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H.A. KHAN
Team Leadership Skills Working as a team is crucial in an age of interdependence promoted by a globalized world since the increased interdependence makes it necessary to work as a team. The implementation of public policy requires cooperation among the teams to accomplish the goals of the organization. One of the issues in a globalized world is how to manage a network of teams connected by interdependent functions. The leaders must be capable of promoting cooperation among the various teams. The success of the organization is dependent on the cooperation among the various teams. Kakabadse et al. (1996) emphasized team leadership in the European context through highquality dialogue and cabinet responsibility.
Participative Leadership The network of actors needs to participate in decision-making and also in the implementation of policies. Leadership can make a significant contribution by encouraging the various actors to participate. Leithwood et al. (1999) emphasized the necessity of participative leadership, which involves maintaining relationships with different constituents. According to Burns (1978), a common good can emerge out of the conflicting situation and goals. Rost defined leadership as “an influence relationship among leaders and their collaborators who intend real changes that reflect their mutual purposes” (1990, p. 99). There are four major elements based on the definition: (1) the multidirectional influence; (2) the existence of multiple actors; (3) the commitment of leaders and their collaborators to make changes; and (4) the common purpose of the leadership. One of the challenges of leadership is how to make the employees participate. Many leaders emphasize participation for the namesake, and there is no genuine interest in employee participation. If the leadership cannot create an environment of positive benefits, people would be reluctant to participate. People must see the results of participation in important policy-making and performance evaluation. Therefore, the people need to have a good perception of a genuine participation to be worthy of their time and efforts.
Adaptive Leadership In a fast-changing world, the leaders need to adapt to changing circumstances. Heifetz’s (1994, pp. 69–73) theory of adaptive leadership proposes for different leadership strategies based on different situation.
