Adaptive Jakarta—Landscape Strategies for Real World Issues

ADAPTIVE JAKARTA LANDSCAPE STRATEGIES FOR REAL WORLD ISSUES

National University of Singapore | School of Design and Environment | Department of Architecture

LA4702 Master of Landscape Architecture Studio, ‘City’, 13 Jan - 3 May 2020

Bargotra Poornima | Cheng Jing | Carissa Chin Qiwei | Ekta Balubhai Rakholiya | Feng Zihan | Han Cong | Lyu Jiawei | Mamiko Tanaka | Dhuri Ruiee | Shao Zhongran | Wang Haobo | Xiao Xinyan | Zhang Bingqian | Zhang Bingyi | Zhang Yifei | Zhong Yixin | Zhou Xianfeng | Zhou Zuyuan | Lim Wenfa

Tutors: Ervine Lin, Senior Lecturer | Kenya Endo, Lecturer

As a studio product which is not censored, it may contain mistakes or not represent the positions of NUS.

Published by CASA Centre of Advanced Studies in Architecture

Department of Architecture

School of Design and Environment

National University of Singapore

4 Architecture Drive

Singapore 117566

Tel: +65 65163452

Fax: +65 67793078

Copyright © 2020 Ervine Lin and Kenya Endo (ed.)

ISBN: 978-981-14-9850-3

ADAPTIVE JAKARTA studio pays attention to the role of landscape architects in rapidly growing Asian cities; our perspective in identifying urban issues, discovering opportunities through design interventions, and advancing proposed interventions into sustainable strategies for the betterment of the residents. Students were challenged to analyze the socioeconomic drivers of spatial usage and patterns from community-level as well as city-wide geographical context to better understand the complex dynamics of the city as a whole.

This book is a compilation of 19 graduate students’ work in the Landscape Architecture program, who put their hearts and efforts to explore adaptive landscape design interventions for creating multi-functional and culturally sensitive public spaces for enhancing city’s liveability. The first half of the book documents the process of the studio chronologically; group’s site analysis to explain the context and motivation for subsequent design approaches, and ends with design suggestions with concepts and experiential graphics. 19 very diverse design outcomes appear in the second half of the book under the following categories: 1) Waste & Landfill, 2) Wastewater Treatment, 3) Storm -water & Flood Risk Management, 4) River System Reconfiguration, 5) Social & Lifestyle, 6) Community & Open Space, 7) Streetscape and Linear Infrastructure. The book concludes with reflections of the studio. We hope the book will contribute to the deepening of the knowledge-base and an expanding of the potential scope of our profession.

The studio preparation and site visits owe a lot of support from Mr. Brahmastyo Puji from Architecture Sans Frontières, Ms Elisa Sutanudjaja, executive director of Rujak Center for Urban Studies in Jakarta, Ms. Ellisa Evawani, Associate Professor, and Ms Hanifa Wasnadi from the University of Indonesia, and their students from the Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Ms. Dewi Rezalini from Bogor Agricultural University, Department of Landscape Architecture for sharing her insights of the profession in Indonesia.

Special thanks to guest reviewers, Ms. Dixi Mengote-Quah, Ms. Dorothy Tang, Ms. Lehana Guo, Mr. Ryan Shubin who provided insightful comments to student’s works. Thank you very much.

STUDIO INTRODUCTION

Ervine Lin and Kenya Endo

Course Overview | This studio-based module expands the skill level expected of our students by enlarging their mode of operation to the scale of the city. As the second installment of a four part masterlevel core studio, the students will visit the city of Jakarta, the current capital of Indonesia. There, they will be faced with the realities of an ever growing megalopolis stretched by both environmental as well as socioeconomic challenges. Students will be asked to explore how landscape architecture can potentially alleviate some of the issues to be uncovered over the course of the semester and to suggest socially acceptable, environmentally viable and technically innovative interventions using a landscape approach

Background I Concerns over water scarcity, climate change, and environmental health risks have prompted some Asian cities to invest in river rehabilitation and scholars in recent years have been demonstrating that a change in paradigm in river rehabilitation is possible, providing future scenarios that balance concerns over flooding, water quality, and ecology, with the realities of a rapidly growing megacity like Jakarta, the current capital of Indonesia (Vollmer et al., 2015).

By 2050, an additional 2.5 billion people, resulting in a total of 66 percent of the world’s population, is projected to reside in urban areas with a glaring majority of this increase concentrated in Asia and Africa (United Nations, 2014). This massive urban transition coincides with an unprecedented expansion of builtup land which has resulted in ramifications to the local-regional climate, pollution, water quality and availability, arable land as well as the livelihoods of people in the region (Schneider et al., 2015). Much of this growth occurs in the “mega-deltas cities” which have historically conglomerated people, resources and economic activities, a trend which increasingly places them at risk to environmental hazards (Seto, 2011) and has contributed to rivers and wetlands becoming one of the most threatened ecosystems in the world (Malmqvist and Rundle, 2002; Tockner and Stanford, 2002). One such city is the current capital of Indonesia, Jakarta.

Unfortunately, increasing urbanisation, commercial development and centuries of exploitation and neglect have transformed the rivers in Jakarta, such as the Ciliwung River, into one of the most polluted rivers in the world (E. Satriastanti, 2012). The concurrent anthropogenic factors such as buildup of garbage (Texier, 2008) and the rapid subsidence due to groundwater extraction (Chaussard et al., 2013) have also been attributed to the ever increasing seasonal floods in the city, the latest deadly flood happening in January 2020 (CNA, 2020). The issue of flooding is further exasperated when municipal infrastructure fails to keep pace with urban growth forcing lower-income communities settled along the downstream section of the river to rely on the polluted river for water, sanitation and even recreation (Vollmer and Grêt-Regamey, 2013).

In the past two decades, multiple studies of water management problems and engineering proposals to mitigate flooding have been brought up in Jakarta but none have been successfully implemented (Silver, 2014). One of these proposals is the long standing plan to “normalise” the river channel, a project led by the Ministry of Public Works which includes dredging, expansion and bank reinforcement works that would change both the topography and land use along the riparian corridor. The high cost of land acquisition, sensitivity of aggressive demolition and eviction policies, ironically coupled with the allowance for commercial entities to develop along riverbanks and other

green spaces (Steinberg, 2007) have resulted in a fair amount of debate on the validity of the “normalization” process.

Unfortunately, “normalization” is still the strategy which currently has the most momentum and residents of who have been residing along some of the worst hit areas live under the constant threat of eviction and relocation to make way for these river improvement works (The Jakarta Post, 2015). Those who have already gone through it are now physically and psychologically segregated from the water systems that flow through the city. The studio’s starting point is thus exploring means in which landscape orientated solutions might provide an alternative to the alienating approach of “normalization”.

While rapid urbanization is often blamed for the environmental degradation and increasing hazards from natural disasters, the magnetic concentration of people, resources and economic activity in cities can also provide for an opportunity to create mitigation strategies that shift the city towards sustainability (Seto et al., 2010). This concentration of resources has allowed for river and wetland restorations to become an increasingly lucrative enterprise with billions of dollars being spent on restoration works (Nakamura et al., 2006) Seen no longer as merely a recreational or decorative exercise, the practice of river restoration can be viewed as an infrastructural investment in which a multitude of benefits can be obtained, inclusive of flood mitigation (Benedict and McMahon, 2006).

Girot acknowledges this noteworthy endeavor of landscape recovery but challenges practice and discipline to engage with the cultural and environmental dimensions of a site through a combination of physical experience, intuition and scientific research (Girot, 1999). As such, while the situation in Jakarta might appear bleak, the studio seeks to engage with the local populance while bringing to the table a landscape architectural agenda which explores the possibilities of reimagining the water systems in Jakarta such that they play not only an ecological, social and economic role but also one which has the possibility to mitigate environmental factors.

Site I The primary landing site will be a community within Kampung Kedaung Kali Angke in West Jakarta, located along the riverside of Kali Apuran, and close to Cengkareng Drain. Dense single-story housing blocks are surrounded by industrial area and several high-class gated communities, as well as undeveloped open fields (presumably owned by private developers). Due to the river expansion program back in 2014, several houses were evicted, creating new composition of spaces along the river—linear inspection road with spontaneous communal activities, faced by 2 separated neighboring communities. This eviction along the river is a common theme seen along many parts of Jakarta to make way for normalization of the rivers and canals.

The landing site serves as a snapshot for the studio to understand Jakarta’s community-level spatial organization, complexity of social structures, and challenges that a typical community faces toward sustainable living. Simultaneously, students are to investigate surrounding neighborhoods for contextual understanding, as well as to conduct city-scale analysis for identifying how our landing site interrelates with the dynamics of the Jakarta City as a whole.

Design Questions | During the course, students will be challenged to develop both spatially and socially compelling design interventions. The studio is designed to answer these questions by using Jakarta as a case study and Kampung Kedaung Kali Angke as a landing site to deploy and demonstrate each student’s design approach(es). Questions students should ask themselves can include but are in no way limited to the following:

• Considering the complexity of the site and the city, what will be the key parameters / priorities?

• Aside from simply pledging areas for green, how can we incentivize local stakeholders to be part of the drivers of your landscape proposal?

• How will students address informality in design, when environmental pressure as well as infra-

• Can landscape architects propose design prototypes that can infuse greater diversity and livability into the urban context?

