebs realizmis zogierT postulats (saerTaSoriso sistemis anarqiuloba; saerTaSoriso sistemaSi saxelm­ wifos roli), Tumca ar iziarebs mudmivi omis da Za­

1

2

brus jentlesoni. amerikis sagareo politika. ilias saxelmwifo universiteti. Tb. 2015. gv. 252-254.

Scott Burchill. Liberalism. in.: Scott Burchill, Andrew Linklater, Richard Devetak, Jack Donnelly, Matthew Paterson, Christian Reus-Smit and Jacqui True. Theories of International Relations. Third edition. Palgrave Macmillan. 2005. p.55-83

26

ladobis Sesaxeb realistebis pesimizms da SesaZleblad miaCnia saxelmwifoTa Soris TanamSromloba. neoliber­ aluri Teoriebis mixedviT demokratiuli mTavrobebis Seqmna (demokratiuli mSvidobis Teoria), ekonomikuri globalizacia (kompleqsuri urTierTdamokidebulebis Teoria), saerTaSoriso samarTali da saerTaSoriso in­ stituciebi daZlevs usafrTxoebis dilemas, rasac re­ alizmi mudmiv saSiSroebad ganixilavs. qeneT uolciseuli neorealizmi iziarebs realizmis ZiriTad ideebs, Tumca struqturuli realizmi ar izia­ rebs rwmenas, rom ZalauflebisTvis brZola adamianuri bunebis Semadgeneli nawilia da mas xsnis saerTaSoriso politikis anarqiuli bunebiT. qeneT uolcis azriT, saer­ TaSoriso politikis instrumentebia ara mxolod Zala da brZola, aseve kompromisic. morgenTausgan gansxvave­ biT, uolcisTvis saxelmwifos mTavari interesi ar aris Zalis maqsimizacia, aramed usafrTxoebis maqsimizacia. robert gilpinis azriT, realizmis eqstremizmze ze­ gavlenas axdens saerTaSoriso sistemaSi mimdinare eko­ nomikuri cvlilebebi, maT Soris samxedro Zalis mudam mzardi Rirebuleba, warmoebaze dafuZnebuli ekonomi­ kis momsaxurebaze dafuZnebul ekonomikad transfor­ macia, sazogadoebis socialur saWiroebebze gazrdili da­naxarjebi da sxv. neorealisturi Teoriebi aqcents akeTebs saerTa­ Soriso sistemis mzard gavlenaze Zalasa da Zalauf­ lebis mopovebaze dafuZnebul saerTaSoriso politikaSi da asaxelebs Zalis transformaciis mizezebs. neoreal­ isturma Teoriebmac, realisturi skolis msgavsad, ver SemogvTavaza Zalis gazomvis kriteriumebi. konstruqtivizmSi Zala (iseve, rogorc sxva yvela idea) socialurad konstruirebuli mocemulobaa, xolo kon­ fliqti struqturuli krizisi da struqturuli cvli­lebis SesaZlebloba.

27

marqsistebis da neomarqsistebisTvis Zala, iseve ro­ gorc politikis sxva yvela aspeqti dakavSirebulia kla­ sobriv dapirispirebasTan. klasikuri marqsistebisgan gansxvavebiT, axali Taobis marqsistebi (aseve daqvemde­ barebis Teoretikosebi da anarqistebi) ufro metad in­ teresdebian saerTaSoriso politikiTa da Tavisufali vaWrobiT, Tumca mdidrebis mier (am SemTxvevaSi, mdidari saxelmwifoebis da transnacionaluri sazogadoebebis) Raribebis ekonomikuri Cagvra kvlav mTavari Temaa. postmodernizmi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teo­ riaSi civi omis dasasruls gamoCnda. sxva yvela wina­ morbedi Teoriisgan gansxvavebiT, postmodernizmi ar aRiarebs erT simarTles da ebrZvis metanarativebs. rea­ lizmis msgavsad, Zala fundamenturi koncefciaa post­ modernizmSic, magram saxezea mniSvnelovani sxvaoba. realistebisTvis Zala warmoadgens eri-saxelmwifoebis mflobelobaSi akumulirebul iaraRs. Zala TvalsaCinoa da zedapirze tivtivebs, Zala xilulia (bombebi, fuli Tu institutebi). postmodernSi Zala obobis qselia, romelic yvela tipis urTierTobaSi aRwevs.

Zala yovlismomcvelia realizmSic da postmoder­ni­z­ m­­Sic: is saSualebacaa, mizanic da Sedegic. Tumca, sxva­oba mniSvnelovania: realizmi fokusirebulia saxe­ l­ mwifos gadarCenasa da usafrTxoebaze. postmodernis­te­bisTvis mniSvnelovania individebi, xalxi da maTi usafr­Txoeba. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis yvela Teoriuli sko­­­ la (realistebi, liberalebi, marqsistebi, konst­ ru­q­­­tivistebi, struqturalistebi, daqvemdebarebis Te­­­o­retikosebi, postmodernistebi, globalistebi, fe­ mi­­ nis­ tebi...) saerTaSoriso politikis safuZvlad Zalas ganixilavs. Tumca Zalis Sesaxeb arsebuli Teoriuli diskursi ver gvTavazobs srulyofil pasuxs kiTxvebze: ra aris Zala? rogor gavzomoT Zala? aRniSnul kiTxve­ 28

bze pasuxis gacemis yvela mcdeloba axal da axal Se­ kiTxvebs aCens. klasikur da kritikul Teoriebze dayrdnobiT mixeil barnets da reimond diuvals Zala or ganzomilebamde dahyavs: 1. erT aqtors SeuZlia samxedro an ekonomiku­ ri meqanizmebiT meore aqtoris pirdapiri kontroli. 2. aqtori axorcielebs arapirdapir kontrols sxva aqto­ rebze. maT Soris, zemoqmedebs struqturiT, romelic TanxvedraSia aqtoris interesebTan da uzrunvelyofs mas sxva aqtorebze zemoqmedebis meqanizmebiT.1 praqtikosi politikosebisTvis Zalis mraval ganzo­ milebaSi warmodgena zedmetad Teoriuli da bundovania. praqtikaSi Zalas xSirad ganmartaven rogorc unaris da resursis flobas. qveyana flobs Zalas, Tu mas gaaCnia didi teritoria, mosaxleobis didi raodenoba, bunebri­ vi resursebi, ekonomikuri maCveneblebi, samxedro Zala da socialuri stabiluroba. Zalis amgvari ganmarteba amartivebs gavzomoT Zala da viwinaswarmetyveloT Se­ degebi.2 politikuri realoba gacilebiT rTuli da komple­ qsuria vidre statistikuri monacemebis safuZvelze saSualo maCveneblebis gamoyvana. esa Tu is globaluri movlena xSirad Tavdayira ayenebs Teoriebs da praqti­ kaSi damkvidrebul qcevis wesebs. magaliTad, civi omis dasrulebam realizmis skolis xedvebis krizisi gamoiw­ via. 1989-91 wlis movlenebi aranairad ar Tavsdeboda maT warmodgenebSi saxelmwifoTa qmedebebis Sesa­xeb (saxel­ mwifo interesebis prioriteti, samxedro da terito­ riuli usafrTxoeba...). realizmis skolis progno­ ziT, 1

2

Michael Barnett and Raymond Duvall. Power in International Politics. International Organization, Vol. 59, No. 1. 2005. p. 39-75 Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power. The Means to Success in World Politics. Public Affairs. NY. 2004. p.3

29

bipolaruli samyaro unda dasrulebuliyo erTi superZalis mier meoris damarcxebiT an dausrulebel brZo­ laSi orives dasustebiT. kritikuli Teoriebi, romlebic komunistur sam­ ya­ ros kapitalizmis realur alternativad ganixilavda (ekonomikuri ganviTarebis da moqalaqeebis socialuri usafrTxoebis arakapitalisturi modeli), ganacvifra 90-iani wlebis masobrivma antikomunisturma gamosvle­ bma da movlenebi istoriis ukusvlad Seafases. civi omis dasrulebam optimizmis safuZveli misca liberalebs. gaCnda iluzia, rom saerTaSoriso poli­ tikis warmmarTveli samxedro Zalis nacvlad gaxdeboda politikuri morali, Rirebulebebi da TanamSromlobis survili, vaWrobis ormxrivi sargebeli ki gadawonida saxelmwifoTa mxridan urTierT agresiis survils. fukuiamam civi omis dasruleba `istoriis dasasru­ lad~ gamoacxada. misi azriT, samyaroSi dasrulda ideo­ logiuri dapirispireba da momavalSi yvela saxelmwifo gamarjvebuli ideologiis (Tavisufal vaWrobasa da ada­ mianis uflebebze dafuZnebuli liberalizmis) modelis mixedviT ganviTardeboda. liberalur optimizms wyali gadaasxa civi omis Semdeg ganviTarebulma movlenebma da msoflio politikis axalma gamowvevebma – maT So­ ris semiuel hanTingTonis mier nawinaswarmetyvelebma ci­vilizaciurma konfliqtma da misgan gamomdinare te­ ro­­rizmma. post-bipolarul samyaroSi dadga Zalis ideis axle­ burad gaazrebis da axal ganzomilebebze aqcentis gake­ Tebis aucilebloba. swored amgvari mcdelobaa jozef nais `rbili Zalis Teoria~. nais metaforuli ganmarte­ biT, `Zala aminds hgavs – yvela damokidebulia masze, magram cotas Tu SeuZlia misi ganWvreta. rogorc fer­ merebi da meteorologebi cdiloben iwinaswarmetyve­ 30

lon amindi, aseve politikuri liderebi da eqspertebi cdiloben aRweron da iwinaswarmetyvelon cvlilebebi ZalasTan mimarTebaSi. Zala hgavs siyvaruls – ufro iolia gamoscado, vidre aRwero an gazomo~.1 bibliografia: 1.

2.

keneT n. uolci. adamiani, saxelmwifo da omi. jisiai. 2003 frensis fukuiama. istoriis dasasruli da ukanaskneli ada­miani. Tb. 1999 3. brus jentlesoni. amerikis sagareo politika. ilias saxe­ l­­mwifo universiteti. Tb. 2015 4. David A. Baldwin. Power and International Relations: A Conceptual Approach. Princeton University Press. 2016 5. Michael Barnett and Raymond Duvall. Power in International Politics.

International Organization, Vol. 59, No. 1. 2005 6. Scott Burchill, Andrew Linklater, Richard Devetak, Jack Donnelly, Matthew Paterson, Christian Reus-Smit and Jacqui True. Theories of International Relations. third edition. Palgrave Macmillan. 2005 7. Andrew Heywood. Global Politics. palgrave macmillan. 2011 8. Max Weber and International Relations. Edited by Richard Ned Lebow.

Cambridge University Press. 2017 9. Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power. The Means to Success in World Politics.

Public Affairs. NY. 2004 10. Power in World Politics. Edited by Felix Berenskoetter and M.J.Williams.

Routledge. 2007 11. Power, Order and Change in World Politics. Edited by G. John Ikenberry.

Cambridge University Press 2014

kiTxvebi da davalebebi: 1.

2.

1

rogor gesmis termini: „status qvo“ da „revizionisti“ saxelmwifoebi? moiZie informacia da ganmarte termini: „usafrTxoebis dilema”.

Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power. The Means to Success in World Politics. Public Affairs. NY. 2004. p. 1

31

3.

4.

5.

moiZie informacia da ganmarte termini: „meta-narativi“. ganmarte fraza: „Zaladoba iracionaluri deviaciaa“. rogor gesmis winadadeba: „postmodernSi Zala obobis qselia, romelic aRwevs yvela tipis urTierTobaSi“?

6. rogor gesmis winadadeba: „konstruqtivizmSi Zala so­ cialurad konstruirebuli mocemulobaa“?

7. rogor fiqrob, ra sxvaobaa saxelmwifos usafrTxoe­ basa da adamianebis usafrTxoebas Soris?

8. rogor fiqrob, rogor unda gavzomoT Zala?

9. imsjele Zalis gamoyenebis meqanizmebze unipolarul, bipolarul, multipolarul saerTaSoriso sistemaSi. 10. SearCie magaliTi (qeisi) da imsjele Zalis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sxvadasxva para­ digmis mixedviT.

1.2. jozef nais rbili Zalis Teoria • rbili Zala (soft power), xisti Zala (hard power), Wkviani Zala (smart power) • Zalis legitimacia da Zalis gamoyenebis konteqsti • rbili Zalis Teoriis axali kontributorebi – basri Zala (sharp power) • demokratiis dilema

termini `rbili Zala“ gamoigona da pirvelad gamoiye­ na amerikelma profesorma jozef naim1 1990 wels. cno­ 1

jozef semiuel nai umcrosi (d. 1937 w. 19 ianvars) – saerTaSori­ so urTierTobebis Teoriis neoliberalizmis skolis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli, harvardis universitetis emeretusi, harvardis jon ficjerald kenedis saxelobis marTvis skolis yofili dekani, harvardis universitetis mecnierebisa da saerTaSoriso

32

bil diskursSi amerikis hegemoniis dasrulebis Sesaxeb, naim daasabuTa, rom aSS uZlieresi saxelmwifoa ara mxolod Tavisi samxedro da ekonomikuri maCveneblebiT, aramed kidev erTi kriteriumiT – „moxibvlis ZaliT“, ra­sac „rbili Zala“ uwoda.1 sxva avtorebisgan gansxvavebiT (romlebic aSS hegemo­ niis dasasruls sxvadasxva argumentebiT winaswarmetyve­ leben), nai saerTaSoriso asparezze aSS zegavlenis da­ sustebas aSS `rbili Zalis~ SemcirebasTan akavSirebs da dRemde aqtiurad msjelobs am sakiTxze Tavis statiebsa da monografiebSi. demokratiuli partiis ideologiis mxardamWeri nai am process respublikuri partiis mmar­ Tvelobis sisusted aRiqvams. is aqtiurad akritikebda jorj buSis mmarTvelobas da akritikebs trampis admi­ nistracias, baraq obamas ki mouwodebda gamoesworebina respublikelebis daSvebuli Secdomebi. momdevno wlebSi naim gaagrZela msjeloba `rbili Za­ lis~ Sesaxeb da rbili Zalis idea srulyofil Teoriad aqcia. Zalis gamoyenebis meqanizmebi (samxedro agresia, muqara, mosyidva, TanamSromloba...) daajgufa da kompo­ nentebad daSala: rbili Zala (Soft Power), xisti Zala (Hard Power), Wkviani Zala (Smart Power).2

1

2

urTierTobebis centris yofili xelmZRvaneli. amasTan iyo praq­ tikosi politikosic, 1970-iani ww. miwuruls xelmZRvanelobda aSS saxelmwifo uSiSroebis sabWos birTvuli iaraRis gauvrcele­ blobis jgufs, prezident bil klintonis administraciaSi iyo aSS Tavdacvis mdivnis TanaSemwe saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis mimarTulebiT, xelmZRvanelobda aSS saxelmwifo dazvervis sab­ Wos (1993/94). jozef nai saxeldeba rogorc msoflios erT-erTi yvelaze gavleniani mecnieri da politikosi. aris sxvadasxva sax­ elmwifo da sapatio jildoebis mflobeli. momdevno wlebSi naim calke monografia miuZRvna `post-ameri­ kuli samyaros~ Temas: Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Is the American Century Over?

Polity. 2015 rbili, xisti da Wkviani Zalis maxasiaTeblebze nais msjeloba mocemulia ZiriTadad or monografiaSi: Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power.

33

xist ZalaSi moiazreba yvela tipis agresia (muqara, ekonomikuri zegavlena, mosyidva) da mas naim `stafi­ los da wkeplis~ (carrots and sticks) politika uwoda1, rac Cveni azriT, kargad cnobili `maTraxis da Taflakveris~ politikis msgavsia. rbili Zala dakavSirebulia TanamSromlobis survil­ Tan, romlis safuZveli A-s mier B-s dayoliebaa da ara iZuleba. rbili Zala aris unari, moaxdino sxvisi arCe­ vanis formireba xisti meTodebis gareSe. rbili Zalis mizani ar aris zegavlena, romelic xisti ZaliT ufro efeqturad miiRweva. rbili Zala arc mxolod darwmune­ bis unaria – is ufro metia, vidre darwmuneba argumente­ biT. rbili Zala moxibvlis Zalaa da misi iaraRi Tanam­ S­­ romlobis survilia tankis an fulis nacvlad. rbili la hgavs qorwinebas, romelic efuZneba urTierTobis Za­­ ormxriv survils da ormxriv sargebels...2 `rbili Zala hgavs cekvas, sadac partnioris yola aucilebelia~...3 `rbili Zalis gamoyeneba TiTqos nakleb sariskoa, vidre ekonomikuri da samxedro meqanizmebis, magram rTulia si gamoyeneba, martivia dakargva da ZviradRirebulia mi­ aRd­gena~.4 rbili an xisti Zalis gamoyenebis efeqturobisTvis naim aqcenti gaakeTa iseT klasikur ideaze, rogoricaa legitimacia da gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba mianiWa axal cvlads – konteqsts.5

1

2 3 4 5

The Means to Success in World Politics. Public Affairs. NY. 2004. Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. avtori Tavis argumentebs sxvadasxva magaliTebze dayrdnobiT imeorebs sxva statiebsa da sajaro gamosvlebSi. Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power. The Means to Success in World Politics. Public Affairs. NY. 2004. p. 5 Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. p. 20-24; 81-109. ibid. p. 84 ibid. p. 83 ibid. p. 20-24; 81-109. Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power. The Means to Success in World Politics. Public Affairs. NY. 2004. p. 5-18

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legitimacia rbili Zalis ganxorcielebis aucilebeli winapirobaa. Tu B aqtors sjera, rom A aqtoris qmedebebi legitimuria, is TanamSromlobas ganixilavs racionalu­ rad da Sedegi miiRweva A aqtoris mier ganxorcielebuli iZulebis Tu mosyidvis gareSe. rbili Zalis efeqturo­ bisTvis aucilebelia instituciebi. britaneTma XIX s-Si da aSS-ma XX saukunis meore naxevarSi sakuTari Rireb­ ulebebis gavrceleba saerTaSoriso wesebisa da efeqturi instituciebis SeqmniT moaxerxes.1 nais msjeloba kidev erTxel usvams xazs, rom rbili ZaliT moqmedeba sistemu­ robas da profesionalizms moiTxovs. rbili Zalis SeqmnaSi SesaZloa saxelmwifoebi erTma­ neTs daexmaron. nais mixedviT, am konteqstSi sainte­reso magaliTia kanadis da aSS-is TanamSromloba. kanada mona­ wileobs aSS-is mier inicirebul zogierT saerTaSoriso operaciaSi, rac legitimurobas matebs aSS qmedebebs, sanacvlod ki iRebs aSS-ze zemoqmedebis garkveul meqa­ nizmebs. 2 `rbili Zalis Sedegi SesaZloa aRmoCndes nulovanic (ze­ro-sum) da urTierTmomgebianic (positive-sum). rbili Za­ la Zalauflebaa sxvebTan erTad, nacvlad sxvebze Za­la­ uflebisa.~3 rbili da xisti Zalis gazomvisa da miRebuli Sede­ gebis Sefasebis procesSi aucilebelia gaviTvaliswinoT konteqsti. Tu gvinda gavaanalizoT rogor axdens A ze­ gavlenas B-ze C Sedegis misaRebad, unda gaviTvaliswi­noT A da B aqtorebis preferenciebi, mzaoba da interesTa Tanxvedra an Seusabamoba. Tu Zalas gavzomavT mxolod imis mixedviT, rogor Seicvala aqtoris qmedeba da ar 1

2 3

Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power. The Means to Success in World Politics. Public Affairs. NY. 2004. p. 10 ibid. p.10 Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. p.90

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gaviTvaliswinebT sxva cvladebs, ar SevafasebT saw­ yis poziciebsa da konteqsts, analizi arasrulyofili iqneba. Zala icvleba konteqstis cvlilebasTan erTad da amitomac Zala yovelTvis izomeba konteqstSi. konteqstis analizis gareSe yvinCilasaviT gvegoneba, rom diliT mze Cvens yivils amohyavs. `Zala ar aris kon­vertirebadi valuta. rac imarjvebs erT TamaSSi, usar­gebloa sxvagan. erTi SexedviT martivad Tvladi sursebic ki damokidebulia konteqstze. navTobi ar re­ iTv­leboda mniSvnelovan resursad industriul eramde. urani ki birTvuli iaraRis gamogonebamde...~1 nais msjelobidan da mis mier moyvanili sxvadasxva magaliTebidan gamomdinare SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom xisti Zala SesaZlebelia gamoyenebul iqnes damoukide­ blad, an rbil ZalasTan erTad an masTan monacvleo­ biT. rbil Zalas SesaZlebelia aZlierebdes xisti Zala (gansakuTrebiT misi ekonomikuri komponenti, radganac rbil Zalas sWirdeba resursebi). `rbili momxibvlelo­ ba~ SesaZleblia ganxorcieldes xisti Zalis daxmarebiT an xisti Zalis sruli gamoricxviT. rbili Zala SesaZle­ belia ganvixiloT xisti Zalis danamatad an xisti Zalis alternativad. zogierTi aqtori rbili ZaliT aRwevs im masStabebs, rasac ver miaRwevda xisti Zalis gamoyenebiT. xisti Za­ lis sruli gamoricxviT ganxorcielebuli rbili mom­ xibv­lelobis magaliTia vatikani. rbilma da xistma Zalam SesaZlebelia erTmaneTi daa­ zianos an xistma Zalam srulad gaanadguros rbili mom­ xibv­­leloba. sabWoTa kavSirma swrafad dakarga rbili momxibvleloba aRmosavleT evropis okupaciisa da bru­

1

Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power. The Means to Success in World Politics. Public Affairs. NY. 2004. p. 3-4

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taluri saSinao politikis gamo. eraySi oTx kvirianma omma 2003 wels (amerikuli xisti Zalis gamarjveba) didi ziani miayena amerikul rbil Zalas da Searyia amerikuli momxibvleloba im qveynebSic ki, romlebic mxars uWerd­ nen aSS-s terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi.1 xist Zalasac aqvs momxibvleloba – uZlevelobis mi­ 2 Ti. mravali magaliTiT dasturdeba, rom sust aqtorebs `mitmasnebis~ survili uCndeba im aqtorebTan, romlebic Tavs `uZlevelad~ warmoaCenen da xisti (Tundac arale­ gitimuri) ZaliT cdiloben prestiJis ierarqiaSi dawi­ naurebas. aRniSnul konteqstSi udaod kargi magaliTia ruseTis politika postsabWoTa sivrceSi. rbili da xisti Zalebis gamoyenebis racionaluro­ basTan dakavSirebiT, nai xazs usvams rbili Zalis upi­ ratesobas. misi azriT, TanamSromloba ufro efeqturi meqanizmia sasurveli Sedegis misaRebad, vidre iZuleba.

TanamSromlobis safuZvelia RirebulebebiT moxibvla da dayolieba TanamSromlobis savaraudo sasikeTo Sede­ gebiT. ideaTa bazarSi Cveni survilebi swored rbili Zalis mier formirdeba. xisti Zalis meqanizmebs mxolod mTavrobebi flobs. mTavrobis qmedebebi did zegavlenas axdens rbil Zala­ zec, magram rbili Zala ar aris mxolod mTavrobis sakuTreba. misi warmoeba saerTo saxalxo CarTulobas gulisxmobs, rac kidev ufro arTulebs rbili Zalis ga­ mo­yenebis teqnikas.3 ra SeiZleba CavTvaloT rbili Zalis mTavar resursad an meqanizmad? nais mixedviT, ama Tu im qveynis rbili Za­

1

2 3

Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power. The Means to Success in World Politics. Public Affairs. NY. 2004. p. 14 Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. p. 86 Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power. The Means to Success in World Politics. Public Affairs. NY. 2004. p.14-15

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la sam resurszea damyarebuli: kultura (im adgilebSi, sadac is momxibvlelia); politikuri Rirebulebebi (Tu gaziarebulia sazRvrebs miRma); sagareo politika (Tu miCneulia legitimurad).1 kultura, romelic efuZneba universalur Rirebule­ bebs, advilad iqceva rbil Zalad. nais azriT, amgvari universaluri politikuri Rirebulebebia – demokratia, adamianis uflebebi, individualizmi... swored es Rire­ bulebebi gaxda mimzidveli bevri adamianisa da sazoga­ doebisTvis civi omis dros Tu mis Semdeg periodSi. uni­ versalurma Rirebulebebma aSS rbili Zalis generirebis mTavar instrumentad aqcia msoflioSi. kulturas bevri ganzomileba aqvs. literatura, xe­ lovneba, ganaTleba – kulturaa elitebisTvis. kultu­ ris zogierTi aspeqti universaluria, zogi nacionalu­ ri, zogierTi ki socialuri klasebis da mcire jgufebis kuTvnileba.2 nai erT-erTi mZlavr instrumentad ganaTlebas moia­ zrebs rbili momxibvlelobis Sesaqmnelad. cnobili faq­ tia, rom aSS-Si yovelwliurad asiaTasobiT ucxoeli studenti swavlobs da msoflios mraval politikur li­ders (maT Soris, moqmed da yofil saxelmwifo me­ Taurebs) amerikuli ganaTleba aqvs miRebuli da maTi um­ ravlesoba moxiblulia amerikuli RirebulebebiT. gvinda daveTanxmoT nais ganaTlebis mniSvnelobis Sefa­ sebaSi, Tumca Sedegebi ver iqneba erTgvarovani sxva­ dasxva konteqstSi. sabWoTa kavSiri aseve cdilobda ucxoeli studente­ bis mozidvas. magaliTad, moskovSi funqcionirebda pa­ 1 2

Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. p.84 Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power. The Means to Success in World Politics. Public Affairs. NY. 2004. p. 11; 44-72. Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. p.84

38

tris lumumbas saxelobis saerTaSoriso instituti Zi­ riTadad afrikidan Camosuli studentebisTvis. Tumca sabWoTa momxibvleloba afrikis kontinentze mokleva­ diani aRmoCnda.1 aT welze metia saganmanaTleblo rbili Zalis gamoyeneba daiwyo CineTmac, sadac saerTaSoriso studentebis raodenobam bevrad gadaaWarba aSS-Si arse­ bul studentTa raodenobas, magram Sedegebi gansxvave­ bulia. sabWoTa kavSiris, aSS-is da CineTis saganmanaTle­ blo politikis Sedegebis Sefaseba erT sibrtyeSi SeuZ­ lebelia. mTavar mizezad isev legitimacia, konteqsti da ganaTlebis universalur Rirebulebebze dafuZneba migvaCnia.

Rirebulebebis gavrcelebis procesSi arcTu umniS­ vneloa maskulturis roli. nais magaliTad mohyavs ada­ mianis uflebaTa damcveli axalgazrda Cineli aqtivis­ tis mier gakeTebuli gancxadeba: `rodesac holivudur filmebSi vxedavT, rogor dadian rigiTi amerikelebi sasamarTloSi, davfiqrdiT imaze, rom sasamarTlo Cveni cxovrebis iseTive gardauvali nawilia, rogorc sxva mo­ vlenebi~. nais daskvniT, amgvari magaliTi imis mauwyebe­ lia, rom holivudma SesaZlebelia ufro metad Seuwyos xeli adamianebis cnobierebis gazrdas universaluri Ri­ rebulebebis mimarT, vidre amerikeli elCebis gamosvlam sasamarTlo reformebis mxardaWeris rekomendaciiT.2

1

2

Constantin Katsakioris. The Lumumba University in Moscow: Higher Education for a Soviet-Third World alliance, 1960-91. Journal of Global History. Vol. 14.

Issue 2. p. 281-300. Published online by Cambridge University Press on July 08, 2019. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-global-history/article/lumumba-university-in-moscow-higher-education-for-a-sovietthird-worldalliance-196091/8720DF55AA0CEBC782EC8B215AC08D47/core-reader Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power. The Means to Success in World Politics. Public Affairs. NY. 2004. p.12

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nais azriT, swored universaluri Rirebulebebis ar­ sebobis Sedegia aSS rbili Zalis efeqturoba. nai imow­ mebs germaneli Jurnalistisa da mecnieris jozef jofis sityvebs, rom aSS rbili Zala aSS tankebze Sors midis (rac ar ganisazRvreba mxolod holivuduri produq­ ciis, koka-kolas Tu big-makis moxmarebiT), xolo ro­mis imperiis da sabWoTa kavSiris rbili Zala maT sazRvre­ bTan mTavrdeboda.1 rbili Zalis meqanizmebia vaWroba, piradi kontaq­ tebi, vizitebi.2 CamoTvlili aspeqtebi saxalxo diplo­ matiis Semadgeneli nawilebia. politikis dokumentebsa Tu angariSebSi swored saxalxo diplomatia moixsenieba rbili Zalis gavrcelebis mTavar meqanizmad. saxalxo diplomatias da mis transformacias XXI saukuneSi Sem­ deg paragrafSi mimovixilavT, amjerad ki davubrundeT nais msjelobis logikas. rbili Zalis resursebis efeqturoba fardobiTia da konteqstSi unda davinaxoT da SevafasoT: tankiT ver iomeb Waobsa da junglebSi; rkinis da qvanaxSiris saba­ doebi ver gagamdidrebs, Tu industria ar gaqvs; holivu­ dis filmebma SesaZloa amerikuli cxovrebis wesi momxib­ vleli gaxados CineTsa Tu laTinur amerikaSi, magram ara saudis arabeTSi; koka-kolas daleva ver aiZulebs islamur qveynebs amerikis siyvaruls; franguli Rvino da yveli Tu giyvars, aucilebeli ar aris safrangeTiT iyo moxibluli... SesaZloa erTsa da imave sazogadoebaSi sxvadasxva jgufebs gansxvavebuli mimRebloba hqondeT universaluri Rirebulebebis mimarT, rac jgufebs Soris socialuri konfliqtis albaTobas warmoSobs...3 1

2 3

Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power. The Means to Success in World Politics. Public Affairs. NY. 2004. p.11 ibid. p 13-14 ibid. p. 12

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universaluri Rirebulebebis gavrcelebis procesSi, didi saxelmwifoebi cdiloben Seqmnan RirebulebiTi narativebi. narativi ver gamodgeba rbili Zalis meqaniz­ mad, Tu sityvebi da simboloebi Seusabamoa realobasTan. moxibvlis mcdeloba SeiZleba gadaiqces antipatiad, Tu saxelmwifos mier ganxorcielebuli `rbili qmedeba~ qed­ maRluria an ormag standartebs eyrdnoba. `rbili Zalis narativi~ saWiroebs legitimurobas da misi aralegitimu­ roba xSirad pirdapir kavSirSia rbili Zalis gamavrcele­ blis Sida politikur problemebTan. nais mixedviT, XX saukunis rasizmis problemam sruliad araefeqturi gaxada amerikuli rbili Zala afrikis kontinentze, xolo sikvdiliT dasjisa da iaraRze susti kontrolis gamo aSS-s dResac akritikeben evropuli qveynebi.1 mcireoden interpretacias Tu movaxdenT, erTi sa­ xelmwifos rbili Zalis dasustebam an araefeqturobam SesaZlebelia xeli Seuwyos metoqe saxelmwifos rbili reSe. zegavlenis zrdas gansakuTrebuli Zalisxmevis ga­ ssrk warmatebebi civi omis dasawyisSi swored am konte­ qstSi SegviZlia gaviazroT. afrikisa da aziis qveynebis mosaxiblad, sabWoTa kavSirma gamoiyena martivi nara­ tivi – marqsistul socialur Tanasworobasa da eTni­ kur kosmopolitizmze dafuZnebuli sabWoTa ideologia warmoaCina upiratesad `rasizmiT daavadebuli~ ameri­ kisa da yofili kolonizatorebis (evropuli saxelmwi­ foebi) kapitalisturi uTanasworobis ideis winaaRmdeg. rogorc istoriam gvaCvena, Sedegi efeqturi aRmoCnda, Tumca ara grZelvadiani. ssrk narativi darCa narativad misi qmedebebis ormagi standartis gamo. rbili Zalis narativma SesaZloa sapirispiro Sede­ gic moitanos. nais mohyavs lumetis filmis magaliTi.2 1 2

ibid. p. 13 ibid. p. 17

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aSS diskreditaciis mizniT da ssrk sasamarTlo sistemis upiratesobis dasamtkiceblad, sabWoTa moqalaqeebs aC­ venes sidnei lumetis `12 ganrisxebuli mamakaci~. Sedegi sruliad sapirispiro aRmoCnda – sabWoTa moqalaqe ga­ TviTcnobierda amerikuli samarTlis warmoebis speci­ fikaSi (kerZod, nafic msajulTa instituti) da aRfrTo­ vanda misiT. am konteqstSi sainteresoa cnobili sabWoTa mwerlebis, ilia ilfis da evgeni petrovis Txzulebis `erTsarTuliani amerikis~1 magaliTic. wigni daiwera sa­ bWoTa mTavrobis dakveTiT aSS diskreditaciis mizniT, magram gamoqveynebisTanave aikrZala, vinaidan efeqti ganzraxulisgan sruliad sapirispiro aRmoCnda. rbili momxibvlelobis mTavar sirTuled swored is migvaCnia, rom SeuZlebelia misi Sedegebis zusti gaTvla da movlenebze sruli kontroli rbili Zalis gamavrce­ lebeli jgufis Tu saxelmwifos mxridan. rogori iqneba Semdegi nabiji: agresia (xisti Zala), rbili Zalis samiz­ nis da/an meqanizmebis Secvla (rbili Zalis konteqstze morgeba) Tu sruliad axali tipis prioritetebis dasax­ va (Wkviani Zala)? nais ganmartebiT Wkviani Zala arc xistia da arc rbi­ li, is orivea da maTi komponentebis erTdroulad an monacvleobiT racionalurad gamoyenebas gulisxmobs.2 `Zala da Zalaufleba arc kargia Tavisi arsiT da arc cudi. is kalorias hgavs kvebis racionSi – meti ar niSnavs ukeTess...~3 Wkviani Zala „liberaluri realiz­ mia“ – liberalizmis da realizmis erTgvari sinTezi.4 Wkviani Zala strategiuli azrovnebis unaria: prio­ ritetebis gansazRvra da konteqstze morgeba, survi­ 1 2 3 4

42

ilfi da petrovi. erTsarTuliani amerika. Tb. 2015.

Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. p. 3-24; 207-234 ibid. p. 207 ibid. p. 231

lebis da interesebis strategiuli ierarqiis Seqmna... procesis strategiulad dasagegmad pasuxi unda gavceT Semdeg SekiTxvebs: romel miznebs vaniWebT upiratesobas da ra tipis Sedegebis molodini gvaqvs? TamaSis romeli wesebi iqneba adeqvaturi ama Tu im miznis misaRwevad? ra tipis konsteqstSi iqneba gamarTlebuli Zalauf­ lebis sxvebze Tavs moxveva da ra SemTxvevaSi ajobebs Zalauflebis sxvebisTvis ganawileba? Sedegze nulovani TamaSis wesi (zero-sum game) gagviyvans Tu mogeba-mogeba (win-win game) strategia? ra resursebia xelmisawvdomi da ra konteqstSia SesaZlebeli maTi gamoyeneba? ra aris samizne sazogadoebis pozicia da preferencia? ra alba­ Toba aqvs warmatebas?1 Cveni SejamebiT, Wkviani Zala gulisxmobs diploma­ tiis, Tavdacvis, mdgradi ganviTarebis da sxva msgavsi instrumentebis integrirebul gamoyenebas, kompleqsur da koordinirebul qmedebas konteqstis Sesabamisad. nais Teoriis mimarT Tavdapirveli skepsisis miuxeda­ vad rbili Zalis Teorias bevri mimdevari, mimomxilveli da gamgrZelebeli gamouCnda bolo wlebSi. 2017 wels gamocemul rbili Zalis saxelmZRvaneloSi erT-erTma avtorma da saxelmZRvanelos redaqtorma na­ ren Citim rbili da xisti Zala pasiur da aqtiur katego­ riebad dahyo: mizanmimarTuli xisti an rbili zegavlena aqtiur kategoriad Seafasa, aramizanmimarTuli xisti an rbili zegavlena ki pasiurad.2 amgvar dayofas rbili Za­ lis Teoriis diskursSi Semoaqvs axali aspeqtebi: rbili moxibvla SesaZlebelia rbili Zalis gamcemis Tu rbili Zalis mimRebis winaswar ganzraxulobis gareSec. rbili 1 2

Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. p. 208-209 Naren Chitty. Soft Power, Civic Virtue and World Politics. in: Routledge Handbook of Soft Power, edited by Naren Chitty, Li Ji, Gary D. Rawnsley, Craig Hayden. Abingdon. Oxon. New York, 2017. p.26

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Zalis mwarmoebeli mzad unda iyos gauTvaliswinebeli SedegebisTvis, man SesaZloa ver miaRwios mizans samizne jgufTan, magram ganxorcielebuli Zalisxmevis Sedegad `moxiblos~ sxva jgufi, romelic Tavdapirvel priori­ tets ar warmoadgenda.

2017 wels, qristofer uolkerma da jesika ludvigma rbili/xisti/Wkviani Zalebis kategorias miamates axali ganzomileba – basri Zala (Sharp Power). maTi ganmarte­ biT, iseTi avtoritaruli qveynebi, rogoric ruseTi da CineTia, rbil Zalas iyeneben sakuTari avtoritarizmis gasavrceleblad da zegavlenis gasazrdelad sxva qvey­ nebSi, rac scildeba rbili Zalis naiseul definicias.1 jozef nai gamoexmaura axali terminis Semqmnelebs da daeTanxma axali terminis validurobaSi. Tumca, misi az­ riT, basri Zala xisti Zalis qvesaxeobaa da ara calke kategoria.2 ideebiT manipulacia da ideologizirebuli mesijebi politikuri procesebis Sesacvlelad civi omis droindeli cnobili teqnikaa. Tu basr ZalaSi vigulisx­ mebT mtruli miznebis ganxorcielebisTvis mizanmimar­ Tul dezinformacias, es xist qmedebad unda Sefasdes da ara rbil zegavlenad. nais mohyavs magaliTi civi omis droindeli propagandidan. 1980-ian wlebSi sabWo­ Ta uSiSroebam (КГБ) gaavrcela xmebi, rom Sidsis virusi aSS mTavrobam xelovnurad gamoiyvana laboratoriebSi da gaavrcela msoflioSi, rogorc biologiuri iara­ Ri. statia aRniSnuli informaciiT pirvelad daibeWda 1

2

Walker Christopher, Ludwig Jessica. The Meaning of Sharp Power. How Authoritarian States Project Influence. Foreign Affairs, November 16, 2017.https:// www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2017-11-16/meaning-sharp-power ruseTis da CineTis magaliTebis moxseniebisas, monografiaSi nai ruseTs xisti Zalis ganmaxorcieleblad miiCnevs, xolo CineTs `Wkviani Zalis~ Seqmnis msurvelad moiazrebs. msjelobis ZiriTa­ di argumentebi mimarTulia teqnologiebis ganviTarebaze. ix. Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. p. XI; 36.

