GLOBALIZATION AND LEADERSHIP CHALLENGES
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training can make them aware of the current technology and global situation. Moreover, classroom training may be inadequate to deal with the practical world. Rost (1990) questions the efficacy of present leadership training because people cannot assimilate the leadership although they can identify the abilities and characteristics of successful leadership. What kind of training the modern public leaders need? Modern public leaders must be capable of dealing with people from the diverse world. For example, the US Office of Personnel Management made efforts to change the Executive Core Qualification (ECQ) focusing on leading change, leading people and delivering service through strategic management of resources (Holmes 2012). The emergence of Executive MPA program is a positive development in terms of preparing the future public leaders.
Partnership, Collaboration, and Leadership In an interdependent world, it is crucial for leadership to partner and collaborate with public and private actors, both nationally and internationally. Archer and Cameron (2013, p. 38) note that we are now living in an interconnected world and they argue that the success of the organization lies in their ability to work together with organizations from different backgrounds and culture. They explained that organizations nowadays are becoming atomized. Instead of controlling everything, they now tend to focus on what they did best and outsource the parts that are not. Archer and Cameron (2013) proposed for a fruitful partnership by respecting the differences, and simultaneously by emphasizing the importance of partnerships. They proposed for partnership in different dimensions: governance, administrative, autonomy, mutuality, trust, and reciprocity. Several researchers have proposed the establishment of co-production by the public and private sectors. Pestoff et al. (2012) defined co-productions as the combination of activities that public servants and citizens engage in in producing public services. The United Nations Commission for Europe emphasized the concept of Public–Private Partnerships (PPP) for good governance. The Commission also emphasized that there is presently a structural deficit marked by congested roads, deteriorated schools, hospitals, etc. The PPP can provide access to capital, a certainty of outcome, and reduce costs. The challenge of the PPP is to develop the institutions, procedures and the processes for delivery of the services. As a result, the PPP needs a strong public sector, which can develop stronger rules with abilities.