Learning Objectives and Approaches | For a landscape intervention to be successful, designers need to understand the site in question—from its collective memory to its physical topography. Unfortunately a designer seldom (if ever) belongs to the place in which he or she is asked to operateing) which serve as a theoretical methodology in which to extract as much potential from the site in thus be tasked to perform the following:

1. To step outside their comfort zone into the complexities of metropolitan Jakarta to experience the ground conditions for themselves (landing)

2. Carefully unfold the intricate characteristics of the site through detailed analysis and experiential explorations (grounding)

3. Discover the potential areas in which landscape architecture can be leveraged on to alleviate the

4. Propose ways to restructure elements of the city into a series of resilient outcomes in the form of bespoke spatial and social frameworks (founding)

complex and is only one of the many facets in which students can consider as their intended focus. A nonexhaustive list of potential topics* is suggested below:

• Urban hydrology including city-wide waterways and hydraulic infrastructures, collection of rainwater, ground water extraction, access to portable water, etc.

• Interaction with water (access, behavior, perception etc.), and how they shaped people’s lifestyle.

• Access to greenery (or lack thereof) within the city and the realities of park building in Jakarta.

• Solid waste management and sanitation and the possibilities of reinvigorating a positive human landscape interaction.

• Productive landscapes and their potential role in improving socio-economic divides.

Lastly, narrative development will be the overarching skills to be further developed. “Narratives intersect with sites, accumulate as layers of history, organize sequences and inhere in the very materials and processes of the landscape.” (Potteiger and Purinton, 1998)

services) and experience (distinctive and memorable). These challenges are to be developed into opportunities to serve as the foundation of a logical narrative to outline the advantages and necessities of the proposed design.

Studio Structure I

to understand site context, with in-depth input sessions from local experts to identify problems and challenges. Students will be tasked to work in groups for the research phase, and as individuals for the design application phase, according to the requirements of each stage of the studio.

Research Phase

observation & measurements with advanced digital technology, interviews with residents, and collection of maps) to acquire relevant knowledge to serve as the basis of design vision and strategies for all students.

For this initial research phase, students will be grouped into 3 focal scales for their respective site investigation tasks. Refer below for the potential site survey inventory:

1. City scale—Infrastructural network (water, transport), land-use, urban density, history, demography etc.

2. Neighborhood scale—Digital mapping and measurements, typological studies, etc.

3. Site scale—Interview surveys, detail observations on materials and site furnishing, sectional studies etc.

The knowledge / geo-data / maps collected during the site visit must be traceable or be based onvidual design developments at the later stage.

Design Development Phase

The last 7 weeks will be left to focus on design application, which will culminate in a convincing small group projects after discussing with tutors through the course of the semester.

Recommended Readings I

‘Adianto et al. - 2014 - The Informal Area Management in Slum Settlement.pdf’ (n.d.).

Adianto, J., Okabe, A. & Ellisa, E. (2014) ‘The Informal Area Management in Slum Settlement’:, 18. Apip, Sagala, S.A.H. & Luo, P. (2015) ‘Overview of Jakarta Water-Related Environmental Challenges’.

Betteridge, B. & Webber, S. (2019) ‘Everyday resilience, reworking, and resistance in North Jakarta’s kampungs:’, Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space.

Bott, L.-M., Ankel, L. & Braun, B. (2019) ‘Adaptive neighborhoods: The interrelation of urban form, social capital, and responses to coastal hazards in Jakarta’, Geoforum, 106, 202–213.

Chaussard, E., Amelung, F., Abidin, H. & Hong, S.-H. (2013) ‘Sinking cities in Indonesia: ALOS PALSAR detects rapid subsidence due to groundwater and gas extraction’, Remote Sensing of Environment, 128, 150–161.

nacular: Politics, Semiotics and Representation, Cham: Springer International Publishing,13–30.

tion and urban image’, Space and Polity, 23, 265–282.

Girot, C. (1999) ‘Chapter 3: Four Trace Concepts in Landscape Architecture’, in Corner, J. (ed.) Recovering landscape: essays in contemporary landscape architecture, New York: PrincetonArchitectural Press, 58–67.

Guinness, P. (2019) ‘Managing Risk in Uncertain Times’, Ethnos, 0, 1–12.

Hellman, J. (2018) ‘How to Prove You are Not a Squatter: Appropriating Space and Marking Presence in Jakarta’, in Cabannes, Y., Douglass, M., and Padawangi, R. (eds) Cities in Asia by and for the People, Amsterdam University Press, 41–68.

‘Jakarta Waterscape: From Structuring Water to 21st Century Hybrid Nature? by arysari - issuu’ (n.d.). Available at: https://issuu.com/arysay/docs/nakhara (accessed January 2020).

Lin, E., Shaad, K. & Girot, C. (2016) ‘Developing river rehabilitation scenarios by integrating landscape and hydrodynamic modeling for the Ciliwung River in Jakarta, Indonesia’, Sustainable Cities and Society, 20, 180–198. -

ing Cities’, The State of Environmental Migration 2015 – A review of 2014, 18.

Ninsalam, Y. & Rekittke, J. (2016) ‘Landscape architectural foot soldier operations’, Sustainable Cities and Society, 20, 158–167.

The lock-in of infrastructural solutions’, Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space, 37, 1102–1125.

Potteiger, M., Purinton, J. (2002) ‘Landscape Narratives’, Theory in Landscape Architecture, edited

Prescott, M.F. & Ninsalam, Y. (2016) ‘The synthesis of environmental and socio-cultural information in the ecological design of urban riverine landscapes’, Sustainable Cities and Society, 20, 222–236.

Rekittke, J., Paar, P., Lin, E. & Ninsalam, Y. (2013) ‘Digital reconnaissance’, Journal of Landscape Architecture, 8, 74– 81.

The studio started off with the orientation of studio “Adaptive Jakarta” by tutors, followed by an introduction to the entire semester’s schedule.

For the initial research phase, students were grouped into 3 focal scales; ‘City scale’, ‘Neighborhood scale’, and ‘Site scale’, for their respective site investigation tasks.

20-30 Jan- Preliminary Site Analysis Sharing and Field Trip Preparation

The three groups presented and shared their initial analysis, and the major topics are below.

1.City scale—Infrastructural network, land-use, urban density, history, demography.

2. Neighborhood scale—Digital mapping and measurements, typological studies, etc.

3. Site scale—Interview surveys, detailed observations on material, sectional studies, etc.

For field trip preparation, students received safety instructions from Mr. S. Ravindran (NUS Office of Safety, Health & Environment), and were also trained how to fly a drone for survey.

01 Feb - Field Trip Start - Fly into Jakarta

02 Feb - Kickoff Session with Seminars and Site visit with All Universitas Indonesia, Architecture Sans Frontières Indonesia, and the Bogor Agricultural University. Students and tutors visited to the site, Kampung Keduang Kali Angke, alongside students from UI.

Each group conducted site surveys with tutors and UI students. At night, students prepared for the interim sharing session at the hotel.

3-6 Feb - Full Day Onsite Surveys

7 Feb - Wrap-up Session

At Rujak Urban Design Center, each group made a presentation. Guest reviewers included local collaborators, community members.

8 Feb - Field Trip End: Fly-out from Jakarta

10 Feb -2 Mar - Design Vision Consultation by Individual

In preparation for the upcoming mid-review, each student had a series of personal consultations with our tutors, which included site and issue selection, analysis, and design approach.

Three guest reviewers were invited for the Mid Review; Ms. Dixi Mengote-Quah (Urban Planner / Hydro-engineer), Ms. Lehana Guo (Landscape Architect), Mr. Ryan Shubin (Landscape Architect). The reviewers provided constructive advice in diverse aspects regarding the research, analysis, issue selection, and design approaches.

9 Mar - Mid Review

16 Mar- 17 Apr - Design

Development

Students focused on design application, which culminated in a convincing design solution for the discussing with our tutors through online meetings.

Due to the Covid-19 pandemic, final review was conducted online with pre-recorded presentation.

Ms. Dixi Mengote-Quah (Urban Planner, Hydro-engineer), Ms. Dorothy Tang (Landscape architect, Research),

Ms. Lehana Guo (Landscape architect), Mr. Ryan Shubin (Landscape architect) reviewed student work remotely.

CITY SCALE - HISTORY

Historical Maps

Analysis:

- Course of Ciliwung river changed due to canalization after floods in 1621

- The canal system caused the river to lose its current, and deposit large amounts of sediment

Batavia Old Town

Poor living conditions in this walled town, causing diseases like malaria – eventually leading to the destruction of the wall in 18th century. Currently known as Kota Tua Jakarta (“Jakarta Old Town”) with some of the old buildings still preserved.

Historical Land Use Maps

Jakarta Urban Area, 1985Jakarta Urban Area, 1993

Analysis

- Preference of industrial areas along the bay due to port industries

- Mostly residential with mixed buildings along the river – showing that industries/ commercial buildings depend on the river

Five Phases of Dutch Water Management

CITY SCALE - HISTORY

Flood History in Jakarta

Source: Octavianti, T. & Charles, K. (2019) ‘The evolution of Jakarta’s flood policy over the past 400 years: The lock-in of infrastructural solutions’, Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space, 37, 1102–1125.

Flood History & Important Policy/Decisions in Jakarta, Indonesia

Source: Octavianti, T. & Charles, K. (2019) ‘The evolution of Jakarta’s flood policy over the past 400 years: The lock-in of infrastructural solutions’, Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space, 37, 1102–1125.

CITY SCALE - LAND USE

Built-up Areas & Land Use History

Rapid urbanization and population growth is the main reason for the emergence of informal settlements in Jakarta.

The massive urbanization contributed to the shortage of land supply and high land values. As a result, more than 25% of agricultural uses have been converted into industrial, commercial, or residential uses to meet the growing demand for land.