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delis (indoeTi) adgilobriv gazeTSi da Semdeg mTeli msoflio moicva.1 nai yuradRebas amaxvilebs basri Zalis gauvnebe­ lyofis sirTuleebze da mas „demokratiul dilemas“2 adarebs. demokratiuli sistema Tu ecdeba informaciis SezRudvas da/an cenzuras sakuTari Rirebulebebis da­ sacavad, safrTxe daemuqreba demokratiis mTavar Rire­ bulebas – sityvis Tavisuflebas.

Cven viziarebT rbili Zalis Teoriis axali kontribu­ torebis termins `basri Zala~, radgan ruseTis da Ci­ neTis mier zegavlenis moxdenis mcdeloba `rbili~ da `xisti~ meqanizmebis erTobliobaa da ara romelime erTi maTgani. saxelmZRvaneloSi termini `rbili Zala~ dasav­ lur instituciur qmedebebze dafuZnebul `moxibvlis Zalad~ ganixileba, xolo termini `basri Zala~ gamijnu­ lia rbili Zalisgan da ruseTis da CineTis politikas­ Tan mimarTebaSi gamoiyeneba. vinaidan rogorc rbili, aseve xisti Zalis gavrcele­ ba ori mxaris arsebobas moiazrebs, analizis simartiv­ isTvis Semogvaqvs terminebi: `Zalis gamavrcelebeli~ da `Zalis mimRebi~. *** sawyis etapze nais rbili Zalis Teorias mimdevar­ ze meti kritikosi gamouCnda. skeptikosebi uars ac­ debdnen nais analizi `Teoriis rangSi~ ganexilaT. xa­­ 1

2

Nye Joseph S. Jr. How sharp power threatens soft power. The right and wrong ways to respond to authoritarian influence. Foreign Affairs, January 24, 2018. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2018-01-24/how-sharp-powerthreatens-soft-power termini `demokratiuli dilema~ gamoiyenes wignis saTaurad artur lupiam da meTiu makkubinsma 1998 w. ix. Arthur Lupia, Mathew D.McCubbins. The Democratic Dilemma. Can Citizens Learn What They Need To Know? Cambridge University Press.1998.

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kri­­tikosebma ki Teoriis kritikis mniSvnelovani argu­ mentebi Camoayalibes. maT Soris, erT konkretul qveya­ naze (aSS) morgebuli Teoria ramdenad SesaZlebelia Seiracxos saerTaSoriso Teoriad da saintereso gaxdes sxva sazogadoebebisTvisac? aris Tu ara rbili Zalis Teoria yvelasTvis gamosadegi? kritikis sxva argumentebi mimarTuli iyo Tavad Teo­ riis Sinaarsze. zogierTi avtorisTvis nais msjeloba imeorebs neoliberalizmis ideebs da masSi sxarti meta­ forebis garda araferia siaxle. sxva avtorebis azriT, Teoria araakademiuria – moduri Teoria, romelic zedmetad amartivebs saerTaSoriso politikis aRqmas. `rbili Zala – ruseTs surs is, aSS kargavs mas, CineTi ver yidulobs sakmarisi raodenobiT~1 – aseTia erTi TeoriiT aRwerili saerTaSoriso politika. im mkvlevarebma, romlebmac met-naklebad saintere­ sod CaTvales nais msjeloba, xazi gausves Teoriis mTa­ var sisusteebs: sad gadis zRvari rbil, xistsa da Wkvi­ an Zalas Soris? SesaZlebelia rbili Zalis warmoeba xisti Zalis gareSe? rogoria rbili Zalis gamoyenebis limiti? rogor gavzomoT rbili da xisti Zalebis ma­ xa­siaTeblebi da miRweuli Sedegebi? kritikis zogierT arguments drom gasca pasuxi. nais terminebi swrafad damkvidrda rogorc TeoretikosTa, aseve praqtikos politikosTa leqsikaSi. dRes inter­ netis saZiebo sistemebSi termin `rbili Zalis~ Cawera milionobiT Sedegs gvaZlevs. nais terminebs iyeneben akademiur kvlevebSi, organizaciebis angariSebSi, saer­ TaSoriso da lokalur konferenciebsa Tu forumebSi. aRniSnuli faqti abaTilebs kritikis argumentebs Teo­ riis validurobasTan dakavSirebiT, Tumca terminis 1

PS. In Theory: Soft Power. September 27. 2017. https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=yV-jAjjrv14

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mzar­di gamoyeneba aCens axal problemebs – Teoriis im­ provizireba da terminebis zedeterminireba. dRes rbili Zala xSirad niSnavs yvelafers da gauge­ bari xdeba, konkretulad ras gulisxmobs is. magali­ Tad, naim rbili Zalis mTavar resursad mxolod sami ganzomileba daasaxela (kultura, politikuri Rireb­ ulebebi, sagareo politika). yoveldRiuri gamoyenebis dros ki `rbili Zala~ saxelmwifoebrivi Zalis rbili instrumentebis sinonimad iqca. Tavad naic aRniSnavs, rom masobrivad gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi ikargeba rbili Zalis ideis mTavari azri da termini xSirad moiazrebs yvelafers, rac samxedro Zala ar aris.1 naisTvis rbili da xisti Zala ar aris mxolod ins­ trumenti, is ufro metad Sedegia. Zalis rbili meqa­ nizmebis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia xisti miznebisTvis da piriqiT. nais Teoriis mTavar sisusted kvlav rCeba analizis meTodologiis da gazomvadobis problema. Tumca, aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom raodenobrivi meTodebiT politi­ kuri movlenebisa da ideebis gazomva zogadad iqca dRe­ vandeli, kompleqsuri samyaros gamowvevad. saerTaSo­ ri­ so akademiur wreebSi sul ufro xSirad keTdeba aq­­­centi meTodologiuri prioritetebis cvlilebis auci­­ leblobaze, raodenobiTi kvlevebidan Tvisobrivi kvlevebisken. gazomvadobasTan dakavSirebiT, aucileblad unda aRi­ niSnos garkveuli winsvla am mimarTulebiTac. por­ tlen­ dma SeimuSava rbili Zalis gazomvis meTodolo­ gia da Seqmna specialuri platforma, sadac 2015 wli­ dan dawyebuli yoveli wlis bolos xdeba rbili Zalis indeqsebis angariSebis ganTavseba (sul 5 angariSi).2 1 2

Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. p.81.

The Soft Power 30. https://softpower30.com

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portlandis meTodologiis gacnoba da misi angariSe­ bis SedarebiT WrilSi Seswavla-analizi gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa rbili Zalis TematikiT dainteresebuli mkvlevarebisTvis.

2018 wlis monacemebiT, pirvel xuTeuls Seadgendnen: didi britaneTi, safrangeTi, germania, aSS da iaponia...

CineTi da ruseTi 27-e da 28-e adgilebs inawilebdnen...1 2019 wlis indeqsis mixedviT, pirvel xuTeuls Seadgenen: safrangeTi, gaerTianebuli samefo, germania, SvedeTi da aSS. ruseTis federacia mokrZalebul 30-e adgils ika­ vebs, CineTi ki saerTod ar aris moxseniebuli.2 bibliografia: 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

1

2

ilfi da petrovi. erTsarTuliani amerika. Tb. 2015 Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power. The Means to Success in World Politics. Public Affairs. NY. 2004 Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011 Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Is the American Century Over? Polity. 2015 Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Responding to my critics and concluding thoughts. in: Soft Power and Us Foreign Policy. Theoretical and Contemporary perspectives. Edited by Inderjeet Parmar and Michael Cox. Routledge.

2010 Nye Joseph S. Jr. How sharp power threatens soft power. The right and wrong ways to respond to authoritarian influence. Foreign Affairs, January 24, 2018. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2018-01-24/how-sharp-power-threatens-soft-power Hendrick W. Ohnesorge. Soft Power. The Forces of Attraction in International Relations. Springer. 2020 Routledge Handbook of Soft Power, edited by Naren Chitty, Li Ji, Gary D. Rawnsley, Craig Hayden. Abingdon. Oxon. New York, 2017

The Soft Power 30. A global Ranking of Soft Power 2018. Portland. https://softpower30.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/The-Soft-Power-30-Report-2018.pdf The Soft Power 30. A global Ranking of Soft Power 2019. Portland. https:// softpower30.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/The-Soft-Power-30-Report-2019-1.pdf

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9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

Colin S. Gray. Hard Power and Soft Power: The Utility of Military Force as an Instrument of Policy in the 21st Century. SSI. 2011. https://ssi.armywarcollege.edu/hard-power-and-soft-power-the-utilityof-military-force-as-an-instrument-of-policy-in-the-21st-century Constantin Katsakioris. The Lumumba University in Moscow: higher education for a Soviet-Third World alliance, 1960-91.Journal of Global History. Vol. 14. Issue 2. pp. 281-300. Published online by Cambridge University Press on July 08, 2019. https://www.cambridge. org/core/journals/journal-of-global-history/article/lumumba-university-in-moscow-higher-education-for-a-sovietthird-world-alliance196091/8720DF55AA0CEBC782EC8B215AC08D47/core-reader Zachary Keck. The Hard Side of Soft Power. The Diplomat. July 24, 2013. https://thediplomat.com/2013/07/the-hard-side-of-soft-power/ Walker Christopher, Ludwig Jessica. The Meaning of Sharp Power.

How Authoritarian States Project Influence. Foreign Affairs, November 16, 2017.https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2017-11-16/ meaning-sharp-power The Soft Power 30. https://softpower30.com The Soft Power 30. A global Ranking of Soft Power 2019. Portland. https://softpower30.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/The-Soft-Power-30-Report-2019-1.pdf The Soft Power 30. A global Ranking of Soft Power 2018. Portland. https://softpower30.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/The-Soft-Power-30-Report-2018.pdf PS. In Theory: Soft Power. September 27. 2017. https://www.youtube. com/watch?v=yV-jAjjrv14

kiTxvebi da davalebebi: 1.

2.

3.

4.

rogor gesmis winadadeba: „rbili Zala iseve mraval­ gvarad iqna gagebuli da zedeterminebuli, rogorc bevri sxva sayovelTao termini.“ ganmarte terminebi: rbili, xisti, Wkviani Zala. rogor gesmis winadadeba: „rodesac vzomavT Zalas imis mixedviT, rogor Seicvala sxvebis moqmedeba, pirvel rigSi unda vicodeT maTi preferenciebis Sesaxeb“. rogor fiqrob, ratom izomeba Zala yovelTvis konte­ qstSi?

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5.

Seni azriT, rogor SeiZleba kultura da narativi iqces rbil Zalad? moiyvane magaliTi. 6. rogor fiqrob, legitimuri qmedeba ratom aris aucilebeli piroba rbili Zalis efeqturad ganxor­ cielebisTvis?

7. imsjele rbili Zalis resursebsa da meqanizmebze.

8. eTanxmebi Tu ara ganmartebas: „ideaTa bazarSi Cveni survilebi swored rbili Zalis mier formirdeba“.

9. rogor fiqrob, ra tipis rbilma Zalam moaxdina Senze gavlena cxovrebis ama Tu im etapze?

10. gaecani sidnei lumetis films „12 ganrisxebuli mamak­ aci“, ilia ilfis da evgeni petrovis Txzulebas „erT­ sarTuliani amerika“. rogor fiqrob, ratom moaxdina aRniSnulma filmma da wignma ganzraxulisgan sapirisp­ iro gavlena sabWoTa moqalaqeze?

1.3. cifruli revolucia, Zalis difuzia da tranzicia, axali saxalxo diplomatia • cifruli revolucia da misi gamowvevebi • Zalis difuzia da misi zegavlena saerTaSoriso politikaze • cifruli globalizacia da kiberfeodalizmi • axali saxalxo diplomatia

msoflio istoriaSi cnobili kanonzomierebaa, rom teq­ nologiur cvlilebebs yovelTvis mohyveba sazoga­ do­ebrivi transformacia. msoflio istoriografia asa­ xelebs sam industriul revolucias, romelmac Secvala

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msoflios istoria, saerTaSoriso wesrigis logika da TiToeuli individis cxovreba. pirvel industriul revoluciad moinaTla XVIII-XIX ss. mijna. revolucia daukavSirda axali tipis energi­ is aRmoCenas – orTqlis Zravas, romelmac xeli Seuwyo warmoebis meqanizacias, swraf urbanizacias, ramac Tavis mxriv ganapiroba pre-modernuli politikuri sistemebis da soflis meurneobaze dafuZnebuli ekonomikis trans­ formacia. meore industriuli revolucia XIX s-is miwuruls energiis axali wyaroebis, navTobis da gazis aRmoCe­ nas ukavSirdeba. es epoqa dakavSirebulia metalurgiu­ li da qimiuri mrewvelobis ganviTarebasTan, masobriv warmoebasTan, komunikaciis axali formebis SeqmnasTan (telefoni, telegrafi...), transportis ganviTarebasTan (avtomobili, TviTmfrinavi...). mesame industriuli revolucia ukavSirdeba meore msoflio omis Semdgom periods: xelovnuri inteleqtis gamogoneba; cifruli da kompiuteruli sistemebis Se­ qmna-ganviTareba; informaciis Seqmnis, damuSavebis da gaziarebis axali saSualebebi... meoTxe industriul revolucias uwodeben uaxles teqnologiur cvlilebebs – genuri inJineriis ganviTa­ reba, xelovnuri inteleqtis axali formebi, blokCeini, kriptovaluta...1 Cven viziarebT Tvalsazriss, rom amJamad msoflio imyofeba meoTxe industriuli revoluciis dasawyiSi da sa­ zogadoebrivi Tu politikuri transformacia kidev ro masStaburi iqneba, vidre wina sami revoluciis uf­ SemTxvevaSi.

1

Klaus Schwab. The Fourth Industrial Revolution: what it means, how to respond. World Economic Forum. 14 January, 2016. https://www.weforum.org/ agenda/2016/01/the-fourth-industrial-revolution-what-it-means-and-how-torespond

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wina sami revoluciisgan gansxvavebiT, meoTxe indus­ triuli revolucia ukavSirdeba ara axali resursebis aRmoCenas, aramed axali unarebis ganviTarebas da in­ formaciis daubrkolebel mimocvlas. internetis gamogonebam da virtualuri realobis Se­ qmnam kacobriobis istoriaSi axali etapi Seqmna. es mim­ dinare procesia da mis Sedegebze jer naadrevia saubari, Tumca yvelasTvis cxadia misi amJamindeli da momavali masStabebi. ukve naTelia, rom adamianuri yofierebis yvela sfero (politika, ekonomika Tu religia) dauka­ vSirda cifrul transformacias. isic gasagebia, rom uaxloes momavalSi kiberTavdacva da kiberusafrTxoeba saxelmwifoebis mTavar gamowvevad iqceva, kompiuterul teqnologiebTan dakavSirebuli profesiebi – yvelaze moTxovnadad, saxelmwifoebis samxedro Zalisa Tu eko­ nomikuri ganviTarebis mTavari safuZveli ki xelovnuri inteleqtis ganviTarebis unari an uunaroba gaxdeba. ra cvlilebebs gamoiwvevs cifruli revolucia saer­ TaSoriso politikaSi? rogor gagrZeldeba procesi? upirveles yovlisa, mimovixiloT rbili Zalis Teo­ riis avtoris, jozef nais argumentebi. garda wina para­ grafSi mimoxiluli terminebisa, XXI saukunis Zalis cva­ lebadobis ganmsazRvrelad naim daamkvidra kidev ori termini: Zalis tranzicia da Zalis difuzia. Zalis tranziciaSi (Zalis gadasvla, gadatana) avtori moiaz­ rebs Zalis gadasvlas erTi aqtorisgan meore aqtorze. amgvari tendencia istoriulad aprobirebuli proce­ sia: erT imperias meore cvlida, hegemonebi Cndebod­ nen, sustdebodnen da qrebodnen.1 fenomens, romelsac naim Zalis tranzicia daarqva, socialuri mecnierebebis bevri Teoria Seiswavlis da sxvadasxvagvarad xsnis.

1

Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. p.113.

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naiseuli `Zalis difuzia~1 (Zalis komponentebad daS­ la) uaxlovdeba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis post­ mo­ dernul xedvas da gulisxmobs axali aqtorebis gamoCenas saerTaSoriso politikaSi, maT Soris ise­ Ti aqtorebis, rac warmoudgeneli iqneboda oriode aTwleulis win. dRes Zala aRar ukavSirdeba mxolod saxelmwifos, ara­ med organizaciebs, jgufebs da individebsac ki. esa Tu is saxe­ lmwifo mTeli Tavisi STam­ beWdavi SeiaraRebis resursiT realuri safrTxis winaSe SeiZleba daaye­ nos kompiuteriT SeiaraRebulma erTma teroristma, erTma hakerma Tu xuTiod kacisgan Semdgarma trolebis jgufma.

Tanamedrove globalizebul, teqnologiur saukuneSi, TviT yvelaze Zlevamosili saxel­ mwifoebic veRar akon­ troleben procesebs srulad. 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris niu-iorkis teraqtma swored am epoqis dawyeba gvamcno. ra aris aseTi mniSvnelovani cifrul revoluciaSi? erTi saukunis win evropidan aSS-Si darekvis fasi or aseul dolars aWarbebda (rac im epoqisTvis mTel qone­ bas warmoadgenda), dRes ki ufasoa; sul raRac naxevari saukunis win pirvel gamomTvlel manqanebs mTeli oTaxis farTobi eWira, dRes ki im moculobis informaciaze as­ jer da aTasjer meti SeiZleba Cveni smartfonis CipSi Caetios; dRes xelovnuri inteleqti wuTebSi qmnis da amuSavebs im moculobis informacias, rasac adamiani mTel saukunes andomebda... magaliTebi bevria, Tumca xazi unda gavusvaT imas, rom cifruli revoluciis mTa­ var maxasiaTeblad ar unda davasaxeloT mxolod mona­ cemebis raodenobrivi zrda, servisis gaiafeba Tu pro­ cesis gamartiveba da daCqareba. cifrul revolucias meoTxe industriul revoluciad swored im mizeziT

1

Zalis tranziciasa da difuziaze msjeloba ix. Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. p. 113-204.

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movixseniebT, rom is iwvevs Zalis difuzias, rac sru­ liad cvlis adamianuri cxovrebis yvela aspeqts. teqnologiuri revoluciis pirvel etapze gaCnda SiSi, rom axali teqnologiebi gaxdeboda iaraRi mTav­ robebis xelSi da gamoiwvevda informaciis srul cen­ tralizebas.1 realurad, procesi ormxrivad warimarTa da saxeze gvaqvs rogorc Zalauflebis centralizacia, aseve misi decentralizacia. arademokratiul reJimebSi kvlav mniSvnelovani adgi­ li uWiravs saxelmwifos mier Zalauflebis centraliza­ ciisTvis axali teqnologiebis gamoyenebis tendenciis zrdas. magaliTad, teqnologiebis borotad gamoyenebi­ sTvis xSirad adanaSauleben CineTs.2 Tumca es procesi sul ufro da ufro rTuldeba da met da met resurss moiTxovs.

Zalauflebis decentralizacia bunebrivad Rrmav­deba gansakuTrebuli resursebis gamoyenebis gareSe. cif­ruli decentralizacia upirveles yovlisa mediaze aisaxa. tra­ di­ciul media saSualebebs (radios, televi­zias, beWdur pre­sas) yovelTvis akontroleben garkveuli jgufebi, ma­ Ti produqcia dagegmili da sistemuria. interneti ki iZleva ulimito da ukontrolo saqmianobis saSualebas. gaCnda komunikaciis axali formebi da meqanizmebi. inter­ netiT SesaZlebelia komunikacia erTis erTTan (imeili), erTis bevrTan (veb-gverdi, blogi...), bevris erTTan (viki­ pedia...), bevris bevrTan (socialuri media)...3 media gaxda pirveli indikatori. Tumca procesi grZel­­deba sxva sferoebSic. cifrul revoluciaze da­ 1 2

3

Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. p.115.

Paul Mozur. China moves towards ~digital totalitarian state” as surveillance technology continues to advance. Independent. December 18. 2019. https:// www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/china-technology-surveillance-network-totalitarian-state-spy-a9251971.html Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. p.116.

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fuZnebulma globalizaciam moitana gauTvaliswinebeli gamowvevebi, magaliTad – terorizmi da omis privati­ zacia1, rac swored axali teqnologiebis Seqmnam gaxada SesaZlebeli... nai Zalis difuziaze aqcents im mizniT akeTebs, rom ukeT dagvanaxos rbili Zalis mzardi resursi da gamo­ ye­nebis gardauvaloba: teqnologiebiT aRWurvil te­ ro­ rists verc iaraRiT daamarcxeb da verc birTvuli iaraRis muqariT. nais azriT, msoflio politika sam ganzomilebian Wadraks daemsgavsa, sadac mogebisTvis aucilebelia, rogorc vertikaluri, aseve horizonta­ luri svlebi. politikosebi, vinc ver xedaven Zalis amgvar difuzias Tanamedrove samyaroSi, `erTganzomile­ bian moTamaSeebad rCebian samganzomilebian TamaSSi~...2 nai Zalis difuziaze msjelobisas mravalgzis amaxvi­ lebs yuradRebas rbili Zalis mniSvnelobis zrdaze saerTaSoriso politikaSi. Tumca is Zalis difuzias ar moiazrebs saerTaSoriso politikis Zireuli cvlile­be­ bis gamomwvevad.3 am sakiTxebze bolo wlebSi ufro metad gaaqtiurda msjeloba. saerTo tendenciiT, Zalis difu­ ziaze dafuZnebul axal realobaSi xisti Zala mTli­ anad Canacvldeba rbili ZaliT, xolo globalizaciis siswrafe xels Seuwyobs ara unificirebuli warmosax­ viTi msoflios Seqmnas, aramed mzard regionalizms da msoflios horizontalur daSrevebas.

Zalis difuziaze msjelobisas, aucilebelia SevexoT globalizaciis process, romelic cifruli revoluciis safuZvelicaa, Tanmdevi procesic da misi xelSemwyobic.

1

2 3

Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power. The Means to Success in World Politics. Public Affairs. NY. 2004. p. 21-25, 132 ibid. p. 4-5 Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. p. 117.

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XXI saukunis globalizacia ar aris msoflio isto­ riaSi erTaderTi globaluri procesi. Rirebulebebis globaluri gavrcelebis magaliTia msoflio religie­ bi, romis imperiis `yvela gza romSi midis~ imperiuli doqtrinac da naxevari msoflios gawiTlebac civi omis dros. ra aris axali da sruliad gansxvavebuli mimdi­ nare globalizaciis procesSi, rac ase aSfoTebT anti­ globalistebs? pasuxi martivia: globalizaciis Serwyma teqnologiur revoluciasTan. dRevandeli globalizacia swrafad da iafad midis ufro Sors da ufro Rrmad, vidre odesme. cnobili mag­ aliTia, rom infeqciuri daavadeba `yvavilis~ msofli­ oSi gavrcelebas dasWirda 300 weliwadi, aiv virusis gavrcelebas – 30 weli, CineTSi aRmoCenilma axalma ko­ ronavirusma ki prevenciis uprecedento zomebis miuxe­ davad ramdenime dReSi CaaRwia aTasobiT kilometriT daSorebul qveynebSi. winare globalizaciebma gaaiafa produqti (is rac fu­funebis sagani iyo Sua saukuneebSi, momdevno sauku­ne­ ebSi sayovelTao moxmarebis sagnebad iqca). dRevandel­ ma globalizaciam ki yvelasTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxada informacia da aseve gaamartiva narativis kulturuli Targmani. swored amitom, mimdinare globalizaciis ukeT gasaazreblad Cven mas movixseniebT cifrul glo­ balizaciad. saxezea cifruli globalizaciis Tanmdevi uaryofi­ Ti aspeqtebic – gamartivda moparva, dahakva... teraqtis mowyoba... informacia, romelic mxolod saxelmwifos kuTvnileba SeiZleba yofiliyo, sayovelTao gaxda... cifruli globalizaciis efeqti gansxvavdeba regio­ nebis mixedviT, rac qmnis uTanasworobis axal safuZvels. cifruli globalizacia cvlis politikur qmedebebs da Sedegebs. yvelas gvaxsovs axlo aRmosavleTSi feisbuq­ 56

iT mobilizebuli revoluciebi Tu ruseTSi gaqceuli eduard snoudeni, romelmac 20 wlis asakSi moaxerxa aSS-is mkacrad klasificirebuli dokumentebis moparva da gamomzeureba. globalizacia, rogorc msoflio uni­ fikacia – civi omis Semdgomi pirveli Taobis antiglo­ balistebis warmosaxva aRmoCnda. cifrulma revoluciam pirvel etapze marTlac Seuwyo xeli msoflio vesternizaciis process, rad­ gan teqnologiebis Semqmneli pirveli qveynebi swored dasavluri demokratiebia, Tumca cifruli revoluciis Semdeg etapebze movlenebi sxva kuTxiT warimarTa. an­ tidasavluri Zalebis mier atexili gangaSi, romelic globalizaciis mTavar safrTxed liberaluri Rirebu­ lebebis gavrcelebiT msoflio kosmopolituri sazo­ gadoebis Seqmnas moiazrebda, fukuiamas istoriis da­ sasrulis erTgvari gagrZelebaa. istoriulma ganviTarebam aCvena, rom cifruli Sesa­ Zleblobebis gamoyeneba sul male aranaklebi efeqturo­ biT daiwyes arademokratiulma reJimebma, sxvadasxva sa­ xis fundamentalisturma jgufebma da teroristulma organizaciebmac ki. globalizacias ar aRmoufxvria arc saxelmwifo sazRvrebi, man msoflio mravalganzomilebi­ ani gaxada: gaizarda uTanasworoba mdidrebsa da Rari­ bebs Soris; gaRrmavda RirebulebiTi sxvaoba asakobriv da sxvadasxva ideologiur jgufebs Soris... gamarTlda globalistebis zogierTi varaudi msoflio politikaSi ekonomikuri sakiTxebis mniSvnelobis zrdaze. ekonomi­ kuri urTierTdamokidebulebis meqanizmebi gaizarda komunikaciis formebis gaiafebis kvaldakval. teqnologiurma revoluciam meti mniSvneloba miani­ Wa transnacionalur korporaciebs da daaknina saxelm­ wifoebis da mTavrobebis realizmisTvis Cveuli uzena­ e­soba. uTanasworoba izomeba ara fulis raodenobiT, 57

aramed teqnologiuri unarebis da informaciis raode­ nobiT. axali tendenciiT, damkvidrebuli da yvelaze Tvladi ekonomikuri maCveneblebic ki Zalas kargavs, daTvla garTulda cifrebSi radgan produqti da valu­ ta sxvadasxvagvari gaxda. dRes aRar aris imdenad mniS­ vnelovani ra bunebriv resursebs flob, aramed ramden gigabait informacias flob, ra tipis informacias flob da am konteqstSi vis informacias meti fasi aqvs dRes... cifruli globalizacia cvlis politikis yvela aspeqts da yvela sferos. is zemoqmedebs rogorc saSi­ nao, aseve sagareo politikis warmoebaze. icvleba saSi­ nao da sagareo politikuri qmedebebis korelaciac: litikuri elitebi veRar grZnoben Tavs daculad po­­ sa­Sinao politikaSi, rac sagareo agresiisken ubiZgebT. `RmerTo Cemo, es diplomatiis dasasrulia~ – ganacxa­ da britaneTis premier-ministrma lordma pamerstonma in­formaciis telegrafiT miRebis Semdeg XIX saukuneSi.1 sinamdvileSi, cifruli globalizaciis pirobebSi kidev ufro metad gaizarda zogadad diplomatiis, gansa­ kuTrebiT ki saxalxo diplomatiis roli. ra aris saxalxo diplomatia? Tavad terminis gamo­ goneba ukavSirdeba edmund gulionis saxels, romelmac termini pirvelad gamoiyena 1965 wels.2 misi ganmarte­ biT, saxalxo diplomatia efeqtur, strategiul komu­ nikaciaze dafuZnebuli diplomatiaa, romlis mizania saxalxo azris zegavlenis zrda sagareo politikis war­ moebis procesSi. saxalxo diplomatia (Tavisi yvela formiT) efuZne­ ba gamWvirvale komunikacias da udaod rbili Zalis 1

2

Digital diplomacy, E-diplomacy, Cyber diplomacy. DiPLO. https://www.diplomacy.edu/e-diplomacy Nicholas J.Cull. ~Public Diplomacy” before Gullion: the evolution of a phrase.

USC Center on Public Diplomacy. Apr. 18. 2006. https://www.uscpublicdiplomacy.org/blog/public-diplomacy-gullion-evolution-phrase

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gavrcelebis mTavari meqanizmia. sainformacio omisgan gansxvavebiT, saxalxo diplomatia (rbili Zala) ar aris dafuZnebuli konfrontaciaze da miznad ar isaxavs „Cven-isini“ diqotomiiis Seqmnas. sainformacio omi (rogorc basri Zalis erT-erTi vari meqanizmi) qmnis konfrontaciis safuZvlebs mTa­ gadoebaSi, zegavlenis meqanizmebad iyenebs arale­ sazo­ galur qmedebebs (kiberTavdasxma, hakeroba, fsiqolo­ giuri operaciebi...). basri Zalis mesijebi axdens nara­ tivis proeqcias da Rirebulebebis gasavrceleblad iyenebs propagandas. sainformacio oms da rbili Zalis deviacias basri Zalis saxiT ufro dawvrilebiT momde­ vno paragrafSi SevexebiT. cifrulma globalizaciam didi zegavlena moaxdina saxalxo diplomatiasa da zogadad diplomatiaze. 9/11 movlenebis Semdeg sul ufro mzardad gamoiyeneba ter­ mini „axali saxalxo diplomatia“. erT-erTi pirveli aka­ demiuri msjeloba diplomatiis transformaciis Sesaxeb ukavSirdeba 2001-2002 wlebSi aSS sagareo politikis fo­ rums, romelSic cnobili politikuri liderebi da eqs­ pertebi monawileobdnen. forumis Tavmjdomaris, piter pitersonis TqmiT, diplomatiia moiTxovs ara ubralod cvlilebebs, aramed revoluciur cvlilebebs1. bolo aTwleulSi gamocemuli monografiebi `axal saxalxo diplomatias~ da `rbil Zalas~ xSirad aigivebs erT­maneTTan. axali saxalxo diplomatiis diskursSi xazgasmulia individis rolis zrda, rac sruliad axal cvlads warmoadgens saerTaSoriso politikaSi. saxel­ mwifoebs mouwevT Seeguon axal realobas – gadawyve­ tilebebis miRebis procesSi axali, arasaxelmwifoebri­

1

Council on Foreign relations. Annual Report. July 1,2001 – June 30, 2002. https:// www.cfr.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/CFR_annual_report_2002_0.pdf

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vi aqtorebis CarTulobas. saerTaSoriso politikaSi ara­ saxelmwifoebrivi aqtorebis gamoCenas gavaigivebT saxalxo diplomatiasTan Tu mxolod mis Semadgenel nawilebad moviazrebT, orive SemTxvevaSi saxezea axali tendencia.1 axali Taobis diplomatebs mouwevT iseTi unarebis daufleba, rasac maTi winamorbedebi ar floben – maTTvis aravis uswavlebia ucxo qveynis moqalaqeebTan strate­ giuli komunikaciis specifika. axali saxalxo diploma­ tiis mTavari gamowvevaa rbili ZalisTvis damaxasiaTe­ beli procesebis kontrolis SeuZlebloba. saxalxo diplomatiis reformireba dakavSirebulia politikuri procesebis gamWvirvalobasTan; politi­ kuri elitebis sazogadoebis winaSe angariSvaldeb­ ulebis zrdasTan; informaciis analizze dafuZnebul gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesTan; politikaze ze­ moq­medebis unaris mqone jgufebis, individebis Tu mov­ lenebis Tvisobrivi meTodebiT Seswavlis sirTuleeb­Tan. aseve axali saxalxo diplomatiis gamowvevad saxeldeba dezinformaciasTan da propagandasTan (basri Zalis me­ qanizmebi) gamklaveba. axali saxalxo diplomatia moiazrebs ormxriv pro­ li cess – mosmena da dialogi. am konteqstSi aucilebe­ gax­ da klasikuri samTavrobo diplomatiis garda­ qm­ na cifrul diplomatiad. erTis mxriv, cifruli dip­ lo­ ma­ tia aadvilebs strategiul komunikacias sxvada­ sxva doneze, magram amave dros, cifruli diplomatia qmnis axal safrTxeebsa da gamowvevebs: procesebis qao­

1

Anna Popkova. Non-state Diplomacy Challenges to Authoritarian States: The Open Russia Movement. in: The Hague Journal of Diplomacy. v.14. issue 3. 2019.

Special Issue: Non-Western Non-state Diplomacy. Edited by Natalia Grincheva and Robert Kelley. BRILL Online Publication Date: 20Jun 2019. https://brill. com/view/journals/hjd/14/3/article-p250_5.xml

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turobas; RirebulebiTi buStebis Seqmnas da sxv. Zalis difuziam rogorc saxalxo, aseve samTavrobo diploma­ tia strategiuli komunikaciis gaaqtiurebis da axali midgomebis SemuSavebis aucileblobis winaSe daayena. dezinformaciis gavrcelebis masStabebma da gaxSire­ bulma informaciulma Sturmma bevri saxelmwifo aiZula ganexorcielebina strategiuli instituciuri cvli­ lebebi. saxalxo diplomatiis mizani gaxda horizonta­ luri RirebulebiTi Sreebis gaCena, radgan cifruli globalizacia horizontalurad (Rirebulebebis mixed­ viT) hyofs adamianebs da ara saxelmwifo sazRvrebis mi­ xedviT. paragrafis dasawyisSi aRvniSneT, rom cifruli revo­ luciiT gamowveuli Zalis difuzia mimdinare procesia da mis politikur Sedegebze jer sruliad warmoudge­ nelia saubari, Tumca dRiTi dRe izrdeba literatura, romelic msjelobs cifruli revoluciis zegavlenaze saerTaSoriso politikaSi da Zalis difuziis axal ten­ denciebze. realistebis azriT, cifruli globalizacia ver mo­ dens raime gardamtex cvlilebas da saxelmwifoebi ax­ darCebian saerTaSoriso politikis mTavar aqtorebad ruli globalizaciis pirobebSic, informaciuli cif­ volucia isev Zlierebs gaaZlierebs da Zala kvlav re­ darCeba politikuri urTierTobebis mTavar safuZvlad. liberalebi da konstruqtivistebi aqcents akeTeben mso­ flio politikis mzardad kompleqsur xasiaTze, sadac saxelmwifoebis garda arasaxelmwifoebrivma aqtorebmac SeiZines Zala. liberalebi ar uaryofen, rom saxelmwi­ foebi kvlav darCebian saerTaSoriso politikis mTavar aqtorebad, Tumca miaCniaT, rom cifruli revolucia gaaZlierebs demokratiul qveynebs (rogorc Tanamedrove informaciis mTavar generatorebs), rac demokratiuli 61

mSvidobis ideas met realobas SesZens. demokratiuli mTavrobebi miCveuli arian gaxsnilobas da gamWvirvalo­ bas da amitomac Zalis difuziasTan Tavsebadoba maTTvis ufro martivad misaRwevi iqneba. saerTaSoriso politi­ kaSi rbili Zalis da saxalxo diplomatiis rolis zrdac aseve liberaluri Teoriebis wisqvilze asxams wyals. konstruqtivistebi vestfaliuri sistemis dasrulebas da axali realobis konstruirebas winaswarmetyveleben. 1 cifrul revoluciasTan mimarTebaSi gaCnda axali, da xSirad gaugebari terminebi: cifruli avtorita­ rizmi, cifruli cenzura, cifruli armia, kiber jeims bondebi.... eleqtronuli mTavroba, Wkviani qalaqebi da mowyobilobebi... am konteqstSi gansakuTrebiT saintere­ sod gveCveneba axali terminis kiberfeodalizmis dam­ kvidreba. feodalizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli movlena iyo transnacionaluri kavSirebis damyareba saxelmwi­ fos politikuri sazRvrebis ugulebelyofiT. msgavsi tendenciebi aRkveTa eri-saxelmwifoebis vestfaliuri sistemis Seqmnam.2 postmodernistebis azriT, Zalis di­ fuzia gvabrunebs warsul tendenciebTan da politikuri elitebi ar arian mzad am gamowvevasTan gasamklaveblad. termini `kiberfeodalizmi~ mzardi popularobiT sarge­ blobs rogorc akademiur, aseve araakademiur sazoga­ doebaSi. heSTegi `kiberfeodalizmi~ gamoiyeneba Tvi­ Ter­sa da sxva socialur qselebSi.

1

2

Joseph S. Nye Jr., David A. Welch. Understanding Global Conflict and Cooperation. An Introduction to Theory and History. Tenth Edition. Pearson. 2017. p.

336-337 naim kiberZalauflebas mTeli Tavi miuZRvna monografiaSi (Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. p. 113-151). man pirvelma Seadara Zalis difuzia feodalizmis periods (ibid. p.118-119). momdevno wlebSi samecniero diskusia aRniSnul ten­ denciebze intensiuri gaxda da gamoCnda axali terminebi da ar­ gumentebi.

62

informaciuli revolucia rbili Zalis Seqmnis da ga­ mo­yenebis saSualebas aZlevs patara saxelmwifoebsa da individebsac. Sesabamisad, patara saxelmwifoebs eZle­ vaT Sansi axali adgili ipovon saerTaSoriso poli­ ti­ kaSi. msgavsi tendencia mzardia da uprecedento. ra­ sakvirvelia, saxelmwifos teqnologiuri winsvla da cifruli revoluciis gamowvevebis gamklavebis unari aucilebeli winapirobaa am konteqstSi. sxva produqtisgan gansxvavebiT, teqnologiuri pro­ ti droSi iafdeba da yvelasTvis xelmisawvdomi duq­ xde­ba. ekonomistebi iyeneben termins `qselis efeqti~ – mo­biluri/smartfoni, interneti Tu kriptovaluta Tanabrad gamouyenebelia, Tu is mxolod Tqven gaqvT. teqnologiis gamomgonebeli qveynebi Tu jgufebi Tavad arian dainteresebuli sakuTari teqnologiuri gamo­ gonebebis gavrcelebaSi da dRes yvelasTvis yvelaferi xelmisawvdomi gaxda. globalistebis terminiT rom vTqvaT, msoflio gaxda `globaluri sofeli~, sadac qveynebis siZliere naklebad gaizomeba sididis da resursebis mixedviT. istoriuli gamocdilebiT, saxelmwifoebi, romleb­ mac ver moaxerxes cvlilebebisTvis fexis awyoba wina in­dustriuli revoluciebis dros, samudamod an xangrZ­ livad CamorCnen istoriis svlas. meoTxe industriuli revolucia kidev ufro sastiki iqneba drosTan Camor­ Cenilebis mimarT. bibliografia: 1.

