GLOBALIZATION AND LEADERSHIP CHALLENGES
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Performance Orientation Performance orientation measures the extent of rewards based on performance and excellence. It implies the extent of the people being rewarded for challenging goals and achieving them. Humane Orientation Human orientation reflects a culture rewarding people for fairness, generosity and kindness. It emphasizes behavior relating to social support and community values. The GLOBE researchers divided the data from the 62 countries they studied into different regional clusters. They divided the world cultures into ten different types: Anglo, Germanic Europe, Latin Europe, Sub-Saharan Africa, Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Confucian Asia, Southern Asia, Latin America and Nordic Europe. The leaders in different regions have a responsibility to deal with the problems ingrained in their own particular culture. For example, in Southern Asia, which is dominated by humane orientation and in-group collectivism, the leaders must be careful to avoid the influence of family in fulfilling the tasks of public administration. Similarly, countries characterized by Anglo culture with high scores in performance orientation and low in in-group collectivism, the leaders can work to develop empathy and concerns for the groups. Globalization has provided the opportunities and, simultaneously, challenges for leadership regarding an understanding of different cultural characteristics. Through the sharing of knowledge, we are more prepared to understand the cultural characteristics compared to earlier times when the societies were remote. However, in earlier times, leaders did not have to deal with remote societies. As a result of globalization, leaders have to deal with people from different countries with diverse cultural backgrounds. A knowledge of different cultures is crucial at the present time. In an attempt to describe how different cultures view leadership behaviors in others, House et al. (2004) have identified six global leadership behaviors: Charismatic/Value-Based Leadership Charismatic/value-based leadership measures how leaders use charisma and the personality to encourage improved performance from the subordinates. The leaders use the values and symbols to inspire higher performance.