Limited green space in Jakarta

Decreased from:

27.6% in Master Plan – 1965 to 1985

26.1% in Spatial Plan – 1985 to 2005

13.94% in Spatial Plan – 2000 to 2010

Currently Jakarta has only 9% of green area (10, 008 hectares) from the original amount of 29% (33,467 hectares)

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5684097/

Land use changes through time

1965- Mostly commercial concentrated in the central, with residential bordering the mixed used developments.

1985- Increase in residential areas, and mixed used remain along the rivers.

2009- Most well-planned settlements concentrated in West and North Jakarta

2030 (Future) - Introduction of “Green Residential Areas” in South Jakarta, and an overall increase in green areas, especially along the rivers.

Source: Jakarta Capital City Government

Credit: Rujak Center for Urban Studies

CITY SCALE - LAND USE

Land Use Map - 2009

MAP OF LAND USE 2009

EXPLANATION

REGIONAL REGULATION OF JAKARTA

RIVER/CANAL PROVINCIAL BORDER

MUNICIPAL/REGENCY BORDER

SUBDISTRICT BORDER

MANGROVE FOREST

OPEN SPACE/PARK/CEMETERY

GOVERNMENTAL AREA

WELL-PLANNED SETTLEMENT SETTLEMENT OFFICE/TRADING/SERVICE

Source: ‘Regional

POND/RESERVOIR/SWAMP

CITY SCALE - DEMOGRAPHICS

Population Density

Kodya Jakarta

Barat Population : 2,281,945 People

Density : 18,338 people/km2

Total Population : 10.8 Million as of 2019

Total City Area in Jakarta : 4,384 km2

Kodya Jakarta

Utara Population : 1,645,659 People

Density : 11,756 people/km2

Kodya Jakarta

Pusat Population : 902,973 People

Density : 17,239 people/km2

Kodya Jakarta

Selatan Population : 2,062,232 People

Density : 13,363 people/km2

2010 Population Census DKI Jarkata Province : https://sp2010.bps.go.id/index.php/site?id=31&wilayah=DKI-Jakarta

Ethnic Groups:

Kodya Jakarta

Timur Population : 2,693,896 People

Density : 14,745 people/km2

Religion:

Javanese NativeJakarta/BetawiSundanese Chinese BatakMinangkabau Malays

World Population Review : http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/jakarta-population/

8 Districts :

-Highest Concentration of small-scale industries

-Rich cultural landmarks suchs as Jakarta’s Chinatown and Dutch Colonials

CITY SCALE - DEMOGRAPHICS

Social Division

6 Districts :

-Large & medium scale industries

-Trading Port

-Primary Tourist Hot Spot

8 Districts :

-Admistrative & Political Centre

-Distinct Landmarks and monuments

10 Districts :

-Originally planned as ‘Satellite City’ (Suburbs)

-Central Business District

- Upscale shopping malls and recreational areas

- Residential areas

10 Districts :

-Several Industrial sectors

-Cultural - Based Recreational Area

2010 Population Census DKI Jarkata Province : https://sp2010.bps.go.id/index.php/site?id=31&wilayah=DKI-Jakarta

World Population Review : http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/jakarta-population/

CITY SCALE - CONNECTIVITY Road Classification

Compared with Singapore, Jakarta has similar trunk road density, and even higher road density when the calculation take all roads into consideration. However, large amounts of private cars make the traffic much more crowded than Singapore.

Road

Singapore Trunk Road

Singapore All Road Density

Jakarta Trunk Road Density

Jakarta All Road Density

CITY SCALE - CONNECTIVITY

Transportation Layers

Railway System

The construction of the railway system help alleviate the traffic congestion, but it is not widely finished in the whole city area.

Other Transportation Methods

Large number of sidewalks are shown on the map, but they are scattered in several area. Disconnection of the sidewalks lead to a horrible walking experience.

Important Transportation Hubs

Central Jakarta has a better public transportation service compared with other areas of the city.

CITY SCALE - HYDROLOGY

Base map

Flood Canals ("Banjir Kanal") in Jakarta (2012)

CITY SCALE - HYDROLOGY Waterway system

West Flood Canal | Banjir Kanal Barat(1919)

1918: Batavia city plan

1919: Constructed

1973: In the 1973 master plan, a system of canals was planned to cut to the flow of water in West Jakarta.

1979: Because of the 1979 flood, government revised the West Flood Canal plan by the construction of the Cengkareng drainage system.

East Flood Canal | Banjir Kanal Timur(2002)

1918: First launched by the Dutch engineer Van der Beer

1973: The EFC design was finished

2002: Construction began(but delayed due to problems in clearing the area)

2013: During the 2013 flood the East Flood Canal was still not connected to the Ciliwung River.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta_Flood_Canal

Future: Try to connect the Ciliwung River and the East Flood Canal through a tunnel.

Master plan development of Eastern Flood Canal, Jakarta, Indonesia

1965 Establishment of Jakarta flood prevention project by the central government (‘Kopro Banjir’)

1969-1998 General Suharto’s New Order Government in power

1973

1974 Water Law No. 11

1991-1993

1996 Severe flood inundated almost all Jakarta’s land area, especially in North and East Jakarta

Master Plan I (Master Plan of Flood Control and Drainage System for Jakarta) (NEDECO, 1973)

Master Plan II

New study about Jakarta flood was conducted by central government in collaboration with The Netherlands government

1997 Master Plan III

1998 Fall of Suharto’s regime

1999 Decentralization Law 22/1999 and Fiscal Equalization Law 25/1999

2002 Severe flood hits Jakarta. It was recorded that disastrous floods affected 10,000 ha of Jakarta’s built-up area

2003

2004 New Water Law No. 7. First direct election

2007 Another devastating flood hits Jakarta; one of the worst floods ever experienced

Eastern Flood Canal plan is integrated with the spatial planning of Jakarta 2010

Master Plan IV

Kick-off of flood canal construction by President Megawati Soekarno Putri

Plan and construction of flood infrastructure under the authority of the Ministry of Public Works (MPW)

Water resources and other governmental functions consolidated to central government

Master Plan I produced by the Department of Public Works and Electricity (central) in collaboration with the Netherlands Engineering consultant, NEDECO

According to this law, the flood control infrastructure project was fully funded and implemented by the central government (MPW)

The collaboration between the Department of Public Works and the Japan International Consultant produced a new master plan (revision of previous master plan)

The ‘Jakarta Flood Control Advisory Mission (JFCAM) by NEDECO’(1996) produced a new study about floods in Jakarta and an alternative design of the Eastern Flood Canal

The collaboration between Department of Public Works and Japan International Consultant produced a new master plan

The transformation from centralization to decentralization is initiated

Change of institutional arrangement in water sectors. Provincial government has autonomous power in regulation and policy related to water and flood management

More stakeholders involved in developing the Master Plan IV. MoU between central government and provincial government to implement Eastern Flood Canal signed

Central government increased its commitment to accelerate the completion of the Eastern Flood Canal by allocating more budget than before

Resource: Evaluating Jakarta’s flood defence governance: the impact of political and institutional reforms Imelda Simanjuntak, Niki Frantzeskaki, Bert Enserink and Wim Ravesteijn

Flood project in Jakarta

The coastal areas of northern Jakarta are the most susceptible to flooding. By 2100, the simulated maps of inundation show a large increase in inundated areas, both under low and high water level scenarios

Map of coastal flood (2009-2100)

CITY SCALE - HYDROLOGY

Floods in Jakarta

Map of Isohyet on February in Jakarta(1996,2002,2007)

Flood prone area in Jakarta

Function of flood prone area in Jakarta:

1.Very high

2.High potential flood area - Central and Southern Jakarta

3.Low potential flood area - Southeast Jakarta - steep slope

Conclusion:

Actual prone area in the north, west and east of Jakarta lowland both in beach ridge, coastal alluvial plain and alluvial plain. Flood potential area on the slope is found flat and steep at alluvial fan, alluvial plain, beach ridge, and coastal alluvial plain in Jakarta.

Flood and Poverty

50 year flood return period

Number of poor households in Jakarta map (2008)

The flood hazard map showing inundation depth and extend for the following return periods: 1, 2, 5, 10, 25, 50 & 100 years.

In Jakarta, household income and the type of houses they live in also determine the impact of flooding on them. Most villages are located in the North of Jakarta (including our site)

Flood risk assessment for delta mega-cities: a case study of Jakarta Jakarta Climate Adaptation Tools (JCAT)

Source: The pattern of spatial flood disaster region in DKI Jakarta, M P Tambunan 2017 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 56 012014

Source: The pattern of spatial flood disaster region in DKI Jakarta, M P Tambunan 2017 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 56 012014

CITY SCALE - HYDROLOGY

Land subsidence

Resource: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44636934

Pollution

Water sewerage system

Only 4% of Jakarta has access to sewerage, with 96% or over 9.2 million people, with no wastewater management or treatment systems.

Water quality

Spatial distribution of Jakarta water quality A) Average value of BOD; B) Trend Z value of BOD; C) Average value of DO; D) Trend Z value of DO; E) Average value of TSS; F) Trend Z value of TSS during the studying period.

BOD: Biological Oxygen Demand

Upper stream: low average values of BOD

Downstream and middle stream: high average values of BOD

DO:Dissolved oxygen

The average value of DO decreased from upstream to downstream

The central district showing high DO values

-REASON: the result of rapid urbanization in Jakarta which increased housing development in the upper and middle streams.

TSS: Total suspended solids

Most stations have low average values of TSS

The central and eastern districts that have high average values of TSS.