2.

Joseph S. Nye Jr., David A. Welch. Understanding Global Conflict and Cooperation. An Introduction to Theory and History. Tenth Edition.

Pearson. 2017 Joseph S. Nye Jr. Power in a Global Information Age. From Realism to Globalization. Routledge. 2004

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3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

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The New Public Diplomacy. Soft Power in International Relations. edited by Jan Melissen. palgrave macmillan. 2005 James Pamment. New Public Diplomacy in the 21st Century: A Comparative Study of Policy and Practice. Routledge. 2013 Andreas Sandre. Twitter for Diplomats. DiploFoundation and IstitutoDiplomatico. 2013. https://www.diplomacy.edu/resources/books/ twitter-diplomats Jeremy Rifkin. The Third Industrial Revolution. Palgrave MacMillan.

2011 Craig Hayden. The Rhetoric of Soft Power. Public Diplomacy in Global Contexts. Lexington Books. 2012 Anna Popkova. Non-state Diplomacy Challenges to Authoritarian States: The Open Russia Movement. in: The Hague Journal of Diplomacy. v.14. issue 3. 2019. Special Issue: Non-Western Non-state Diplomacy. Edited by Natalia Grincheva and Robert Kelley. BRILL Online Publication Date: 20Jun 2019. https://brill.com/view/journals/ hjd/14/3/article-p250_5.xml Natalia Grincheva and Robert Kelley. Introduction: Non-state Diplomacy from Non-Western Perspectives. in: The Hague Journal of Diplomacy. v.14. issue 3. 2019. Special Issue: Non-Western Non-state Diplomacy. Edited by Natalia Grincheva and Robert Kelley. BRILL Online Publication Date: 20 Jun 2019. https://brill.com/view/journals/ hjd/14/3/article-p199_1.xml Council on Foreign Relations. Annual Report. July 1, 2001-June 30, 2002. NY. https://www.cfr.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/CFR_annual_report_2002_0.pdf Bridget Verrekia. Digital Diplomacy and its effects on International Relations. SIT Graduate Institute. ISP Collection 2596. 2017. https:// digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection/2596 USC center on Public Diplomacy https://www.uscpublicdiplomacy.org USC Center on Public Diplomacy. Annual report 2018-2019. https:// www.uscpublicdiplomacy.org/story/cpd-releases-annual-report-2018-19 USC center on Public Diplomacy. CPD Blog. https://www.uscpublicdiplomacy.org/newswire/cpdblog_main Bruce’s List. Latest Must-Reads in Public Diplomacy: August 2019.

USC center on Public Diplomacy. https://www.uscpublicdiplomacy.org/ story/latest-must-reads-public-diplomacy-august-2019 Trump Administration Diplomacy. C-SPAN. September 30, 2019. https:// www.c-span.org/video/?464831-1/trump-administration-diplomacy

17. Digital diplomacy, E-diplomacy, Cyber diplomacy. DiPLO. https://www. diplomacy.edu/e-diplomacy 18. Jovan Kurballja. 25 Points for Digital Diplomacy. HUFFPOST. Nov.7, 2016. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/25-points-for-digital-diplomacy _b_581c78bae4b0334571e099ec 19. Corneliu Bjola. Digital Diplomacy: From Tactics to Strategy. The American Academy in Berlin.2018. https://www.americanacademy.de/digitaldiplomacy-tactics-strategy 20. Corneliu Bjola. The ~Dark Side” of digital diplomacy. SPD Blog. Jan 22, 2019. https://www.uscpublicdiplomacy.org/blog/dark-side-digitaldiplomacy 21. Paul Mozur. China moves towards ~digital totalitarian state” as surveillance technology continues to advance. Independent. December 18.

2019. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/china-technology-surveillance-network-totalitarian-state-spy-a9251971.html

kiTxvebi da davalebebi: 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

eTanxmebi Tu ara mosazrebas, rom mimdinare cifruli revolucia SeiZleba meoTxe industriul revoluciad Sefasdes? Seni azriT, riTi gansxvavdeba meoTxe indus­ triuli revolucia winare samisgan? ganmarte terminebi: `Zalis tranzicia~, `Zalis difu­ zia~. imsjele Zalis difuziis negatiur da pozitiur aspeqtebze. rogor fiqrob, ras niSnavs omis privati­ zacia? moiZie informacia. imsjele cifruli globalizaciis Taviseburebebze. ra gamowvevebis winaSe ayenebs saxelmwifoebs cifruli globalizacia? ganmarte terminebi: `RirebulebiTi buStebi~, `hori­ zontaluri RirebulebiTi Sreebi~. ganmarte winadadeba: `konstruqtivistebi vestfali­ uri sistemis dasrulebas da axali realobis konstru­ irebas winaswarmetyveleben~. ras gulisxmobs termini `axali saxalxo diplomatia~? ratom aigiveben axal saxalxo diplomatias rbil Za­ lasTan?

65

7.

ras gulisxmobs termini `kiberfeodalizmi~? ra gavle­ na aqvs kiberfeodalizms saerTaSoriso politikaze?

8. ganmarte winadadeba: msoflio gaxda `globaluri sofeli~, sadac qveynebis siZliere naklebad gaizomeba sididis da resursebis mixedviT. 9. imsjele `progresis paradoqsze~.

10. SearCie magaliTi (qeisi) da imsjele cifruli globali­ za­ciis zegavlenaze saerTaSoriso Tu saxelmwifo po­ litikaSi.

Ø

es sainteresoa:

TviTeris diplomatia cifrul diplomatiaSi sxva mraval axal terminTan erTad, damkvidrda termini TviTeris diplomatia (Twiplomacy). sxvadasxva statistikuri monacemebiT, msoflios politikuri liderebis ori mesamedi TviTeris aqtiuri momxmarebelia. cifruli diplomatiis momxreebis argu­ mentebiT, socialuri qselebiT amomrCevelTan urTier­ Toba politikosebs saSualebas aZlevs Tavisi ideebi da politikuri gadawyvetilebebi efeqturad miitanos ri­ giT moqalaqemde, amomrCevels (Tu nebismier moqalaqes msoflios nebismieri qveynidan) ki saSualeba eZleva pirda­ piri kavSiri qondes politikur liderebTan. zogierTi eqsperti politikur liderebs mouwodebs kidec, ukeT daeuflon socialuri qselebis efeqturad gamoyenebas. strategiuli komunikaciis politikaSi TviTeris rolis zrdasTan erTad dRiTi dRe mravldeba organizaciebi, romlebic ikvleven cifruli diplomatiis (Tu konkre­ tulad, TviTeris diplomatiis) fenomens da gvTavazoben sxvadasxva saintereso statistikur monacemebs. tradici­ 66

ulma media saSualebebma daiwyes blogebis warmoeba ci­ fruli diplomatiis Sesaxeb, universitetebma saganmana­ Tleblo programebSi CarTes cifruli diplomatiis da strategiuli komunikaciis saswavlo kursebi. vebgverdis `TviTeris diplomatia~ (https://twiplomacy. com/) 2019 wlis statistikis mixedviT, TviTeris yvelaze aqtiur momxmareblad saxeldeba aSS prezidenti donald trampi (66 milioni mimdevari); meore adgils ikavebs in­ doeTis premier ministri narendra modi (51 milioni mim­ devari); xolo mesame adgilzea papi franciske (49 milioni mimdevari). ruseTis saprezidento TviTeri 26-e adgils ikavebs 3 mln. mimdevriT. saqarTvelo indeqsSi saerTod ar aris warmodgenili, rac sulac ar niSnavs, rom saqa­ rTveloSi politikuri elita socialur mediasTan ar megobrobs. saqarTvelos Taviseburebad unda CaiTvalos feisbuqis gansakuTrebuli popularoba sxva socialur mediebTan SedarebiT. TviTeris diplomatiaSi politikuri liderebis garda CarTulni arian diplomatiuri misiebi da warmomadgenlo­ bebi, samTavrobo uwyebebi, saerTaSoriso organizaciebi...

TviTeris momxmarebelia iseTi organizaciac ki, rogori­ caa aSS centraluri sadazvervo saagento (CIA). 2014 wlis 6 ivniss Tavisi pirveli TviTiT saagentom gamoaqveyna saxumaro teqsti: `arc vuaryofT da arc vadasturebT, rom es aris Cveni pirveli TviTi~. saagentos TviTs mo­ hyva bevri saintereso komentari da gaziarda 280 aTasjer. magaliTad, politikurma korespondentma da analitikosma hovard fainmenma sapasuxo TviTSi Tavadac moswrebulad ixumra: `dRes gavxdi sadazvervo saagentos mimdevari, Tumca vfiqrob saagento aqamdec iyo Cemi mimdevari~. prezident donald trampis TviTerTan urTierToba mudmivi ganxilvis sagania. is cnobilia Tavisi eqscen­ truli da skandaluri TviTebiT. davasaxeloT ramdenime gaxmaurebuli skandaluri TviTi. 67

2019 wels prezidents gamouqveynes 2012 wlis skanda­ luri TviTi qeiT midltonis Sesaxeb: `vis ar unda qeiTis foto gadaiRos da bevri fuli iSovos, Tu qeiTi mzeze SiSveli irujeba. midi qeiT!~ 2018 wels trampma iranis winaaRmdeg sanqciebi daaanon­ sa TviTerSi cnobili serialis, `samefo karis TamaSebis~ sareklamo posteris stilSi gadaRebuli sakuTari foto­ suraTiT (warweriT `sanqciebi axlovdeba~). iranis gener­ alma kasem suleimanim msgavsive posteriT upasuxa insta­ gramSi (warweriT `Sen ver gamtexav~). serialis mflobeli amerikuli telearxi HBO aseve TviTiT gamoexmaura movle­ nebs da Tavis xumrobaSi xazi gausva saavtoro uflebebis sakiTxs. 2018 wlis noemberSi trampi stumrad imyofeboda pariz­ Si pirveli msoflio omis dasrulebis 100 wlis iubiles­ Tan dakavSirebiT. vizitidan dabrunebis Semdeg trampma TviTiT gaakritika safrangeTis mTavroba: `emanuel mak­ roni sakuTari armiis Seqmnas apirebs evropis dasacavad aSS-s, CineTisa da ruseTisgan. frangebi pirvel da meore msoflio omebSic icavdnen Tavs, magram sanam aSS jarebma parizamde miaRwies, frangebi ukve germanuls swavlobdnen. gadaixade nato-Si an gadi!~ makronma tradiciulad Tavi Seikava trampis TviTze pasuxis gacemisgan.

2020 wlis 6 Tebervals, aSS senatSi prezidentis impiC­ mentis sakiTxis Cavardnis Semdeg, trampma gamoaqveyna saxu­maro video TviTerze, romlis mixedviT prezidento­ bas samudamod apirebs. trampis TviTebis mimoxilva kargad aCvenebs axali sa­ xa­lxo diplomatiis specifikas. samTavrobo diplomatiis mier gakeTebuli msgavsi gancxadebebi aucileblad gax­ deboda konfliqtis an omis mizezi. klasikuri diplo­ matiisgan gansxvavebiT, TviTeris diplomatia saSualebas iZleva iTqvas yvelaferi gulwrfelad, TviTis adresats 68

ki utovebs arCevans gasces msgavsi pasuxi, an saerTod ar gasces pasuxi. axali saxalxo diplomatia cvlis diplo­ matiis istoriulad Camoyalibebul da SeTanxmebul Car­ Coebs. axali saxalxo diplomatia gamowvevaa politikosebisT­ vis sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis procesSic. 2017 wels kolumbiis universitetis sityvis Tavisuflebis damcvelma institutma sarCeli Seitana trampis administraciis wi­ naaRmdeg, romelmac dabloka trampis TviTeris ramdenime mimdevari kritikuli postebisTvis. sarCelis ganxilva ori wlis manZilze mimdinareobda sxvadasxva instanciaSi da mo­ qalaqeebis gamarjvebiT dasrulda. federaluri sasamarT­ los mosamarTlis gancxadebiT, prezidentis TviTeri sa­ jaro sivrcea, sadac sakuTari azris gamoTqmis ufleba aqvs rogorc prezidents, aseve mis mimdevrebsac. prezidents aqvs ufleba sakuTari survilis mixedviT SearCios TviTi sapasuxod an gasaziareblad, magram ar aqvs azris SezRud­ vis da TviTis dablokvis ufleba.

TviTeris diplomatia, iseve rogorc zogadad cifru­ li diplomatia, gamowvevad iqca politikis mkvlevarebi­ sTvisac. socialur qselebSi ganTavsebuli informaciis Tavmoyra da klasifikacia rTulia da xSirad SeuZlebel­ ic socialuri qselebis specifikidan gamomdinare. gamoyenebuli wyaroebi: 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Twiplomacy. https://twiplomacy.com Twitter.com https://twitter.com/cia/status/474971393852182528 donald trampis skandaluri tviti qeiT midltonze. es persona. 4 ivnisi. 2019 https://espersona.ge/article/957 trampis tviti da iraneli generlis pasuxi ~samefo karis TamaSebis” stilSi. NeWposts.11-04-2018 https://www.newposts. ge/?l=G&id=188514 Twitter.com https://twitter.com/realdonaldtrump/status/1062311785787744256

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6.

Trump slams Macron, France in burst of tweets after Paris visit.

France24. 13/11/2018 https://www.france24.com/en/20181113-usatrump-macron-france-burst-tweets-paris-visit-twitter-wwi-wwii-germany-wine 7. Dan Mangan. Read the Tweets that got these people blocked on Twitter by President Donald Trump. CNBC. May 23, 2018. https://www. cnbc.com/2018/05/23/read-the-tweets-that-got-these-people-blockedon-twitter-by-president-donald-trump.html 8. Rebecca Pilar Buckwalter-Poza, Philip Cohen, Eugene Gu, Holly Figueroa, Nicholas Pappas, Brandon Neely. I was Blocked by @realDonaldTrump. March 25, 2019. Knight First Amendment Institute at Columbia University. https://knightcolumbia.org/content/i-wasblocked-realdonaldtrump 9. Grace Panetta. Trump tweets a video implying he’ll be president ‘4EVA’ as his first official response after impeachment-trial acquittal.

Business Insider. Feb.6, 2020 https://www.businessinsider.com/trumptweets-video-showing-him-president-forever-after-acquittal-2020-2 10. Andreas Sandre. 2018 in Review: top 10 digital diplomacy moments. Digital Diplomacy. December 10, 2018. https://medium.com/ digital-diplomacy/2018-in-review-top-10-digital-diplomacy-momentsce9e2745035a

Ø

es sainteresoa:

Zalis difuziis gavlena saerTaSoriso politikaze aisaxa sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso dokumentebSi. gansa­kuT­ rebiT im tipis angariSebSi, sadac momavlis tendenciebis gansazRvra xdeba. msgavs angariSebs amzadebs ramdenime cnobili saerTaSoriso saeqsperto-kvleviTi organizacia Tu saerTaSoriso organizacia. aSS dazvervis erovnuli sabWos mier momzadebuli angariSi – „progresis parado­ qsi“ erT-erTi saintereso nimuSia am konteqstSi. aSS dazvervis erovnuli sabWo (NIC) Seiqmna 1979 wels. misi mizania farTo sazogadoebisTvis xelmisawvdomi sae­ 70

qsperto dokumentebis momzadeba. sabWosTan TanamSrom­ loben eqspertebi samTavrobo, akademiuri da arasamTav­ robo wreebidan. 1997 wlidan sabWom daiwyo axali tipis dokumentebis – `globaluri tendenciebi~ gamoqveyneba. dokumenti qveyndeba yovel oTx weliwadSi erTxel aSS saprezidento arCevnebis Semdgom vidre prezidentis in­ auguraciamde da warmoadgens erTgvar sakonsultacio rCevebs axlad arCeuli prezidentebisTvis. dokumenti warmoadgens momavali 15-20 wlis globaluri tendenciebis strategiul mimoxilvas. organizacias aqvs damoukidebe­ li vebgverdi sxvadasxva qveganyofilebebiT, reportebis arqiviT, sasargeblo bmulebiTa da danarTebiT. special­ uri seqcia bavSvebisTvisac ki aris gamoyofili. nebismier internet momxmarebels msoflios nebismieri regionidan SeuZlia komentarebis gakeTeba da interaqcia sxvadasxva formiT. aSS dazvervis erovnuli sabWom pirveli 100-gverdiani angariSi `globaluri tendenciebi 2015: dialogi momavlis Sesaxeb arasamTavrobo eqspertebTan~ gamoaqveyna 2000 wlis dekemberSi. 125-gverdiani angariSi `2020-globaluri moma­ vlis ruka~ gamoqveynda 2004 wlis dekemberSi. 120-gverdia­ ni dokumenti – `globaluri tendenciebi 2025: transfor­ mirebuli msoflio~ gamoqveynda 2008 wlis noemberSi. 166-gverdi­ani dokumenti `globaluri tendenciebi 2030: al­ ternatiuli samyaroebi~ gamoqveynda 2012 wlis dekemberSi. mas wamZRvarebuli aqvs jon meinard qeinsis citata: `azri, rom momavali iqneba gansxvavebuli awmyosgan iseTi au­ tanelia Cveni standartuli azrovnebisa da qcevisTvis, rom umravlesoba CvenTagani uars vambobT masze~. do­ kumenti iwyeba sityvebiT: 2030 wels msoflio radikalurad gansxvavebuli iqneba dRevandelobisgan. dokumentSi mega­ trendebad gamoyofilia: individualuri SesaZleblobebis zrda; Zalis difuzia; demografiuli cvlilebebi; sakvebis, 71

wylisa da energo resursebis nakleboba. globaluri wes­ rigis TamaSis wesebis cvalebadobaSi gansakuTrebuli adg­ ili aqvs miCenili globalizebuli ekonomikis krizisisadmi midrekilebas da gamowvevebs im saxelmwifoebisTvis, ro­ melic fexs ver uwyobs daCqarebul globalur cvlilebebs. aseve saxeldeba konfliqtebis gazrdili albaToba; mzardi regionaluri arastabiluroba; axali teqnologiebis ze­ gavlena saerTaSoriso politikaze... tradiciisamebr, 2016 wlis dekemberSi unda gamoqvey­ nebuliyo 2035 dokumenti. Tumca 2017 wlis ianvarSi gamo­ qveynda 235 gverdiani angariSi: „globaluri tendenciebi, progresis paradoqsi~. angariSis momzadebis procesSi analitikosebs konsultaciebi hqondaT 35 qveynis mTav­ robebsa da interes jgufebTan: analitikur centrebTan, studentebTan, mewarmeebTan, qalTa organizaciebTan... an­ gariSi gamoirCeva Temebis simravliT da farTo geografi­ uli arealiT. angariSSi ZiriTadi aqcenti keTdeba Zalauflebis Tvi­ sobriv cvlilebebze (Zalis tranzicia da Zalis difu­ zia). Zala da Zalaufleba, romelic Sedgeboda Tvladi komponentebisgan (samxedro, ekonomikuri, demografiuli maCveneblebi) ufro metad gaxdeba damokidebuli aramate­ rialur ganzomilebebze (ideebi, urTierTobebi...) angari­ Sis ZiriTadi daskvnebidan gvinda gamovarCioT ramdenime sakiTxi. 1. axlo momavalSi gaizrdeba daZabuloba rogorc qveynebs SigniT, aseve qveynebs Soris. interesTa SeuTavse­ bloba civi omis droindel masStabebs miaRwevs. sxvaoba sazogadoebebis RirebulebaTa Soris gaizrdeba. gaCndeba TanamSromlobis da konfrontaciis axali geopolitikuri sivrceebi da e. w. `geopolitikuri ruxi zonebi~. savaWro Tu samxedro TanamSromloba naklebad gaxdeba damokide­ buli geografiul siaxloveze. teqnologiur inovaciebze 72

dafuZnebuli axali produqtebis gaCena gaarTulebs saqon­ lis Rirebulebis, patentebisa da sabaJo gadasaxadebis tradiciulad arsebul Tvladobas, xarisxis kontrols...

2. demografiuli problemebi axal ganzomilebas mi­ aRwevs – mosaxleobis raodenoba izrdeba, samuSao adgi­ lebi ki mcirdeba teqnologiebis ganviTarebis mize­ ziT. dasavleTis teqnologiurad ganviTarebul qveynebs muSaxe­ liT veRar Seavsebs aradasavluri sazogadoebebi, radgan maT amis unar-Cvevebi ar eqnebaT. dasavleTis qvey­ nebSi gagrZeldeba demografiuli dabereba da mosaxleo­ bis raodenobis kleba, ganviTarebad qveynebSi ki piriqiT, moxdeba demografiuli afeTqeba. 25-35 wlis perspeqtivaSi TiTqmis yvela afrikuli qveyana gaormagdeba mosaxleo­ bis raodenobiT. aucilebeli gaxdeba afrikis kontinentis problemebis aqtualizacia.

3. globalizaciis procesi uprecedento gaRrmave­ bas ganicdis. teqnologiuri revolucia da xelovnuri inteleqtis farTo gamoyeneba axal masStabebs iZens. am procesSi mogebulebi da wagebulebi axali konfiguraciT gadanawildebian did saWadrako doneze. wagebulTa mxares SesaZloa aRmoCndnen Tavad dasavluri sazogadoebebi. mar­ Talia, swored isini floben teqnologiebs, magram teqnologiuri revolucia xels Seuwyobs saSualo fenis ekonomikur stagnacias, rac dasavluri sazogadoebebis politikur-ekonomikuri safuZvelia. sagareo faqtorebic ar iqneba momgebiani dasavleTisTvis. axali geopoliti­ kuri ambiciebi ruseTis, CineTisa da sxva saxelmwifoe­ bis mxridan daasustebs aSS gavlenebs. wagebulTa banakSi arian postsabWoTa qveynebic. maT ver moaxerxes sruli transformacia da civi omis droindeli CamorCenilobis daZleva, uTanasworoba ki mniSvnelovnad gaizrdeba Sem­ dgom wlebSi. post-komunisturi ruseTi ekonomikuri da demografiuli problemebis gaRrmavebas nacionalizmis 73

zrdiTa da sagareo eqspansiis gaaqtiurebiT upasuxebs. mogebulTa mxares aRmoCndeba mzardi ekonomikis qveynebi, gansakuTrebiT CineTi. 4. progresi ekologiis winaaRmdeg: Tu XX saukunis mTavari Temebi iyo saxelmwifoebrivi suvereniteti da adaminis uflebebi, XXI saukuneSi mTavar problemad kli­ matis cvlileba da resursebis simwire moiazreba.

5. usafrTxoebis sferoSi axal masStabebs miiRebs am­ Jamad arsebuli safrTxeebi: teqnologiuri winsvla xels Seuwyobs terorizmis da masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis gavrcelebas da narkogadazidvebs; gamartivdeba geografi­ ulad daSorebul teritoriebze saomari moqmedebebis war­ moeba. aqtualuri gaxdeba usafrTxoebis arasamxedro aspeqtebi, gansakuTrebiT kiberusafrTxoeba.

6. saxelmwifoebis paralelurad individebi da mcire interes-jgufebi SeZleben imoqmedon saxelmwifoebis ms­ gavsad. tradiciuli politikuri Temebi dakargavs aqtu­ a­ lobas da gaCndeba axali Temebi, romelic gagvaocebs Tavisi kompleqsurobiTa da sakiTxTa simravliT. Tanam­ Sromlobis tradiciuli formebi Seicvleba da garTul­ deba. icvleba realizmze dafuZnebuli 1945 wlis wesri­ gi, sadac saerTaSoriso politikis mTavar aqtorebs sa­xel­mwifoebi warmoadgenda. msoflio gaxdeba post-mo­ dernuli meta-narativebisa da mega-aqtorebis gareSe, rac Tvisobrivad Secvlis omis, mSvidobis, mmarTvelobis, kon­ fliqtis, ekonomikuri Tu samxedro Zlierebis Cveul aRq­ mas. informaciis simravle da urTierTgamomricxavi xasi­ aTi Seqmnis mraval realobas. zRvari omsa da mSvidobas Soris gaxdeba sruliad bundovani.

7. individi, rogorc saerTaSoriso politikis aqto­ ri, sruliad uprecedentoa kacobriobis istoriaSi. gamoikveTeba axali tendenciebi – koordinacia da Tanam­ Sromloba individebs, interes-jgufebsa da saxelmwifoe­ 74

bs Soris. zesaxelmwifoebis metoqeoba Semcirdeba da as­ parezze gamoCndeba rogorc regionaluri saxelmwifoebi, aseve arasaxelmwifoebrivi Zalebi.

8. qveynis Sida politikaSi met mniSvnelobas SeiZens axa­li gamowvevebi. mag. populizmis zrda. gaizrdeba propagandis da dezinformaciis masStabebi. erovnuli xelisuflebebi da politikuri institutebi mzad unda Sexvdnen axal gamowvevebs. qveynis usafrTxo arsebobisT­ vis gadamwyveti gaxdeba mTavrobis unari miiRos swrafi gadawyvetilebebi myisieri safrTxeebis winaaRmdeg da akontrolos kanonis uzenaesoba. fuli veRar iqneba mmarT­ velobis mTavari instrumenti. is sazogadoebebi, romlebic miCveulni arian kanonis uzenaesobas, politikuri proce­ sebis gamWvirvalobas da politikur Tu socialur plu­ ralizms, ufro advilad gauZleben mzard turbulentobas.

Tumca, politikuri liderobis deficiti mniSvnelovnad gaarTulebs axal gamowvevebTan brZo­lis SesaZleblobas. `progresis paradoqsi~ gvTavazobs rekomendaciebsac CamoTvlili gamowvevebis dasaZlevad. didi investireba unda moxdes diplomatiis da ganaT­ lebis sferoebSi, radgan ganaTleba da teqnologiuri ino­ vaciebi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis gardauvali safuZveli gaxdeba. rac Seexeba diplomatias, unda moxdes strategi­ uli komunikaciis gaRrmaveba. unda vaRiaroT cvlilebebi romelic moxda da moxdeba momavalSi. gamoviCinoT poli­ tikuri moqniloba da velaparakoT yvelas. unda Seiqmnas axali aliansebi da koaliciebi sxvadasxva Temis garSemo. gamoyenebuli wyaroebi: 1.

2.

National Intelligence Council. Global Trends. https://www.dni.gov/ index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=398&Itemid=776 Global Trends 2015: A dialogue about the future with nongovernment experts. A publication of the National Intelligence Council.

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4.

5.

6.

7.

December 2000. https://www.dni.gov/files/documents/Global%20 Trends_2015%20Report.pdf Mapping the Global Future. Report of the National Intelligence Council’s 2020 Project. December 2004. https://www.dni.gov/files/ documents/Global%20Trends_Mapping%20the%20Global%20Future%202020%20Project.pdf Global Trends 2025: A transformed world. A publication of the National Intelligence Council. November 2008. https://www.dni. gov/files/documents/Newsroom/Reports%20and%20Pubs/2025_Global_Trends_Final_Report.pdf Global trends 2030: Alternative Worlds. A publication of the National Intelligence Council. December 2012. https://globaltrends2030. files.wordpress.com/2012/11/global-trends-2030-november2012.pdf Global Trends. Paradox of Progress. A publication of the National Intelligence Council. January 2017. https://www.dni.gov/files/documents/nic/GT-Full-Report.pdf Global Trends. Paradox of Progress. Global Trends Release even – live from the Newseum in Washington DC. January 9, 2017. https://www. dni.gov/index.php/digital-extras/newseum-launch-presentation

1.4. dasavleTis rbili Zala • • • •

aSS rbili Zala evrokavSiris rbili Zala „kargi da cudi policieli“ gaeros globaluri proeqtebi

dasavluri rbili Zala instituciur qmedebebze da universaluri Rirebulebebis gavrcelebazea dafuZ­ ne­ buli. rbili Zalis gamavrceleblad unda ganvixiloT rogorc calkeuli qveynebi, aseve saerTaSoriso orga­ nizaciebi. rbili Zalis mimRebad – saxelmwifoebi da ase­ ve saxelmwifoSi moqmedi calkeuli institutebi, poli­ tikuri partiebi da sxvadasxva interes-jgufebi.

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dasavlur rbil Zalaze msjelobisTvis sailustra­ ciod da gansaxilvelad SevarCieT sami magaliTi – aSS, evrokavSiri da gaero. aSS-sa da evrokavSiris rbili Za­ lis Taviseburebebis SedarebisTvis veyrdnobiT jozef nais analizs. 1 *** jozef nai ara mxolod mecnieri da Teoretikosi, aramed aSS politikis praqtikosia. Sesabamisad, misi naSromebis upirvelesi mizani aSS sagareo politikis Sefaseba da Sesabamisi uwyebebisTvis rekomendaciebis micemaa. rbili, xisti, Wkviani Zalis da Zalis tranzi­ ciis da difuziis magaliTebic upirveles yovlisa aSS realobazea dafuZnebuli. mimovixiloT, rogor gansaz­ Rvravs nai rbili, xisti da Wkviani Zalebis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobebsa Tu gamowvevebs amerikis SeerTebuli StatebisTvis. prezident jorj buSis administraciis dauRalavi kritikosi jozef nai aSS sagareo politikis analizis dros gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs 2003 wlis erayis kampanias. buSis saomari kampaniis dawyebas nai da sxva eqspertebic ukavSireben aSS-is rbili momxibvlelo­ bis Semcirebas omis wina periodSi. Tumca omma Sedegi ver gamoaswora da piriqiT – erayis kampaniis Semdeg msofli­ oSi anti-amerikuli ganwyobebi mkveTrad gaizarda. nais analizis mcireodeni improvizireba rom movaxdinoT, rbili Zalis dasustebam aucilebeli gaxada xisti Za­ lis gamoyeneba, ramac kidev ufro daasusta rbili Zala, da kidev ufro gaizarda xist Zalaze damokidebuleba.

Sedegad miviReT erTgvari mankieri wre, romlis garRve­ 1

Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power and European-American Affairs. in:Hard Power, Soft Power and the Future of Transatlantic Relations. Edited by Thomas L.Ilgen.

ASHGATE. 2006. p.25-38.

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vas prezidenti obama uSedegod Seecada. aSS politikuri sistema erTgvari `gadatvirTvis~ aucileblobis winaSe dadga, ramac donald trampis gaprezidenteba gamoiwvia. rasakvirvelia, respublikelTa mmarTvelobis momxre eqspertebi (gansakuTrebiT neokonservatiuli skola) ar eTanxmebodnen da arc dRes eTanxmebian nais analizs. maTi azriT, `aSS-s ar sWirdeba aplodismentebi~1 saku­ Tari saxelmwifo interesebis gasatareblad, politikaSi ar arsebobs mudmivi mtrebi da megobrebi, garkveuli sakiTxebis garSemo ki yovelTvis SesaZlebelia koali­ ciis Semokreba. neokonservatorebis azriT, aSS-ma upir­ veles yovlisa sakuTari interesebis dacvaze unda izru­ nos. Tu xalxi msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi fiqrobs, rom amerika imperiaa, dae ifiqron... rbili Zalis skep­ tikosebis azriT, popularoba efemerulia da is ar unda gaxdes sagareo politikis mimarTulebis ganmsazRvre­ li.2 omis momxreTa azriT, aSS-s arapopularuloba war­ sulSic unaxavT da gamosworebadia. respublikelebis amgvar argumentebs nai dRevandel, Zalis difuziaze damyarebul postmodernul samyaroSi civi omis magaliTebis ararelevanturobiT pasuxobs.3 misi zriT, rbili momxibvlelobis kleba da imijis Se­ laxva politikurad da ekonomikurad Zviri ujdeba aSS-s da adamianur msxverpls moiTxovs. 9/11-is Semdeg mTelma msofliom dauWira mxari aSS-s antiteroristul

1 2

3

ibid: p.29. neokonservatiuli ideologia dakavSirebulia stanfordis universitetis huveris institutTan. institutis veb-gverdi gvTavazobs kvlevebs, publikaciebs da sxv. saintereso masalebs rogorc rbili Zalis diskursTan mimarTebiT, aseve saerTaSor­ iso politikis yvela aqtualur sakiTxze. https://www.hoover.org Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power and European-American Affairs.Hard Power, Soft Power and the Future of Transatlantic Relations. Edited by Thomas L.Ilgen.ASHGATE. 2006. p.27

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kampaniebSi, magram erayis omis Semdegom aSS-is antiter­ oristulma mowodebebma sruliad dakarga legitimacia.1 undobloba gadamdebia, msoflioSi antiamerikuli sentimentebis zrda cud gavlenas axdens Tavad ameri­ kul sazogadoebaze – Cndeba fobiebi da Rrmavdeba izolacionizmisken swrafva. garda amisa, aSS-is imijis Selaxva zogadad dasavluri Rirebulebebisa da dasav­ leTis dakninebas uwyobs xels. transnacionaluri terorizmi aSS-isa da msoflios umravlesi qveynebis usafrTxoebis analizsa da stra­ tegiul dokumentebSi saxelmwifos mTavar safrTxedaa dasaxelebuli. dasavlur sazogadoebaSi teroristeb­ Tan/teroristul organizaciebTan raime tipis urTier­ Toba/kompromisi sruliad gamoricxulia da amoralo­ bis tolfasia. nai ar akninebs terorizmis safrTxes. is acnobirebs, rom terorizms verc mxolod rbili ZaliT daamarcxeb da verc mxolod xistiT. naisTvis teroriz­ mis winaaRmdeg brZola gulisxmobs aliansebis Seqmnas da saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobas, risi miRwevac SeuZ­ lebelia rbili Zalis gareSe2. dRevandel msoflioSi, sadac TiTqmis yvela saxelmwifoSi Seqmnilia faruli teroristuli organizaciebi (maT Soris, aSS-Sic) rbil Zalas gadamwyveti roli aqvs teroristebis momxreTa rekrutirebisTvis xelis SesaSlelad.3 nais azriT, globalur sainformacio xanaSi efeqtu­ ri Tavdacva aRar aris Zalauflebis eqskluziuri wyaro, aramed es ukanaskneli Rirebulebebis efeqtur da glo­ balur gaziarebas efuZneba, rac mxolod tradiciuli real-politikiT veRar miiRwev. aSS amerikuli samxedro 1 2 3

ibid.p.26 Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. p.204.

Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power. The Means to Success in World Politics. Public Affairs. NY. 2004 p.21-25

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bazebi ganlagebulia msoflios TiTqmis yvela kuTxeSi, inglisuri ena (swored aSS-s damsaxurebiT) iqca ling­ va frankad, amerikuli ekonomika udidesia msoflioSi, amerikuli pop-kultura msoflios yvela kuTxe-kun­ WulSia damkvidrebuli, magram msoflios yvelaze Zli­ er qveyanas ar Seswevs unari sxvaTa Tanadgomis gareSe, damoukideblad daicvas sakuTari sasicocxlo intere­ sebi. aRniSnul movlenas naim „amerikuli Zalauflebis paradoqsi“ 1 daarqva, da problemis gamosavlad rbili Zalis gaaqtiureba dasaxa. saqarTveloSi da ara mxolod saqarTveloSi, dasav­ leTi (aSS da evropa) xSirad erTian kulturul sivrced aRiqmeba, rac civi omis sabWoTa xedvis inerciaa da re­ alobas ar Seesabameba. kulturuli siaxlovis miuxeda­ vad, amerikul da evropul xedvebSi sxvaoba didia da metic, es ori kultura mudmiv zegavlenas axdens erT­ maneTze. civi omis Semdgom periodSi, rbili momxibvl­ elobis gavrcelebis procesSi, aSS da evrokavSiri meto­ qeebadac ki iqcnen. nai mijnavs evropaSi aSS rbil Zalas da evrokavSiris rbil Zalas msoflioSi. aSS rbili Zalis meqanizmebad evropaSi nai ganixilavs finansur daxmarebas (marSalis gegma), Zireuli kulturuli Rirebulebebis eqsports (federalizmi, demokratia, Tavisufali bazari...), ameri­ kuli maskulturis zegavlenas yoveldRiuri cxovrebis wesze (individualizmi, araformaluri qceva, axalgazr­ dobis rolis wamoweva, progresis rwmena...).2 amerikuli rbili zegavlena evropaze ar niSnavs Rire­ bu­lebebis srulad gaziarebas da brma mimbaZvelobas. mag­ aliTad, evropaSi sifrTxiliT ekidebian zogierT ame­ri­ 1

2

naim amerikuli Zalauflebis paradoqss miuZRvna monografia: Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Paradox of American Power: Why the World’s Only Superpower Can’t Go It Alone. Oxford University Press. 2002 Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011.p.97.

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kul models (sityvis Tavisuflebis modeli; ekonomikuri modeli).1 aseve sruliad gansxvavebulia mSvi­ dobisa da usafrTxoebis mimarT damokidebuleba ara mxolod am­ Jamad, aramed civi omis periodSic. sxvaoba evropul da amerikul Rirebulebebs Soris gansakuTrebiT Tvalsa­Ci­ no xdeba saerTaSoriso politikis mniSvnelovan etapebze. evrokavSiris rbili Zala Tavisi masStabiT ar Camou­ vardeba aSS rbil Zalas. evrokavSiris arseboba Tavad aris rbili Zala. evrokavSiris Seqmnam warmoudgeneli gaxada omi im qveynebs Soris, romlebic saukuneebis man­ Zilze samkvdro-sasicocxlo brZolebSi iyvnen Cabmuli da maT Soris interesTa SeuTavseblobam samyaro or msoflio omSi gaxvia. evropis rbili Zalis resursebis ganxilvisas nai asaxelebs kulturas da xelovnebas (literatura, musi­ ka, dizaini, moda, sakvebi...), evropul enebs (inglisuri, franguli, espanuri, portugaliuri...), politikur Ri­ re­ bulebebs (sikvdiliT dasjis ar arseboba, iaraRis kont­roli, adamianis uflebebi...), ekonomikur modelebs (sayovelTao keTildReobaze dafuZnebuli ekonomika)...2 Rirebulebebis garda, evropuli rbili Zalis momxibvle­ lobas zrdis misi sagareo politikuri prioritetebi da politikuri qmedebebis legitimuroba (ganviTarebadi qveynebis finansuri daxmareba, samSvidobo operaciebSi monawileoba, saxalxo diplomatiis ganviTarebisTvis daxarjuli resursebi...).3

1

2 3

Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power and European-American Affairs.Hard Power, Soft Power and the Future of Transatlantic Relations. Edited by Thomas L. Ilgen. ASHGATE. 2006. p.28 ibid. p.30 Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power. The Means to Success in World Politics. Public Affairs.

