86
H.A. KHAN
and procedures, both formal and informal” (Reichers and Schneider 1990, p. 49). The ethical climate is one of major elements of organizational climate. Victor and Cullen (1988, p. 101), view that “the prevailing perceptions of typical organizational practices and procedures that have ethical content” and “those aspects of work climate that determine what constitutes ethical behavior at work.” Organizational “ethical climate is a normative construct of shared behaviors guided by policies, procedures, and systems in an organization that direct organizational member’s ethical actions and decisions” (Agarwal and Malloy 1999, p. 54). These behaviors are observable and influence organizational members in decision-making processes and the involvement in misconduct (Vardi 2001). When an organizational member is faced with an ethical issue and examines what the expectation is, ethical climate provides a basis for the perception of acceptable and ethical behavior (Fritsche 2000, p. 15). Leadership can create a culture of fairness, equality, tolerance of opposition, and impartiality. Leadership can create a climate of cooperation, friendliness, and reward of performance. Rewards based on fairness and performance can enhance the morale and productivity in the organizations.
Public Goods and Leadership Leaders in a globalized world are responsible for providing public goods that will benefit humanity. “A public good is one in which the consumption of it by an individual or any entity is not subtracted from the consumption of others. The interdependence and integration of the world economy accentuate the fact that providing and maintaining global public goods are an important foundation for a responsible global leadership” (Ali 2006, p. 2). The important question is to provide sustainable public goods. In an age of globalization, providing public goods involves social equality, political stability, and environmental sustainability. The success of the leadership will depend on the solutions to these problems.
Leadership Training Leadership training has become crucial for dealing with the complex problems of the society. Public sector leaders remain in office for a long time after they receive their college degrees. With a fast-moving world, by the time they become senior officers, the education background becomes irrelevant to the changes of the time (Barker 1997). Therefore, it is necessary for the leaders to be knowledgeable of the current situation. Leadership