-REASON: result from construction and wastewater due to high population density and urbanization.

Quality standard of water in Singapore

Items of Analysis range

BOD <10 mg L-1

Dissolved oxygen >2mg L-1

Total Suspended Solids <200 mg L-1

RED CIRCLE means this station meets the standard value of Singapore. BOD: Only few of the water catchment meet the standard of BOD (<10 mg L-1).

DO: About half of the stations’ water quality of DO higher than 2 mg L-1

TSS: Only two station have high level of TSS (larger than 200 mg L-1)

Source: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0219009

JAKARTA SEWERAGE SYSTEM (JSS)

CITY SCALE - JAKARTA SITE VISIT

Places/Sites Visited

In the next few pages, the sections are divided into small, medium & large sized waterways for a better understanding on the conditions of these different types.

City Scale - Site Visit Strategy

During our site visit to Jakarta, the city scale group ventured out further from just the landing site - in order to get a better understanding of other parts of Jakarta, especially the kampungs.

The main aim was to study these different areas in relation to the waterways and its surrounding condition, which we can later study through a comparative study. This was done through a series of sections cut through these areas.

DAY 01 - Central Jakarta, Cikini & Manggarai DAY 03 - Angke River, Moonkevart Drain

DAY 02 - Waduk Pluit, Kampung Akuarium & Tongkol

Map showing areas visited

CITY SCALE - JAKARTA SITE VISIT Section Studies

Kampung Cikini

Manggarai Stream

Small Sized Waterway

CITY SCALE - JAKARTA SITE VISIT Section Studies

Medium Sized Waterway

Kampung Tongkol

Kedaung Kali Angke (Site location)

North of neighbourhood (Apuran River)

East of neighbourhood

Large Sized Waterway

Kedaung Kali Angke (Site Location)

CITY SCALE - JAKARTA SITE VISIT Section Studies

South of neighbourhood (Mookenvart Drain)

West of neighbourhood (Cengkareng Drain)

East of neighbourhood (Pesing River)

Apuran River (Further down south from site, towards a more natural edge condition)

CITY SCALE - JAKARTA SITE VISIT Comparison Studies

Waterway Typology Comparison - According to Size

Kampung Comparison

CITY SCALE - JAKARTA SITE VISIT

Waterway Study & Timeline of Change

Initial idea study looking at examples in Singapore as well as Jakarta

Greening up concretised canal edges Allocation of pedestrian pathways & public spaces

Floating platforms across canals (Accessibility)

Flexibility of space

Looking at changes that can be made in parts through a phasing strategy

1.5m——Selling, chatting, hanging clothes

MATERIAL

BUILDING DENSITY

2.5m——+Planting, baby caring, daily activities ( cooking, washing), playing 10m——Traffic, selling, parking

37

NEIBOURHOOD SCALE

ZOOM-IN ANALYSIS

Issue area identification

N

LEGENDS

Most worthy-hitten

Mediun worthy-hitten

Least worthy-hitten

East side

East side elevation

LEGENDS

East side elevation

Clip A Clip B

NEIBOURHOOD SCALE

NEIGHBORHOOD GREENERY

Softscape

Hardscape

Green Open Spaces in Neighborhood

Kampung Greenery

Underutilized Space Roadside Greenery Gate Community Greenery

Riverbank Greenery Urban Park

SOLID WASTE

Garbage Truck Spots in Jakarta

Trash Generation spots in Jakarta

Solid Waste Disposal Process

Source:https://jakartasatu.jakarta.go.id/portal/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=ee9940006aae4a268716c11abf64565b

Process 1:

The residents usually just put the trash in front of the door, or hang on the trees or wall, waiting for wagons to collect them.

Process 2:

The trash collected by compant or government. The rack picker need to pay for the plastic and paper that collected from the garbage concentration center.

Process 3:

The garbage can be collected by company or government by trucks.

Process 4:

Some of the garbage can be recycled, while some can be treated in landfill.

Solid Waste Collection Point on Riverbank

1. Wagon & garbage truck

2. Underutilized area for garbage

3. Garbage dump

4. Garbage concentration centre

NEIBOURHOOD SCALE

WASTE WATER

Waste water facility map

Waste water treatment concept

Got water from PDAM, the residents need to pay for the water, the water collected from PDAM can be used for washing clothes, flashing toilet, etc. If the residents cannot afford to buy. clean water from water store, they can boil the water. Laundry water can be transferred directly into the drainage from the pipes

Toilet water are transferred into the septic tank to deposit, all of the water treatment are physical treatment

Septic tank concept

Bisnis, Jakarta – Local GovernmentOwned Water Utility (PDAM)

Water pumps Water gates

ROAD

Road classification

Road density

Building density

ACTIVITY MAPPING

Legend

Football court

Non-sheltered restpoint

Sheltered restpoint

Biker restpoint

Poultry cages

Rubbish point

Plastic collection

Mass garbage collection

Groundcable installation

Fruit stalls

Food stalls/Kiosks

Fishing

Playground

Lawn maintenance

Flower stall/Gardening

Jakarta floods update on January 2, 2020

Jakarta floods update on January 3, 2020

Jakarta floods update on January 4, 2020

EDGE CONDITIONS NEIBOURHOOD SCALE

EDGE CONDITIONS NEIBOURHOOD SCALE

Water supply - pipe connections to individual households.

Waste water have smaller channels that connect to pipe draining to the river.

Solid waste disposal - waste segregation bins recently installed for a cluster of houses. Internal connections were low lying narrow pathways that flooded easily.

Households have internal toilets that connected to septic tanks.

Residents claim no interactive connection with the river.Affected by flood easily.

SETTLEMENTS AROUND THE EDGE

Brief study of the settlements around the water bodies to observe their way of living and understand their interactions with water.

1.Kampung Muk

NEIBOURHOOD SCALE

SETTLEMENTS AROUND EDGES

Water supply - pipe connections to individual households.

Waste water have smaller channels that connect to pipe draining to the river.

Solid waste disposal - collected at the edge of the street, badly managed.

Connected through two wide roads and smaller alleys connecting through..

Some households have their own attached toilets- mostly external

People use the riverfront inherently for day to day recreational activities.

Low lying area between the main road and the railway line.

Water supply through pipes and ground water as well.

Waste water have smaller channels that connect to pipe draining to the river.

Solid waste disposal - poorly managed gathered along the river edge.

Internal connections network of narrow alleys with drains on one side.

Households have external toilets that connect to septic tanks.

Residents have distinct plantations along the river

Water supply - pipe connections to individual households.

structure.

Solid waste disposal - neat towards the riverfront, haphazard internally.

Internal connections are very narrow pathways that connect the wide main road to the railway tracks side.

Households have external and public toilets that connected to septic tanks.

Residents actively engage with the riverfront, with makeshift space creation.

2.

3.

4.

Water supply via pipeline

Waste water systems poorly managed with resultant substandard living conditions. Solid waste disposal with no system in place- all over the settlement.

Internal connections were low lying narrow pathways that flooded easily. Settlement has multiple, old as well as newly built well maintained public toilets.

River edge treated as the backyard. Low lying settlement between the railway line and main road affected by flood badly.

Water supply - pipe connections to individual households.

Waste water have smaller channels that connect to pipe draining to the river.

Solid waste disposal - every house collects waste and puts in a cart that govt. Vans clear from. Internal connections complex network of narrow lanes with intermittent rain.

Households have shared toilets.

Residents have absolutely no positive connection to the river. Affected by flood easily.

Water supply - pipe connections to individual households.

Waste water channels are wide that connect to pipe draining into the river.

Solid waste disposal - waste segregation bins recently installed for a cluster of houses.

Internal connections are well laid network of wide lanes.

Households have internal toilets that connected to the drain.

Residents seem completely oblivious and ignorant of the river.Not very badly affected by flood.

5.

6.

7.(GATED COMMUNITY)

SITE SCALE - GENERAL INTRODUCTION

Site location

History of the area

In 1973, the then Governor Ali Sadikin moved the Ambon community a dutch-formed armies to Kedaung-Kali Angke area.Kampung Ambon is also known for its drug-dealing activities, and often seen police bust-up throughout the years. The rise of the drug-related problems started after the monetary crisis in 1998.

In 1990, the village experienced population growth and began to be taxed. the village at that time was included in RT 13 and RT 14 and moved from Kelurahan Kapuk to Kelurahan Kedaung Kali Angke.

Floods occurred 3 times, in 2002, 2007, and 2012.

Evictions occurred in late 2014 and early 2015. in 2014 evictions of houses that intersect with Kali. and in 2015 demolished houses along Kali and normalized Kali.

At the end of 2017, people submitted an objection letter, which contained a reduction in river widening and river-equivalent roads to be 10 meters and 5 meters.

In 2020, The people of kampung applied for land certification, although it was rejected because the land was claimed by PT Sarana Jaya, but the land claim was incorrect. Then the people start to put forward a supply of clean water that was responded well by the national water supply company.