NY. 2004. p.19-20; 75-83. Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power and European-American Affairs. Hard Power, Soft Power and the Future of Transatlantic Relations. Edited by Thomas L.Ilgen.ASHGATE. 2006. p.30-33

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rogor SeiZleba Sefasdes aSS da evrokavSiris meto­ qeoba msoflioSi rbili zegavlenis mosapoveblad? ra aris TiToeulis sisuste da gamowveva? konkurencia ufro momgebiania TiToeuli maTganisTvis Tu TanamSromloba? aradasavluri sazogadoebebisTvis evrokavSiris rbi­ li Zala xSirad amerikulze ufro momxibvleli da mis­ aRebia. ruseTi da CineTic ki swored evrokavSirTan cdi­ loben daaxloebas da saerTo interesebis povnas, xolo aSS-s mTavar mtrad acxadeben. zogierTi is Rirebuleba (socialuri kapitalizmis Tanmdevi ekonomikuri da demografiuli problemebi, migraciuli politika, da sxva), rac evropis rbili Zalis upiratesobas ganapirobebs, SesaZloa axlo momavalSi gamowvevad eqces Tavad evropul qveynebs, rac daasus­ tebs evropis rbili Zalis momxibvlelobas da Seamci­ rebs rbili Zalis politikis warmoebisTvis aucilebel resursebs. evrokavSiris rbili Zalis kleba ar niSnavs aSS-is rbili Zalis zrdas da piriqiT. nais xatovani metafo­ riT, evropa da aSS xSirad asrulebs `kargi da cudi policielis~ rols saerTaSoriso politikaSi, magram es TamaSi mxolod maSin aris efeqturi, Tu orive poli­ cieli SeTanxmebulad moqmedebs.1 *** saerTaSoriso politikis sakiTxebze diskusia xSirad dafuZnebulia saxelmwifoebis qmedebebis ganxilvaze, rac realizmis Teoriul CarCoSi jdeba. Tumca bolo aTwleulebSi meti yuradReba eqceva saerTaSoriso po­ litikis sxva sistemur aqtorebs da upirveles yovlisa, saerTaSoriso organizaciebs. rasakvirvelia, esa Tu is 1

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ibid. p.34

saerTaSoriso organizacia eri-saxelmwifoebis SeTanxme­ bis produqtia da politikis warmoebis procesSi gaTva­ liswinebulia wevri saxelmwifoebis interesebi, magram saxelmwifoebis mier Seqmnil saerTaSoriso organiza­ ciebSi calkeuli saxelmwifoebi veRar axerxeben domi­ nirebas da esa Tu is gadawyvetileba interesTa Sejerebis Tu saxelmwifoTa Soris miRweuli konsensusi Sede­ gia. saxelmwifoebi qmnian organizaciebs, organizaciebi qmnian sistemur wesebs da Semdeg es wesebi zemoqmedebs saxelmwifos politikur qmedebaze (rogorc uolciseuli neorealizmi aRniSnavs, sistema zemoqmedebs aqtorebze). rbil ZalasTan mimarTebaSi, saerTaSoriso orga­ nizaciebi udaod eqceva yuradRebis qveS, radgan maTi moqmedebis xasiaTi yvelaze metad aris dakavSirebuli rbili Zalis meqanizmebTan: saerTo Rirebulebebsa da konsensusze dafuZnebuli gadawyvetilebebi, saxalxo diplomatiis aqtiuri roli, strategiuli komunikacia, normebis da Rirebulebebis gavrceleba... swored saer­ TaSoriso organizaciebi gansazRvraven ra aris legalu­ ri, kulturulad da socialurad misaRebi globalur doneze. saerTaSoriso organizaciebis komunikaciis tipebad gansazRvraven: Sida komunikacias organizaciis sistemu­ ri SenarCunebisTvis; komunikacias saerTaSoriso arenaze organizaciis imijis Sesaqmnelad da SesanarCuneblad; organizaciis gafarToebis politikas; safrTxeebis da riskebis menejments. CamoTvlili punqtebidan, sxvadasx­ va saerTaSoriso organizacia sxvadasxva tipis komuni­ kacias Tvlis ufro prioritetulad. zogierTisTvis ki komunikaciis yvela tipi Tanabrad prioritetulia. saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier axali cifruli SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebiT strategiuli komunika­ ciis axali masStabebisa da rbili Zalis meqanizmebis 83

ganxilvis magaliTad SevarCieT gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia, da konkretulad misi erTi proeqti, ro­ melic imdenad globaluria, rom SeuZlebelia misi war­ moeba rbili Zalis meqanizmebis gareSe. 2015 wlis 25-27 seqtembers mdgradi ganviTarebis istoriul samitze, gaeros wevrma qveynebma miiRes do­ kumenti `mdgradi ganviTarebis dRis wesrigi 2030~ ro­ melic ZalaSi Sevida 2016 wlis 1 ianvridan. masSi monawi­ leobaze Tanxmoba ganacxada gaeros wevri 193 qveynis meTaurma. dokumenti erTgvari gagrZeleba da gaRrmave­ baa aTaswleulis ganviTarebis miznebis (MDGs) romelic miRebul gaeros aTaswleulis samitze 2000 wels miiRes. igi Sedgeboda 8 miznisgan, romelic miRweul unda yo­ filiyo 2015 wlisTvis. 2030 dokumenti (SDGs) upreceden­ toa gaeros arsebobis istoriaSi, radgan is CarTulo­ bisken mouwodebs yvela qveyanas miuxedavad sididisa da ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa.1 globaluri miznebi, rogorc SemoklebiT uwodeben am dokuments, Sedgeba 17 miznisgan da moicavs glo­ baluri gamowvevebis mTel speqtrs: siRaribis, SimSilis, uTanasworobis daZleva; ekologiuri problemebi; jan­ dacvis gaumjobeseba; energousafrTxoeba; genderuli Tanasworoba; xarisxiani ganaTleba; infrastruqturisa da ekonomikuri maCveneblebis gaumjobeseba; mdgradi ganviTareba; instituciebis ganviTareba; mSvidoba da sa­marTlianoba; TanamSromlobis gaRrmaveba qveynebs So­ ris globaluri miznebis misaRwevad... globaluri miznebis miRwevaSi saxelmwifoebs daxma­ re­ bas uwevs gaeros ganviTarebis programa (UNDP), ro­ melic xelmZRvanelobs globaluri miznebis erovnuli

1

Sustainable Development Goals. http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/ development-agenda/

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angariSebis momzadebis process da daxmarebas uwevs msoflios qveynebs sami mimarTulebiT: globaluri miznebis miRwevis xelSewyoba; gaeros gamocdilebis gaziareba da eqspertuli konsultaciebi globaluri miznebis miRwevis procesSi; globaluri miznebis asaxva erovnul gegmebsa da politikaSi. gaeros globaluri miznebis politikis SemuSave­ bis Semdeg saeqsperto wreebSi ar wydeba msjeloba am yovlismomcvel da grZelvadian politikaze. Seqmnilia globaluri miznebis damoukidebeli vebgverdi, sadac mocemulia informacia aRniSnul proeqtsa da mis far­ glebSi mimdinare movlenebze. vebgverdi nebismier vizi­ tors sTavazobs calke ganyofilebas – `ra SemiZlia gava­ keTo me~, sadac qveganyofilebebad gvxvdeba ra SeiZleba gakeTdes socialuri mediiT, rogor SeiZleba CaerTos arasamTavrobo seqtori, biznes seqtori... amgvari masStaburi kampania marTlac uprecedentoa kacobriobis istoriaSi da globalizaciis axal etapze gadasvlas gvauwyebs. saZiebo sistema guglSi `globalu­ ri miznebis~ mxolod inglisur enaze Cawera 33 milionze met veb-gverds gvTavazobs. iuTubi gvTavazobs 3 milio­ namde videos, sadac globaluri miznebis ganmartebas da popularizacias gvTavazoben cnobili adamianebi, eqspertebi, moxaliseebi, axalgazrdebi, bavSvebi... robo­ tebi da animaciuri gmirebic ki. magaliTad, bavSvebisa da didebisTvis Tanabrad cnobili da sayvareli komediuri Janris inglisuri animaciuri serialis `mister bini~ mTavari gmiri bini daTunia tedisTan erTad Cveuli dab­ neulobiT cdilobs gaakras globaluri miznebis pla­ kati. Semdeg is iRebs satelefono Setyobinebas: mister bin, CamotvirTe globaluri miznebis satelefono apli­ kacia, CaerTe proeqtSi, heSTegiT `ukeTesi momavali~.1 1

Mr. Bean and Global Goals. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s8cWM-TFZwM

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humanoidi roboti sofiac swored globaluri miznebis farglebSi estumra saqarTvelos. globaluri miznebis qolgis qveS imarTeba sxvadasxva tipis RonisZiebebi, maT Soris msoflio Cempionatebi ama Tu im sportul saxeobebSi. Seqmnilia specialuri kli­ pebi da simRerebi. miznebis popularizaciaSi gardacv­ lili liderebic ki monawileoben. magaliTad, 17 mizni­ dan pirveli gaxlavT `ara siRaribes~. kampania `mizani 1 – ara siRaribes~gvTavazobs nelson mandelas istoriul gamosvlas londonSi trafalgaris moedanze 2005 wels, romlis slogani iyo – `gaxade siRaribe istoria~.1 gaeros istoriuli samiti kidev ufro istoriuli gaxada papi franciskes Tanadgomam.2 is vrceli gamos­ vliT miesalma gaeros samits da xazi gausva mdgradi ganviTarebis 2030 programas. isaubra programis iseT miznebze, rogoricaa siRatakisa da uTanasworobis aRmo­ fxvra, ekologiuri problemebi (am Temebs papi Tavadac xSirad ganixilavs Tavis sajaro gamosvlebSi). gaeros imdroindelma generalurma mdivanma ban ki munma aRniS­ na, rom gaeros arsebobis 70 wlian istoriaSi, es pirveli SemTxvevaa, rodesac gaeros generaluri asambleis gaxs­ nis ceremonialSi monawileoba miiRo romis papma. bibliografia: 1.

2.

1

2

Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power. The Means to Success in World Politics.

Public Affairs. NY. 2004 Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power and European-American Affairs. Hard Power, Soft Power and the Future of Transatlantic Relations. Edited

by Thomas L.Ilgen.ASHGATE. 2006.

Nelson Mandela Speech in Trafalgar Square on February 3, 2005. https://www. youtube.com/watch?v=1NennMCLG7A Pope Francis, decries global ~culture of waste”, urges action sustainable development. Sustainable Development Goals. Sep. 25. 2015. http://www.un.org/ sustainabledevelopment/blog/2015/09/at-un-pope-francis-decries-global-

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3.

4.

Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011 Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Paradox of American Power: Why the World’s Only Superpower Can’t Go It Alone. Oxford University Press. 2002 5. The Oxford Handbook of International Organizations. Edited by Jacob Katz Gogan, Ian Hurd, Ian Jonstone. Oxford University Press. 2016 6. Soft Power and US Foreign Policy. Theoretical, historical and contemporary perspectives. Edited by Inderjeet Parmar and Michael Cox. Routledge. 2010 7. Hoover Institution. https://www.hoover.org 8. Sustainable Development Goals. http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/development-agenda/ 9. Mr. Bean and Global Goals. https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=s8cWM-TFZwM 10. Nelson Mandela Speech in Trafalgar Square on February3, 2005. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1NennMCLG7A 11. Pope Francis, decries global ~culture of waste”, urges action sustainable development. Sustainable Development Goals. Sep. 25. 2015. http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/blog/2015/09/at-un-popefrancis-decries-global

kiTxvebi da davalebebi: 1. Seni azriT, ra saerTo da gansxvavebuli Rirebule­ bebi udevs safuZvlad aSS da evrokavSiris rbil Zalas?

2. Seni azriT, aradasavlur sazogadoebebSi aSS-is rbili Zala ufro efeqturia Tu evrokavSiris rbi­ li Zala? daasabuTe pasuxi.

3. imsjele rbili Zalis meqanizmebze terorizmTan mimarTebaSi. 4. ganmarte termini `amerikuli Zalauflebis parado­ qsi~.

5. rogor gesmis winadadeba: evropa da aSS xSirad as­ rulebs `kargi da cudi policielis~ rols saerTa­ Soriso politikaSi, magram es TamaSi mxolod maSin aris efeqturi, Tu orive policieli SeTanxmebu­ lad moqmedebs.

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6. moiZie damatebiTi informacia saerTaSoriso orga­ nizaciebis strategiuli komunikaciis Sesaxeb.

7. moiZie damatebiTi informacia gaeros globa­ lu­ ri miznebis Sesaxeb. rogor fiqrob, SesaZle­be­lia gae­ ros politika rbil ZalasTan dava­ka­v­SiroT? daasa­ buTe pasuxi.

8. Sea­rCie saerTaSoriso organizaciis mier inicirebu­ li erTi konkretuli proeqti da imsjele rbili Za­ lis meqanizmebze aRniSnul proeqtTan mimarTebaSi.

Ø

es sainteresoa:

legitimaciis maRali xarisxis (yvela wevri saxelmwi­ fos Tanxmoba) da mxolod rbili Zalis meqanizmebis ga­ mo­ ye­ nebis miuxedavad, gaeros globaluri miznebis wina­ aRm­deg mimarTuli antiglobalistebis kritika 2030 dRis wesrigis gamoCenisTanave daiwyo. mravalricxovan li­ teraturaSi magaliTisTvis gamovarCieT amerikeli blo­ ge­rebis, maikl snaiderisa da maik adamsis statiebi, rom­ lebic 2015 wlis seqtembris pirvelive dReebSi (gaeros istoriul samitis Catarebamde) gamoCnda. maikl snaideri 15-mde blogis avtoria. antiglobali­ ti blogeri globalizacias akritikebs ekonomikuri da s­ religiuri argumentebiT. snaiderma Tavis erT-erT blog­ ze `amerikuli ocnebis dasasruli~ 2015 wlis 2 seqtem­ bers gamoaqveyna statia `2030 dRis wesrigi: gaero, papis TanadgomiT, axali msoflio wesrigis proeqts qmnis~. misi azriT, globaluri elitebisTvis saSiSroebas warmoad­ gens xalTa Tavisufleba da maT globaluri kontrolis axal doneze ayvana surT. statiis dasasruls avtori mouwodebs mxardamWerebs moqmedebisken, rom globaluri elitebis xelSi ar aRmoCndes uprecedento Zalaufleba.

2015 wlis 4 seqtembers snaideris statiis erTgvar gagr­ 88

Zelebas gvTavazobs kidev erTi blogeri maikl adamsi, ro­ melic Tavis blogze – `realuri ambebi~ aqveynebs statias: `gaeros 2030 programa gaSifrulia: globaluri monobis proeqti sayovelTao mmarTvelobis Ceqmis qveS~. adamsi gvTa­vazobs 17 miznis miseul `Targmans~. magaliTisaTvis, davasaxelebT ramdenimes: mizani 2 – SimSilis aRmofxvra, misi azriT gulisxmobs genmodificirebuli produqtis warmoebis waxalisebas. mizani 5 – genderuli Tanasworo­ ba, gulisxmobs qristianobis kriminalizebas, heterose­ qsualizmis marginalizebas, maskulinobis demonizebas. mizani 9 – infrastruqturuli proeqtebis xelSewyoba, in­ dustrializacia da inovaciebi, niSnavs erebis gaxlarTvas msoflio bankis kreditebSi da korumpirebuli amerikuli korporaciebis kidev ufro met CarTulobas msoflio in­ frastruqturul proeqtebSi, da sxva. gamoyenebuli wyaroebi: 1.

2.

3.

Michael Snyder. The 2030 agenda: This Month the UN Launches A Blueprint for a new World Order with the help of the Pope. End of the American Dream. Sep.2. 2015. http://endoftheamericandream.com/ archives/the-2030-agenda-this-month-the-un-launches-a-blueprint-fora-new-world-order-with-the-help-of-the-pope Mike Adams. The United Nations 2030 Agenda decoded: It’s a blueprint for the global enslavement of humanity under the boot of corporate masters. Natural News. Sep. 4, 2015. https://www.naturalnews. com/051058_2030_Agenda_United_Nations_global_enslavement.html Xinhua Interview: Liu Zhenmin, UN under-secretary-general for economic and social affairs. Aug. 2017. https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=xiqTjROwubA

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1.5. basri Zala – ruseTi, CineTi • basri Zalis komponentebi • demokratizacia da avtoritarizmis gavrceleba • ruseTis basri Zalis safrTxeebi saerTaSoriso politikaSi • CineTis basri Zalis safrTxeebi saerTaSoriso politikaSi

ruseTis basri Zala Tavisi arsiT sruliad gansxvavde­ ba naiseuli rbili Zalisgan da Cveni azriT, rbili da xisti Zalebis sxvadasxva meqanizmebis erTgvari nazavia: 1. moxibvlaze dafuZnebuli rbili Zala; 2. dezinforma­ ciaze dafuZnebuli civi omis droindeli propaganda; 3. profesionalizmze dafuZnebuli samxedro fsiqologi­ uri operaciebis teqnika; 4. demokratizaciis procesis teqnikis gamoyeneba avtoritarizmis gasavrceleblad. civi omis propagandistuli manqanis Taviseburebebs da dezinformaciis gavrcelebis meqanizmebs dawvrile­ biT Semdeg paragrafebSi mimovixilavT. amjerad ki yura­ d­Rebas SevaCerebT mesame da meoTxe aspeqtebze. `samxedro fsiqologiuri operacia~ (PSYOP) samxedro terminia da gulisxmobs mowinaaRmdegis demoralizebas mowyvladi informaciis gavrcelebiT, fsiqologiuri zemoqmedebiT, mtris banakSi Sida konfliqtebis gaR­ vivebiT da sxv. msgavsi qmedeba istoriulad aprobire­ buli teqnika iyo Sua saukuneebSic. istoriis modernul periodSi, rodesac samxedro Zalebi institutad Camoya­ libda, fsiqologiuri operaciebis teqnika daixvewa da profesionalebis saqmed iqca. samxedro fsiqologiuri operaciebis teqnikas met-naklebad flobs yvela saxel­ mwifos SeiaraRebuli Zalebi (gansakuTrebiT ki didi sa­xelmwifoebis armiebi), Tumca teqnikis gamoyeneba 90

sxva­­dasxva masStabiT xdeba demokratiul da arademokra­ tiul qveynebSi. arademokratiul reJimebSi urTierTSekavebis da Sewonasworebis sistema (check and balance system) sustia an saerTod ar arsebobs: ar xdeba mmarTveli elitis instituciuri kontroli da politikis warmoebis pro­ cesSi minimalizebulia samoqalaqo sazogadoebis CarTu­ loba; ar arsebobs saidumlo dokumentaciis garkveuli vadis gasvlis Semdgom gasajarovebis valdebuleba. Se­ sabamisad, ama Tu im politikis gatarebis legitimuroba ar xdeba gansjis da Sefasebis sagani, ver kontroldeba mTavrobebis mier ama Tu im meTodis gamoyenebis lega­ luroba da martivdeba saerTaSorisod SeTanxmebuli qcevis wesebis darRveva. amasTan, arademokratiul (da gan­sakuTrebiT, totalitarul) reJimebs axasiaTebs fsi­ qologiuri operaciebis ara mxolod mowinaaRmdegis, ar­ amed sakuTari mosaxleobis winaaRmdeg gamoyenebac. araliberaluri Rirebulebebis gasavrceleblad de­ mokratizaciis procesis meTodologiur analogad gamo­ yenebis faqts, erT-erTma pirvelma akademiur sivrceSi yuradReba miaqcia reiCel vanderhilma. vanderhilma dasva kvleviTi SekiTxva: xom ar iyeneben avtoritaruli qveynebi demokratizaciis procesis meqanizmebs avto­ ritarizmis gasavrceleblad? avtorma Tavis monogra­ fiaSi qeisad SearCia sami qveyana: ruseTi, venesuela da irani. Tumca am qveynebis qmedebis miznebi da masStabebi maTive regionebiT gansazRvra da ar daukavSira saer­ TaSoriso politikas.1 vanderhilis msjeloba sruliad jdeba rbili Zalis mimdinare akademiur diskurSi, rac kidev erTxel adasturebs, rom nais rbili Zalis Teoria

1

R. Vanderhill. Promoting Authoritarianism Abroad. Lynne Rienner Publishers.

2013.

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amartivebs im problemebis aRweras da klasifikacias, razec manamdec keTdeboda aqcentebi. ra msgavsebaa demokratizaciis processa da avtori­ tarizmis gavrcelebis process Soris? orive SemTxve­ vaSi saxezea ramdenime gamocdili meTodi: 1. mmarTvel eli­tasTan urTierTobebis damyareba; 2. mokavSire poli­ kuri partiebis da interes-jgufebis daxmareba; 3. ti­ ekono­mikuri zegavlena; 4. metoqeTa SezRudva. msgavsebasTan erTad TvalsaCinoa sxvaobac: 1. demok­ ra­tizaciis procesSi mmarTvel elitaze gavlenas axde­ nen sxvadasxva institutebis mxridan sanqciebiT an/da waxalisebiT. avtoritaruli reJimi ki mokavSire po­ litikur elitasTan urTierTobas amyarebs pirdapi­ ri dafinansebis gziT. 2. demokratizaciis procesSi aqcenti keTdeba politikuri partiebisa da interesjgu­febis teqnikur-finansur, aseve instituciur dax­ marebaze, arCevnebis monitoringsa da politikuri kon­­kurentunarianobis gazrdaze. avtoritaruli reJi­ mebi ki Tavis sayrden elitebs mxolod mizanmimarTul dafinansebas sTavazoben. 3. demokratizaciis procesi miznad isaxavs ekonomikuri da monetaruli reformebis ani ekonomikis gajansaRebas. avtorita­ meSveobiT mTli­ ruli reJimebi ekonomikis calkeul sferoebze zemoq­ medeben pirdapiri dafinansebis gziT. 4. demokratiuli sistema gulisxmobs metoqeebTan politikur-samarTle­ briv brZolas metoqeTa gauvnebelyofiT an ukidures SemTxvevaSi, metoqeTa marginalizaciiT. avtoritariz­ misTvis ki mniSvnelovania metoqeebis gaqroba politi­ kuri asparezidan, rac xSirad represiebis gziT xdeba. demokratizaciis process bevri gamowveva axlavs Tan: masStaburi reformebi gaTvlilia grZelvadian perspeqtivaze da sawyis etapze Sokuri Terapiis efeqts axdens sazogadoebaze; ama Tu im mniSvnelovani segmentis 92

waxaliseba xdeba sxvadasxva moklevadiani proeqtebiT, rac arastabilurobis SegrZnebas aCens sazogadoebaSi; demokratiuli saxelmwifoebis politikuri elitebi damokidebulni arian sakuTar amomrCevelze, rac xSi­ rad iwvevs dagegmili politikuri kursis cvlilebas... ganzogadebas Tu mivmarTavT, Cveni azriT, or ZiriTad daskvnamde mivalT: 1. demokratiuli reformebi masS­ taburia da Sesabamisad, mouqneli; 2. demokratiuli mTavrobebi ver iyeneben arademokratiul meTodebs. demokratizaciis procesisgan gansxvavebiT, avtori­ ta­ rizmis gavrceleba basri ZaliT swraf efeqtzea orientirebuli. basri Zalis Sedegebi moklevadianad iTv­leba iseT saxelmwifoebSi, romlis institutebi mya­ ria da efeqturi. saqarTvelos msgavsi axali demokra­ tiebisTvis ki basri Zalis zegavlena grZelvadiani da Seuqcevadi Sedegebis momtani SeiZleba aRmoCndes. ruseTis rbili (basri) Zala ukve wlebia ganixileba akademiur Tu araakademiur wreebSi. sakiTxi gansa­ kuT­ rebiT gaaqtiurda 2016 wlis aSS saprezidento arCev­ nebSi ruseTis rbili (basri) Zalis kvalis aRmoCenis Semdeg. dRes guglis saZiebo sistemaSi mxolod ingli­ sur enaze terminis `ruseTis rbili Zala~ akrefa mil­ ionobiT Sedegs gvaZlevs. ruseTis basri Zalis samizned aRar saxel­ deba mxolod postsabWoTa sivrce. masTan sabrZolvelad sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebSi Seiqmna anal­ itikuri centrebi, saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi ki spe­ cia­luri programebi. dRes saerTaSoriso akademiuri Sexvedrebis Tu axalgazrduli saswavlo programebis did nawilSi warmodgenilia ruseTis basri Zalis Tema da aqcenti keTdeba masTan brZolis aucileblobaze. im mraval angariSs Soris, romelic bolo wlebSi Seiqmna sxvadasxva saxelmwifo uwyebis Tu saerTaSori­ so organizaciis farglebSi, sailustracio magaliTad 93

moviyvanT evropuli Rirebulebebis centris (CexeTis re­ spublika) da konrad adenaueris fondis 2019 wlis usa­ frTxoebis strategiebis programis farglebSi momzade­ bul angariSs, romlis mixedviT, qveynebi dayofilia sam kategoriad maTive TviTSefasebis safuZvelze.1 gansakuTrebuli safrTxis qveS mqof qveynebad moiaz­ reba: baltiis qveynebi, CexeTis respublika da dania. qveynebi, sadac acnobiereben basri Zalis safrTxeebs: belgia, xorvatia, safrangeTi, germania, niderlandebi, SvedeTi, gaerTianebuli samefo, aSS, kanada... qveynebi, sa­ dac ruseTis basri Zala naklebad ganisazRvra safrTxed an/da ar gatarebula masTan brZolis gansakuTrebuli RonisZiebebi: avstria, fineTi, irlandia, portugalia, italia, bulgareTi, slovenia, poloneTi. ruseTis basri Zalisgan gansxvavebiT, CineTis basri Zala naklebad aris Seswavlili, Tumca masze msjeloba bolo wlebis trendad iqca. rogorc eqspertebi aRniS­ naven, CineTis basri Zalis analizisTvis unda moxdes ruseTis basri Zalis Seswavlis dros SemuSavebuli meTodologiis da dagrovili gamocdilebis gamoyeneba. am konteqstSi aseve gansakuTrebiT sainteresod Cans ev­ ropuli Rirebulebebis centris da konrad adenaueris fondis 2019 wlis angariSi, sadac mocemulia ruseTis da CineTis evropuli zegavlenebis SedarebiTi analizi.2

1

2

Russia and China through eyes of NATO and EU intelligence agencies. How do EU member states’, Canadian and the United States intelligence agencies assess Russian and Chinese influence activities? Security Strategies Program 2019 report. European Values, Konrad Adenauer Stiftung. https://www.europeanvalues.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Russia-and-China-through-eyes-ofNATO-and-EU-intelligence-agencies.pdf Handbook on Countering Russian and Chinese Interference in Europe. KonradAdenauer-Stiftung. European Values Center for Security Policy. Report 2019. https://www.europeanvalues.net/vyzkum/handbook-on-countering-russianand-chinese-interference-in-europe

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angariSis winasityvaoba gvamcnobs mis miznebs: `kon­ kretuli incidentebis (ZiriTadad ruseTis Carevis Se­ saxeb evropasis qveynebsa da aSS-Si) Sesaxeb monacemebis mzardi raodenobis da ruseTis da CineTis mier sagareo po­litikuri miznebis misaRwevad aralegaluri meTode­ bis (dezinformaciis gavrceleba, informaciis mopar­ va...) gamoyenebis Sesaxeb kvlevebis mzardi raodenobis mi­ uxedavad, ar arsebobs zusti aRwera Tu ra miznebs isaxavs msgav­si qmedeba da rogor gansxvavdeba ruseTis da CineTis basri Zalis zegavlena regionebis da qveyne­ bis mixedviT. mkvlevarebisTvis aseve xelmiuwvdomelia in­formacia, evropuli Tu aSS sadazvervo da saxelmwi­ fo usafrTxoebis samsaxurebis mier SemuSavebuli meqa­ nizmebis Sesaxeb~.1 angariSi sxvadasxva qveynebis gamocdilebis Sejerebis safuZvelze gamoyofs safrTxeebis sxvadasxva aspeqts: 1. ruseTis samxedro operaciebi ukrainaSi (rac saerTo ev­ ropuli usafrTxoebis gamowvevaa); 2. ruseTis mier evropis, rogorc memarjvene, aseve memarcxene popu­ listuri partiebis finansuri da ideologiuri mxar­ daWera; 3. ruseTis da CineTis kiber-Tavdasxmebi da ki­ ber-SpionaJi; 4. ruseTis da CineTis dezinformaciuli kampaniebi; 5. ruseTisa da CineTis mzardi ekonomikuri zegavlena da SantaJi; 6. ruseTisa da CineTis spec-sam­ saxurebis qmedebis gaaqtiureba ucxo qveynebSi. CamoTvlili gamowvevebidan yvela punqti, pirveli aspeqtis garda (xisti Zalis gamoyeneba ukrainaSi), war­ moadgens basri Zalis moqmedebis areals. aRniSnuli angariSis da sxva literaturis Sejerebis safuZvelze, SegviZlia visaubroT ruseTis da CineTis basri Zalis saerTo da gansxvavebul maxasiaTeblebze.

1

ibid.p. 3

95

saerTo maxasiaTeblad saxeldeba ruseTis da CineTis mxridan sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebze ekonomikuri zegav­ lenis mcdeloba. evropis sxvadasxva qveynebis (safran­ geTi, germania, xorvatia, niderlandebi, baltiis qvey­ nebi...) safrTxeebis analizSi rig SemTxvevaSi saubaria ruseTis da CineTis mxridan pirdapir investiciebze, zogierT SemTxvevaSi ki Suamaval investorebze (nider­ landebis SemTxveva).

CineTis da ruseTis mxridan ganxorcielebul ekono­ mikur zewolaSi CarTuli arian maTi diplomatebi (Cexe­ Tis magaliTi), romlebic sxvadasxva xrikebiT axerxeben adgilobrivi politikosebis korufciul garigebaSi CaTrevas da qveynis imijis Selaxvas. CineTTan msgavsi problemis identificirebas axdens lietuvac: piradi urTierTobebis damyareba, ZviradRirebuli saCuqrebiT da dafinansebuli vizitebiT adamianebze zemoqmedeba (aziuri diplomatiis axali masStabebi) CineTis basri Zalis Semadgenel nawilad iqca. basri Zalis qmedeba­ ze reagireba gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva saxelmwifos Sem­TxvevaSi. magaliTad, estoneTma gaamkacra kanonmde­ bloba investorebTan mimarTebiT da rus oligarqebs SeuzRuda investirebis meqanizmebi. germania da safran­ geTi ki tradiciulad mxolod frTxili da politkoreq­ tuli gancxadebebiT dakmayofilda. gaerTianebul samefoSi skripalis skandalis Semdeg (rasac daerTo kiber-jaSuSobis da kiber-Tavdasxme­ bis problemac), gansakuTrebiT gaaqtiurdnen specsam­ saxurebi. sapasuxod bevrma saxelmwifom erovnuli usafrTxoebis programebSi prioritetad dasaxa kiberusafrTxoeba, gaamkacra kanonmdebloba da sakiTxis eqs­ pertuli kvleva. gansakuTrebiT sainteresod gveCveneba ori magaliTi: 1. niderlandebis gancxadeba ruseTis spec-samsaxurebis mier samecniero-teqnologiuri gamo­ 96

gonebis qurdobis mcdelobaze; 2. germaniis gancxadeba, CineTis mier evrokavSiris Sida moxmarebis dokumentebis da G20 samitis masalebis qurdobis mcdelobaze.1 orive qveynis SemTxvevaSi keTdeba aqcenti, rom specsam­ saxurebis saqmianobis safarvelad gamoyenebulia sxvadasxva diplomatiuri da kulturuli centrebi, xolo jaSuSobaSi Cabmas da spec-samsaxurebTan Tanam­ Sromlobas sxvadasxva meTodebiT aiZuleben sakuTari diasporebis warmomadgenlebs. amasTan, CineTi eTniku­ robas aigivebs moqalaqeobasTan da aSS-Si mcxovreb eT­ nikur Cinelebs uzRudavs CineTSi Casvlas, xolo Casvlis SemTxvevaSi ukrZalavs aSS-Si dabrunebas. ruseTis da CineTis basri Zalis SedarebiTi ganxil­ visas saxezea msgavsi interesebi.2 orive qveynis xelisufleba reJimis legitimacias da politikuri Zalauflebis ganmtkicebas, aseve saSinao problemebis gadafarvas cdilobs sagareo politikis frontze gaaqtiurebiT da sakuTari mosaxleobisTvis sagareo gamarjvebebis iluziebis SeqmniT. demokratiul mmarTvelobaSi erovnuli usafrTxoeba niSnavs riskebis menejments, avtoritaruli mTavrobebis aRqmiT ki usafrTxoeba niSnavs safrTxeebis ararsebo­ bas da warmoqmnamde maT neitralizebas. am tipis mmarT­ veloba sakuTari reJimis safrTxed ganixilavs regionsa Tu msoflioSi mimdinare yvela misTvis araxelsayrel movlenas. cifruli revolucia da Zalis difuzia ki mxo­ lod amZafrebs amgvar SiSebs. orive qveynis sagareo politikis prioritetia civi omis droindeli `dasavluri blokis~ erTianobis rRveva da aSS-is gandevna evropuli sivrcidan. aSS-sa da evroka­

1 2

ibid. p.6,8. ibid. p. 9-16

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vSirs Soris ganxeTqilebam (an minimum, araefeqturma da arakoordinirebulma TanamSromlobam) ruseTs da CineTs sxvadasxva sargebeli SeiZleba moutanos, Tumca orive SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovania tendencia, rom bipolaruli msofliosgan (sadac `dasavleTi~ erTian polusad moiaz­ reboda) gansxvavebiT multipolarul samyaroSi aSS da evrokavSiri sxvadasxva polusebad yalibdeba. evropasTan ruseTis da CineTis damokidebulebis narativic gansxvavebulia da mosalodneli sargebelic. ruseTisTvis mniSvnelovania Tavad evropa. is axdens evrokavSiris qveynebis zonebad da jgufebad dayofas: a) aRmosavleT evropaSi ruseTi cdilobs gavlenis dabru­ nebas; b) dasavleT evropis qveynebTan ruseTi cdilobs erTgvari warmosaxviTi garigebis miRwevas: energousa­ frTxoebis da zogadad, usafrTxoebis sanacvlod, `bebe­ ri evropis~ mier `regionis Sida saqmeebze~ (post-sabWoTa sivrce) Tvalis daxuWva, centralur evropaSi (avstria, slovakeTi, CexeTi, ungreTi) neitraluri mTavrobebis arseboba, didi britaneTis instituciuri, xolo polo­ neTis strategiuli izolacia, evrokavSirisa da natos gafarToebis SezRudva, ruseTis winaaRmdeg evropuli sanqciebis (maT Soris, ruseTis oligarqiuli elitis da maTi ojaxis wevrebis SeuzRudavi mimosvla/cxovreba dasavleT evropis ganviTarebul qveynebSi) gauqmeba. ruseTis basri Zala iyenebs narativs: `evropa ar aris tur aSS-s ukana ezo~, riTic kvebavs evropul populis­ ideologiebs da sxva anti-dasavlur Zalebs. strate­ giuli miznebis miRwevis gzaze ruseTi urigdeba mcire taqtikur danakargebs (magaliTad, montenegros nato-Si gawevrianebas). ruseTs realurad miaCnia sakuTari mizne­ bis miRweva, radgan icis, rom evropa ver/ar gamoiyenebs sadamsjelo meqanizmebs mis winaaRmdeg. ruseTis mizne­ bis miRweva faqtiurad gulisxmobs ruseTis de-faqto 98

vetos uflebas evrokavSirisa da natos gadawyvetile­ bebze, aseve dasavleT evropis ganviTarebuli qveyne­ bis resursebiT ruseTis politikuri reJimis finansur uzrunvelyofas.

CineTis, rogorc saerTaSoriso politikis axali mzar­di Zalis miznebi yofil dasavlur blokTan mimar­ TebiT sruliad gansxvavebulia. CineTisTvis mTavari samiznea aSS (da ara evropa), xolo mizani aSS strate­ giuli izolacia. ruseTis msgavsad, evrokavSiris qveynebTan mimar­ TebiT CineTic geografiul zonalobas mimarTavs: a) centraluri evropis qveynebisgan is cdilobs Seqmnas gamtari zona sakuTari produqciis evropul bazarze gasatanad. b) dasavleT evropis qveynebisgan CineTi elis minimalur mxardaWeras: adamianis uflebebis darRvevis sakiTxSi CineTis kritikis Sewyvetas, evropul qveynebSi Cinuri warmoebis teqnologiebis danergvisTvis xelis SeSlis prevencias; evrokavSiris gulgrilobas afrikis kontinentze CineTis mzardi gavlenis mimarT...

CineTma, iseve rogorc ruseTma, kargad icis rom evro­ kavSiri ver SeZlebs misTvis winaaRmdegobis gawevas, ami­ tom ar erideba axali agresiuli kampaniebis dagegmvas. mravali msgavsebis miuxedavad, ruseTis da CineTis miznebsa da mosalodnel SedegebSi, aseve moqmedebis (gansakuTrebiT, basri Zalis formebTan dakavSirebiT) teqnikaSi mniSvnelovani gansxvavebaa. ruseTis basri Zala bevrad warmatebulia informaciuli Sturmisa da dezin­ formaciis gavrcelebis masStabebiT. CineTi ar cdilobs evropis qveynebSi populisturi da eqstremistuli Zale­ bis Seqmna-xelSewyobas. amiT is inarCunebs garkveul re­ putacias da ruseTze „ukeTesi policielis“ imijs.