Source: https://www.satumaluku.id/2019/10/31/riwayat-kampung-ambon-jejak-orang-maluku-di-belantara-jakarta/, https://www.antaranews.com/berita/453756/shenynda-perempuan-pemberani-dari-kampung-ambon, Mrs. Ratu Nisa

SITE SCALE - GENERAL INTRODUCTION

RT & RW Distrubtion

Source:https://www.atrbpn.go.id/Peta-Bidang-Tanah

Land own by residents(certificate)

Lands own by government

Informal settlement

Unlisted land

Land ownership map

LEGEND

SITE SCALE - GENERAL INTRODUCTION

Landuse map of the site

MIX USE BUILDING

(Usually 1st floor commercial area and upper floors residential area)

SCHOOL (Primary school & Kintergarten)

MOSQUE

OFFICE

(One is a law office and the other is the RW office)

WATER & GAS SHOP

(Also sell other things)

HOME FACTORT (Sewing clothes)

RESIDENTIAL HOUSES

OPEN AREA

PUMPING STATION

FOOD BAR

SITE SCALE - ROAD AND DRAINAGE Road hierarchy and drainage system

Width ≈ 5 m 1

Width ≈ 2 m Length ≈ 50 m

Length ≈ 2 3 4

m Bridge 3 Bridge 4

Width ≈ 1 m

Length ≈ 9 m

8 >6 m 5~6 m 2.5~5 m < 2 m 56

Width ≈ 2 m Length ≈ 9 m

SITE SCALE - ROAD AND DRAINAGE Road material

mud and gravel concrete asphalt

SITE SCALE - ROAD AND DRAINAGE

Drainage flow

Pipes from bankside households

Main drain

waterlogging

SITE SCALE - ROAD AND DRAINAGE Drainage cover

Fireproofing?

Stuck by garbage

Concrete cover (width 60-70 cm)

SITE SCALE - ROAD AND DRAINAGE

Road Classification - Priamry Road

Charcteristic

The primary road is running from north to south along the Chengkareng River.

The roads has two car lanes and narrow pedestrian spaces. People are gathering under the trees along the river.

On the river bank, the night market selling clothes and toys is held on weekends

Pros and Cons

Crossing the road is dangerous because of the heavy traffic and motorbikes running fast. Hawkers and parking cars are one of the reasons of traffic jam.

SITE SCALE - ROAD AND DRAINAGE

Road Classification - Secondary Road

Charcteristic

The secondary road is branched from the primary road. This is a two-lane road without a dividing strip. The street in the north side of our site is lined with some private shops. Crossing the road is dangerous because of the heavy traffic. Outsiders often snatch on the road.

Pros and Cons

SITE SCALE - ROAD AND DRAINAGE

Road Classification - Secondary Road (Unpaved)

Charcteristic

The secondary road is running east-west along the Kali Aprun canal. The surface consists of some materials, including scattered garbages which affect the walkability. The width of the roads varies because of property line not defined.

Pros and Cons

It is hard to walk on the mudy road after heavy rain.

The unpaved condition restrains the road traffic. The unpaved condition allows residents to use the roads flexible.

SITE SCALE - ROAD AND DRAINAGE Road Classification - Teritary Road

Charcteristic

The tertiary road is typical in the residential areas. Each street has its own characteristics, such as good greenery, gathering hawkers, and dogs. The boundaries between housing sites and roads are relatively clear.

Pros and Cons

The environment became worse due to the dirty river and the poor sanitation in Kampong. Children can play relatively safely on the road because of minimal traffic in the area.

SITE SCALE - ROAD AND DRAINAGE

Road Classification - Teritary Road in Kampong

Charcteristic

The teritary road in Kampong is narrow. The road is filled with the signs of living, such as many laundries and shelves being full of stuffs, scattered sandals, and so on.

There are many houses and some stores facing the streets.

Pros and Cons

The riding motorbike on the narrow road is dangerous. The sanitation is a little bit poor. There is a lively atmosphere.

SITE SCALE - ROAD AND DRAINAGE Road Classification - Alley

Charcteristic

There are many alleys which are not shown on the map in the Kampong area. Some of them are outside, and the others are semi-outdoor spaces. There are some furnitures or stores on the semi-outdoor alleys.

Pros and Cons

The alleys prompt the human circulation in the area. The allyes improve both the air flow of the inner streets and the visability.

SITE SCALE - HOUSES AND INFRASTRUCTURES

Radius of infrastructure

SHOPS

MIX USE BUILDING

(Usually 1st floor commercial area and upper floors residential area)

RADIUS OF SHOP SERVICE

WATER & GAS SHOP(Also sell other things)

RADIUS OF WATER SERVICE

•12 groceries

•15 commercial mix houses

•1 water station

•4 water store

•The small shops along the riverside are more compact and are all commercial mixed houses, while an individual shop/greocery is more common inside .

•There are fewer stores in the southeast part

Self management

Limited variety (snacks…)

Main Customer: children

SITE SCALE - HOUSES AND INFRASTRUCTURES

Building Stories Analysis

SITE SCALE - HOUSES AND INFRASTRUCTURES

Building Entrance Analysis

The rental houses have been seperated into many single houses, the buildings have many entrance.

The houses of upper middle class have two or more entrances. One is vehicle entrance and the others are people entrance.

The mix use building has a lateral entrance for shop and a front entrance for residential.

SITE SCALE - LIFE AND LIVING

Flora typoogy in kampung

basically are roadside plangting, using planting beds and yards

Planting base map

SITE SCALE - LIFE AND LIVING Activities in kampung in kampung

Activity distribution map

SITE SCALE - LIFE AND LIVING

Three types of Household

Type 1 Around the Primary street edge as upper middle class families

Type 2 Around the Secondary street edge as medium or lower middle class families

Type 3 Around tiny lanes as informal settlement

Jalan Kapuk Pulo cross-section

Informal characteristics

Around this street edge:

- upper middle class families

- small wood workshops areas also can be found

- tiny wood cottages at river bank to raise hen

- Plantation being taken care by neighbours

SITE SCALE - LIFE AND LIVING

Type 1 House characteristics & Relationship with Street

Activities on Street

Public Zone

Strong walls, less spillover of spaces, Two lane vehicular movement on roads

Semi-Private Zone

Cloth drying, parking, Sitting, Storage, Household stuff, vegetation

Private Zone

Main living spaces (Living room, Kitchen, Bed rooms, etc.)

Public Zone

Semi- Private Zone

SITE SCALE - LIFE AND LIVING

Type 2 House characteristics & Relationship with Street

Activities on Street

Public Zone

Perforated walls, Permiable access to roads and street, two lane veghicular movement

Semi-Private Zone

Cloth drying, parking, Sitting, Storage, Household stuff, vegetation

Private Zone

Main living spaces (Living room, Kitchen, Bed rooms, etc.)

Semi- Private Zone

Public Zone

SITE SCALE - LIFE AND LIVING

Type 3 House characteristics & Relationship with Street

Activities on Street

Public Zone

Strong walls, but more spillover of spaces

Semi-Private Zone

Cloth drying, parking, Sitting, Storage, Household stuff, vegetation

Private Zone

Main living spaces (Living room, Kitchen, Bed rooms, etc.)

Semi- Private Zone

Public Zone

SITE SCALE - LIFE AND LIVING

Social Dynamics

Interview

Interview Conclusions

People along Kali Apuran feel more connected to the people on the other side of the Kali than the people who lives within the legal housing blocks. (similar background, informal settlements, economy, etc.)

The relationship between the people from both sides of Kali Apuran started to deteriorate after the expansion of Kali Apuran. (defining new territory, administrative division, boundary)

The people of the kampung are relatively independent, and do not really engaged in their daily activities. (lack of engagement with each other)

The inspection road becomes a backyard for the people. (shows the importance and quality of the road as public space)

The anxiety not only stems from the issue of eviction, but also some tensions between people of the kampung and a certain group.

SITE SCALE - LIFE AND LIVING

Social Dynamics

Resident’s Wishlist [Translation from “list Usulan Warga” (inhabitants proposal list) ]

KAMPUNG MISSIONS

Creating and sustaining the greening of the kampung

RECENT ACTIVITIES OF THE LOCAL PEOPLE

Gardening to fulfil their need(s) Installing pots

WHAT LOCAL PEOPLE NEED

1. Location: on the edge of the road & above the roadDrainage (P) 2. Gardening equipment (P)3. Hydroponic planting medium (P) 4. Gardening training (NP) 5. Packing and distributing training (NP)

Having a market that can be managed and improved independently by the local people

Night market that held in certain day(s)

Selling the daily need, such as egg,etc

1. Location: on the road (temporarily) (P)

2. Tents (P)

3. Initial modal (NP)

4. Organization (NP)

5. Good(s) to sell (P)

6. Entrepreneur training (NP)

Creating an integrated security system that could empower the local people of Kampung

Kali Apuran

Having “Bank Sampah” (Garbage Bank) as a place for garbage management by the local people themselves

Siskamling (a routine security check in kampung) Portal installation

1. Portal (on 7 points in the area) (P)2. CCTV (on 10 points in the area) (P)

3. Security equipment (HT) (P)

4. Fire extinguisher (on 6 points in the area) (P)

5. Hydrant (P)

6. Ambulance (P)

7. Siskamling team ( 4 persons/ RT) (NP)

8.Mitigation training (NP)

Garbage transportation to the neighborhood landfill

Garbage management division

1. Garbage management from each house (garbage sorting) (NP)

2. Training for garbage management and garbage decrease (NP)

3. 3R trash bin (P)

Empowering and sustaining the river by making fish karamba and holding public event, such as Public fishing (P) = Physical

= Non-Physical

River cleaning

Constructing pedestrian bridge from iron

Fishing in “17 Agustus” celebration

1. Dredging for river sedimentation (P)

2. Mural making on sheet pile (P) 3. Bridge for pedestrian and vehicle (2 units)( P)

4. Existing bridge repairing (1 unit)(P)

PROPOSALS

1) Waste & Landfill

LANDFILL RECOVERY

ZHANG Bingyi

80 - 99

GARBAGESCAPE

Carissa Chin Qiwei

100 - 109

REIMAGINING THE WASTE FLUX OF JAKARTA

ZHOU Zuyuan

110 - 161

2) Wastewater Treatment

TREASURING WASTEWATER

LYU Jiawei

162 - 173

From Risk to Utilization

ZHOU Xianfeng

174 - 191

3) Stormwater & Flood Risk Management

GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE FOR SRORMWATER MANAGEMENT

HAN Cong

192 - 215

LIVE WITH WATER

XIAO Xinyan

216 - 239

4) River System Reconfiguration

REBIRTH RIVER

FENG Zihan

240 - 257

5) Social & Lifestyle

HOME AGAIN ZHANG Bingqian 258 - 291

BEYOND THE [ D E ] FENCE Ekta Rakholiya 292 - 307

6) Community & Open Space

RECONFIGURATION OF RIVERSIDE COMMUNITY OPEN SPACE CHENG Jing 308 - 315

REGENERATION OF THE VERNACULAR WATER LANDSCAPE TANAKA Mamiko

316 - 327

SPACES IN AND BETWEEN SHAO Zhongran 328 - 343

7) Streetscape and Linear Infrastructure

VIBRANT STREETS Poornima Bargotra 344 - 359

LIVABLE RIVERSPACE LIM Wenfa 360 - 377

Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia, with a population of more than 10 million, faces a huge solid waste problem. The landfill is a serious urban problem in Jakarta, it will not only pollute the environment but also bring about people social, psychological and health problems. However, at present the Jakarta government only has preliminary measures for massive landfill (such as Bantar Gebang, which will be closed in 2021), but not for the informal scattered small landfills around Jakarta. Therefore, how to solve the problem of these scattered landfills will become a vital part of urban development.

This program will start from the Kampung Kedung kali angke landfill, discussing how to recover of contaminated landfill site, making it becomes an urban park with ecological and recreational functions for kampung residents; and putting forward the new way of waste management, provide a new prototype of recovering over 200 landfills in Jakarta.

The design will cover four design strategies, including garbage classification, water system recovery, vegetation recovery and soil recovery. Through some technologies, most garbage will be able to recycle in the landfill. Biodegradable can be used for composting; recyclable waste will become reusable materials, such as plastic tiles, recycled paper furniture, and construction waste will become structures. After covering with clay, nonrecyclable waste can reshape the terrain of landfill. Moreover, we can also achieve the water environment reconstruction and restoration of soil through the vegetation recovery and leachate treatment.

Taking five years as a phase, the site will gradually transform into usable urban green space through three phases.

PHASE I (0-5 YEAR):

Over the first five-year period, recover Greenland landfill and open Kampung landfill to the public to deal with the waste. Technical supports such as Waste bank, Trashpresso, leachate treatment system technology will be established for further use.

PHASE II (5-10 YEAR):

For 5-10 year, the critical restoration areas will become the west side of Kampung Landfill. Greenland landfill will gradually become an eco-park to introduce some species inside. The mature soil contains the seeds of some native species can be used in other areas to help build soil structures.

PHASE III (10-20 YEAR):

The landfill thoroughly into urban green space available to the public-a eco-park after 10 to 20 years. Relevant waste management systems continue to be used (including recyclables and biodegradable waste can still be disposed of on-site). However, after the landfill is full, nonrecyclable waste will be transported to the intermediate treatment facility zone in north Jakarta.

In short, waste reuse, garbage management, soil restoration and ecological restoration are combined to form a new method of landfill recovery, which can transform the rest of the scattered landfills in Jakarta.

ZHANG Bingyi

JAKATA LANDFILL ANALYSIS

As one of the city's major problems, the issue of the landfills in Jakarta has inevitably and large impact on residents' lives and the environment.With the exception of Bantar Gebang (which is one of Indonesia's main landfills), Jakarta's landfills are small, scattered and mostly located in residential areas (especially in Kampung), making it inconvenient for the government to build effective solutions to manage them.

Due to the low economic development, high housing density and planning unbalance reasons, west Jakarta district has the highest density in the whole city. The problems associated with this are that of Environmental, Health, and socio-economic Impacts.In order to improve the urban environment, how to solve the problem of garbage dump in Jakarta has become a problem to be discussed in this design.

Landfill distribution

Landfill and waterway

Landfill density

Landfill area classification

Landfill location

Near buildings, more common in kampungs

Most common type. Usually link to a large or small green land

Landfill function small, usually dense Can be a big one

Soil pollution

Soil pollution

Landfill classifivation

Problem

In the green land near the river or reservoir (a road or linear Greenland between two side).

Some even serve as the riverbank (linear shape)

Water pollution

Abandoned space and landscape destroy Landscape destroy Waste overflow

Air pollution

Ecosystem destroy

Ecosystem destroy Waste overflow

SITE ANALYSIS

Landfill type

House type

Drainage | site condition

DESIGN VISION

The vegetation and soil restoration and surrounding environment (especially water) recovery of Landfill, develop a new waste management during the improving process, as an example for Jakarta small landfill reform project in the future.

Design strategy

GARBAGE CLASSIFICATION

Waste management and Waste separation controlled by technological tools (Biodegradable and nonbiodegradable)

WATERSTSTEM RECOVERY | LEACHATE TREATMENT

Leachate treatment and drainage naturalization

VEGETATION RECOVERY

Provide a capping that is deep and as favorable to root growth as is necessary to achieve desired plant performance

SOIL RECOVERY

Soil remodeling to provide the foundation for the transformation into ecological green space.

residential + waterbody greenland + waterbody greenland + residential residential

FLOW CHART

In the flow chart we can see some details about the design strategies.

Garbage classification will include waste management and waste separation controlled by technological tools. Garbage will be roughly divided into biodegradable and non-biodegradable. In order to save the limited landfill space, each household will be encouraged to use bokashi tank to deal with the biodegradable waste. After composting process, the product will be sent to composting pond for soil recovery. Non-biodegradable waste will be send into waste bank and divided into recyclable waste and non-recyclable waste. Through some technologies like trashpresso, recyclable waste will become reusable materials, such as plastic tiles, recycled paper furniture, and construction waste will become structures. After covering with clay, non-recyclable waste can be used to reshape the terrain of landfill.

Leachate is the main course of soil pollution and water pollution, and will also influence the vegetation growth. After collecting and purifying, leachate water will flow into drainage.

In this process, the plant plays more of a role in treating leachate, which cannot be separated from the soil.

TIME LINE

compost is used for greenland landfill soil improvement

compost is used for west kampung landfill soil improvement

compost is used for east kampung landfill soil improvement

compost is used for agriculture

woodland grassland waterbank

aquatic agriculture

waterfront forest

waste line

waste path

leachate pipe

leachate pond

Anaerobic biofilter

leachate line

water flow surface runoff

0.5contour line

forest trail

edge walkway waste bank

servey path volunteer center

main path shops

wooden path wall recovery area

Trashpesso

Phase II

Lagerstroemia speciosa

Garcinia cambogia

Barringtonia acutangula

Lagerstroemia indica

Diospyros celebica

Pouteria obovata

Kopsia arborea Blume

Elateriospermum tapos

Dipterocarpus baudii

Magnolia vrieseana

Baccaurea tetrandra

Baccaurea sumatrana

Lithocarpus kostermansii

Lithocarpus platycarpus

Entrance plaza

Agriculture area

Leveraging waste as a new medium that transforms Jakarta wasteland into public parks and urban developments

The sheer magnitude of solid waste has always been a pressing environmental problem in many urban areas particularly in Jakarta. Despite the multitude of issues to minimise solid waste, the continuous flow of waste is still unceasing. These informal wastelands scattered in Jakarta naturally become the “malignant tumour” of the city environment. Taking the example of an existing informal wasteland located at Kampung Kedaung Kali Angke, the purpose of the Garbagescape leverages on the current and continuous waste problem. The intent is to change people’s perception of how wasteland can be transformed into while injecting programmes that engages people associating with the wasteland. This study aims to utilise the continuous flow of solid waste extracted from the existing site. Through the compression and stacking of solid waste bales, it creates and forms new topographic landform that acts as a structural foundation, opening up existing wasteland area for potential parkland and urban developments. The objective of this project is to alter people’s subjective opinion on waste landscape in transforming it into a new development plot in Jakarta.

This project develops and constructs through a timeline approach :

1. Solid Waste Bales Compaction (Daily)

Application of compacting residual waste assists in minimising land area and volume of waste produced. The compressed waste thus creates individual components known as solid waste bale.

2. Clearing of Existing Landfill (1 Year)

Clearing of existing waste from the wasteland by transporting loose solid waste into waste compressor machines. Upon compression, these individual waste bales will be transported back to the wasteland site, representing as a structural element that can be stacked to create new landforms.

3. Fabricating topographic levels and landforms (5 – 10 Years)

Stacking of solid waste bales act as structural foundation with exploration of new topographic landform. This process tackles the current issue of flooding in Jakarta by elevating the ground level to 5m in height as a flood protection barrier during storm events, creating potential land uses - parkland and urban developments.

4. Bioplastic film protection (1 Year)

With the solid waste bales stack to a desired height, an impermeable bioplastic film protection is required to be capped around the waste bales that prevent any form of methane gases or leachate leakage from sipping though the waste bales into new surface grounds. Excessive toxic gases and leachate will be channelled through a gas well header and drainage pipe for proper means of disposal or recycling accordingly.