CineTi aqtiurad iyenebs rbili Zalis instrumenteb­ sac. aTiode welia CineTma aSS mibaZviT Seqmna saganmanaT­ 99

leblo programebis masStaburi gacvliTi qseli (bevri qarTveli studentic sargeblobs aRniSnuli SesaZle­ blobiT). ruseTi axalgazrduli inteleqtis mizidvas ver axerxebs regionuli masStabiTac ki. gansxvavebulia is ZiriTadi resursic, rasac eyrd­ noba es ori qveyana basri zegavlenis mosaxdenad. pirve­ lis SemTxvevaSi mTavari resursia energoseqtori, meoris SemTxvevaSi ki teqnologiebi da sakomunikacio sistemebi. rogoria sapasuxo reaqcia evrokavSiris an aSS mxri­ dan? evropul qveynebSi ufro metad ruseTis basr Zalaze xdeba reagireba, aSS-Si ki CineTis basri Zala gaxda aka­ demiuri Tu uwyebrivi ganxilvebis prioritetuli Tema. sailustracio magaliTad gamogvadgeba aSS kongre­ sis dazvervis mudmivmoqmedi komitetis1 sajaro foru­ mi2. forumSi monawileoben aSS cnobili eqspertebi da saxelmwifo moxeleebi. aq xazgasmiT iTqva, rom CineTi safrTxea ara mxolod aSS-sTvis, aramed mTeli libera­ luri samyarosTvis da aSS liderobiT Seqmnili saer­ TaSoriso wesrigisTvis. CineTis mizani ar aris mxolod ekonomikuri gavlenis mopoveba sxvadasxva regionSi, aramed sabazro ekonomikis ideis damaxinjeba da adamia­ nis uflebebis dacvis, rogorc faseulobis damarcxeba sazogadoebriv cnobierebaSi. CineTi ar egueba demokratiul saxelmwifoebTan Ta­ naarsebobas arsebuli saerTaSoriso wesrigis fargleb­ Si da cdilobs sakuTari reJimis eqsports, xels uwyobs sxva avtoritarul reJimebs da axangrZlivebs maT arse­

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2

US House of Representatives Permanent select committee on Intelligence. https://intelligence.house.gov China’s Foreign Influence and Sharp Power Strategy to shape and Influence Democratic Institutions. NED. Published on May 16, 2019. https://www.ned. org/chinas-foreign-influence-and-sharp-power-strategyto-shape-and-influence-democratic-institutions/

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bobas investiciebiT da sakuTari iafi teqnologiebiT. Cinur investiciasa da CineTis saxelmwifo interess Soris zRvaris gavleba am etapze SeuZlebelia, xolo arademokratiuli mTavrobebisTvis ekonomikuri daxma­ rebis miReba CineTisgan momgebiania – es maT politikur elitebs korufciis met saSualebas aZlevs. aSS eqspertebis gancxadebiT, drouli da aucilebelia axali Sekavebis politikis wamowyeba. Tumca rogorc kris­ tofer uolkeri (basri Zalis terminis erT-erTi avtori) acxadebs, demokratia nela iRviZebs da nela reagirebs. ruseTis da CineTis basri Zalis Taobaze mwvave poli­ tikuri diskursis miuxedavad, rogorc oficialur aseve araoficialur doneze aSS politikuri liderebi da eqs­ pertebi CineTs da ruseTs gamowvevad moixsenieben da ara mtrad. ruseTis da CineTis usafrTxoebis doqtri­ nebSi ki aSS pirvel mtrad aris gamocxadebuli. aRwerili movlenebi saerTaSoriso politikis prizma­ Si warmoadgens modernizebul civ oms, sadac ruseTma da CineTma jerjerobiT moaxerxa erT mxares dadgoma, xolo aSS da evrokavSiri veRar axerxebs saerTo interesebis gamonaxvas. amgvari gadajgufeba saxifaTod gamoiyureba, Tumca analizisas ar unda gamogvrCes sxva tendenciebic. cifruli globalizaciis da Zalis difuziis pirobebSi ruseTis geopolitikuri svlebi aRar ganixileba rele­ vanturad. interesebis garkveuli Tanxvedris miuxedavad, arc ruseT-CineTis TanamSromlobas aqvs myari safuZveli da perpeqtiva. ruseT-CineTis saerTo interesebis garSe­ mo gaerTianebis tendencia naimac iwinaswarmetyvela da aSS Zalauflebis dabalansebis mcdelobad Seafasa. nais azriTac, amgvar alianss ar aqvs momavali.1 ruseTisgan gansxvavebiT, CineTi pragmatuli moTama­ Sea da politikur gadawyvetilebebs iRebs situaciis da 1

Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. p.171-172.

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mogebis perspeqtivis mixedviT. CineTis TamaSis wesebic (geoekonomika) da misi resursic (teqnologiebi) srulad Seesabameba cifruli epoqis moTxovnebs da mzardi mniS­ vnelobisaa. sxvadasxva eqspertebis analiziT, axlo moma­ valSi swored CineTi Seuqmnis ruseTs mTavar safrTxes da ara aSS an evrokavSiri. saerTaSoriso wesrigis prizmidan Cans bipolaruli wesrigis multipolarul wesrigad transformaciis xan­ grZlivi da mtkivneuli procesi. CineTs aqvs yvela wina­ piroba da resursi, sxva saxelmwifoebTan kavSiris gareSe, Camoyalibdes multipolaruli samyaros erT-erT mZlavr damoukidebel polusad. msoflios mTavari gamowvevaa misi TamaSis wesebi moaqcios garkveul sazRvrebSi da uzrunvelyos polusebis mSvidobiani Tanaarseboba. ruseTis basri Zala SesaZloa ufro intensiurad moqmedebs vidre CineTis (gansakuTrebiT regionSi da gan­ sakuTrebiT 2013 wlis Semdeg), Tumca mis teqnika­ Si araferia axali da civi omis propagandis erTgvar reinkarnacias warmoadgens axal narativebze aqcentiT. komunizmis ideologia Canacvlda konservatizmiT da pre-modernuli RirebulebebiT: religiuri misticizmi progresis winaaRmdeg; istoriuli samarTlianobiT mani­ pulacia saerTaSoriso samarTlis winaaRmdeg...

CineTis basri Zalis narativi met kiTxvebs badebs. ekonomikuri saswauli da teqnologiuri winsvla ori saukunea liberalur Rirebulebebze dafuZnebuli po­ litikuri sistemebis prerogativad iTvleba. CineTi cdilobs aCvenos, rom totalitarul reJimsac ZaluZs ekonomikuri saswauli da teqnologiuri garRveva. amg­ vari precedenti gamowvevaa saerTaSoriso wesrigisTvis, radgan axalisebs sxva arademokratiul reJimebs. Cine­ Tis swrafi ekonomikuri zrda grZelvadiania Tu mxo­ lod droebiTi warmateba, amas dro gviCvenebs. amJamad 102

CineTSi mimdinare ekonomikuri daRmasvla SesaZlebelia simptomaturia. ruseTis da CineTis `basri momxibvleloba~ did po­ litikur miznebzea dafuZnebuli. basri zemoqmedebis Seswavla da analizi sasicocxlod aucilebeli gaxda saxelmwifo interesebis da usafrTxoebis dasacavad. sam­ wuxarod, basri zegavlenis meqanizmebis Seswavla xSirad mxolod Sedegebis dadgomis Semdeg xdeba SesaZlebeli. aSS-is yuradReba ZiriTadad CineTidan momdinare safrTxeebzea gadatanili. Tumca saqarTveloSi mTavari gamowveva ara CineTis, aramed ruseTis basri Zalaa. sa­ muSaod Tu saswavleblad CineTSi wasul axalgazrdobas Camoaqvs teqnologiebis codna da ara totalitaruli komunisturi partiis pativiscema. `stalinizmis bacila~ erTaderTia, rac Cveni dakvirvebiT qarTvels CineTidan SeiZleba Camohyves. bibliografia: 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

gvanca abdalaZe. ideologiuri brZola `axal civ omSi~. ssu Sromebi. humanitarul da socialur-politikur mec­ nierebaTa seria, XIII, 2015.

PSYOP. Military Psychological Operations Manual. U.S.Army. 2009 R. Vanderhill. Promoting Authoritarianism Abroad. Lynne Rienner Publishers. 2013.

Handbook on Countering Russian and Chinese Interference in Europe.

Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung. European Values Center for Security Policy.

Report 2019. https://www.europeanvalues.net/vyzkum/handbook-oncountering-russian-and-chinese-interference-in-europe European Values Centre for Security Policy. https://www.europeanvalues.net Russia and China through eyes of NATO and EU intelligence agencies. How do EU member states’, Canadian and the United States intelligence agencies assess Russian and Chinese influence activities?

Security Strategies Program 2019 report. European Values, Konrad Adenauer Stiftung. https://www.europeanvalues.net/wp-content/up-

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loads/2019/06/Russia-and-China-through-eyes-of-NATO-and-EU-intelligence-agencies.pdf 7. China’s Foreign Influence and Sharp Power Strategy to shape and Influence Democratic Institutions. NED. Published on May 16, 2019. https://www.ned.org/chinas-foreign-influence-and-sharp-power-strategyto-shape-and-influence-democratic-institutions/ 8. Chinese Soft Power and Its Implications for the United States. Competition and Cooperation in the Developing World. Edited by Carola McGiffert. A report of the CSIS Smart Power Initiative. 2009. https:// csis-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/legacy_files/files/media/csis/ pubs/090403_mcgiffert_chinesesoftpower_web.pdf 9. US House of Representatives Permanent select committee on Intelligence. https://intelligence.house.gov 10. St. Levitsky, L.A.Way. Elections Without Democracy. The rise of competitive authoritarianism. Journal of Democracy. Vol. 13, #2, April, 2002 https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/levitsky/files/SL_elections.pdf

kiTxvebi da davalebebi: 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

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imsjele basri Zalis komponentebze. eTanxmebi Tu ara SemoTavazebul klasifikacias? daasabuTe pasuxi. moiZie informacia samxedro fsiqologiuri opera­ ciebis teqnikis Sesaxeb. ra aris saerTo maxasiaTeblebi da mTavari sxvaoba de­ mokratizaciisa da avtoritarizmis gavrcelebis pro­ cesebs Soris? imsjele ruseTis basri Zalis savaraudo safrTxeebze saerTaSoriso politikaSi. imsjele CineTis basri Zalis savaraudo safrTxeebze saerTaSoriso politikaSi. imsjele ruseTis da CineTis basri Zalebis savaraudo miznebze SedarebiT WrilSi.

1.6. propaganda • • • •

konstruqciuli da destruqciuli propaganda propagandis meTodebi da Sedegebi propaganda: rbili Zala Tu xisti Zala cifruli revoluciis gavlena propagandaze

propaganda Sexedulebebis da rwmena-warmodgenebis gavrcelebis sistemuri da sistematuri mcdelobaa. pro­ paganda SesaZloa gulisxmobdes rogorc zepir narativs, aseve simboloebis da vizualuri produqciis Seqmnas, rac gacilebiT efeqtur Sedegs iZleva. propagandis kvali SesaZloa aRmovaCinoT ara mxolod mediaSi, aramed mecnierebisa da xelovnebis sxvadasxva sferoSi. propaganda SesaZlebelia davyoT konstruqciul da destruqciul propagandad. konstruqciuli propaganda sakuTar upiratesobebs warmoaCens arsebul mokavSireeb­ Tan urTierTobebis SesanarCuneblad, axali mokavSireebis SesaZenad an maTTan konfrontaciis dasaZlevad. konstru­ qciuli propaganda ar cdilobs `Cven-isini~ diqotomiis gamoyenebas da aqcents akeTebs saerTo identobis auci­ leblobaze. konstruqciul propagandas SesaZloa iye­ nebdes rogorc saxelmwifo, aseve sxvadasxva politikuri Tu sazogadoebrivi jgufebi saxalxo diplomatiis daxma­ rebiT, aseve xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargebi. konstruqciuli propaganda SesaZlebelia gavaigiv­ oT nais `rbil ZalasTan~, radgan konstruqciuli pro­ paganda axdens sakuTari upiratesobebis warmoCenas da misi mizania sxvaTa moxibvla sakuTari Rirebulebebis gavrcelebiT. destruqciuli propaganda erTgvari `Savi fiaria~. misi safuZvelia `Cven-isini~ diqotomia, sadac aqcenti gadatanilia sxvebis diskreditaciasa da sazogadoebrivi 105

azris manipulirebaze. destruqciuli propagandistuli manqana axdens ara realuri informaciis sasurvelad warmoCenas, aramed dezinformaciis Seqmna-gavrcelebas da aralegalurad mopovebuli informaciis (maT Soris, piradi informaciis) mimoqcevas. konstruqciuli propagandisgan gansxvavebiT, rome­ lic SesaZloa farTo saxalxo CarTulobas gulisxmobdes da ar iyos marTuli politikuri jgufebis mier, destru­ qciuli propagandis warmoeba moiTxovs centralizebul midgomas. is xelisuflebis da politikuri jgufebis mier gamoyenebuli meTodia mimarTuli rogorc sakuTari mo­ qalaqeebis, aseve sxva sazogadoebebis da saxelmwifoebis winaaRmdeg. mniSvnelovani Sedegebis misaRwevad aucile­ belia procesebis efeqturi sinqronizacia. sakuTari moqalaqeebis motyuebis da sakuTari sa­­ zogadoebis winaaRmdeg warmoebuli destruqciu­li propagandis miznebad SesaZlebelia moviazroT: kon­ kretuli politikuri jgufis gaZliereba da misi qmede­ bebis (maT Soris, represiebis gatarebis SemTxvevaSic) legitimacia; metoqe politikuri jgufebis diskredita­ cia da politikuri velidan CamoSoreba; `mtris xatis~ Seqmna Sida politikuri krizisebis gadasafarad da ara­ legitimuri qmedebebis gasamarTleblad; `uZlevelobis miTis~ Seqmna metoqeebze zegavlenis mosaxdenad da sxv. am mimarTulebiT yvelaze mZime Sedegad unda CaiTvalos totaluri marTvis danergva da totalitaruli poli­ tikuri sistemis Camoyalibeba. sxva sazogadoebebis winaaRmdeg warmoebuli de­ st­ruq­ciuli propagandis miznebad SesaZlebelia da­ va­­saxeloT: garkveuli jgufebis da Rirebulebebis diskreditaciiT adamianebis daeWveba sakuTar Rirebu­ lebebSi (RirebulebiTi gaoreba da kulturuli Soki); sazogadoebis gaxleCa da siZulvilis gaRviveba (sazoga­ 106

doebrivi Tanxmobisa da masze dafuZnebuli pozitiuri mSvidobis SeuZlebloba); konfliqtebis da samoqalaqo dapirispirebis provocireba (politikur, eTnikur, re­ ligiur, socialur niadagze); saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg mi­ marTuli ideologiuri Tu kriminaluri jgufebis Seqmna, waxaliseba, legitimacia (e. w. `mexuTe kolonis Canergva~) da sxv. am viTarebaSi mZime Sedegad SeiZleba CaiTvalos saxelmwifo institutebis funqcionirebis SeuZlebloba da saxelmwifos CamoSla, rasac SesaZloa moyves xan­ grZlivi arastabiluroba da okupacia sxva saxelmwifos (saxelmwifoebis) mxridan. destruqciuli propagandis mizani saerTaSoriso politikis doneze SesaZlebelia ganisazRvros ro­ gorc: arsebuli samxedro, politikuri Tu ekonomikuri koaliciebis diskreditacia maTi funqcionirebis dasa­ susteblad; axali koaliciebis Seqmnis mcdeloba; saer­ TaSoriso konfliqtebis an terorizmis provocireba sakuTari saxelmwifos sagareo politikis gaaqtiu­re­bi­ sTvis da prestiJis ierarqiaSi adgilis mosapoveblad. sxva saxelmwifoebis winaaRmdeg warmoebuli destruq­ ciuli propaganda emsaxureba sakuTari geopolitikuri Tu geoekonomikuri interesebis gatarebas saerTaSo­ riso politikaSi da arsebuli saerTaSoriso wesrigis gadasinjvas. am mimarTulebiT mZime Sedegad unda Cav­ TvaloT msoflio omis dawyeba da masobrivi saerTaSo­ riso destruqcia. destruqciuli propagandis klasikur formebad gani­ xileba nacisturi da sabWoTa propaganda. am orma tota­ litarulma reJimma destruqciuli propaganda erTgvar xelovnebad aqcia, Seqmna propagandis specialuri ins­ tituciebi da sazogadoebis inteleqtualuri resursi (mecniereba, ganaTleba, xelovneba) Caayena propagandis samsaxurSi. propagandis virtuozis, iozef gebelsis saq­ 107

mianobis analizis safuZvelze, leonard dubma 1948 wels dawera wigni, sadac gebelsis propagandistuli ideebis aRwera-sistematizacia SemogvTavaza. gebelsis propagan­ dis proncipebidan gvinda yuradReba SevaCeroT ramde­ nime aspeqtze1: 1. propagandis warmoeba unda moxdes centralize­ bulad. propagandis mwarmoebels unda hqondes wvdoma dazvervis mier mopovebul masalebze. propagandas mxari unda auban politikurma liderebmac.

2. Savi propagandis gamoyeneba unda moxdes, Tu Te­ Tri propaganda ar muSaobs. propagandam unda daaswros mtris propagandas.

3. mowinaaRmdegis propagandis analizis safuZvel­ze, unda moxdes informaciis nawilis ignorireba, na­wi­lis mx­ ileba, nawilis sakuTari propagandisTvis gamoye­neba.

4. propagandistuli slogani unda iyos mkafio, mokle, gasagebi da dasamaxsovrebeli. movlenebs da ada­ mianebs unda mivaweboT `iarliyi~. propagandistuli me­ sijebi unda SemuSavdes ise, rom man gamoiwvios maRali sazogadoebrivi interesi da uzrunvelyos mesijebis inerciiT gavrceleba.

5. propaganda ver moitans dauyovnebliv Sedegebs. man momavalSi unda gamoiwvios tendenciebis da mowi­ naaRmdegis qmedebaTa cvlileba. politikuri qmedebebis

1

Leonard W. Doob. Goebbels’ Principles of Propaganda. The Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol. 14, No. 3. 1950. Online publication by: Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Association for Public Opinion Research. 2009. https://s3.amazonaws. com/academia.edu.documents/53319490/Goebbels-Principles-of-Propaganda.pdf?response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DAmerican_ Association_for_Public_Opinion.pdf&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMACSHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A%2F20200228%2F us-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20200228T120502Z&X-AmzExpires=3600&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Signature=de8b3e216ecc8add23fdcdd6b38429b780cb87e1633063c7c85b2c6aede885c8

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dagegmvisas winswrebiT unda gaviTvaliswinoT propagan­ dis Sedegebic. zogierT SemTxvevaSi destruqciuli propagandis iden­tificireba martivia. gansakuTrebiT misi xangrZ­ livad gamoyenebisas. sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis bolo aTwleulSi arc erT sabWoTa moqalaqes aRar sjeroda ssrk narativebis. Tumca es ssrk dasustebis da dasa­ vluri rbili Zalis gazrdis Sedegi ufro iyo, vidre samoqalaqo cnobierebis amaRlebis. propagandas qmnian profesionalebi da adamianebi umetes SemTxvevaSi eqce­ vian misi zemoqmedebis qveS. rac meti adamiani daije­ rebs propagandistul narativs, miT ufro noyieri xdeba garemo axali propagandisTvis. destruqciuli propaganda zvaviviTaa, Tovlis erTi patara gunda did damangrevel masad iqceva procesis bolos. mas verc erT SemTxvevaSi ver gavaigivebT naiseul `rbil ZalasTan~ da `xisti Zalis~ komponentad miviCnevT. propagandis warmoebis teqnikas da mis meTodebs sxva­ dasxva dargis mecnierebi swavloben. rasakvirvelia, me­ Todebi cvalebadia drosa da sivrceSi, xolo meTodebis klasifikacia mravalferovani da mravalwaxnagovani. aq moiazreba rogorc totalitaruli politikuri siste­ mis Seqmnis istoriulad gamocdili sistemuri meTodebi (mag. pirovnebis kultis Seqmna), aseve samxedro Zalebis mier mtris winaaRmdeg gamoyenebuli fsiqologiuri ze­ moqmedebis teqnika (mag. demoralizacia) Tu individze ze­ moqmedebis sxvadasxva fsiqologiuri meqanizmi (mag. ref­leqsia). aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom lite­ raturaSi mi­­ moxiluli propagandis klasikuri Tu Tanamedrove me­­ Todebi xSir SemTxvevaSi emTxveva dezinformaciis gavrcelebis meTodebs, romelsac momdevno TavSi Se­ve­ xebiT. destruqciuli propagandis sailustraciod Sevar­ CieT ori saintereso meTodi, romelic aqtiurad ga­ 109

moiyeneboda totalitaruli mTavrobebis (nacisturi germania, sabWoTa kavSiri) mier da romlebic, rogorc Cans dResac aqtiurad gamoiyeneba basri Zalis mier. oqsfordis universitetis profesori korneliu bio­ la propagandis erT-erT efeqtur meTodad refleqsuri kontrolis doqtrinas asaxelebs1. doqtrina SemuSavda civi omis dros, 1960-ian ww-Si sabWoTa uSiSroebis sis­ temebSi da sainformacio omis erT-erTi cnobil da xan­ grZlivad gamoyenebad doqtrinad iTvleba. mis SemuSa­ vebaSi monawileobda rusi mecnieri vladimer lefevri, romelmac aSS-Si sacxovreblad gadasvlis Semdeg meTodi aRwera Tavis publikaciebSi2. meTodi mdgomareobs Sem­ degSi: samizne adamians an jgufs unda miewodos infor­ macia imgvarad, rom man Secvalos Tavisi dagegmili qmedeba da miiRos sxva gadawyvetileba sakuTari nebiT, iZulebisa da zegavlenis Tavsmoxvevis gareSe. procesis dros mniSvnelovania `swori informaciis~ `swor dros miwodeba~ samizne piris fsiqotipis gaTvaliswinebiT (an samizne institutis sistemuri funqcionirebis Tavise­ burebebis gaTvaliswinebiT). aRniSnuli procesis mTava­ ri mizani da Sedegi SesaZloa sulac ar iyos konkretuli gadawyvetileba, aramed identificireba – samizne piri (Tu uwyeba) rogor iRebs gadawyvetilebebs an rogor reagirebs krizisul viTarebaSi. es erTgvari testia da msgavsi codna gamoiyeneba sxva ufro mniSvnelovan SemTxvevaSi. rasakvirvelia, am procesSi mniSvnelovania samizne piris (jgufis) fsiqotipis da susti mxareebis winaswari codna, aseve variaciis da interaqciis unari zegavlenis ganmaxorcieleblis mxridan.

1

2

Corneliu Bjola. Propaganda as reflexive control: the digital dimension. in: Countering online propaganda and extremism. The dark side of digital diplomacy.

Edited by Corneliu Bjola and James Pamment. Routledge. 2019. p.13-27 ibid.p.15

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sabWoTa kvlevebis eqspertis, timoTi tomasis kvle­ vebma aCvena, rom doqtrinam ganicada evolucia da dRe­ sac aqtiurad gamoiyeneba ruseTis samxedro da sadaz­ vervo samsaxurebis mier sainformacio omis warmoebis procesSi1. cifrulma revoluciam axali masStabebi Ses­ Zina meTods. civi omis pirobebSi ar iyo martivi saWiro informaciis mopoveba samizne piris (pirebis, jgufebis, uwyebis) Sesaxeb piradi informaciis CaTvliT. dRes Za­ lian martivia gavigoT informacia umcires detalebamde adamianis Tu organizaciis Sesaxeb maT mierve onlainsivrceSi ganxorcielebuli qmedebebis da atvirTuli masalebis (maT Soris, fotoebis) saSualebiT. aRniSnuli meTodis gamoyenebiT, SesaZlebelia ama Tu im sazogadoebaSi gaavrcelo informacia, romelic saku­ Tari moqalaqeebis TvalSi mmarTveli politikuri eli­ tis diskreditacias moemsaxureba da ganapirobebs Sida politikur cvlilebebs. sagareo politikuri miznebis­ Tvis, SesaZloa sxvadasxva Ria Tu faruli wyaroebiT gaavrcelo didi raodenobiT urTierTsawinaaRmdego in­ formacia, raTa ver moxdes informaciis swori klasifi­ kacia da analizi (teqnologiur saukuneSi informaciis mopovebaze ufro rTuli gaxda mravalmxrivi informa­ ciis klasifikaciis da analizis unari). timoTi tomasi refleqsuri kontrolis safuZvelze ganxorcielebul qmedebad miiCnevs mcdari analogiebis mzard gavrcelebas (mag. kosovos magaliTiT manipuli­ reba ruseT-saqarTvelos 2008 wlis omis da 2014 wlis yirimis aneqsiis wina periodebSi; an dasavluri struq­ turebis refleqsuri dadanaSauleba ruseTis winaaRm­ deg dezinformaciis gavrcelebaSi...). aseve, gaxmaurebul `lizas saqmesac~ aRniSnul meTods ukavSirebs.

1

ibid.p.16

111

propagandistuli meTodi 40/60 – gebelsis saxels ukavSirdeba. meTodi gulisxmobs iseTi media saSualebis Seqmnas, romelic moaxerxebs mowinaaRmdege qveynis sazogadoebis ndobis mopovebas. Seqmnili da gavrcele­ buli informaciis 60 % sandoa, relevanturi da asa­ xavs samizne sazogadoebis interesebsa da molodinebs. dezinformaciis gasavrceleblad xdeba darCenili 40 %-is gamoyeneba. amgvari proporcia gacilebiT efeqtu­ ria vidre sruli dezinformacia, radgan sazogadoeba media-saSualebas aRiqvams rogorc sandos da profesio­ nalers. magaliTad, meore msoflio omis dros gebel­ sis miTiTebiT da aRniSnuli meTodis gamoyenebiT fun­ qcionirebda inglisurenovani radio, romelsac didi interesiT ismenda antifaSistur brZolaSi Cabmuli sam­ yaro da britanul mauwyeblobad miiCnevda. simarTle ki mxolod omis dasrulebis Semdeg gairkva.

40/60 meTodi ar gamqrala nacizmis damarcxebis Sem­ deg da misi aqtiuri gamoyeneba daiwyo sabWoTa kavSirma civi omis dros. iseve rogorc civi omis sxva meqanizmeb­ ma, meTodma 40/60 post-sabWoTa periodSic SeinarCuna popularoba da efeqturad gamoiyeneba hibriduli omis warmoebis procesSi. da mainc, ratom aris propaganda aseTi mimzidveli adamianebisTvis? saxeldeba bevri mizezi, romlebic amgvarad SeiZleba davajgufoT: 1. propaganda martivad gasagebi mza produqtia da mo­qalaqisgan ar moiTxovs zedmet Zalisxmevas, moiZios informacia da Tavad gaakeTos analizi.

2. propaganda im socialuri fenis adamianebs, vi­ sac ar aqvs Sesabamisi ganaTleba da unarebi, garkveuli sakiTxebis Sesaxeb warmoadginos kvalifikaciuri anali­ zi, mza `inteleqtualuri sarCos~ miwodebiT exmareba aimaR­ los TviTSefaseba da ipovos Rirseuli adgili sazogadoebaSi. 112

3. propaganda xangrZliv qmedebas gulisxmobs da Se­sabamisad, droTa ganmavlobaSi is iwvevs ara mxolod SeCvevas da mimReblobas, aramed narkotikul damokide­ bulebas da meti `dozis~ miRebis survils.

4. propaganda qmnis saerTo RirebulebebiT gaje­re­ bu­li jgufis identobas. erTis mxriv, individi gani­cdis Temis zegavlenas da amave dros individi Tavad miis­ wrafvis Temis srulfasovani wevrobisken. propaganda elitizmiT daRlil sazogadoebebSi elitizmis daZle­ vis iluzias aCens da Tavad qmnis axal elitebs. sabWo­ Ta elitebze dakvirvebam aCvena, rom amgvari jgufebi gamoirCeva maRali sicocxlisunarianobiT da TviTga­ darCenis instinqtiT. sabWoTa kavSiris dangrevidan 30 wlis Semdegac ki sabWoTa propagandiT gamokvebili jgu­ febi ar gamqralan, maT ganicades transformacia da kv­ lavac axerxeben sazogadoebriv azrze zegavlenas. rogor unda moxdes propagandis identificireba da misgan sazogadoebis dacva? mravalricxovan litera­ turasa da winaaRmdegobriv diskusiebze dayrdnobiT warmovadgenT martiv klasifikacias. individisa da sazogadoebis doneze: 1. individis una­rebis gaumjobeseba (kritikuli azrovneba, media niereba, cnobierebis amaRleba); 2. sazogadoebrivi wig­ azris sistemuri kvleva sazogadoebis molodinebisa da moTxovnebis identificirebisTvis; 3. fsiqologiuri analizi (mowyvladi jgufebis Rirebulebebis da qcevis Seswavla); 4. informaciis analizi da propagandis iden­ tificireba. propagandis Sedegebze dakvirveba. saxelmwifos doneze: 1. saxelmwifo institutebis koordinirebuli qmedeba, saxelmwifo interesebis wi­ naaRmdeg mimarTuli propagandistuli arxebis gamovle­ na da akrZalva. 2. sakuTar moqalaqeebTan strategiuli komunikaciis gaumjobeseba.

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amgvarad, daskvnis saxiT gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom si­ tyva `propaganda~ ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba uaryofiT kon­ teqstSi da `destruqciul propagandas~ moiazrebs. is ar Seefardeba arc rbili da arc xisti Zalis naiseul ganmartebas. mas Cven basri Zalis Semadgenel nawilad moviazrebT. cifruli revoluciis epoqaSi propagandam ganicada transformacia da cifrul propagandad iqca, romlis sazRvrebi da efeqturoba gacilebiT masStaburia, vidre civi omis droindeli proklamaciebi Tu posterebi. ci­ fruli propaganda ereva saerTaSoriso gadawyvetile­ bebis miRebis procesSi da izrdeba diplomatiuri Tama­ Sis `dahakvis~ safrTxe. cifruli propaganda cifruli diplomatiis `bneli mxarea~. bibliografia: 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

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Countering online propaganda and extremism. The dark side of digital diplomacy. Edited by Corneliu Bjola and James pamment. Routledge new diplomacy studies. 2019 Michael Erbschloe. Extremist propaganda in social media. A threat to homeland security. CRC press. 2019 The propaganda model today. Filtering perception and awareness.

Edited by Joan Pedro-Caranana, Daniel Broudy, and Jeffery Klaehn.

University of Westminster Press. 2018 Marcel H. Van Herpen. Putin’s Propaganda Machine; Soft Power and Russian Foreign Policy. Rowman and Littlefield. 2016 The Oxford handbook of propaganda studies. Edited by Jonathan Auerbach, Russ Castronovo. Oxford University Press. 2013 Nicholas J. Cull, David Culbert, David Welch. Propaganda and Mass persuasion. A historical encyclopedia, 1500 to the present. ABC CLIO. 2003 GuityNovin. A history of Graphic Design. The online textbook. Chapter 29. Propaganda Posters. http://guity-novin.blogspot.com/2010/05/ chapter-29-propaganda-posters.html#SixteenP Leonard W. Doob. Goebbels’ Principles of Propaganda. The Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol. 14, No. 3. 1950. Online publication by: Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Asso-

ciation for Public Opinion Research. 2009. https://s3.amazonaws. com/academia.edu.documents/53319490/Goebbels-Principlesof-Propaganda.pdf?response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20 filename%3DAmerican_Association_for_Public_Opinion.pdf&XAmz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAI WOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A%2F20200228%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_ request&X-Amz-Date=20200228T120502Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&XA m z - S i g n e d H e a d e rs = h o st & X- A m z - S i g n at u re = d e 8 b 3 e 2 1 6 e c c8add23fdcdd6b38429b780cb87e1633063c7c85b2c6aede885c8

kiTxvebi da davalebebi: 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Ø

gsmenia TeTri, Savi, ruxi propagandis Sesaxeb? moiZie damatebiTi informacia da ganmarte, ra gansxvavebaa maT Soris. moiZie informacia nacisturi germaniis da sabWoTa ka­ vSiris propagandistuli qmedebebis Sesaxeb. moiyvane magaliTebi. gaecani da Seadare nacisturi germaniis da civi omis droindeli propagandistuli posterebi. moiZie informacia propagandis meTodebis Sesaxeb. daasaxele da ganmarte romelime maTgani. daakavSire propaganda rbili da xisti Zalis Teorias­ Tan. SearCie sxvadasxva epoqis da Tematikis ori propagan­ distuli posteri. ratom SearCie es ori? ris propagan­ das eweva posteri da rogor aRwevs mizans vizualiza­ ciiT? Sen rom Segxeboda es propaganda, imoqmedebda Tu ara da ratom?

es sainteresoa:

`lizas saqme~ bolo wlebis erT-erT skandalur Sem­T­ xvevad iqca.

115

2016 wlis axalwlis dReebSi, berlinis mcxovrebi ru­ suli warmoSobis 13 wlis gogona liza moulodnelad gau­ Cinarda 30 saaTis manZilze. saxlSi dabrunebis Semdeg, man ganacxada, rom arabuli garegnobis mamakacebma gaitaces da gaaupatiures. arc policiam da arc gogonas mSoblebma gogonas moyolili ambavi simarTled ar CaTvales. erT-er­ Ti adgilobrivi gazeTis cnobiT, gogonas hyavda 19 wlis Turqi Tayvanismcemeli da swored masTan erTad iyo gapa­ ruli. saxlSi iZulebiT dabrunebis Semdeg gogonam scada ambis SeTxzva Tavis gasamarTleblad. lizas ambavi darCe­ boda ojaxur konfliqtad, rom ara misi gamoyeneba poli­ tikuri miznebisTvis. rusulma da prorusulma mediam (ruseTis pirveli arxi, ruseTi dRes, sputniki) ambavi sensaciad aqcia da so­cialuri qselebis saSualebiT sazogadoebis yuradReba miipyro. ambavs gamoexmaurnen rusi maRalCinosnebi (maT Soris, ministri lavrovic), romlebic aqcents akeTebd­ nen germaniaSi rusulenovani mosaxleobis daucvelobaze. germaniaSi mcxovrebi mravalricxovani rusulenovani jgufebis diskriminaciis msxverplad gamocxadeba niSna­ vda adamianis uflebebTan mimarTebaSi germaniis dadana­ Saulebas ormagi standartis gamoyenebaSi. skandalma gamoiwvia sxvadasxva tipis jgufebis gaaqti­ ureba da mravalricxovani saxalxo demonstraciebi germa­ niis qalaqebSi. neo-nacisturi jgufebi aqcents akeTebdnen migraciis problemebze. rigiTi germanelebi aRaSfoTa ger­ maniis policiis uunarobam, daecva germaniis moqalaqeebis usafrTxoeba. rusulenovani jgufebi iTxovdnen uflebebis dacvas da pativiscemas germanuli sazogadoebis mxridan. lizas skandalis gasaanalizeblad, aucilebelia mimo­ vixiloT politikuri konteqsti. ruseTis mier ukrainis nawilis okupacias germaniis maRalCinosnebis mkveTri gancxadebebi mohyva. wlebis manZilze naSenebi germania116

ruseTis konstruqciuli urTierTobebi safrTxis winaSe dadga. evropaSi swored germania gaxda ruseTis winaaRm­ deg sanqciebis gamkacrebis erT-erTi iniciatori. germane­ li maRalCinosnebi aRniSnavdnen, rom pirvelad civi omis Semdeg safrTxe Seeqmna evropul usafrTxoebas. germaniis mTavrobam da obamas administraciam dagegmes erToblivi qmedebebi. germaniis jarebi natos egidiT ganTavsda lie­ tuvaSi, natos jari miuaxlovda ruseTis sazRvars. rusulma propagandam lizas skandali Seqmna kancler merkelis dasaSantaJeblad da politikuri realobis Se­ sacvlelad. migraciis Tema gamoiyenes didi migraciuli krizisis pirobebSi, rodesac germaniaSi moqmedi sxvadasx­ va politikuri Tu samoqalaqo jgufebi aqtiurad akriti­ kebdnen merkelis saemigracio politikas. angela merkeli ar ahyva SantaJs. 2016 wlis noemberSi merkelis saparlamento jgufma Seqmna specialuri do­ ku­ menti, sadac aRniSnulia, rom ruseTi postsabWoTa sivr­ ces ganixilavs sakuTari gavlenis sferod, Seqmna `ru­ seTis samyaros ideologia~ riTac arRvevs xalxTa Ta­ visufali arCevanis uzenaes principebs, manipulirebs gayinuli konfliqtebiT, mxars uWers asadis reJims siri­a­ Si, riTac arRvevs saerTaSoriso samarTals. ruseTi cdi­ lobs sxvadasxva qveynebis Sida politikaze zegavlenas (maT Soris, germaniaSi lizas skandaliT). sapasuxo nabiji un­da iyos evrokavSiris da natos TavdacviTi meqanizmebis gaZliereba. erTi wlis Semdeg, 2017 wlis TebervalSi msgavsi faqti moxda lietuvaSi. gavrcelda informacia, rom germanelma jariskacma, romelic natos egidiT gaagzavnes lietuvaSi, Tineijeri gaaupatiura. ambavi iyo sruli sicrue. dezin­ formaciis mizani iyo rogorc natos jarebis diskredita­ cia, aseve SiSis danergva lietuvas sazogadoebaSi (meore msoflio omis droindeli SiSebis dabruneba da antiger­ 117

manuli sentimentebis gaCena). `axalma sensaciam~ ver moax­ dina efeqti. lietuvas sazogadoeba aramc Tu ar ahyva provokacias, aramed sapasuxod lietuvaSi ganxorcielda axali zomebi sazogadoebrivi cnobadobis amaRlebisa da propagandis dasamarcxeblad. gamoyenebuli wyaroebi: 1.

2.

Stefan Meister. The ~Lisa case”: Germany as a target of Russian di­sinformation. NATO REVIEW. 25 July 2016. https://www.nato.int/ docu/review/articles/2016/07/25/the-lisa-case-germany-as-a-target-ofrussian-disinformation/index.html Positionspapier Russland. Positionspapier der CDU/CSU-FraktionimDeutschen Bundestag Beschlussvom 29. November 2016.https://www. cducsu.de/sites/default/files/positionspapier_russland_final_clean.pdf

1.7. dezinformacia da Ria wyaroebiT gamoZieba • • • •

dezinformaciis tipebi dezinformaciis gavrcelebis meqanizmebi trolingi Ria wyaroebiT gamoZieba

yvelaze martivi klasifikaciiT, dezinformacia Se­ g­­­vi­­Zlia gavyoT or saxeobad: misinformacia (Misinformation) da dezinformacia (Disinformation). pirvel SemTxvevaSi, SesaZloa mcdari informacia an mcdari interpretacia gavrceldes uneblied, viRacis xumrobis, Secdomis an araprofesionalizmis gamo. dezinformacia ki gamiznu­ li tyuilia ekonomikuri, politikuri Tu sxva miznebis 118

misaRwevad. misinformaciis Sedegi SesaZloa iseTive mZime aRmoCndes, rogorc dezinformaciis SemTxvevaSi. dezin­ formaciis, anu cru narativis, tyuilis Seqmnis pro­ cesSi xdeba faqtebiT manipulireba an faqtebis sruli falsifikacia sxvadasxva meTodebiT. TiToeuli maTgani SesaZloa Seexos Sinaarss an konteqsts.1 Sinaarsze manipulaciis SemTxvevaSi sxvadasxva rea­ lu­ ri faqtebi dakavSirebulia erTmaneTTan mcdari war­modgenebis Sesaqmnelad. konteqstze manipulacia gu­­ lisxmobs faqtis konteqstidan amoglejas, konteqs­ tis mcdar interpretacias an movlenebis sruliad sxva kon­teqstSi gadatanas. falsifikacia anu gayalbeba SesaZlebelia iyos nawi­ lobrivi an sruli. informaciis nawilobrivi falsifi­ kacia SesaZloa gulisxmobdes konteqstis gamogonebas, yalbi wyaroebis Seqmnas, realur faqtebTan erTad ga­mo­ gonili faqtebis aRweras, damabneveli saTaurebis, heS­ Tegebis da fotoebis gamoyenebas. informaciis sruli falsifikacia gulisxmobs gamo­ gonil, yalb informacias romelic gamiznulad Seiqmna zianis misayeneblad. mas xSirad `yalb ambebs~ (Fake News) uwodeben. manipulaciac da falsifikaciac SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes rogorc teqstSi, aseve foto da video ma­ salaze. gansakuTrebiT popularuli meTodia fotomasa­ lis falsifikacia, radgan martivia rogorc Sesaqmnelad, aseve gasavrceleblad da efeqturia zemoqmedebisTvis. martivi aplikaciebiT falsificirebuli foto-video ma­ salis amocnoba SesaZloa martivi aRmoCndes, Tumca pro­fesionalebis Seqmnili falsifikaciis dadgena SeuZ­ lebeli xdeba specialuri eqspertizis gareSe.

1

Claire Wardle. Fake news. It’s complicated. FIRST DRAFT. February 16, 2017. https://firstdraftnews.org/latest/fake-news-complicated

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arc ise didi xania gamoCnda dezinformaciis axali da saxifaTo tipi – „Rrma feiqi“ (Deep Fake), romelic Za­ lian hgavs namdvils. is gulisxmobs xelovnuri intele­ qtis gamoyenebiT yalbi video an audio-Canaweris Seqm­ nas. martivi video-manipulacia (xmis da gamosaxulebis amoWra, gadafarva, sxvadasxva dros realurad naTqvami frazebis Sekowiweba...) advili gamosacnobia faqtCekin­ gis mcireodeni gamocdilebis mqone pirisTvis. `Rrma feiqi~-is SemTxvevaSi ki msaxiobis mier wakiTxul teqsts xelovnuri inteleqti sinqronSi ameorebinebs samizne pirs misi gamosaxulebis, mimikis da xmis gamoyenebiT. Rrma feiqis eqspertiza rTulia da axali saeqsperto meTodebis Seqmnas moiTxovs. Rrma feiqma ukve daazarala aSS prezidentebi baraq obama da donald trampi, feis­ buqis damfuZnebeli mark cukerberki da sxva cnobili adamianebi.1 dezinformaciis Seqmna-gavrcelebis procesSi gamo­ i­ yeneba sxvadasxva teqnika. evropuli politikis anali­ zis centri (CEPA) CamoTvlis da ganmartavs zogierT maT­­gans: ping-pongi (sxvadasxva veb-gverdebis koordi­ rebuli gamoyeneba internetSi narativis gasaaqti­ ni­­ u­reblad); „yvavma yvavs uTxrao...“ (sxva pirebisa da organizaciebis mxileba im saqmianobaSi, raSic Tavad bral­mdebelic CarTulia. Sesabamisad, detalebis aRwera xdeba meti damajereblobiT); faqtebis uaryofa (SesaZ­ lebelia sxvadasxva formiT, maT Soris, realuri faqtebis aRwera maTi uaryofis, interpretirebis, diskreditaciis da a. S. mizniT); fragmentireba an ganzogadeba (nawilis mTlianad warmoCena an mTlianis nawilad Sefaseba); faq­ tebis emociebiT gadafarva (emociuri metaforebiT teqs­ 1

Joseph Foley. 9 deepface examples that terrified and amused the internet. CB (CREATIVE BLOG). November 15, 2019. https://www.creativebloq.com/features/deepfake-examples

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tis gadavseba; emociebis wina planze wamoweva); ganqiqeba, dacinva, iarliyebis miwebeba; „voTebauTizmi“ (mcdari Sedarebebis moyvana, Cven cudebi varT, magram sxvebic cudebi arian stilSi); „narativis gaTeTreba“ (narati­ vis miwera daukonkretebeli eqspertebisTvis. magali­ Tad, qarTul internet mediaSi xSirad xmarebuli fraza `rogorc britaneli eqspertebi amboben~...); balansis cvlileba (damaxasiaTebelia ZiriTadad satelevizio sivrcisTvis: tele-debatebSi propagandistuli Zalebis mowveva meore mxares aiZulebs gadavides TavdacviT re­ JimSi, riTic garkveuli problemis ganxilvisas iqmneba disbalansi); „vagonze Sextoma“ (mcdeloba garkveuli narativi warmoCindes umravlesobis Sexedulebad da amiT zegavlena moaxdinon individze, romelsac surs `ar CamorCes meinstrimul tendenciebs~); SeTqmulebis Teo­ riebi (Worebis gavrcelebiT da miTebis SeqmniT `faruli SeTqmulebis~ gamoaSkaraveba an piriqiT, arsebuli rea­ lobis SeTqmulebad monaTvla); mcdari dilemebi (war­ mosaxviTi gamouvali mdgomareobis aRweriT individze zemoqmedeba, rom man mxari dauWiros `erTaderT swor gadawyvetilebas~) da sxv.1 dezinformaciis da propagandis meTodebi xSi­ rad msgav­ sia da SeuZlebelia maTi mkveTri gamijv­ na. dezinfor­maciis gavrcelebaSi monawileoben trole­bi da botebi. boti igivea, rac aplikacia, romelic xelovnur in­ teleqtze dayrdnobiT da specialurad misTvis Seqmnili algoriTmebiT, asrulebs micemul davalebas. magaliTad: konkretul komentars ganaTavsebs asobiT da aTasobiT gverdebze, tiraJirebs mowonebis (`laiqis~) an emociis Rilakebs da a. S. botisgan gasxvavebiT, troli adamiania, 1

Disinformation Techniques. The Center for European Policy Analysis (CEPA). https://www.cepa.org/disinfo-techniques

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Tumca yoveldRiur slengSi xSirad trolebs da botebs erTmaneTTan aigiveben. troli iRebs mza gzavnils da direqtivas samizne individebis an jgufebis Sesaxeb. trolisTvis trolin­ gi anazRaurebadi samsaxuria. trolebi mesijebs arge­ ben konteqsts da axdenen mesijebis diversificirebas, iwyeben diskusiebs internet momxmarebelTan... troli moqmedebs specialurad Seqmnili sxvadasxva saxele­ biT (`eqaunTebiT~). rig SemTxvevebSi trolis amocnoba martivia socialur mediaSi (yavs cota megobari, axal Seqmnili gverdia, ar aCens pirad da ojaxur fotoebs, profilisTvis iyenebs moparul fotos da identobas da sxv.) trolis gamoaSkaraveba mis profesionalizm­ zea damokidebuli – xelovnuri inteleqtiT Seqmnili fotoebi, IP misamarTebiT manipulireba da sxva msgavsi meTodi arTulebs trolis amocnobas. maRalanazRaure­ badi trolebi profesionalebi arian da qaosi SeaqvT internet-sivrceSi. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani amocanis SemTxvevaSi iqmneba e. w. `trolebis qarxana~ – adamianTa jgufi kon­ kretuli amocanebiT. erTeuli trolisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic SesaZlebelia sakuTari saxlidan muSaobdes sa­ kuTari smartfoniT an kompiuteriT, trolebis qarxana organizaciaa da mas infrastruqtura esaWiroeba. `tro­ lebis qarxana~ xSirad daregistrirebulia media-saagen­ tos, holdingis an sxva msgavsi saxeliT da oficialur saqmianobas safarad iyenebs trolingis procesSi. 2016 wels, aSS prezidentis donald trampis saarCe­ vno kampaniis dros mniSvnelovan ambad iqca trolebis gavlena amomrCevelTa ganwyobaze. Seiqmna specialuri komisia, romelsac xelmZRvanelobda aSS gamoZiebis fe­ deraluri biuros (FBI) yofili xelmZRvaneli, robert miuleri. gamoZiebam gamoaqveyna e. w. `miuleris angari­Si~, 122

romlis Tanaxmad, trolebis qarxnis funqcias as­ru­lebda rus oligarq evgeni prigoJinis mier sankt-pe­terburgSi daregistrirebuli internet kvlevebis saa­gento.1 trolingisTvis individebis da jgufebis piradi mo­­ nacemebis moZieba xdeba Ria wyaroebiT, moparviT (`dahak­ viT~), aplikaciebis daxmarebiT (sxvadasxva saxis onlain testebi, gansakuTrebiT iseTi, romelic fotosuraTis atvirTvas moiTxovs momxmareblisgan), kompiuteruli virusebis gavrcelebiT da sxva. politikuri trolingis mizania sazogadoebis war­ modgenebisa da Rirebulebebis formireba, sasargeb­ lo idiotebad (misi informaciis gamavrceleblad) da koleqtiur trolebad (misi Rirebulebebis matareble­ bad) gadaqceva. dezinformaciis gavrceleba SesaZlebelia yvela me­­dia-saSualebiT, magram dezinformaciis gavrcele­ bis masStabi uprecedentod maRalia yviTeli mediis, internet-mediis da socialuri qselebis gamoyenebiT. socialuri qselebi, internet-jgufebi da internet-ga­ mocemebi amartivebs botebis da trolebis saqmianobas. amgvari operaciebi imdenad masStaburia, rom feisbu­ qma maT amosacnobad SeimuSava specialuri algoriTmi. aplikaciebi kargad muSaobs botebis winaaRmdeg, Tumca jer-jerobiT ver amarcxebs trolings. dezinformaciis mizanmimarTulma gavrcelebam da po­­ litikurma trolingma SesaZloa daazianos nebismieri saxelmwifo. Tumca iq, sadac politikuri institutebi da samoqalaqo sazogadoeba sustia, xolo media-wignierebis xarisxi dabali, Sedegi xangrZlivi da damangreveli Sei­ Zleba aRmoCndes.

1

Report On The Investigation Into Russian Interference In The 2016 Presidential Election. V. I. Special Counsel Robert S. Mueller, III. US Department of Justice.

Washington. March 2019. https://www.justice.gov/storage/report.pdf

123

Ria wyaroebiT gamoZieba (OSINT) zogadi ganmartebiT gulisxmobs nebismieri tipis gamoZiebas Ria informaciaze dayrdnobiT da sxvadasxva aplikaciebis gamoyenebiT. Ria wyaroebSi SesaZloa moviazroT internetSi ganTavsebuli nebismieri informacia – samTavrobo dokumentebi, mediakontenti, socialur qselebSi ganTavsebuli statusebi Tu komentarebi... cifruli gamomZieblis Tu cifruli Jurnalistis profesiis gaCenis aucilebloba ganapiroba cifrulma revoluciam da misma Tanmdevma gamowvevebma (informaciis siuxve, dezinformaciis gavr­ celebis si­ martive, informaciis klasifikaciis sirTule da sxv.)

Ria wyaroebiT gamoZiebis eqspertebze moTxovna mzar­dia da momavalSi kidev ufro gaizrdeba. am meTods iyeneben rogorc usafrTxoebis da uSiSroebis uwyebebi, aseve Jurnalistebi, mkvlevarebi da nebismieri msurve­ li. saerTaSoriso dokumentebis da angariSebis didi nawilic Ria wyaroebze dayrdnobiT mzaddeba.

Ria wyaroebiT gamoZiebis teqnikasa da SesaZleblobe­ bze mravali saxelmZRvanelo Seiqmna (zogierTi maTgani bestseleradac ki iqca). saxelmZRvaneloebsa da treningkursebze aqcenti keTdeba Semdeg sakiTxebze: saZiebo sistemebSi efeqturi Zebna; socialuri qselebidan da sxva platformebidan informaciis Sekreba da analizi TiToeuli socialuri qselis Tu platformis Tavise­ burebebis, specifikis da regulaciebis gaTvaliswinebiT; veb-gverdebisa da socialuri mediis gverdebis teqni­ kuri monacemebis (mag. IP misamarTebi) dadgena; mflob­ elobasTan da saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli detalebis identifikacia; faktCekingis procesSi onlain rukebis gamoyeneba da monacemTa Sejereba; foto-video masalis gadamowmeba aplikaciebiT; mobiluri aplikaciebis da radio signalebis analizi da sxv.1

1

Michael Bazzell. Open Source Intelligence Techniques. Resources for Searching and Analysing Online Information. Sixth Edition. 2018

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Jurnalisturi gamoZieba yovelTvis iTvleboda de­ mok­­ ratiis safuZvlad da politikuri sistemis gajan­ saRebis meqanizmad. cifrulma SesaZleblobebma es mimarTulebac axal simaRleze aiyvana. profesionali Tu damoukidebeli gamomZieblebis saqmianoba didi gamowvevis winaSe ayenebs samTavrobo uwyebebs da poli­ tikis warmoebis procesSi individis Zalauflebis zrdis kargi magaliTia. dRes yvela cnobili media-saSualeba cdilobs gansa­ kuTrebuli yuradReba dauTmos cifruli Jurnalisti­ kis ganviTarebas. msoflios masStabiT imarTeba cifru­ li Jurnalistikis konferenciebi da forumebi, iqmneba damoukidebeli organizaciebi, Cndeba axali nominaciebi da sakonkurso jildoebi. bibliografia: 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

Michael Bazzell. Open Source Intelligence Techniques. Resources for Searching and Analysing Online Information. Sixth Edition. 2018 Ginger Gorman. Troll Hunting: Inside the World of Online Hate and its Human Fallout. Hardie Grant Books. 2013 Kathleen Hall Jamieson. Cyber-War. How Russian Hackers and Trolls Helped Elect a President. What we don’t, can’t, and do know. Oxford University Press. 2018 Brian McNair. Cultural Chaos. Journalism and Power in a Globalised World. Routledge. 2006.

Text Mining and Visualization. Case Studies Using Open-Source Tools. edited by Markus Hofmann, Andrew Chisholm. CRC Press. 2016.

Disinformation Techniques. The Center for European Policy Analysis (CEPA). https://www.cepa.org/disinfo-techniques European Union EXTERNAL ACTION. Countering Disinformation. https://eeas.europa.eu/topics/countering-disinformation_en Joseph Foley. 9 deep fake examples that terrified and amused the internet. CB (CREATIVE BLOG). November 15, 2019. https://www.creativebloq.com/features/deepfake-examples Report On The Investigation Into Russian Interference In The 2016 Presidential Election. V. I. Special Counsel Robert S. Mueller, III. US

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Department of Justice. Washington. March 2019. https://www.justice. gov/storage/report.pdf 10. Claire Wardle. Fake news. It’s complicated. FIRST DRAFT. February 16, 2017. https://firstdraftnews.org/latest/fake-news-complicated

kiTxvebi da davalebebi: 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

Ø

ra gansxvavebaa dezinformaciasa da misinformacias So­ris?

CamoTvale dezinformaciis gavrcelebis meqanizmebi. rogor fiqrob, ratom aris dezinformaciis da propa­ gandis meTodebi msgavsi? gsmenia trolebis da trolebis qarxnebis Sesaxeb? gamx­ darxar trolingis msxverpli? rogor fiqrob, socialuri media ratom amartivebs dezinformaciis gavrcelebas da trolings? eTanxmebi mosazrebas, rom trolingma SesaZloa sax­ elmwifo usafrTxoebas Seuqmnas safrTxe? moiyvane magaliTi. ras gulisxmobs Ria wyaroebiT gamoZieba?

SearCie internetidan statia, romelic Seni azriT Sei­ cavs dezinformacias. dezinformaciis ra teqnikas iy­ enebs statia? gadaamowme faqtebi Ria wyaroebiT. gaecani informacias 2016 wlis aSS prezidentis don­ ald trampis saarCevno kampaniaze trolebis qarxnis zegavlenis Sesaxeb.

es sainteresoa:

2018 wels socialur qselebSi gamoCnda video, sadac samxedro formaSi Cacmuli mamakacebi kameris win xvretd­ nen qalebs da bavSvebs. kameraSi msxvili xediT Canda dedis zurgze mikruli mcirewlovani bavSvis saxe sikvdilis win. videoSi ismoda xma: `sakmarisia canga~. video BBC Jurnali­ stebis yuradRebis qveS moeqca da daiwyo Jurnalisturi 126

gamoZieba. Ria wyaroebiT gamoZieba ar aRmoCnda martivi, radgan videoze ar fiqsirdeboda adgilmdebareobis an vinaobis damadasturebeli detalebi. Semzaravi video uamrav kiTxvas badebda: sad moxda masobrivi mkvleloba? rodis moxda? vin arian mkvlelebi? vin arian msxverplebi?

Jurnalistebs ramdenime Tve dasWirdaT gamoZiebisTvis da miuxedavad sirTuleebisa, maT SeZles rogorc adgilm­ debareobis, aseve mkvlelebis identificireba. geografi­ uli mdebareoba ganisazRvra satelituri rukebiT (videos fonze gamosaxul landSaftur informaciaze dayrdno­ biT). gadaRebis savaraudo dro dadginda mzis Crdilis mi­xedviT. mkvlelTa vinaoba dadginda saxis amomcnobi ap­likaciebiT socialuri qselebis monacemebTan da ofi­ cialur dokumentebTan Sejerebis safuZvelze.

Jurnalisturi gamoZiebis Sedegad dadginda, rom `boko haramis~ teroristuli dajgufebis winaaRmdeg antiteror­ istuli operaciis dros, teroristebTan TanamSromlobis braldebiT, kamerunis saxelmwifo armia sikvdiliT sjida soflis mSvidobian mosaxleobas. kamerunis mTavrobam sca­ da pasuxismgeblobis Tavidan arideba, Tumca uSedegod. gamoyenebuli wyaroebi: 1.

2.

Anatomy of a Killing (BBC). PEABODY. http://peabodyawards.com/ award-profile/anatomy-of-a-killing Cameroon: Anatomy of a Killing. Documentary. BBC Africa Eye. https:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=XbnLkc6r3yc

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nawili II

2.1.ruseTis basri Zala saqarTveloSi ruseTis basri Zalis gamoyeneba saqarTveloSi gansa­ ku­TrebiT 2008 wlis ruseT-saqarTvelos omis Semdeg gaaq­ tiurda ramdenime savaraudo mizezis gamo: xisti Zalis gamoyenebam (omi) Seamzada safuZveli basri me­ To­ de­ bis ufro martivad gamoyenebisTvis; basri Zalis ga­ mo­ yeneba aucilebeli gaxda omis Sedegebis legitima­ciisTvis; saqa­ TierTobebis rTvelo-ruseTs Soris diplomatiuri ur­ Sewyvetis da saqarTvelos mier dsT-s da­ tovebis Semdeg diplomatia basri meqanizmebiT Canacvlda. saqarTveloSi ruseTis basri Zalis gamoyenebis meqa­ nizmebia sxvadasxva fondebis, arasamTavrobo organiza­ ebis, kulturis centrebis Seqmna da dafinanseba; ci­ Ser­ Ceuli media saSualebebis da politikuri partiebis mxardaWera; populisturi dajgufebebis mxardaWera da sa­ xalxo areulobebis waxaliseba; saxelmwifo institu­ tebze ganxorcielebuli zewola; dezinformaciis da pro­­ pagandis gavrceleba sxvadasxva media-saSualebebiT; kiber-Tavdasxmebi1 da sxv. samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi mwi­ ria kvlevebi am mimarTulebiT. ruseTis basri Zalis 1

2008 wlis omis win ruseTis federaciis mier ganxorcielebuli kiberTavdasxva saqarTveloSi mravalgzis gaxda saerTaSor­ iso gansjis sagani. aRniSnul faqts ixseniebs jozef naic. (ix.

Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011.p.139). 2019 wlis oqtomberSi saqarTvelos serverebze ganxorcielebuli Tavdasxmis ukan kvlav ruseTis federacia moiazreba saerTa­ Soriso diskusiebSi (magaliTad, ix. David E. Sanger, Marv Santora. U.S. and Allies Blame Russia for Cyberattack on Republic of Georgia. The New York Times. Feb.20, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/20/world/europe/ georgia-cyberattack-russia.html) samwuxaro tendenciaa, rom kiberu­ safrTxoebis sakiTxebze ar mimdinareobs aqtiuri diskusia saqa­ rTveloSi.

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sxvadasxva ganzomilebebis kompleqsuri Seswavla Seusru­ lebeli amocanaa erTeuli mkvlevarebisTvis da farTo CarTulobas moiTxovs. kvlevas arTulebs oficialur dokumentebze SezRuduli wvdoma, xolo sadazvervo masa­ lebze wvdomis SeuZlebloba.

Ria wyaroebze dayrdnobiT gTavazobT ruseTis basri Zalis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani komponentis – ruseTis dezinformaciisa da propagandis gavrcelebis mcireo­ den analizs. ruseTis dezinformaciisa da propagandis mesijebi garkveulwilad msgavsia sxvadasxva qveynebSi, Tumca yve­ la SemTxvevaSi SeimCneva mesijebis variacia lokaluri konteqstidan gamomdinare. saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi gansakuTrebiT TvalSi sacemia propagandis konteqst­ Tan adaptirebis unari, rac dafuZnebulia saqarTvelos saxelmwifo institutebis Tu qarTuli sazogadoebis RirebulebiTi sisusteebis codnasa da analizze. propagandis da dezinformaciis gasavrceleblad ru­ seTi media seqtorSi eyrdnoba rogorc adgilobriv, qar­ Tul media-saSualebebs, aseve rusuli mediis filialebs saqarTveloSi (mag., sputniki) da socialur qselebs. ruseTis federaciis dezinformaciuli mesijebi sa­ qarT­ veloSi SesaZlebelia davyoT ramdenime jgufad: sab­WoTa nostalgia; izolacionizmi globalizaciis safrTxeebTan gasamklaveblad; religiuri Temebi da erTmorwmuneoba; ultranacionalisturi argumentebi; antidasavluri da antiTurquli sentimentebi; qarTuli sazogadoebis rusofobiaSi dadanaSauleba; evroatlan­ tikuri integraciisadmi skepticizmi.. sabWoTa nostalgiis narativi aqcents akeTebs so­ cialuri usafrTxoebisa da Tanasworobis sikeTeebze dRe­ vandeli socialuri uTanasworobis sapirispirod. iqmneba miTebi `kargad daviwyebuli Zveli sikeTeebis~ 130

Sesaxeb, rac gansakuTrebiT abnevs axalgazrda Taobas. socialuri usafrTxoebis sakiTxebis garda, sabWouri nostalgiis erT-erT mTavar Temad iqca stalinizmis reabilitacia, rac gansakuTrebiT mowyvladi aRmoCnda qarTuli sazogadoebis zogierTi jgufisTvis. sabWoTa totalitarizmi da represiebi cxaddeba miTad da dasav­ luri Zalebis mier SeTxzul dezinformaciad. am tipis narativebis martivad damkvidreba migviTiTebs rogorc qarTuli sazogadoebis araerTgvarovan damokidebule­ baze saxelmwifo interesebis mimarT (saxelmwifo suve­ renitetis pativiscema; saxelmwifo interesebis gaaz­ reba; qarTveli eris identobis realuri safuZvlebis aRqma...), aseve instituciur problemebze da inteleq­ tualuri elitebis pasiurobaze. qarTulma samecniero sazogadoebam ver SeZlo sazo­ gadoebisTvis kompleqsuri akademiuri kvlevebis SeTa­ vazeba sabWoTa warsulis Sesaxeb (arsebuli naSromebi fragmentuli xasiaTisaa da ver axdens totalitariz­ mis srul gadafasebas); reformebis miuxedavad, ver moxerxda saganmanaTleblo sistemis sruli transfor­ macia da axal Rirebulebebze dafuZneba (am SemTxvevaSic Sedegebi fragmentuli xasiaTisaa da ver cvlis saerTo suraTs); politikur elitebs ar eyoT sabWoTa warsu­ lis gasamarTlebis Zala da gambedaoba (mag.: lustraciis kanoni, stalinis kultis dagmoba da sxva). antidasavluri propaganda xSirad eyrdnoba erTi SexedviT urTierTgamomricxav or mimarTulebas: da­sav­ leTi moZaladea, Tavs gvaxvevs sakuTar mentalitets da safrTxes uqmnis erovnul identobas; dasavleTi zedme­ tad sustia imisTvis, rom dagvicvas realuri regionuli safrTxeebisgan (maT Soris omebisa da konfliqtebisgan). urTierTSeusabamoba ar aris SemTxveviTi da emsaxure­ ba sazogadoebis dabnevas, sazogadoebaSi saerTo saxelm­ 131

wifoebrivi Rirebulebebis damkvidrebisTvis xelis SeS­ las. antidasavluri narativebi aqtiurdeba reformebis Tu evrointegraciis procesis mniSvnelovani etapebis dros. magaliTad, vizaliberalizaciis ZalaSi Sesvlis wina periodSi aqcenti keTdeboda evrokavSiris qveyneb­ Tan uvizod mimosvlis `gardauval safrTxeebze~ (mag.: saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis masobrivi emigracia evropaSi, masobrivi migracia azia-afrikidan saqarTveloSi, `qarT­ velobis dakargvis~ safrTxe evropaSi mogzaurobis dros, da sxva). dezinformaciuli wyaroebi mouwodebdnen sazo­ gadoebas aqtiurobisken gadawyvetilebis gadavadebis mizniT. sazogadoebaSi antidasavluri narativebis mar­ tivad gavrceleba migviTiTebs rogorc sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebuli socialur-politikuri Rirebulebebis qaoturobaze, aseve saqarTvelos saxelmwifo institute­ bis sisusteze. saqarTveloSi politikur elitebs Soris ver Sedga RirebulebiTi Tanxmoba saxelmwifo interese­ bis Taobaze: ra aris saxelmwifos mTavari gamowvevebi, vin aris mteri da sad unda veZeboT perspeqtiva. institutebi ver uzrunvelyofen moqalaqeebis srulyofil informi­ rebas ras niSnavs evrointegracia da ra konkretul sar­ gebels moutans rigiT moqalaqes (amis dasturia yovel­ wliuri sociologiuri kvlevebis sxvadasxva aspeqtebic). evroatlantikuri integraciisadmi skepticizmi aqcents akeTebs geopolitikaze, xazs usvams saqarTve­ los evropul struqturebSi gawevrianebis SeuZleblo­ bas, saqarTvelos sagareo politikis mTavar arealad gansazRvravs regions, regionaluri mSvidobis mTavar garantad ki ruseTs warmoaCens. globalizacia aseve warmoCenilia rogorc dasavle­ Tis saxelmwifoebis mxridan ganxorcielebuli vester­ nizaciis mcdeloba da erovnuli identobis dakargvis safrTxe, romelsac mxolod izolacionizmiT (politi­ 132

kuri, samxedro, kulturuli...) gavumklavdebiT. globa­ li­ zaciis narativi imeorebs XX saukunis miwurulis an­ti-globalistebis pirveli Taobis ritorikas. sazoga­ doe­ baSi am narativis aqtualoba amxels sazogadoebis si­susteebs: digitalizaciis dabal dones, informaciis ar qonas cifruli revoluciisa da misi Tanmdevi Zalis difuziis Sesaxeb da sxv. ultra-nacionalisturi populizmi aRvivebs qseno­ fobias, homofobias, islamofobias, rasizms da seqsizms. am tipis mesijebi manipulirebs emociebiT da individs ayenebs `mcdari dilemis~ pirobebSi – arCevani saxelm­ wifo suverenitetsa da individis identobis SenarCune­ bas Soris. populisturi jgufebis mzardi raodenoba da zegavlena aCvenebs sazogadoebis uunarobas daskvnebis gamotanisas daeyrdnos faqtebs da statistikas, gamij­ nos emocia da realoba, Tavi aaridos siZulvilis eniT gajerebul emociur dapirispirebas... populistu­ri jgufebis momZlavreba ar aris mxolod qarTuli sa­ zo­ gadoebis problema, Tumca populisturi ideebis gavrcelebis masStabi qarTul sazogadoebaSi kidev erTi indikatoria ganaTlebis sistemis mouqnelobisa da ara­ sistemuri xasiaTis dasafiqsireblad. religiuri Temebi Tavis mxriv ramdenime segmentad SegviZlia davyoT: marTlmadidebluri erTianoba ruseT­ Tan (rogorc istoriulad aprobirebuli arCevani); se­ ku­ larizmi, rogorc erovnuli identobis safrTxe; marTl­ madidebloba rogorc qristianobis upiratesi mim­dinareoba; msoflio masStabiT marTlmadideblobis dac­vis aucilebloba; moaxloebuli meored mosvla (mo­ tivacia ar vizrunoT dReis problemebze); saswaulebis brmadmorwmuneoba da sxv. aRniSnuli narativebi dayofilia sxvadasxva mesije­ bad: eklesiis politikuri uflebebis zrdis aucileblo­ 133

ba; eSmakis niSnebis fanatikuri Zieba saxelmwifo sim­ boloebsa Tu dokumentebSi; sxvadasxva tipis SiSebis danergva; religiuri moralis upiratesoba saero samar­ Talze da sxv. msgavsi mesijebis nawili gamokveTilad antisaxelmwifoebrivi ideis Semcvelia. magaliTad, 2008 wlis omis `codvebis gamosyidvis~ mcdelobad Sefaseba, an piradobis mowmobebis boikoti masSi `eSmakis niSnebis~ arsebobis sababiT. antiTurquli narativi aqcents akeTebs TurqeTidan momdinare safrTxeebze, istoriul mtrobasa da senti­ mentebze, TurqeTis mxridan ekonomikuri zegavlenis safrTxeebze, islamofobiaze, qsenofobiaze da sxv. qarTuli sazogadoebis rusofobiaSi dadanaSaule­ ba SedarebiT axali Temaa da e.w. `gavrilovis Ramis~ Sem­ deg gamoCnda. Tema aseve gaaqtiurda `rusuli kulturis centrebis~ saqarTveloSi Seqmnis Sesaxeb informaciis gavrcelebis periodSi (rasac mohyva sazogadoebrivi diskusia Tanmdevi safrTxeebis Sesaxeb). ruseTis basri narativebi saqarTveloSi iyenebs pro­ pagandis da dezinformaciis yvela im SesaZlo teqnikas, rac Sesabamis paragrafebSia aRwerili. qarTuli sazoga­ doebis RirebulebiT Taviseburebad unda CaiTvalos SeTqmulebis Teoriebis da mcdari dilemebis gansa­ kuTrebuli popularoba da efeqturoba.

SeTqmulebis Teoriebi mravalmxrivi, mravalricxova­ ni da xSirad sruliad fantastiuria (mag. miTebi masonTa loJis saswaulebrivi unarebis Sesaxeb; aSS uSiSroebis organoebis zebunebrivi unari daCipos yvela moqalaqe da gadaaqcios zombad...). mcdari dilemebi sagonebelSi agdebs inteleqtualur jgufebsac ki. mcdari dilemis magaliTad unda moviyvanoT miTi `yarsis xelSekrulebis~ Sesaxeb, romlis mixedviT 2021 wels TurqeTi baTumis dapyrobas apirebs. miTis tira­ JirebaSi akademiuri wreebic ki aRmoCndnen CarTulni.

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vfiqrobT, am konkretul magaliTSi gansakuTrebul efeqts axdenda yarsis xelSekrulebis realuroba, xolo sakiTxisadmi emociurma damokidebulebam gadafara sru­ liad martivi WeSmariteba: amJamad ararsebul samarT­ lebriv subieqtebs Soris (ruseTis sabWoTa respublika, saqarTvelos ssr, osmaleTis imperia) dadebuli xelSek­ ruleba (sadac erT-erTi muxli saqarTvelos ssr-is SemadgenlobaSi aWaris avtonomiis statuss exeba) ver ganxorcieldeba dRes, rodesac aRar arseboben xelSek­ rulebis xelmomweri subieqtebi (maT nacvlad: ruseTis federacia, TurqeTi, saqarTvelo). saqarTvelos sazRv­ rebi saerTaSorisod aRiarebulia, xolo TurqeTsa da saqarTvelos Soris urTierTobebi efuZneba 1992 wels miRebul CarCo-xelSekrulebas.

SeTqmulebis Teoriis udavo Sedevria lugaris labo­ ratoriis miTi, romelic aSS senatis angariSSic ki mox­ vda.1 riCard lugaris saxelobis laboratoria sarge­ blobs uryevi reputaciiT saerTaSoriso asparezze da erTaderTi maRalteqnologiuri centria regionSi, rom­ lis arsebobamac SesaZlebeli gaxada sxvadasxva samedi­ cino kvlevebis saqarTveloSi Catareba. miTis mixedviT, lugaris laboratoria qmnis da avrcelebs virusebs mo­ saxleobaSi. miTi zustad imeorebs sabWoTa uSiSroebis zemoT xsenebul miTs Sidsis Seqmna-gavrcelebis Sesaxeb. braldebis absurdulobis miuxedavad, miTi advilad gavrcelebadi aRmoCnda sazogadoebaSi, gansakuTrebiT sezonuri virusebis periodSi. rigiTi moqalaqis mar­ tiv SekiTxvaze, ra unda vqnaT Tu Tavad ar SegviZlia maRalteqnologiuri kvlevebis warmoeba, sxvis kvlevebs ki ar vendobiT, populisturi organizaciebi gvTavazo­ 1

Putin’s Asymmetric Assault on Democracy in Russia and Europe: Implications for U.S. National Security. U.S. Senate. January 10, 2018.p.80. https://www.foreign. senate.gov/imo/media/doc/FinalRR.pdf

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ben `amomwurav pasuxs~: `locva gadagvarCens~, `Cvens wi­ naprebs wamali ar hqondaT...~ saxelmwifo institutebis sisuste jandacvis sferoSi (gadamdebi daavadebebis pre­ vencia da kontroli, kanonmdeblobis daxvewa, samedi­ cino momsaxurebis xarisxis amaRleba da xelmisawvdo­ moba...) am SemTxvevaSic erT-erTi mTavari indikatoria.