5. Potential parkland and urban developments for Jakarta wasteland (5-10 Years)

Using the parkland and urban development as a starting point for future planned development for wastelands in Jakarta, the construction process defers depending on individual land use requirements. Specifically for parklands, varying of soil depth layer for new vegetation, including hardscapes (paving), will be constructed above the bioplastic film. Demarcation of urban developments will require piling foundations made before any stacking of solid waste bales with a pile cap that sets the ground foundation of any structural development.

Carissa Chin Qiwei

ISSUE

A man-made disaster

Jakarta Solid Waste Management System Improvement Report: https://www.jica.go.jp/ english/our_work/evaluation/oda_loan/post/2003/pdf/2-14_full.pdf

OVERVIEW OF WASTE IN JAKARTA

Volume of waste materials

By 2021 Bantar Gebang landfill will reach its maximum capacity. If the situation continues, there would not have sufficient land space to contain the waste.

Volume of waste disposed

103

Waste Materials Landfill Waste Material Categorisation 59% Recyclable 21%

19% Potential Materials saved from landfill

Taking the example of an existing informal wasteland located at Kampung Kedaung Kali, in the west region of Jakarta

EXISTING CONDITIONS

Components found in a wasteland

SOLID WASTE COMPRESSOR PROCESS

Existing and new waste piles

SOLID WASTE BALES PRODUCTION DATA

Site specific - Kampung Kedaung Kali Angke

CONCEPT

Solid waste bales

Urban Developments

Public Park

Soild Waste Bales

film capped on top of solid waste

Proposed Road /For government officials and wagons for waste disposal or collection

Community Garden

Vegetative Swales

An overview of the solidwaste bales are being stacked up while transitioning to a public park at the background and eventually having urban developments built upon the waste for a 25 year projection

Bioplastic

Waste Compressor Machines

Sorting and Recycling Bins

Pedestrian Path (1.5m)

Asphaltic Road - 2 way (5.0m)

Vegetative Swale

Detention Pond

Exposed Display of Soild Waste Bales

Look- Out Deck - view of solid waste bales

Park Entrance (Ramp)

Solid waste Bales mounds - sculptural element

Food Waste composting area

Community Garden

Open Lawn - For large events

Soccer Field - Sporting activities

Nature Play Area

Undulating Path

Seating Area

Piling Foundation (future urban developements)

Proposed Residential Development

Expansion of land developmentContinuous Solid Waste bile

PROJECT TIMELINE

0 - 25 years and beyond

Existing Wasteland Grids set up for placement of solid waste bales

(b) Estimated total amount of existing waste into solid waste bales

Total : 23,750 Bales

stacking of existing loose waste into compacted soild waste bales

2m Flood Line by 2025

(a) Solid waste compaction machines

Compacted solid waste lays as base foundation of wasteland

Materials Sorting Area

New Roadway for wagons and location of compaction machines

1

Waste Bales Produced Per Year: 1,440 Bales

Estimated amount of soild waste bales per year

Residential/ Commercial Developments

Pile capped, setting ground foundations for urban developments

Topographic fabrication of solid waste bales up to 5m in height (Flood Protection)

Daily continous waste bales extended to other land areas

Parkland constructed inclusive of landscape design elements

additional new waste to be accounted for

2 YEAR

Parkland Urban Development

Piling Foundation

Bioplastic film capped on soild waste bales to prevent toxic liquid and gases

Approved Soil Mix capped above bioplastic film

Demarcation of parkland and future urban developments

Min

DETAILING OF

SOILD

WASTE

BALES

Typical Design Components

Concrete Cast In-situ

Reinforce concrete slab to Engr’s Detail

Width Varies

200mm thk

Graded granite aggregate

Well compacted Sub grade material

Tree Root Ball

Approved Soil Mixture

Compacted Sub-grade material

Set root ball on firmly packed soil

Well compacted Sub grade material (Hardcore)

800mm (L) X 400mm (W) X 600mm (H) Solid Waste Bale

150mm thk Compacted gravel mix

Sandy loam soil

200mm thk

Well compacted Sub grade material (Hardcore)

Typical Detail : Tree Planting

Scale 1:25

TYPICALDETAILING

300mm (L)

Typical Detail : Concrete Pavers

Scale 1:25

Bioplastic film

800mm (L) X 400mm (W) X

600mm (H) Solid Waste Bale

150mm thk Compacted gravel mix

Sandy loam soil

200mm thk

Graded granite aggregate

Well compacted Sub grade material (Hardcore)

(H)

1200mm

Short sharpen wood stakes

Geotextile (Coconut Mesh) fastened with short wood stakes (1000mm spacing) Planting of grass always below the mesh

Approved Soil Mixture

Well compacted Sub grade

Bioplastic film

800mm (L) X 400mm (W) X 600mm (H) Solid Waste Bale

200mm thk

Graded granite aggregate

Well compacted Sub grade material (Hardcore)

Typical Detail : Slope Stabilisation

109

Width of pile foundation to Engr’s details

Typical Detail : Pile Foundation

Scale 1:25

Concrete Cast In-situ

Reinforcing steel bars

To Engr’s details

Waterproofing Liner

Reinforced concrete slab

To Engr’s details

200mm thk

Graded granite aggregate

Well compacted Sub grade material (Hardcore)

Bioplastic film

800mm (L) X 400mm (W) X

600mm (H) Solid Waste Bale

150mm thk Compacted

gravel mix Sandy loam soil

200mm thk

Graded granite aggregate

Well compacted Sub grade material (Hardcore)

Reinforced concrete ground beam to Engr’s details

REIMAGINING THE WASTE FLUX OF JAKARTA —RESILIENCE BEHIND THE WASTE HIERARCHY OF METROPOLIS

Zhou Zuyuan

Narrative:

The project is located in West Jakarta. After assessing the current situation, the issues I summarized are as follows:

-Insufficient waste collection frequency

-Environmental issues caused by insufficient solid waste treatment

-The mixture of waste from the source

-Limited space for temporary waste storage points

-incomplete solid waste treatment system in neighborhood site(mainly collection system)

However, beyond the problems mentioned above, the site still has great potential. In the first place, 65% of the waste generated is organic. if organic waste is treated effectively, the amount of solid waste transferred to the landfill can be largely reduced. In addition, a large amount of underutilized green land in the neighborhood site. Most of them are now used as temporary storage for solid waste. If these green spaces are upgraded and used effectively, their potential will be greatly stimulated.

The project with the vision to treat the waste from the source and tackle the waste problems from the source. Targeting the issues identified, the strategies are set up:

-Waste separation from the source.

-Utilize the underutilized green space for centralized composting facilities.

-Neighborhood-based composting

The above steps build a new garbage system comprised of several decentralized composting facilities as well as micro compost units scatted in the neighborhood.

System:

-Micro-level compost system(Little composting system contains waste separation, collection, composting and recycling, implement in the RT boundary)

-Centralized composting facilities (Large composting system with 3 categories facilities: small size facility, medium-size facility, large size facility. The facilities are categorized according to the size of the facilities and the equipment they have.)

Through a rough estimation, if we assume that the centralized system has 50 large facilities, medium-sized facilities are small size facilities. And in the micro-scale, each unit can cover one RT, the system can process 50% of total waste and 85% of organic waste. In this way, the amount of waste transferred to the landfill can be largely reduced, the status of solid waste will be effectively alleviated.

The ongoing consequences of waste will continue to impact the life of the local people in ways that cannot be ameliorated or erased. The proposed system can be connected to several functions that may engage the public with landscapes of waste as a way to reveal the unconfined impacts of the waste system to improve the living environment and increase economic benefits.

WASTE

SOLID WASTE

Landfill and waste treatement facilities in Jakarta

Intermediate Treatment Facility (ITF)

TPST = Integrated Final Treatment Plant

ITF = Intermediate Treatment Facility

PDUK = Composting Center

IPAL = Sewerage Treatment

TPST BL Gebang

SEWERAGE

Composting Center

Intergrated Final Treatment Plant

Sewerage Treatment Facility

Upgrading from Transfer Station to ITF

On Process

Upgrading from Transfer Station to ITF Operating Operating Operating

On Process Operating

Source: Japan International Cooperation Agency, ( 2012, November), Master plan for establishing metropolitan priority area for investment and industry in jaboderabek area in the republic of indonesia

IPAL Duri Kosambi

ITF Marunda

SPA Sunter

IPAL Pialogebang

ITF/PDLIK Calcung

EXISTING CYCLE OF SOLID WASTE

Existing Solid waste flow in Jakarta

Existing collection system

Collection source

Collected by agencies, directly transfered to the landfill. (E.g. Market Agency, Public Works Agency, Cleansing Agency or private means.)

Storing waste in waste bin, plastic bag or cardboard boxes in front of the house. The solid waste is collected by wagons or trucks, and transfered to a temporary disposal site area before transport to the landfill afterwards.

Transportation

From temporary disposal sites (or from solid waste generators for the direct system), collected waste is disposed of in the landfill located at Bantar Gebang. The types of vehicles are usually wagons and trucks.

EXISTING CYCLE OF SOLID WASTE

Existing Solid waste flow in Jakarta

Existing solid waste treatment

1. Compacting

Solid waste is compacted using physical means, to ease the transport process to the landfill

The compacting station is located in Cakung-Cilincing Sub District in North Jakarta

2. Incineration

There are about 21 small-scale incinerators in operation indifferent sub-districts, each with a capacity of about 150 kg/houe and operation 8 hours per day.

The remaining ash is either transported to landfill of transformed to a kind of bricks.