SeTqmulebis Teoriebis da mcdari dilemebis popu­ laroba gansakuTrebiT kargad axdens qarTuli post­ sabWoTa sazogadoebis mniSvnelovani sisusteebis iden­ tificirebas: mediawignierebis da zogadad, wignierebis dabali done; saxelmwifo institutebisadmi undobloba; problemebis mogvarebaze pasuxismgeblobis aRebisTvis Tavis arideba da sxva. saqarTveloSi (iseve, rogorc sxva saxelmwifoebis SemT­xvevaSi), internet media yvelaze xSirad gamoiye­ neba dezinformaciis (da ara mxolod ruseTis mxridan) gasavrceleblad. Cveni dakvirvebiT, internetSi ruse­ Tis propagandistuli mesijebi dayofilia Temebisa da samizne jgufebis mixedviT. rusi eqimebis saswaulebrivi unarebi kibo gankurnon sodiT; miTebi bananiT gavrce­ lebuli Sidsis, hepatitis da koronavirusebis Sesaxeb; RrublebSi gamosaxuli religiuri simboloebis fotomanipulaciebi; sizmrebze da horoskopebze dafuZnebu­ li winaswarmetyvelebebi da sxva gaTvlilia Sesabamisi wignierebis donis mosaxleobaze. sazogadoebis inteleq­ tualuri nawilisTvis gansxvavebuli `paketebi~ mzad­ deba samecniero citatebiT daxunZluli `eqspertuli~ statiebis saxiT. saqarTveloSi dezinformaciis gavrcelebaSi CarTu­ lia sxvadasxva internet gamocemebi, gasarTobi por­ talebi da rasakvirvelia, socialuri media. socialuri mediis Taviseburebidan gamomdinare, martivia sxvadasxva mesijis gavrceleba dadasturebis Tu wyaros miTiTebis 136

gareSe. mesijebis gavrcelebaSi aqtiurad arian CarTuli trolebi da botebi informaciis gaaqtiurebis Tu diver­ sifikaciis mizniT. trolingisTvis da sazogadoebriv az­ rze zegavlenis mosaxdenad aseve gamoyenebulia social­ uri qselebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli komentarebis sistema. ra SeiZleba davasaxeloT ruseTis propagandis­ tuli dezinformaciis gavrcelebis Taviseburebad saqarTveloSi? upirveles yovlisa, ruseTis dezinformaciis gasavr­ celeblad qarTuli media-saSualebebis gamoyenebis masSta­bi. sxvadasxva qveynebis magaliTis mixedviT, ruse­ Tis propagandistuli mesijebis gasavrceleblad Ziri­ Tadad ruseTis federaciis mier pirdapir kontroli­ rebadi media gamoiyeneba: rusuli satelevizio arxebi, inglisurenovani `Russia Today~, mravalenovani `sputniki~ da socialuri qselebi. postsabWoTa qveynebSi ZiriTadi aqcenti rusulenovan mediasa da socialur qselebze keTdeba, rusulenovani mosaxleobis da sxva erTguli jgufebis mobilizaciisTvis (romelTac ruseTis maRal­ Cinosnebi `Tanamemamuleebs~ uwodeben). saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi, ver xdeba `Russia Today~-s ga­ moyeneba (sociologiuri kvlevebis mixedviT, mosaxleo­ bis mxolod 1% smenia mis Sesaxeb)1. saqarTveloSi rusi/ rusulenovani mosaxleobis raodenoba mcirea da sxva postsabWoTa qveynebisgan gansxvavebiT, politikurad yvelaze neitralur jgufs warmoadgens. aseve, Zalian umniSvneloa rusuli socialuri qselebis (`odnoklasni­ ki~ da `v kontakte~) gamoyeneba da dabalia rusuli enis codnis donec, gansakuTrebiT axalgazrda TaobaSi. ru­ seTis arxebis yurebadoba kvlav maRalia, Tumca ZiriTa­ dad gasarTobi miznebisTvis. aseT konteqstSi icvleba 1

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mizanic (samizne xdeba mTeli sazogadoeba) da meTode­ bic. qarTulenovani mediidan ruseTis propagandis gavr­ celebaSi yvelaze aqtiurad CarTulia beWduri `yviTe­ li~ media da ramdenime tele-media saSualeba. socialu­ ri qselebidan dezinformaciis gavrceleba ZiriTadad feisbuqiT xdeba. amerikuli feisbuqis dezinformaciis mTavar meqa­ nizmad gamoyeneba konteqstis specifikidan gamomdi­ nareobs. feisbuqis moxmarebis masStabi uprecedentoa saqarTveloSi da procentulad aWarbebs yvela sxva qveynis monacemebs. saqarTveloSi feisbuqi gamoyenebu­ lia yvela SesaZlo miznisTvis: sakomunikaciod, biznesis warmoebisTvis, informaciis gansaTavseblad da misaRe­ bad, saswavlo miznebisTvis... saqarTveloSi sajaro da kerZo organizaciebi, saswavlo dawesebulebebi, media da politikuri liderebi feisbuqs iyeneben komunikaciis mTavar saSualebad. sxva qveynebisgan gansxvavebiT, saqarTveloSi ruse­ Tis dezinformaciuli narativebi ar aris `rusuli~ – ar axdens rusuli kulturis, rusuli enis, rusuli cxovre­ bis wesis popularizacias. narativebi safuZvlad iyenebs populizmiT gajerebul `namdvil qarTul” an sabWoTa qarTul Rirebulebebs, istoriul sentimentebs da kul­ turul Taviseburebebs. koduri sityvebia: `patriotiz­ mi~ `rwmena~... istoriuli da religiuri sentimentebiT manipulacia sxva sazogadoebebSic erT-erTi mTavari mimarTulebaa, Tumca saqarTveloSi dominantur mi­ marTulebad iqca. ruseTis basri Zalis zemoqmedebis gansaxilvelad calke unda gamovyoT okupirebuli teritoriebis saki­ Txi. saqarTvelos saxelmwifos, saerTaSoriso organi­ zaciebis Tu samoqalaqo jgufebis mravalgzis mcdelo­ 138

bis miuxedavad, afxazeTsa da cxinvalis regionSi ver moxerxda saxalxo diplomatiis meqanizmebis amuSaveba, kontaqtebis damyareba da pirdapiri dialogi. 2008 wlis omis Semdeg Sewyda manamde arsebuli TanamSromlobis mwi­ ri SesaZleblobebic da wvdoma SeezRudaT saerTaSoriso organizaciebsac. mavTulxlarTebiT gavlebuli `axali rkinis fardis~ sxvadasxva mxares mcxovrebma adamianebma bevri araferi ician erTmaneTis problemaTa Sesaxeb. erT-erTi media, romelic Tanabrad xelmisawvdomia rkinis fardis orive mxares aris kremlis mier dafuZ­ nebuli `sputniki~. sputniki saqarTvelos teritoriaze warmodgenilia sami mauwyeblobiT: `sputnik gruzia~, `sputnik abxazia~, `sputnik osetia~. `sputnik gruzia~ veb-portalia, sadac informacia gan­ Tavsebulia qarTul da rusul enebze. veb-gverdi Sedgeba ramdenime ganyofilebisgan: informacia, sa­qarTve­lo, ru­ seTi, kavkasia, pozitivi, sporti, multimedia, analitika. `sputnik abxazia~ operirebs rusul da afxazur enebze. warmodgenilia ramdenime ganyofileba: afxazeTi, repa­ triacia, analitika, turizmi afxazeTSi, radio sputniki, multimedia, pres-centri. `sputnik osetia~ funqcioni­ rebs rusul da osur enebze da dayofilia or nawilad – samxreT oseTi, CrdiloeT oseTi. qveganyofilebebi war­ modgenilia Semdegi saTaurebiT: informacia, analitika, sporti, pres-centri, multimedia, radio sputniki. sputnikis vebgverdebis mxolod saTaurebis doneze ganxilvac ki gviqmnis naTel warmodgenas ruseTis in­ teresebis Sesaxeb: sputniki ar aRiarebs saqarTvelos sa­ xel­mwifos saerTaSorisod aRiarebul sazRvrebs, xolo samxreT oseTs da CrdiloeT oseTs erTian sivrced ga­ nixilavs... sputniki qmnis iluzias, rom ssrk ar dangreu­ la da qarTvelebi, afxazebi, osebi da sxva xalxebi kvlav Tanacxovroben erTiani rusuli sivrcis qveS. 139

vebgverdebis Sinaarsobriv ganxilvas Tu Sevecdeb­ iT, TvalSi mogvxvdeba garkveuli saerTo ideologiuri safuZvlebi samive gverdis SemTxvevaSi: saxelmwifos cne­ ba da saxelmwifo patriotizmi Canacvlebulia eTnikuri jgufis kulturuli siamayiT; aqcenti keTdeba istori­ ul warsulze da ara momavalze; kulturuli izolacia ganixi­leba identobis SenarCunebis da arastabilur glo­ balizebul samyaroSi gadarCenis mTavar meqanizmad... sputnikis vebgverdebis gasarTobi qve-gverdebi sa­ gangebo ganxilvis sagania. magaliTad, horoskopebis nawili gvTavazobs tradiciul astrologiur kompi­ lacias, magram prognozze pasuxismgebeli astrologi drogamoSvebiT avrcelebs `astrologiur gafrTxile­ bebs~ rusul sivrceSi dabrunebis sikeTeebis Sesaxeb an TurqeTis mxridan mosalodnel agresiaze planetaTa ganlagebis mixedviT... sputnikis gasarTobi nawilebi aseve uxvad iyenebs fsiqologiur testebs da on-lain qvizebs, rac kargi saSualebaa momxmarebelTa piradi informaciis Sesagroveblad. rac Seexeba sputnikis teqnikas, is Zalian hgavs pagandis 40/60 zemoT aRweril meTods. manipula­ pro­ cia SeimCneva ara imdenad informaciis SinaarsTan, ara­ med informaciis SerCevasTan mimarTebiT. informaciis nawili didwilad imeorebs sxva mediebSi gavrcelebul oficialur informacias da mxolod garkveuli period­ ulobiT gvxvdeba gansxvavebuli Sinaarsi – ruseTis mier dafinansebuli organizaciebis Tu samoqalaqo jgufebis saqmianobis aRwera da popularizacia. vebgverdze pro­ pagandistuli da antisaxelmwifoebrivi mesijebis siux­ viT gamoirCeva informaciaze darTuli `eqspertuli~ analizi da komentarebi. aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom beWduri yviTeli mediisgan gansxvavebiT, sputniki met-naklebad inarCunebs `seriozuli mediis~ imijs.

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sputnikis vebgverds ar hyavs bevri momxmarebeli saqarTveloSi, Tumca misi statiebis didi nawili vr­ celdeba da ziardeba socialuri mediiT rac arTu­ lebs dezinformaciis mimRebi jgufebis raodenobriv daTvlas. Sesabamisad, sputnikis mesijebis sazogadoe­ baSi gavrcelebis masStabi didia miuxedavad imisa, rom sputniki ar saxeldeba popularul mediad sociologi­ uri kvlevebis dros. rogoria ruseTis dezinformaciis miznebi saqarT­ veloSi? saqarTveloSi ruseTis dezinformaciis miznebi er­ Tis mxriv msgavsia dezinformaciis zogadi miznebisa (Ri­ rebulebebis gabundovaneba da RirebulebiTi qaosi, tyuil-marTals Soris zRvaris waSla, yvelasa da yve­ lafris mimarT ndobis dakargva, saxelmwifo insti­ tu­ tebis diskreditacia...), meores mxriv, SesaZloa gamovyoT konkretuli, lokaluri miznebi. magaliTad, antidasavluri propaganda miznad isa­xavs ara mxolod dasavluri rbili Zalis diskreditacias, aramed prodasavluri politikuri Zalebis, arasamTav­ robo seqtoris, libe­ raluri demokratiis da zogadad, modernizaciis ideis ganqiqebas. sxva postsabWoTa saxel­ mwifoebTan SedarebiT saqarTvelom miaRwia garkveul warmatebas dasavluri tipis instituciur reformebSi. Catarebuli reformebis mudmivi diskreditacia gana­ pirobebs momavali reformebis warumateblobas. basri Zalis mesijebi mimarTulia civilizaciuri progresis winaaRmdeg da mosaxleobas arwmunebs Suasaukuneobrivi, premodernuli cxovrebis upiratesobaSi. sabWoTa nos­ talgia xels uwyobs pirovnebis kultis aRorZinebas (`Zlieri xelis~ moTxovnileba), rac xels uSlis saqa­ rTvelos suverenuli saxelmwifos ideis Camoyalibebas da mis evropul momavals. `globalizaciiT daSineba~ 141

qarTul sazogadoebas ubiZgebs Tavi aaridos saerTa­ Soriso CarTulobasa da partniorebTan urTierTobebis ganmtkicebas. ultranacionalisturi populizmiT xdeba qarTuli nacionalizmis (romelic cnobili iyo Tavisi Seupovari brZoliT suverenitetis mosapoveblad ruse­ Tis imperiis Tu sabWoTa periodSi) samiznis cvlileba da misi dasavleTis rbili Zalis winaaRmdeg mimarTva. yvela zemoT CamoTvlili miznis gaerTianebiT kidev erTxel gveqmneba warmodgena ruseTis mTavar miznebze saqarTveloSi: evrointegraciis procesis Sewyveta an ga­davadeba; demokratizaciis procesis Cavardna; saqa­ rTvelos arSemdgar saxelmwifod gadaqceva. gansakuTrebul miznebs isaxavs antiTurquli mowo­ debebi. termini – `TurqeTi okupantia~ damkvidrebiT xdeba rusuli okupaciis gadafarva an minimum ruseTis da TurqeTis gaigiveba. `istoriuli samarTlianobis~ aR­ dgenis Sesaxeb iluziebis SeqmniT xdeba saerTaSorisod aRiarebul sazRvrebSi saqarTvelos teritoriebis rein­ tegraciisTvis brZolis xelis SeSla, da sxva.. ruseTis antiqarTuli dezinformaciis samizne ar aris mxolod qarTuli sazogadoeba. qarTuli saxelmwi­ fos da qarTuli sazogadoebis simyifes ruseTi xSirad iyenebs saerTaSoriso asparezze (upirveles yovlisa, evrokavSiris qveynebis winaSe) imis warmosaCenad, rom qarTuli sazogadoeba `tomobrivia~ da ganviTarebuli samyaros interesebs ar Seesabameba saqarTvelos evro­ integracia. ruseTi `gulmowyaled Tanxmdeba~ Tavad ai­ Ros pasuxismgebloba `tomobriv mezoblebze~, romlebic kanonis nacvlad adaTebs eyrdnobian, saxelmwifo insti­ tutebs ki `Tamadis institutiT~ anacvleben.1 1

nais SefasebiT, 2008 wels ruseTma daipyro saqarTvelo, magram miuxedavad didi mcdelobisa, ver moaxerxa xisti ZaliT miRweu­ li warmatebis rbili ZaliT legitimacia saerTaSoriso asparez­

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rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, basri zegavlenis (Tu misi erTi komponentis – dezinformaciis gavrcelebis) Sede­ gebis gazomva rTulia. ra kriteriumebiT unda gavzo­ moT ruseTis basri Zalis zegavlena saqarTveloSi? ra unda CavTvaloT indikatorad?

CRRC, NDI da sxva sociologiuri kvleviTi centrebis monacemebze dayrdnobiT, qveyanaSi evrointegraciis mom­xr ­ eTa ricxvi mzardia, Tumca imavdroulad izr­deba evraziul kavSirSi gawevrianebis, neitralitetis da ruseT­Tan urTierTobis normalizebis msurvelTa ricx­ vi. sxva statistikur monacemTagan aseve yuradsaRebia, rom saqarTvelos teritoriaze ruseTis mier ganxor­ cielebuli okupacia aRar saxeldeba qveynis mTavar gamowvevad, xolo ruseTi da TurqeTi Tanabrad saxel­ deba okupant qveynad. erT-erTi gamokiTxvis SedegebiT respodentTa 41-55 % (regionis mixedviT) miiCnevs, rom ruseTi aSS-ze Zlieri saxelmwifoa.1 msgavsi monacemi didi albaTobiT gamoxa­ tavs erTis mxriv ucodinarobas, meores mxriv ki basri Zalis gaaqtiurebis naTeli magaliTia da misi Sedegebis gazomvis indikatorad gamodgeba. basri Zalis zemoqmedebis indikatorad unda miviC­ nioT deklarirebulad prorusuli partiis `patriotTa aliansis~ saparlamento warmateba 2016 wels, rac sru­ liad axali realobaa damoukidebeli saqarTvelos isto­ ri­aSi. samomavlod mniSvnelovani indikatori iqneba am par­tiis reitingis cvlileba (zrda an kleba).

1

ze (ix. Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. p.99). ruseTis dezinformaciuli omi saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg regio­ nis qveynebsa Tu saerTaSoriso asparezze calke kvlevis sagania. mniSvnelovania gakeTdes analizi, ra Seicvala am mimarTulebiT 2013 wlis Semdeg, rodesac gansakuTrebiT gaaqtiurda ruseTis dezinformaciuli manqana.

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aseve basri zegavlenis Sedegad unda miviCnioT sa­ zogadoebis sxvadasxva jgufebs Soris fobiebze dafuZ­ nebuli konfliqtebis raodenobis zrda. aratolerantu­ loba umciresobebis mimarT arasdros yofila qarTuli identobis safuZveli. mniSvnelovania dezinformaciis mzardi gavlena axal­gazrda Taobaze. Cvens mier sami wlis manZilze Cata­ rebulma interviuebma studentur fokus-jgufebTan da aseve, sxva ufro masStaburma kvlevebmac aCvena, rom axal­gazrdebs sjeraT dezinformaciuli gzavnilebis da ar floben informacias dezinformaciisa Tu propagan­ dis meTodebis Sesaxeb. rusuli basri Zalis paralelurad, saqarTveloSi muSaobs aSS da evrokavSiris rbili Zalis meqanizmebi.

Tumca zogierTi regioni (raionebi internetis da sxva media saSualebebis SezRuduli wvdomiT, saxelmwifo enis ar mcodne eTnikuri umciresobebiT dasaxlebuli raionebi, okupirebuli da misi mimdebare teritoriebi) umetesad basri Zalis gavrcelebis arealia. aq ver aR­ wevs verc qarTuli saxelmwifos oficialuri narativi (magaliTad, evrointegraciis saxelmwifo kursis Sesaxeb) da verc evrokavSiris rbili Zala, romelic ZiriTadad institutebis ganviTarebaze, reformebze, saganmanaTle­ blo programebzea orientirebuli. saxezea asimetriuli zegavlena ruseTis basri Zalis sasargeblod. qarTul sazogadoebaze dasavluri rbili da ruse­ Tis basri Zalebis erToblivi zemoqmedeba iwvevs Rire­ bulebaTa konfliqts da elitaTa Soris dapirispirebas. pozitiur mSvidobaze dafuZnebuli sazogadoebis Seqmna SeuZlebeli xdeba awmyoSi da axlo momavalSi. Cveni azriT, ruseTis basri zegavlenis Sesafaseblad mniSvnelovani indikatoria strategiuli proeqtebis mimarT sazogadoebis damokidebulebac. amis saukeTeso 144

magaliTia sazogadoebis gulgriloba anakliis proeqtis mimarT da misi warmoCena viwro jgufis politikur in­ teresad nacvlad saerTo saxalxo da saxelmwifoebrivi interesisa. ra SeiZleba dasaxeldes mTavar problemebad saqa­ rTveloSi basri Zalis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi? saqarTveloSi ar xdeba basri Zalis kompleqsuri ana­ lizi da basri zegavlenis ganxilva ZiriTadad dezinfor­ maciuli faqtCekingiT Semoifargleba (am saqmianobiTac ZiriTadad arasamTavrobo seqtori da erTeuli mkvleva­ rebi arian dakavebuli). samoqalaqo sazogadoebis didi Zalisxmevis (ruseTidan dafinansebuli mediis identi­ fikacia, gavrcelebuli miTebis faqtCekingi, treningebi mediawignierebis sakiTxebze Jurnalistebisa da axal­ gazrdebisTvis, erovnuli Tu saerTaSoriso forumebi basri Zalis gamowvevebis Sesaxeb...) miuxedavad, Sedegi am mimarTulebiTac mokrZalebulia ramdenime mizezis gamo: 1. erTis mxriv, saxezea ruseTis basri Zalis Sedegi – demonizebulia arasamTavrobo seqtori, meores mxriv ki `gafrenil sityvas ver daewevi~ – konkretuli `feiqi~ ramdenime saaTSi axdens emociur zemoqmedebas, arasam­ TavroboTa angariSebSi mocemuli faqtCekingi ki dagvia­ nebuli, kompleqsuri, da eqspertulia. Sesabamisad, rTu­ lad wasakiTx-gasageb angariSebs cota hyavs mkiTxveli sazogadoebaSi. garda amisa, msgavsi organizaciebis re­ sursi (rogorc finansuri, aseve adamianuri) SezRudulia.

Sesabamisad, maTi saqmianoba xSir SemTxvevaSi arastabi­ luria. 2. mediawignierebis dabali done saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi da mTlianad sazogadoebaSi. 3. ruseTis basri Zalis Tu zogadad, Zalis difuziiT gamowveuli safrTxeebis arakompleqsuri da araakademiuri kvleva. axlo momavalSi unda vivaraudoT ruseTis basri Zalis intensivobis kleba Tu mateba? saerTaSoriso 145

gamocdileba gvaCvenebs, rom basri Zala intensiuri xde­ba politikurad mniSvnelovan periodebSi. saarCevno perio­ dis moaxloeba udavod unda ganvixiloT intensifikaciis safrTxed. garda sxva faqtorebisa, politikur brZolaSi Cabmuli partiebi ver uZleben cdunebas gamoiyenon ru­ seTis dezinformaciuli mesijebi sakuTari politikuri dividendebisTvis. 2019 wels feisbuqis gamoZiebis Sede­ gad saqarTvelosTan afilirebuli samasze meti dezin­ formaciuli feisbuq-gverdis dablokva da maTi kavSirebi politikur partiebTan am problemis naTeli magaliTia. ra unda gakeTdes dezinformaciisgan sazogadoebis dasacavad? sainformacio saSualebebis dablokva qmnis `demokratiul dilemas~ da amitomac mkacri media-re­ gulaciebi arasasurvelad migvaCnia. Tumca aucilebe­ lia garkveuli meqanizmebis SemuSaveba da amoqmedeba am mimarTulebiT ise, rom safrTxis qveS ar dadges Tavad sityvis Tavisuflebis idea. ufro siRrmiseulad Tu vimsjelebT, gamosavali er­ TaderTia: postsabWoTa sazogadoebrivi mentalitetis cvlileba masobrivi da radikaluri reformebiT. amg­ vari masStaburi procesebisTvis arc politikuri eli­ tebia mzad da arc sazogadoebis mimReblobaa maRali. saxelmwifos mSeneblobis procesis fundaments war­ moadgens yvela politikuri Tu sazogadoebrivi jgu­ fis konsensusi Semdeg Temebze: ra aris saxelmwifos mTavari interesi? ra aris mTavari gamowveva? vin aris mteri? Zalis difuziaze dafuZnebul postmodernul samyaroSi, sadac metanarativebi Caanacvla mravalTa narativebma da post-narativebma, mteri xSirad mesi­ jia da ara jariskaci. unda Sedges Sida politikuri konsensusi saxelmwifos interesebTan mimarTebaSi. sa­ zogadoebam unda gaiTavisos demokratiis martivi anabana: Sida politikurma dapirispirebam Tu momxreobam 146

ar unda daazaralos saxelmwifo interesi. saxelmwifos mSeneblobis fundamentur sakiTxebze sazogadoebrivi Tanxmoba politikuri sistemis realuri Camoyalibebis safuZveli gaxdeba. bibliografia: 1.

2.

3.

Abdaladze Gvantsa. ~Soft Insecurity”- Russian Soft Power in Georgia.

Post-Soviet Studies. Vol. 1. #1, 2019. Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani University Institute of Post-Soviet Studies.

Javakhishvili Darejan Jana. ~The Soviet Legacy in Contemporary Georgia: A Psycho traumatological Perspective”. Journal of Identity Studies in the Caucasus and the Black sea Region, # 5. 2014. http://ojs.iliauni. edu.ge/index.php/identitystudies/article/view/196/130 Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011.

angariSebi da vebgverdebi: 4. CRRC-is monacemTa onlain analizis vebgverdi. https://caucasusbarometer.org/ge 5. mediis ganviTarebis fondi. kvleva da angariSi. http://www. mdfgeorgia.ge/geo/research 6. antidasavluri propaganda. media monitoringis angariSi. 2016. mediis ganviTarebis fondi. http://mdfgeorgia.ge/uploads/ library/65/file/Antidasavluri-GEO-web_(1).pdf 7. kremlis gavlenis indeqsi, 2017. mediis ganviTarebis fon­ di. http://mdfgeorgia.ge/geo/view_research/5 8. antidasavluri propaganda 2017. mediis ganviTarebis fondi. 2018. http://mdfgeorgia.ge/uploads/library/89/file/anti_ dasavluri_propaganda_2017_-_GEO.pdf 9. antidasavluri propaganda 2018. mediis ganviTarebis fondi. 2019. http://mdfgeorgia.ge/uploads/library/119/file/AntiWest-2018-GEO.pdf 10. ruseTis xisti da rbili Zalis safrTxeebi saqarTvelo­ Si. evropuli iniciativa -liberaluri akademia Tbilisi.

2016. http://www.ei-lat.ge/images/doc/politikis%20dokumenti.pdf 11. kremlis sainformacio omi saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg: pro­ pagandasTan brZolis saxelmwifo politikis aucileblo­ ba. informaciis Tavisuflebis ganviTarebis instituti (IDFI). politikis dokumenti. 22 agvisto, 2016.

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https://idfi.ge/public/upload/Meri/Russian%20Propaganda%20in%20 Georgia%20-%20Policy%20Paper.PDF andRulaZe ana. rusuli rbili Zala da strategiuli ko­ munikacia. gamowvevebi da rekomendaciebi. samarTliani arCevnebisa da demokratiis saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba (ISFED). politikis dokumenti. maisi, 2017. http://old.isfed.ge/ main/1220/geo qarTuli neonacizmis anatomia. saerTaSoriso gamWvir­ valoba saqarTvelo. 17 maisi, 2018. https://www.transparency. ge/ge/blog/kartuli-neonacizmis-anatomia qarTuli marSi. miTebis deteqtori. https://www.mythdetector.ge/ka/profile/kartuli-marshi Library of NDI Georgia Public Opinion Research. NDI. 2019. https:// www.ndi.org/georgia-polls Thornton Laura, Turmanidze Koba. Public attitudes in Georgia. Results of December 2017 survey carried out for NDI by CRRC Georgia https://www.ndi.org/sites/default/files/NDI%20poll_December%20 2017_ISSUES_ENG_vf.pdf Thornton Laura, Turmanidze Koba. Public attitudes in Georgia. Results of March 2018 survey carried out for NDI by CRRC Georgia https:// www.ndi.org/sites/default/files/NDI_March_2018_Public%20Presentation_English_final.pdf Disinformation Resilience in Central and Eastern Europe. Edited by Andrei Yeliseyeu, Volha Damarad. Kyiv. 2018. http://prismua.org/wpcontent/uploads/2018/06/DRI_CEE_2018.pdf Putin’s Asymmetric Assault on Democracy in Russia and Europe: Implications for U.S. National Security. U.S. Senate. January 10, 2018. https://www.foreign.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/FinalRR.pdf sputniki saqarTvelohttps://sputnik-georgia.com Sputnik Абхазия http://sputnik-abkhazia.ru SputnikОсетия http://sputnik-ossetia.ru qarTuli marSi/Georgian March. https://www.facebook.com/QartuliMarshiGeorgianMarch Русский Марш http://rmarsh.info

onlain publikaciebi:

25. kupataZe bondo. saqarTvelo da TurqeTi. yarsis xelSek­ ruleba – istoriuli dokumenti Tu safrTxis Semcvleli

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SeTanxmeba? saqarTvelos sazogadoebrivi mauwyebeli. 16 ianvari, 2017. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TE1EnQK_g8U kupataZe bondo. diskusia stalinizmze. .niderlandebis instituti mravalpartiuli demokratiisTvis (NIMD). 6 oqtomberi, 2014 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWCVnBuAgGE kupataZe bondo, cucqiriZe levan. 13 miTi stalinis Sesaxeb. niderlandebis instituti mravalpartiuli de­ mokratiisaTvis (NIMD) Tb. 2016. http://13mythsaboutstalin.ge kopaleiSvili nina. patriotTa aliansis saarCevno gazeTi: da mainc, ratom aujanyda satana RmerTs? NEWS.On.ge. 29 seqtemberi. 2016. https://on.ge/story/3971-patriotTa-aliansi maWaraSvili Tamuna. ganmeorebiTi konspiraciebi yarsis xelSekrulebis Sesaxeb. miTebis deteqtori. 18 aprili, 2019. https://www.mythdetector.ge/ka/myth/ganmeorebiti-konspiratsiebi-qarsis-khelshekrulebis-shesakheb menabde luka. qadagebebSi Cadebuli naRmebi, `nakurTxi rusuli bombebi~ da mesame msoflio omi... Droni.ge.

11.09.2011. https://www.droni.ge/?m=3&AID=4076 kibos mkurnaloba SevCenkos meTodiT – mxolod zeTi da arayi. ojaxis mkurnali. 13.02.2015. https://mkurnali.ge/ onkologia/5750-kibos-mkurnaloba-shevchenkos-methodith-mkholod-zethi-da-arayi.html `erTaderi, rac dRes TurqeTs aCerebs, ruseTis faqto­ ria~ – mixeil cagareli. sainformacio saagento `sivaisi~. maisi 4, 2017. http://cyc.ge/erTaderTi-rac-dRes-Turq/ cucqiriZe elene. konspiraciebi adamianebis `masobriv daCipvaze~ rusul da qarTul mediasaSualebebSi. miTebis deteqtori. 30 oqtomberi, 2017. http://www.mythdetector.ge/ ka/myth/konspiratsiebi-adamianebis-masobriv-dachipvaze-rusul-da-kartul-mediasashualebebshi barak obamas coli – kacia! Sokismomgvreli gancxadeba. noemberi 26, 2014. My Video. https://www.myvideo.ge/v/2458579 kremlis propagandistebi TbilisSi mediaforums mar­ Taven – ra mesijebs aJRerebs putinis warmomadgeneli. sainformacio saagento `sivaisi~. ivnisi 30, 2017. http://cyc. ge/kremlis-propagandistebi Ali Braland. Facebook will let users see Russian content they’ve interacted with. The Hill.

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October 11, 2017. http://thehill.com/business-a-lobbying/361557-facebook-will-let-users-see-russiancontent-theyve-interacted-with Datishvili Sophie. Viral photo with hash tag #TurkeyIsOurAnamy is Fake. Journalismania. April 16, 2018. http://journalismania.blogspot. com/2018/04/viral-photo-with-hashtag.html Sputnik protests arrest of Turkish editor in Istanbul. The Arab Weekly.

01/03/2020. https://thearabweekly.com/sputnik-protests-arrest-turkish-editor-istanbul Sputnik ends operations in Estonia. ERR. 01.01.2020. https://news. err.ee/1019231/sputnik-ends-operations-in-estonia David E. Sanger, Marv Santora. U.S. and Allies Blame Russia for Cyberattack on Republic of Georgia. The New York Times. Feb.20, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/20/world/europe/georgiacyberattack-russia.html

2.2.ruseTis dezinformaciuli omi ukrainaSi oleqsandra cexanovska, gvanca abdalaZe

ukrainaSi ruseTis dezinformaciuli mesijebi sxva­ dasxva tipis sakomunikacio saSualebebiT vrceldeba. basri propagandis kvali gansakuTrebiT SesamCnevia ru­ sulenovan media-mauwyeblobaSi, ruseTis mediasTan da­ kavSirebul ukrainul media-saSualebebSi da socialur mediaSi. ukrainaSi ruseTis basri zemoqmedebis ukeT gasaa­ zreblad, mniSvnelovania ukrainis media-sivrcis mokle analizi. `evraziis monitoris~ da sxva kvlevebis mixed­ viT, ukrainelebis 99 %flobs rusuli enas, rac noyier niadags qmnis ruseTis basri Zalis gamoyenebisTvis. sxvadasxva kvlevebis Tanaxmad, ukrainis mosaxleobis 150

74%-sTvis informaciis miRebis mTavar wyarod kvlav televizia rCeba, Tumca adgilobrivi telemauwyeblobis mimarT ndoba dabalia. 2019 wlis sociologiuri gamoki­ TxvebiT, ukrainis mosaxleobis 5%-dan-13 %-mde dRemde iyenebs rusul sainformacio wyaroebs informaciis mi­ sa­Rebad. es maCvenebeli gacilebiT maRali iyo 2014 wels, yirimis, doneckis da luhanskis regionebis okupaciamde. yirimis omis wina periodis (2014 w.) monacemebiT, mo­ saxleobis 45,4 % ar endoboda ukrainul televiziebs. es maCvenebeli ukrainis aRmosavleT nawilSi (donbasSi) 68,3%-s aRwevda. aRniSnul monacemebs Tu davakavSirebT mediawignierebis dabal xarisxTan ukrainaSi, cxadi gax­ deba ruseTis dezinformacia-propagandis mimarT mowyv­ ladi mosaxleobis raodenoba.1 ruseTisgan gansxvavebiT, sadac media-sivrce umete­ sad centralizebulad imarTeba, ukrainaSi media ho­ rizontalurad fragmentirebulia. media-saSualebebs flo­ben oligarqebi sakuTari politikuri Tu klanu­ ri interesebis popularizaciisTvis.maTi garkveuli nawili cnobilia Tavisi kavSirebiT ruseTis mTavrobas­ Tan. magaliTad, gacxadebuli prorusuli opoziciuri dajgufebis – `ukrainuli arCevanis~ lideris viqtor medvedCukis saxeli dakavSirebulia 3 ukrainul mediasaSualebasTan: erovnuli tele-media `ZIK~; kerZo telekompania `ukraina 112~ (112 Ukraine); onlain sainformacio saagento `niuzona~ (NEWSONE). medvedCuki vladimer pu­ tinis piradi megobaria (dakavSirebuli naTel-mirono­ biT) da aqtiurad ewinaaRmdegeba ukrainis evrokavSirSi gawevrianebas. dasaxelebuli media-saSualebebi aqtiu­ rad ewevian medvedCukis ideebis propagandas da ruseTis

1

https://detector.media/doc/images/news/archive/2016/164308/AReport_Media_Feb2019_v2.pdf Survey by KIIS for Detector of media , March 2018

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basri mesijebis gavrcelebas. am sami media-saSualebis jamuri reitingi ki 50 %-s aWarbebs (20.9%; 14.6%; 14.4%). ukrainis erT-erTi yvelaze popularuli media `1+1~ dakavSirebulia oligarq igor kolomoiskisTan. med­ vedCukisgan gansxvavebiT, misi politikuri programa ar aris Riad prorusuli. Tumca kolomoiski medias iy­ enebs sakuTari politikuri miznebisTvis da politikur oponentebTan sabrZolvelad xSirad imeorebs ruseTis basri Zalis argumentebs. ruseTis media-sivrcis centralizacia amartivebs ruseTis basri propagandis koordinirebul gamoyene­ bas. ukrainis media-sivrcis decentralizacia ki (rac xels unda uwyobdes qveynis demokratizaciis process) ukrainaSi qmnis erTgvar qaoss da zrdis erovnuli me­ dia-saSualebebis mimarT mosaxleobis undoblobas. ar­ sebuli mdgomareoba noyier niadags qmnis media-sivrceSi (Sesabamisad, sazogadoebaSi) ruseTis propagandis gas­ avrceleblad. ukrainis media-kvlevebis centris Tanaxmad, ruseTis basri Zalis mier gavrcelebul mesijebSi gamoyenebulia dezinformaciis da propagandis gavrcelebis yvela Ses­ aZlo teqnika: manipulacia kontentze, manipulacia kon­ teqstze, gamogonili konteqsti, gamogonili faqtebi, sruli feiqebi... propagandistuli narativebi SesaZloa dajgufdes Semdegnairad: ukrainaSi mimdinareobs samoqalaqo omi (da ara okupacia ruseTis mxridan); ukraina – arSemdgari saxelmwifoa, romelic Tavs ver arTmevs Sida politikur problemebs; ruseTi exmareba omSi gaxveuli regionebis mosaxleobas gadarCenasa da TviTgamorkvevaSi; ukraina dasavleTis marionetia (aSS, evrokavSiri...); faSistebi da radikalebi angreven ukrainas; ukrainis mosaxleobaSi

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gaRvivda rusofobia; ukrainis mosaxleobas mouwodeben marTlmadideblobasTan brZolisken da sxv. narativis TiToeuli jgufi Tavis mxriv moicavs ur­ TierTdakavSirebul mesijebs, romelic cvalebadia droi­ sa da konteqstis mixedviT. magaliTad, termini `rusofo­ bia~ ruseTis mediam da rusma politikosebma daamkvidres 2014 wlis samxedro kampaniis Semdeg kremlis agresiaze dasavluri kritikis sapasuxod. narativi Sedgeba Sem­ degi dominanturi mesijebisgan: ukraina awarmoebs `bin­ Zur TamaSs~ ruseTis winaaRmdeg (rogorc qveynis SigniT, aseve qveynis gareT); ukraina Slis saerTo warsuls da istorias ruseTTan; ukraineli radikalebi Tavs esxmian yvelafers, rac rusulia (maT Soris, rusul kulturas); ukraina daadga media-cenzuris gzas (ukrainaSi ruseTis arxebis da socialuri mediis dablokva ganxilulia ara rogorc dezinformaciisgan Tavdacvis gadawyvetileba, aramed, rogorc cenzuris damkvidreba da sazogadoebaSi antirusuli ganwyobis Seqmnis mcdeloba); ukraina qmnis anti-rusuli ganaTlebis sistemas. aRsaniSnavia, rom ruseTis mier dezinformaciis gavr­ ce­ lebis procesSi aRiniSneba propagandis adaptaciis una­ri – mesijebi da iarliyebi cvalebadia situaciis mixedviT, morgebulia politikur konteqsts da qveyana­ Si mimdinare procesebs. magaliTad, 2019 wlis aprilSi ukrainaSi ZalaSi Sevida enis kanoni romelic icavs uk­ra­ inuli enis, rogorc konstituciiT gansazRvruli saxel­ mwifo enis statuss. kanonis mixedviT, saxelmwifo moxe­ leebs da servisis sferos warmomadgenlebs (medicinis muSakebi da sxv.) moeTxovebaT ukrainul enazec SeZlon saqmis warmoeba. kanonis srulad amoqmedebisTvis gaTva­ liswinebulia 3 wliani periodi kanonis ZalaSi Sesvli­ dan. gardamaval periodSi saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofs ufaso ukrainuli kursebis funqcionirebas.

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ukrainaSi enis axal kanonze diskusiis dawyebisTanave gamoCnda terminebi: `enis inspeqtorebi~, `enis inkvizi­ cia~... miuxedavad imisa, rom enis kanoni ar iTvaliswi­ nebs raime sanqciebs (da miT umetes, ar akontrolebs sakomunikacio saSualebebs da ar uwevs diskriminacias umciresobebis enebs) rusulma propagandam miaRwia mi­ zans – SeaSina rusulenovani mosaxleoba. ukrainis mTavrobis gadawyvetilebam, ukrainis ter­ itoriaze daebloka zogierTi rusuli media-saSualeba da socialuri qseli qveynis usafrTxoebis interesi­ dan gamomdinare, ruseTis da prorusuli mediis gansa­ kuTrebuli gaaqtiureba gamoiwvia. gaCnda axali mesi­ jebi: `Tavisufali sityvis~ CaxSoba, media-cenzura... am mimarTulebiT gansakuTrebiT aqtiurobda medvedCukis politikuri moZraoba da masTan dakavSirebuli mediasaSualebebi. dRes ukrainaSi dablokilia ruseTis 70-ze meti mediasaSualeba, 450 kompania da 1200 persona. maT Soris, ru­ seTis tele-arxebi, veb-gverdebi da socialuri qselebi (https://www.kaspersky.com; https://mail.ru;https://vk.com; https:// ok.ru da sxv.) media-saSualebebis umetesoba daibloka 2014 wels, yirimis omis dawyebis Semdeg. 2014-dan 2017 wlamde sia gafarTovda. (gadawyvetileba miiRo ukrainis erovnulma usafrTxoebisa da Tavdacvis sabWom, ZalaSi Sevida prezidentis specialuri dekretiT (№ 133/2017) da aRasrula ukrainis tele-radio mauwyeblobis sabWom). konstantinopolis sapatriarqos mier ukrainis marT­ lmadidebeli eklesiis avtokefaliis aRiarebis (tomo­ sis gadacema) periodSi gaCnda sruliad axali narativi, romelmac male dominanturi adgili daikava ruseTis sainformacio omSi – `brZola marTlmadideblobasTan~. ruseTis media-sivrceSi daiwyo erTgvari kampania `antitomosi~. ruseTis sainformacio saSualebaTa mier gavr­ 154

celebuli narativebi gaimeores medvedCukis telearxe­ bma da sxva ukrainulma mediebma. sainformacio omis warmoebis procesSi gansaku­ Trebuli adgili uWiravs `feiqebis~ (yalbi informa­ cia) fenomens. feiqis erT-erTi mTavari mizania Seqm­ nas iseTi ambavi, romelic martivad moaxdens qveynis Tu saerTaSoriso sazogadoebisemociur manipulirebas. yalbi narativis erT-erTi TvalsaCino nimuSia `jvarc­ muli biWunas~ ambavi, romelic Tavdapirvelad ruseTis pirvelma arxma gaavrcela. propagandistuli narativis mixedviT, slavianskidan (doneckis olqi) devnilebma `gamoaaSkaraves~ Tavzardamcemi ambavi: ukrainis Seia­ raRebuli Zalebis (AFU) jariskacebma jvarze gaakres 3 wlis adgilobrivi macxovrebeli biWuna. rasakvir­ velia, aRniSnuli feiqis mizani iyo nebismieri socia­ luri jgufisTvis yvelaze mgrZnobiare TemiT (bavSve­ bze Zaladoba) manipulireba da ukrainis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis diskreditacia da demonizeba. dezinformaciis gavrcelebaSi udaod gansakuTrebu­ li adgili ukavia internet-medias da socialur qselebs. maTi nawili Riad aris dakavSirebuli ruseTTan an ruse­ Tis dafinansebiTaa Seqmnili, meore nawils ki e. w. `janq eqaunTebi~ warmoadgens. internetTan dakavSirebuli me­ diis SemTxvevaSi gansakuTrebiT aqtiurdeba botebis da trolebis Temac.

Riad prorusuli an ruseTis mier mxardaWerili wya­ ro­ ebis amocnoba martivia ritorikiT da jgufebis ad­ ministratorebis lokaciis gansazRvriT. sakiTxi ufro rTuli da kompleqsuria im gverdebis mimarT, rom­ lebic Seqmnilia ukrainaSi, magram farulad imarTeba ruseTidan da awarmoebs partizanul saqmianobas qvey­ nis teritoriaze. am tipis gverdebis gamoaSkaravebaSi didi wvlili Seitana Tavad feisbuqis mier Catarebul­ 155

ma gamoZiebam, romlis mixedviT dadasturda sxvadasxva ukrainuli gverdebis da eqaunTebis kavSirebi moskovsa da peterburgSi ganTavsebul organizaciebTan. maT So­ ris, putinis partniorisa da cnobili rusi oligarqis evgeni prigoJinis peterburgSi ganTavsebul internetis kvlevebis saagentosTan, romlis saxelTan bevri saerTa­ Soriso skandalia dakavSirebuli. partizanul vebgverdebze ZiriTadi aqcenti gada­ta­ nilia lokalur ambebsa da yoveldRiur yofiT faq­teb­ze ukrainis regionebis mosaxleobis ndobis mosapoveblad. gasarTobi ambebisa da lokaluri niusebis gverdiT, drodadro Cndeba politikurad aqtiuri kontenti an vrceldeba dezinformacia arasando wyaroebidan (maT Soris, dumpster-is gamoyenebiT). amasTan, msgavsi gverde­ bi moipoveben momxmarebelTa personalur monacemebs onla­in testebis, qvizebis da sxva msgavsi cnobili saSu­ alebebiT. (2016 wlis aSS saprezidento arCevnebis maga­ liTma daadastura, rom personaluri monacemebis bazebi efeqturad gamoiyeneba saarCevno periodebSi samizne jgufebis Sesaqmnelad da maTze zegavlenis gansaxorcie­ leblad). calkea aRsaniSnavi `janq~ veb-gverdebis gamoyeneba kremlis dezinformaciis gasavrceleblad. iqmneba ms­ gavsi gverdebis mTeli ekosistema, sadac vrceldeba bulvaruli informacia da sruli feiqebi. samwuxaroa, rom am tipis gverdebis vizitorTa raodenoba 50 mln. aRwevs yovelTviurad. informaciis gaaqtiureba xdeba socialuri qselebiT gaziarebis meTodiT. internet-mediis masStabebi ver iqneboda aseTi STam­ beWdavi botebis da trolebis saqmianobis gareSe. maTi ZiriTadi funqciaa konkretuli mesijis gaaqtiurebis da cirkulaciis xelSewyoba. analitikuri kvlevebis orga­ nizacia `voqs ukrainam~ (VoxUkraine) 8 wlis manZilze 1369 156

trol-eqaunTis mier marTuli 774 957 TviTis identifi­ cireba moaxdina. kvlevis mixedviT, `trolebis qarxnis~ aqtiuro­ bis piki emTxveva malaiziuri aviaxazebis MH17 reisis tragediis periods (2014 wlis ivlisi). narativis ZiriTa­ dimesijebi pasuxismgeblobas ukrainas akisrebs ruseTis nacvlad. aRniSnul TemasTan dakavSirebiT, 6 200 heSTe­ giT gavrcelda sxvadasxva tipis SeTqmulebis Teoria da kompilaciuri `foto-mtkicebuleba~. am da sxva mraval SemTxvevaSi gamoyenebulia dezinformaciis efeqturi meTodi: mediis gajereba urTierTsawinaaRmdego mesi­ jebiT. magaliTad, avia-katastrofis narativSi vrcel­ deboda sxvadasxva versiebi (ukrainis mTavrobam Camoag­ do TviTmfrinavi mizanmimarTulad; ukrainis mTavrobam Camoagdo TviTmfrinavi SecdomiT, radgan putinis pira­ di jeti egona...); `mtkicebulebebis~ aRwerisas xdeboda sxvadasxva tipis iaraRis `identificireba~, SeTqmulebis Teoriebi xSirad urTierTgamomricxavi iyo... msgavsi tendencia SeiniSneboda skripalis saqmesTan dakavSirebiTac. ruseTis media avrcelebda urTierTga­ momricxav aRwerebs Tavdasxmis saxis Tu damblis gamomw­ vevi sawamlavis saxeobasTan dakavSirebiT... SeTqmulebis TeoriaTa erTi versiis mixedviT, skripalis mkvleloba ganaxorciela didi britaneTis mTavrobam breqsiTis problemebidan yuradRebis sxva sakiTxze gadasatanad ... narativis `ukraina dasavleTis marionetia~ dasam­ kvidreblad xSirad xdeba xazgasma, rom ukraina iRebs mudmiv daxmarebas dasavleTisgan, rac `niSnavs~ rom iRebs samxedro daxmarebasac, rac `niSnavs~ rom dasav­ leTi xels uwyobs qveynis `samoqalaqo omSi~ CaTrevas da sazogadoebaSi `rusofobiis~ danergvas, ukrainis `partniori~ ruseTisgan CamoSorebas. mesijebis meore jgufis Tanaxmad, ukrainis mTavrobis imedi omSi gamar­ 157

jvebis Sesaxeb iluziaa, radgan ukraina verasodes mii­ Rebs dasavleTisgan evro-struqturebSi gawevrianebis realur SeTavazebas Tu pirdapir samxedro daxmarebas... dezinformaciuli mesijebis urTierTsapirispiro Sinaarsi da gavrcelebis procesis qaoturoba ar aris SemTxveviTi an dezinformaciis gamavrcelebelTa mier daSvebuli Secdoma. aRniSnuli tendencia dezinforma­ ciis gavrcelebis kargad gaazrebuli teqnikaa da misi mizania informaciuli qaosis Seqmna, sazogadoebis dab­ neva, ndobis dakargva yvela tipis informaciis mimarT (maT Soris, profesionaluri mediis mimarT, romelic in­ ternet-mediisgan gansxvavebiT eyrdnoba Jurnalistikis standartebs da eTikas)... sazogadoebis mxridan ndo­ bis dakargva yvelasa da yvelafris mimarT asustebs kritikuli azrovnebis unars da zrdis sazogadoebis mimReblobas sagareo Carevebis mimarT. dezinformaciis gavrcelebis mizani ara mxolod sa­ zogadoebis demoralizacia, aramed realuri politi­ku­ ri qmedebebisTvis safuZvlis Semzadebaa. ruseTis mier yirimis naxevarkunZulis aneqsiis garda yoveldRiurad izrdeba ukrainis saSinao politikaSi Carevis preceden­ tebi ruseTis mxridan. magaliTad, ukrainaSi rusuli hibriduli omis mTa­ varma arqiteqtorma vladislav surkovma 2014-2015 wleb­ Si warmoadgina `novorosiis~ proeqti, romlis mixedviT, okupirebuli doneckis da luhanskis garda ruseTma unda gaakontrolos samxreT-aRmosavleT ukrainis sxva teritoriebic. ukrainis sxvadasxva regionebSi xdeba federalizmis ideis gaaqtiureba da ruseTis mxridan sxvadasxva tipis saprotesto moZraobebis Seqmna-waxaliseba. magaliTad, odesaSi separatistuli jgufi `porto-franko~ iTxovs odesisTvis specialuri ekonomikuri zonis statusis 158

miniWebas. zaporoJies saprotesto moZraoba `specialu­ ri statusis~ ideas asabuTebs regionis mZime ekologiuri mdgomareobiT... moqmedebis sqemebi gansxvavebulia regionuli proble­ me­bis specifiurobis da istoriuli sentimentebis Ta­vi­ seburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. Tumca msgavsia dezinfor­ maciis gavrcelebis teqnika: media-sivrceSi trolebi da botebi avrceleben dakveTil statiebs, igegmeba Suamava­ li organizaciebis mier dafinansebuli demonstraciebi. sxva mraval negatiur SedegTan erTad, aRniSnuli pro­ cesi iwvevs tradiciuli mediis rolis Sesustebas da mis Cabmas sainformacio omSi – mediis pirdapiri valdebulebaa gaaSuqos sazogadoebaSi mimdinare yvela mniSvnelovani ambavi. Sedegad, media-sivrce gadaivso ra­ dikaluri jgufebis moTxovnebisa da demonstraciebis Sesaxeb informaciiT. ratom aris ukrainis sazogadoeba aseTi mowyvladi ruseTis dezinformaciis mimarT? rusuli enis gamoye­ nebis masStabi, rusulenovani sainformacio wyaroebis farTo gamoyeneba, sazogadoebis undobloba saxelmwifo institutebis Tu ukrainuli mediis mimarT – es mizeze­ bis mcire CamonaTvalia... mowinaaRmdegis sainformacio Seteva dafuZnebulia sazogadoebis `aqilevsis quslis~ codnasa da analizze. ukrainulma sazogadoebam mowinaaRmdegeze ukeT unda gaicnobieros sakuTari sisusteebi. saxelmwifos mier gatarebuli reformebis Sedegi rom marTlac TvalSi­ sacemi iyos, xolo sazogadoebis mxridan saxelmwifo in­ stitutebis mimarT ndoba maRali, narativi arSemdgari saxelmwifos Sesaxeb ver damkvidrdeboda ase swrafad. samwuxaroa, rom ruseTis sainformacio omis msxver­ plia axalgazrda Taobac. isini dezinformacias ZiriTa­ dad socialuri mediebidan iReben.

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saintereso simptomia, rom ukrainis berZnul-kaTo­ likuri mosaxleoba naklebad eqceva dezinformaciuli zegavlenis qveS radgan rusul eklesias ar aqvs berZ­ nul-kaTolikur eklesiaze zemoqmedebis meqanizmebi. es faqti kidev erTxel adasturebs, rom ruseTis marTl­ madidebeli eklesia da moskovis patriarqatis Semadgen­ lobaSi myofi ukrainis marTlmadidebeli eklesia Tavad aris CarTuli dezinformaciis gavrcelebaSi. religiu­ ri institutebis politizireba da sainformacio omis­ Tvis gamoyeneba ruseTis sainformacio omis erT-erTi yvelaze mZime aspeqtia. ra SeiZleba CaiTvalos ruseTis sainformacio omis mTavar miznad ukrainaSi da ukrainis winaaRmdeg? ukrainaSi mimdinare ruseTis sainformacio omis samizne ar aris mxolod ukrainis mTavroba da ukrai­ nis sazogadoeba. dezinformacia mimarTulia ukrainis megobari qveynebis, sruliad saerTaSoriso sazogadoe­ bis da aseve, rusuli sazogadoebis winaaRmdeg. nara­ tivis Seqmnis procesSi mniSvnelovania pozitiuri da negatiuri mesijebis Tanafardoba. ukrainis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli dezinformaciuli mesijebis 90% negatiuria da siZulvilis enis, emociurad datvirTuli mesijebis erTgvar kombinacias warmoadgens. am xerxiT martivad gadaifareba informaciis alogikuroba da Seusabamobebi narativis detalebs Soris. ruseTis basri Zalis mTavari mizania samizne jgu­ fis (ukrainis sazogadoebis) dehumanizacia sxva­Ta TvalSida dasavleTis darwmuneba kievisTvis mxar­da­ We­ris SewyvetaSi; `moraluri argumentebis~ Seqmnaru­ seTis agresiuli politikis gasamarTleblad rogorc ru­ sul, aseve saerTaSoriso sazogadoebaSi; rusul sa­ zogadoebaSi politikuri dividendebis mopoveba da Sida politikuri mxardaWeris zrda.

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ra SeiZleba gakeTdes ruseTis sainformacio omis winaaRmdeg? upirveles yovlisa, unda gaimijnos Jurnalistika da propaganda. propagandistul da dezinformaciaze dafuZnebul media saSualebebs unda SeezRudoT me­ diisTvis gankuTvnili privilegiebi. ukrainaSi ruse­ Tis tele-arxebis da socialuri qselebis (В контакте; Одноклассники) dablokva dasavleTSi bevrma eqspertma sityvis Tavisuflebis SezRudvad aRiqva. SesaZloa, me­ diis dablokva ar aris idealuri gadawyvetileba, magram aucilebeli zomaa ukrainis erovnuli usafrTxoebis­ Tvis mimdinare omis pirobebSi. sociologiuri kvlevebi adasturebs, rom im respodentTa umetesoba, vinc 2014 wels ruseTTan SeerTebas dauWira mxari, informaciis misaRebad ruseTis sainformacio saSualebebs iyenebda. rusuli socialuri media ki ara mxolod avrcelebda dezinformaciul narativs, aramed xels uwyobda sazo­ gadoebis gaTiSvas da konfliqtebis provocirebas sxva­ dasxva jgufebs Soris. ukrainaSi dafuZnebuli da ruse­ Tidan marTuli gverdebis mizani aseve destabilizaciis xelSewyoba iyo. amasTan, msgavsi gverdebi personalur informacias agrovebda ukrainis moqalaqeebis Sesaxeb da gadascemda ruseTis uSiSroebis federalur samsaxurs. rusuli socialuri qselis `В контакте~ damaarsebelma da xelmZRvanelma pavel durovma Tanamdeboba datova ruseTis mier ukrainaSi ganxorcielebuli aneqsiis Sem­ deg. misi gancxadebiT, ruseTis uSiSroebis federaluri samsaxuri iTxovda socialur platformaze dayrdnobiT miewodebina evromaidnis momxreTa da maTi ojaxis wevr­ Ta Sesaxeb piradi informacia. es informacia gamoiyenes sainformacio SturmisTvis. kerZod, saprotesto aqcie­ bis CasaSlelad damamcirebeli da muqaris Semcveli me­

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sijebi egzavneboda ukrainis armiis samxedroebs da maTi ojaxis wevrebs. media kanonmdeblobaSi cvlilebebi kvlav unda gagr­ Zel­ des. Tumca safrTxiloa mtruli propagandisgan Tavdacva ar gadaiqces cenzurad da opoziciuri azris CasaxSob Sida politikur meqanizmad. cifruli revo­ luciis gamowvevebTan gamklaveba unda moxdes: gamWvir­ vale kanonmdeblobiT; lokaluri, mcire da damoukide­ beli mediis waxalisebiT; „mediis deoligarqizaciiT“; poziti­ uri, konstruqciuli, faqtebze dafuZnebuli nara­tivebis gavrcelebiT, romliTac unda ganeitraldes de­ zinformaciis negatiuri, destruqciuli, faqtebis ugulebelyofaze dafuZnebuli narativi. cifruli revoluciis intensiurobis zrdasTan er­ Tad, yoveldRiurad izrdeba axali unarebis flobis aucilebloba. mediawignieri Taobis aRzrdasa da mosax­ leobisTvis faqt-Cekingis unarebis ganviTarebaSi gadam­ wyveti sityva unda Tqvas sajaro ganaTlebis sistemam. bibliografia: 1.

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How Russian “Troll factory” tried to effect on Ukraine’s agenda.

Analysis of 755 000 tweets. https://voxukraine.org/longreads/twitterdatabase/index-en.html Image of Ukraine on Russian TV – http://ucmc.org.ua/wp-content/ uploads/2018/02/Image-of-Ukraine-on-Russian-TV_ENG.pdf “Russophobia” mentions 2001-2017-https://miro.medium.com/ max/1920/1*Pk51VpS69_cshUmqPzuoXw.jpeg PUTIN’S INFORMATION WARFARE IN UKRAINE: SOVIET ORIGINS OF RUSSIA’S HYBRID WARFARE http://www.understandingwar.org/report/putins-information-warfareukraine-soviet-origins-russias-hybrid-warfare The Gerasimov Doctrine. It’s Russia’s new chaos theory of political warfare. And it’s probably being used on you. By Molly K. Mckew.

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September/October 2017 -https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/09/05/gerasimov-doctrine-russia-foreign-policy-215538 The Surkov Leaks The Inner Workings of Russia’s Hybrid War in Ukraine Alya Shandra and Robert Seely. Occasional Paper Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies. July 2019. – https://rusi. org/sites/default/files/201907_op_surkov_leaks_web_final.pdf We’ve got bad news-http://texty.org.ua/d/2018/mnews/eng/ ДЖЕРЕЛА ІНФОРМАЦІЇ, МЕДІАГРАМОТНІСТЬ І РОСІЙСЬКА ПРО­ ПА­ГАНДА: РЕЗУЛЬТАТИ ВСЕУКРАЇНСЬКОГО ОПИ­ТУ­ВАННЯ ГРО­ МАДСЬКОЇ ДУМКИ АНАЛІТИЧНИЙ ЗВІТ-https://detector.media/doc/ images/news/archive/2016/164308/AReport_Media_Feb2019_v2.pdf Дуров продал свою долю во «В контакте» из-за конфликта в ФСБ https :// www . vedomosti . ru / technology / articles / 2014 / 04 / 16 / durovprodal-svoyu-dolyu-vo-v-kontakte-iz-za-konflikta-s-fsb Присоединиться к России в основном хотят те украинцы, кто смотрит российское телевидение, – опрос – https://ipress.ua/ru/news/prysoedynytsya_k_rossyy_v_osnovnom_ hotyat_te_ukrayntsi_kto_smotryt_rossyyskoe_televydenye__ opros_53761.html Сколько украинцев смотрят российскую пропаганду: инфографика https://news.liga.net/society/news/skolko-ukraintsev-smotryat-rossiyskuyu-propagandu-infografika СТАВЛЕННЯ УКРАЇНЦІВ ДО ПОЛІТИЧНОЇ ІНФОРМАЦІЇ НА УКРАЇН­ СЬКИХ ТЕЛЕКАНАЛАХ-HTTPS://www.kiis.com.ua/?lang=rus&cat=repor ts&id=794&page=1 https://www.stopfake.org/en/kremlin-watch-briefing-who-is-behindthe-top-5-russian-channels/ Шойгу рассказал о российских войсках информационных операций -https://www.rbc.ru/politics/22/02/2017/58ad78cd9a794757f3c80ece Disinformation Resilience in Central and Eastern Europe. Edited by Andrei Yeliseyeu, Volha Damarad. Kyiv. 2018. http://prismua.org/wpcontent/uploads/2018/06/DRI_CEE_2018.pdf

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2.3. CrdiloeT makedonia – rbili da basri Zalebis zegavlena1 iugoslaviis federaciis daSlis Semdeg, yofil­ ma respublikebma umZimesi gza ganvles damoukidebel saxelmwifoebad CamoyalibebisTvis brZolaSi. omi, qaosi, humanitaruli krizisi, siRaribe, sazRvrebis demarka­ ciis da aRiarebis sirTule – es regionis warsuli Tu amJamindeli problemebis mxolod mcire CamonaTvalia. balkaneTis regionis geopolitikuri mniSvnelobis gamo, regioni dRemde sxvadasxva qveynebis (aSS, ruse­ Ti...) da saerTaSoriso organizaciebis (evrokavSiri, na­ to) interesTa dapirispirebis arealia. Tumca swored geopolitikuri mniSvnelobisa da evropuli mdebareo­ bis wyalobiT, regionis evrointegracia daCqarebuli tempiT mimdinareobs. slovenia evrokavSiris da natos wevri gaxda pirveli didi gafarToebis dros, 2004 wels, xolo xorvatia natoSi 2009 da evrokavSirSi 2013 wels gawevrianda. 2017 wels natoSi Sevida montenegro, xolo CrdiloeT makedoniis gawevrianebis procesi 2020-Si dasruldeba. natoSi gawevrianebis samoqmedo gegma aqvs bosnia hercegovinas. dawyebulia CrdiloeT makedoniis evrokavSirSi gawevrianebis procesi, xolo serbeTsa da montenegros kandidati qveynebis statusi aqvT. CrdiloeT makedoniis respublikas, regionis sxva qveynebisgan gansxvavebiT, damoukideblobis gzaze gan­ 1

CrdiloeT makedoniis SemTxvevis analizis mosamzadeblad vey­ rdnobiT internetis, mdgradi ganviTarebisa da kargi mmarTv­ elobis centris (IMPETUS ) 2019 w. kvlevas: Liljana Pecova-Ilieska, Kire Babanovski. Monitoring the Media Content from Foreign Influence over the EU/ NATO Accession Process in Macedonia. kvlevis masalebze wvdomisT­ vis da gaweuli konsultaciisTvis madlobas vuxdiT centris xelmZRvanels, q-n liliana pesovas.

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sakuTrebuli problema Seuqmna misma saxelma `makedo­ nia“. aTwleulebis manZilze saberZneTi aprotestebda Tavisi istoriuli regionis, makedoniis saxelis gamoye­ ne­ bas axalSeqmnili saxelmwifos mier. Sesabamisad, sa­ berZneTi gaxda mTavari Semakavebeli faqtori qveynis saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi gawevrianebas gzaze. xelod~ darCenil qveyanas, oficialur Tu sxva `usa­ dokumentebSi, pirobiTad `yofili iugoslaviis respub­ lika makedoniad~ moixseniebdnen. saxelisTvis mraval­ wliani brZolisa da SeuTanxmeblobis Semdeg, saerTa­ Soriso Zalisxmevisa da mediaciis wyalobiT 2019 wels procesi saerTaSoriso asparezze axali `CrdiloeT makedoniis respublikis~ gamoCeniT dasrulda, rasac myisierad mohyva xelovnurad SeCerebuli procesis aR­ dgena da natom da evrokavSirma CrdiloeT makedonias gawevrianebis mowveva gaugzavnes. makedoniis saxelis cvlilebis (da Sesabamisi konsti­ tuciuri cvlilebebis misaRebad) dainiSna referendumi 2018 w. 30 seqtembers. ivlis-seqtemberSi, makedonia ga­ reSe gavlenebis uCveulo gaaqtiurebis momswre gaxda rogorc evrokavSiris, aseve ruseTis mxridan. qveyana rbili da basri Zalebis Sejaxebis arealad iqca. makedoniis arasamTavrobo organizacia `impetusma~ Caatara specialuri media kvleva aRniSnul periodSi informaciis Tu dezinformaciis gavrcelebis Sesaswav­ lad da evrokavSirsa da natoSi gawevrianebis Sesaxeb qveyanaSi mimdinare diskursze gareSe gavlenebis iden­ tificirebisTvis. organizaciam Seiswavla media komuni­ kaciis sxvadasxva formebi: niusebi, videoebi, samTavro­ bo gancxadebebi, pres-relizebi, tele-debatebi, svetebi, blogebi da a. S. momzadda siRrmiseuli interviuebi fo­ kus-jgufebTan – JurnalistebTan, universitetebis pro­ fesorebTan (saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis, politikis, 165

samarTlis, usafrTxoebis dargebSi), studentebTan da makedoniaSi natos specialur warmomadgenelTan.1 politikuri konteqstis ukeT gasaazreblad, kvlevis Sedegebis da kvlevaSi mocemuli interviuebis ganxil­ vamde, aucilebelia CamovTvaloT aRniSnul periodSi ganviTarebuli ramdenime tendencia da movlena. evrokavSirSi gawevrianebis Sesaxeb cnobadobis asa­ maRleblad evrokavSirma Seqmna specialuri programa `erToblivi momavali~. am programis farglebSi evrokav­ Siris moxeleebi xvdebodnen makedoniis mosaxleobas; evro­ kavSirma gasca dapireba momdevno wlebSi make­ doniis adgilobrivi municipalitetebis dafinansebis Sesaxeb; evrokavSiris specialurma komisiam moamzada gadaudebeli reformebis paketi (kanonis uzenaesoba, sajaro seqtorisa da mediis depolitizacia, gamoxat­ vis Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofa, saarCevno reforma da sxv.); sxvadasxva rangis diplomatiuri SexvedrebisTvis qveyanas estumra 50-ze meti maRalCinosani... aRniSnul periodSi gaaqtiurdnen ruseTis diploma­ tiuri samsaxurebic (rogorc makedoniaSi, aseve saber­ ZneTSi). berZnuli mediis Tanaxmad, saberZneTSi rusi diplomatebi sajaro moxeleebisTvis qrTamis SeTava­ zebiT cdilobdnen quCis protestebis organizebas prespas2 SeTanxmebis winaaRmdeg. opoziciur Zalebze zegavlenis mcdelobisTvis saberZneTidan oTxi rusi diplomati gaaZeves. aRniSnuli faqti ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrma ruseTis sawinaaRmdego qmedebad gamo­ 1

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fokus-jgufebidan mxolod akademiuri wreebis warmomadgen­ lebma ganacxades Tanxmoba sakuTari vinaobis gamxelaze.

2018 wlis 17 ivniss saberZneTSi, prespas tbis mimdebared, xeli moewera istoriul SeTanxmebas (prespas SeTanxmeba). xelSek­ rulebis mixedviT, saberZneTma da makedoniam gadawyvita isto­ riuli dava da SeTanxmda makedoniisTvis axali saxelis miniWe­ baze.

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acxada da vaSingtoni saberZneTis mTavrobaze zewolaSi daadanaSaula. makedoniaSi ruseTis diplomatiuri warmomadgenlo­ bebis gaaqtiurebis Sedegad Seiqmna xalxTa megobrobis sxvadasxva asociaciebi da rusuli kulturis centrebi. axalSeqmnili organizaciebi saTaveSi Caudgnen refe­ rendumis boikotis kampanias. daiwyo referendumis sawinaaRmdego gamosvlebi, romelSic radikaluri orga­ nizaciebi, opoziciuri politikuri partiebi da spor­ tuli klubebis wevrebi monawileobdnen. saerTaSoriso asparezze ruseTi aprotestebda makedoniis natosa da evrokavSirSi gawevrianebas. rusi diplomatebi mouwo­ debdnen rogorc makedonias, aseve evrokavSirs `mcdari gadawyvetilebis~ gauqmebisken. evrokavSirisa da ruseTis gazrdili zegavlenis Se­ darebisTvis, unda aRiniSnos mTavari sxvaoba am ori mxa­­ ris komunikaciis stilTan mimarTebaSi. evrokavSi­ ris `rbili momxibvleloba~ strategiuli komunikaci­ is saxed ZiriTadad iyenebda sajaro gamosvlebs, teledebatebs, saxalxo Sexvedrebs da sxv. ruseTma sakuTari `basri zegavlena~ araoficialuri kavSirebiT da medi­ aSi dezinformaciis gavrcelebiT scada. evrokavSiris moTxovniT dawyebulma mediis reformam reformebis sawyisi etapisTvis damaxasiaTebeli qaosi gamoiwvia, rac xelSemwyob faqtorad iqca dezinformaciis da propa­ gandis gasavrceleblad. gamavrceleblad ZiriTadad gamoiyenes adgilobrivi media-saSualebebi, romlebT­ anac aqtiurad TanamSromlobdnen regionSi ruseTis interesebis gatarebis momxre serbi eqspertebi. momrav­ lda opoziciuri partiebis gancxadebebi evrokavSirisa da natos winaaRmdeg. `erTiani makedoniis~ lideri ianko basevi mosaxleobas arwmunebda ruseTis keTili zrax­ vebis da makedoniis evraziul kavSirSi gawevrianebis 167

aucileblobis Sesaxeb. sxvadasxva tipis preskonferen­ ciebze makedoniis mosaxleobas mouwodebdnen ar dahyo­ lo­da dasavleTis moTxovnebs da ar daeTmo istoriuli saxeli. aRniSnul periodSi makedoniaSi SeiniSneboda korespondentebis raodenobis mkveTri zrda sxvadasxva qveynebidan. gamoCndnen trolingiT cnobili ruseTis sain­formacio saagentoebis (maT Soris `Russia Today~) war­ momadgenlebi. dezinformaciis da feiqebis mimarTulebiT Crdilo­ eT makedoniaSic, yvela sxva SemTxvevis msgavsad, dawi­ naurda socialuri media. socialuri mediis sxvadasxva `niusebi~ da mravalricxovani komentarebi sazogadoeba­ Si amkvidrebda garkveul Sexedulebebs: ruseTis intere­ sebis legitimurobis dacva; istoriuli sentimentebis gaRviveba saberZneTis winaaRmdeg; sazogadoebis daSineba cru dilemebiTa da SeTqmulebis TeoriebiT (eri gaqro­ bis saSiSroebis winaSe dgas... prespas xelSekrulebis Sem­ deg saberZneTi gadawers makedoniis istorias da sxva); saberZneTis mTavrobis dadanaSauleba nacionalisturi gamosvlebis organizebaSi... dezinformaciuli mesijebis gasavrceleblad gansakuTrebiT aqtiurobdnen botebi da trolebi. Seiqmna da gavrcelda heSTegebi refer­ endumis boikotis Sesaxeb. aRniSnuli periodis socia­ luri qselebis mTavar tendenciebad iqca: siZulvilis ena, eTnikur da politikur niadagze Seuracxyofa, saerTaSoriso organizaciebze Tavdasxma, sazogadoebis polarizacia. media polarizacia referendumis Semd­ gomac gagrZelda. makedoniis damoukideblobis mTeli istoriis manZilze, am periodis media garemo yvelaze arajansaRad Sefasda media eqspertebis mier.

JurnalistebTan Catarebuli interviuebis Sedegad gamoikveTa media-analizis saintereso aspeqtebi. CamovT­ vliT zog maTgans. pasuxebis mixedviT, dezinformaciis 168

gavrcelebas xeli Seuwyo internet platformebis ra­ odenobis mkveTrma zrdam. dezinformaciis mTavar mimar­ Tulebad am SemTxvevaSic dasaxelda nacionalur grZno­ bebze TamaSi. Jurnalistebis azriT, problemebis winaSe aRmoCnda tradiciuli media saSualebebic, maTi mflo­ belebisgan momdinare zewolis, finansebis simwirisa da JurnalistTa TviT-cenzuris gami. iseve, rogorc sxva yofil totalitarul saxelmwifoebSi, makedoniaSic me­ dia SeCveuli iyo Zalauflebis vertikalis arsebobas da informaciis gavrcelebaze saxelmwifo monopolias, ami­ tomac Jurnalistebs gansakuTrebiT gauWirdaT politi­ kurad mniSvnelovan periodSi profesionalizmis gamov­ lena. Jurnalistebis azriT, media saSualebebis mwiri profesionalizmis maCvenebelia sazogadoebis emociebze TamaSis gareSe informaciis gadmocemis uunaroba; medi­ am verc mosaxleobis kvalificiuri informireba SeZlo prespas istoriuli SeTanxmebis pliusebis da riskebis Sesaxeb. saxeze iyo balansis dakargva, pasuxismgeblobis da profesionalizmis nakleboba da eTikis principebis ugulebelyofa. es ki mediis qaosis iaraRad qcevis saukeTeso gzaa. evrokavSiris mxridan ganxorcielebul zegavlenas Jurnalistebi pozitiur zegavlenad ganixilaven. me­ dia seqtorSi ganxorcielda evrokavSirisTvis damaxa­ siaTebeli wamaxalisebeli mxardaWera: sxvadasxva tipis treningebi, vizitebi msoflios wamyvan media-saSuale­ bebSi, teqnikisa da aparaturis saCuqrad gadacema...

Tumca, msgavsi CarTuloba yvelasTvis ar iyo gamiznuli. media bazarze kvlavac didia dabalanazRaurebadi Jur­ nalistebis raodenoba, rac maT advilad mowyvlad jgu­ fad mosyidvisTvis aqcevs sxvadasxva jgufebis mxridan. miuxedavad mravali problemisa, mediis warmomad­ genlebs ar sjerodaT, rom garedan ganxorcielebuli 169

sainformacio operaciebi realur Sedegs gamoiRebda seqtembris referendumSi. Jurnalistebis msgavsad, arc akademiuri wreebis war­ momadgenlebs sjerodaT, rom ruseTis basri Zala rea­ lurad imoqmedebda referendumis Sedegebze. isini xazs usvamdnen qveynis Sida sisusteebs, rogorc mTavar faq­ tors arasasurveli zegavlenebis ganxorcielebisTvis. sxvadasxva respodentis azriT, makedoniis xelisufle­ ba da opozicia erTiania evrointegraciis TemasTan dakavSirebiT, magram sazogadoebas cudad esmis ras niSnavs evropuli momavali. totalitarulma warsul­ ma adamianebi miaCvia upasuxismgeblo damokidebulebas qveynis momavlis mimarT, daukarga realuri saWiroebebis gansazRvris unari da daamkvidra rwmena, rom Cveni gasa­ keTebeli saqme viRac sxvam unda gaakeTos. sazogadoeba movlenebs uyurebs infantilurad da piradi sargeblis molodinis reJimSi. studentebis interviuebSic gamoikveTa sayuradRebo aspeqtebi. maTi azriT, geopolitikuri mdebareobidan momdinare, makedonia yovelTvis iyo sxvadasxva mxa­ ga­ reebis interesTa Sejaxebis areali. studentebis dak­ virvebiT, ruseTis interesebis zrda qveyanaSi gamoixata diplomatiuri misiebis gaaqtiurebiT. studentebi so­ cialur mediaSi gavrcelebul dezinformaciaze didad ar amaxvilebnen yuradRebas, radgan maTi umravlesoba acxadebda, rom informaciis misaRebad iyenebda sando wyaroebs. studentebs Rrmad swamdaT, rom ar aris ad­ vili raime saxis negatiuri zemoqmedeba makedoniel xalxze. maT sjerodaT sakuTari qveynis da misi evro­ puli momavlis. dasavleTisa da ruseTis zegavlenis xasiaTisa da masStabebis Sedarebisas, sxvadasxva interviuSi aRniSnu­ lia gavlenebis asimetriuloba. evrokavSiris da natos 170

warmomadgenlobebi qveyanaSi funqcionirebs oficialu­ rad da legaluri diplomatiuri saqmianobis farglebSi, xolo ruseTis zegavlenis meqanizmebi araoficialuri, aralegaluri da Znelad gasakontrolebelia. makedoniis premierma zoran zaevma 2018 wlis ivlisSi briuselSi ganacxada, rom misi informaciiT quCis pro­ testebis ukan ruseTis kvali ikveTeba, magram yvelafers gaakeTebs konfliqtis Tavidan asacileblad. saintere­ soa zoran zaevis 2017 wlis gancxadebac, romlis mixed­ viT evrokavSirsa da natoSi gawevrianeba skopiesTvis erTaderTi SesaZlo arCevania, Tumca SiSobs, rom ru­ seTs eqneba mkveTri reaqcia. ruseTis oficialuri wreebi uaryofdnen makedoniis saSinao saqmeebSi Carevis raime mcdelobas, Tumca aseve xSirad acxadebdnen, rom natoSi gawevrianeba ar Sedis balkaneTis qveynebis interesSi. 30 seqtembers Catarebuli referendumi moulodneli SedegebiT dasrulda. referendumze mivida amomrCev­ elTa mxolod 36.9 %. miuxedavad imisa, rom maTgan 90% Semoxaza `diax~, referendumi Cavarda. makedoniis kon­ stituciis mixedviT, referendumis Sedegebis cnobis aucilebeli pirobaa 50%-iani monawileoba. prespas Se­ Tanxmebis ratificirebisgan Tavi Seikava zoran zaevmac. makedoniis referendumze ruseTis basri Zalis zemo­ qmedebis realuri Sedegis miuxedavad, basrma Zalam ver miaRwia mTavar mizans: istoriuli procesis CaSla, eT­ nikuri konfliqtebis gaRviveba, politikuri da ekono­ kuri ganviTarebis minimum erTi TaobiT gadavadeba... mi­ re­ferendumis Sedegebis miuxedavad, 2019 wlis ianvarSi ma­kedoniis parlamentma moaxdina prespas xelSekrulebis ratificireba da makedonias Seecvala oficialuri sa­ xeli.

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CrdiloeT makedoniis respublikam 2019 wlis Teber­ valSi daiwyo natoSi gawevrianebis procesi da saxelm­ wifoebis absoluturi umravlesobis parlamentebSi sa­ratifikacio procesi dasrulebulia. CrdiloeT make­ doniis respublika aseve elodeba evrokavSirSi gawevri­ anebas evrokavSiris gafarToebis Semdeg raundze. bibliografia: 1.

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Liljana Pecova-Ilieska, Kire Babanovski. Monitoring the Media Content from Foreign Influence over the EU/NATO Accession Process in Macedonia. IMPETUS. 2019.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization. https://www.nato.int European Union. https://europa.eu Prespa Agreement. Balkan History. Encyclopedia BRITANNICA. https:// www.britannica.com/event/Prespa-Agreement North Macedonia Ratifies NATO Protocol, Raises Alliance Flag. RadioFreeErope. RadioLiberty. February 11, 2020. https://www.rferl.org/a/ north-macedonia-ratifies-nato-protocol-raises-alliance-flag/30429203. html Greece Orders Expulsion of Two Russian Diplomats. BBC NEWS. July 11, 2018. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-44792714

boloTqma – dilemebi da paradoqsebi cifruli revolucia da misi Tanmdevi Zalis difuzia Tvisobrivad cvlis saerTaSoriso politikis aqtorTa qmedebebs da TamaSis wess. axali gamowvevebi cvlis Cvens Cveul warmodgenebs samyaroze. ra Seicvleba uaxloesi 5-10 wlis manZilze? iqneb sjobs vikiTxoT, ra ar Seicv­ leba? mimdinare movlenebs sul ufro xSirad uxameben metaforebs dilema, paradoqsi: demokratiuli dilema, ideologiuri dilema, Zalauflebis paradoqsi, ameri­ kuli Zalauflebis paradoqsi, progresis paradoqsi, globalizaciis paradoqsi... demokratiis arsi TanamonawileobaSia, rac Tavis­ Tavad gulisxmobs azris Tavisuflad gamoxatvas da komunikacias sxvadasxva jgufebs Soris. Tavisuflebas safuZvlad udevs ramdenime martivi wesi, maT Soris, sazogadoebrivi Tanxmoba tyuilis amoralurobis Sesa­ xeb. amgvari SeTanxmeba drom da gamocdilebam, aseve so­ cialuri mSvidobis prioritetma da Rirebulebebze da­ fuZnebulma ganaTlebis sistemam moitana. informaciuli revolucia arRvevs Rirebulebebze dafuZnebul sazoga­ doebriv wesrigs, mowyvlads xdis politikur sistemas, moqalaqes ki atyuebs da aCvevs tyuilis moralurobas. amgvari zegavlena aralegitimuria, Tumca ar aris ara­ legaluri. sistemuri pasuxi manipulaciis mimarT rTu­ li mosafiqrebelia. sabWoTa moqalaqes tyuilis amoraluroba verc poli­ tikurma sistemam aswavla da verc religiam. sistemaSi, sadac tyuili xSirad adamianebis gadarCenis erTader­ Ti piroba iyo, tyuilis fenomenma erTgvari moralu­ 173

ri gamarTlebac ki hpova. cifruli revoluciis piro­ bebSi postsabWoTa sazogadoebebisTvis sasicocxlod aucilebelia TviTgajansaRebis meqanizmebis mofiqreba da amuSaveba, sazogadoebrivi Tanxmobis miRweva moralsa da amoralurobaze, axali unarebis daufleba sakuTari uflebebis dasacavad.

Sua saukuneebSi yvela adamians moeTxoveboda iara­ Ris xmarebis codna, radganac Tavdamsxma yoveldRiuri realoba iyo. XX saukuneSi, msoflio omebisa da civi omis gamo, moqalaqeebs bavSvobidanve aswavlidnen samoqalaqo Tavdacvis elementarul saSualebebs, radganac xmlis da revolveris moxmareba veRar dagvicavda sahaero dabom­ bvebisgan. dRes Tavdasxma xSirad informaciul Sturms niS­ navs. odesRac saqarTvelo imperiaTa armiebis manevri­ rebis geopolitikuri derefani iyo, dRes ki inter­ net qselebis gadakveTis geopolitikuri derefania da Cveni unarebic Sesabamisi unda gaxdes.

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