CHALLENGES:

(1) Can not be operated on a daily basis

(2) Technical information is lacking

EXISTING CYCLE OF SOLID WASTE

Existing Solid waste flow in Jakarta

Existing solid waste treatment

3. Composting

The idea of composting is to reduce the waste quantity going to landfilling. In principle, the composting system comprises a centralized sorting system, and thereafter composting of the organic waste. Remaining waste is either burned in the incinerator or transferred to the landfill.

CHALLENGES:

(1) Lack of community participation

(2) Lack of supporting vehicles for 3R (reduce, reuse, recycle)

(3) Over capacity in Zero Waste part

4. Landfill

There is only one landfill in Jakarta. It is located in Bantar Gebang.

CHALLENGES:

(1) It has exceeded its design capacity

(2) Ordor, smoke and disease problems that caused by poor control of its operation.

EXISTING CYCLE OF SOLID WASTE

Existing Solid waste flow in Jakarta

Existing solid waste treatment

5. Recycling

Most of the recycled materials are collected at the generation point.

Cycle of recycling

ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN THE WHOLE FLOW

1. Not suitable collection

Issues and challenges - collection

Some waste is burnt at temporary transfer points, creating smoke and ordour impacts on surroumding areas, causing local flooding during the rainy season, as well as pollution of rivers and coastal waters

Neighborhood have too much waste waiting for collection

2. Not suitable treatment

Issues and challenges - Incineration

The enviornmental problems caused by incineration

Issues and challenges - people

Low awareness of some community members of the environmental problems (e.g. flooding and health risks) caused by illegal dumping

Issues and challenges - landfill

1. Landfill is overcapacity.

2. Surface and groundwater contamination by waste exudate

3. Ordor, smoke and disease problems caused by poor control of the operation of the landfil

Issues and challenges - recycle

The mixture of waste reduces the possibility of recoverng material, as well as lowering significantly the commercial value or price received due to high contamination of material intended for recycling

ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN NEIGHBORHOOD SITE

Existing situation in neighborhood site

Underutilized green space used for storage of garbage

Underutilized green space used for storage of garbage

Garbage

ISSUES AFTER COMPARISON

Too much pressure on the later process

Food leftovers, expired food, fruit peels and cores, plants, and TCM herbs

Paper, plastic, glass, scrap metal, fabrics.

All other non-recyclable solid waste.

Batteries, light tubes, medicines, paint and its containers.

SYSTEM IS INCOMPLETE

Too much pressure on transportation later process……make the situation worse More waste waiting for collection cause not frequent collection, more ordor and noise cause waste treatment facilities are too far…

Existing issues related to the incomplete system

ISSUES

ISSUES

ISSUES

Neighborhood have too much waste waiting for collection

Creating smoke and ordour, local flooding,pollution of rivers and coastal waters

AND CHALLENGES - COLLECTION

3. Ordor, smoke and disease problems caused by poor control of the operation of the landfil

2. Surface and groundwater contamination by waste exudate

1. Landfill is overcapacity.

AND CHALLENGES - LANDFILL

The mixture of waste reduces the possibility of recoverng material, as well as lowering significantly the commercial value or price received due to high contamination of material intended for recycling

AND CHALLENGES - RECYCLE

Solid waste composition

What is Organic Waste?

Organic waste is any material that is biodegradable and comes from either a plant or an animal. Biodegradable waste is organic material that can be broken into carbon dioxide, methane or simple organic molecules. Examples of organic waste include green waste, food waste, food-soiled paper, non-hazardous wood waste, green waste, and landscape and pruning waste.

STRATEGIES TARGETED TO ISSUES AND POTENTIALS

Strategy 1: Upgrade the greenland

Tactic 1: Neighborhood-based composting, utilize the underutilized green space for centralized composting facilities.

Tactic 2: Combine composting facilities with other functions. E.g. parks, urban farm, which can form a sustainable cycle

Strategy 2: Upgrade the neiborhood

Tactic 1: Waste separation from the source.

Biodegradable trash

Sanitary trash

Recyclable trash

Tactic 2: Compost units scatted in the neighborhood.

STRATEGIES ANALYSIS_UPGRADE THE GREENLAND

STRATEGIES ANALYSIS_UPGRADE THE NEIGHBORHOOD

Source : Residential areas

To: Solid waste treatment facilities

Source: Organic waste from residential areas

The compost generated can be used to the residential areas

NEIGHBORHOOD SCALE

Vision of the solid waste cycle

NEIGHBORHOOD SCALE

Direction

Neighborhood scale

JAKARTA SCALE

Jakarta scale

HOW TO OPERATE_UNITS

Site selection_RT & RW boundary

Basic units

Flow in boundary simulation

Micro flow

Some may connect to the schools or gardens to have some educational functions.

The dry waste in blue bins which primarily contains plastic is collected once a week and then shredded into granules by a plastic shredding machine. These granules are used in road construction.

The wet waste is trasferred to the terrace of the appartment where the bio bin system has been set up. Every day the waste is turned over by the workers and the old waste is covered by the new to curb ordor. The capacity of the bio bins is about 0.07 tonnes per day.

HOW TO OPERATE_CENTRALIZED FACILITY

Suitable site for centralized facilities

Solid waste generation parameters

When acquiring a disposal site, the land area must be large enough to accommodate waste produced by 1000 people over period of at least 20-30 years. It has been documented that 1000 people would require 1 acre of land per annum (USEPA1971). This requirement is considered appropriate especially for developing countries where a higher proportion of waste generated is organic and easily be decomposed.

Kedaung Kali Angke:

Population: 36, 821

Area: 3.00 km²

Density: 12, 257/km²

Generation rate: 0.7kg/day

Disposal site area required: 148, 892m²

Waste generation: 25, 774.7 kg

Organic waste generation: 16, 753.6 kg

HOW TO OPERATE_CENTRALIZED FACILITY

Composting concept

Functions required

Compostable solid waste

Percentage of activity area required inside a compost plant

Maturing boxes

Office, toilets, wash room, equipment storage

Reception, sorting, screening and packaging areas

Compost boxes

Store for finished compost

Store for recyclables

HOW TO OPERATE_CENTRALIZED FACILITY

Medium size

Mid-sized compost systems are appropriate for small institutions including schools, hospitals and nursing homes and commercial establishments such as grocery stores, hotels, business with cafeterias and restaurants. The capacity of a mid-sized system ranges from 5 tonnes per day of food scrap.

Curing area of Windrows

composting

Large size

Centralized composting can range from 10 tonnes organic waste per day. They are on a significantly larger scale, environmental, social and techinical considerations.

Finished

Screening area

Curing area

Urban farm

Park

product

HOW TO OPERATE_CENTRALIZED FACILITY

Small size

Overall distridution

Finished product

Small size

The capacity of small size facility is about 2 tonnes of solid waste per day. They can be connected to houseyard, school, community garden, etc.

Large size composting facility

Medium size composting facility

Small size composting facility

WHERE TO GO

HIERARCHY OF NEWLY BUILT SYSTEM

1740m² Micro scale Small size Waste separation Finished products In-vessel compost

The capacity of the bio bins is about 0.07 tonnes per day.

Community garden 148

Shredding

The capacity of a

Centralized

can range from 10 tonnes of organic waste per day.

ADDING FUNCTIONS

Houseyard

Facility: Small

Morphology

Surrounding context

Other function

Site condition

Morphology

Commercial Commercial Industrial Industrial Green Green Residential Residential 151

Facility: Small

Surrounding context

Other function

ADDING FUNCTIONS

Morphology

Morphology

Medium size

Facility: Medium

Other function

Other function

Site condition

Morphology

Surrounding context

When the composting facilities cooperate with more functions, they may have more possibilities. For example, urban farms, parks, community gardens… The compostable waste such as food scrap, yard waste, landscape trimmings can be transferred into compost through composting facilities, and the compost generated can also be used in the source greenery.

Surrounding context

OVERALL SYSTEM

PROPOSED FLOW DIAGRAM

Proposed flow

Previous flow

Source & market of trash

The newly built system of composting facilities

PERSPECTIVE

Overall perspective

Source: school, commercial areas, residential areas, green lands. But the compost generated can aso be used in the source

Zoom-in perspective

Source and micro scale

Composting station can be catogarized into three types: large size, medium-size and small size

Micro scale system

centralized composting facilities

Centralized composting system

Composting station catogarized into three types: large size, medium-size and small size

Composting

later process

Incineration

Due to the system, the waste to be the landfill reduced.

Recycling center

Trash separation

Commercial areas Bio bins Wagons

The compost generated can aso be used in the source

Micro scale

the decentralized the amount of solid be transferred into can be largely

Source: school, commercial areas, residential areas, green lands. But the compost generated can aso be used in the source

Due to the decentralized system, the amount of solid waste to be transferred into the landfill can be largely reduced.

The compost generated can aso be used in the source

Urban farm

School

Landfill

JAKARTA SCALE VISION

There are a number of dominant variables influcing current waste management issues in Jakarta, which can be identified but not limited to the following:

Factors related

Site selection process

In summary

6500 tons of waste per day

Generation rate: 0.7kg per day

8 million people

So in total the system can process 3142.7 tonnes of trash per day, which takes up nearly 50% of the waste generated per day. In Jakarta, 55% of waste generated are organic waste, which means nearly 85% of the organic waste can be processed

Prediction of the system in Jakarta scale _ centralized

Large facility: cover 12958 people per day

Medium-size facility: cover 6478 people per day

Small size facility: cover 2857 people per day

So if have 50 large size facility, 50 medium-size facility, and 50 small size facility, roughlt can process 1114 tonnes of waste per day can generate 90 tonnes of compost per day

Prediction of the system in Jakarta scale _ micro

There are about 28, 981 RTs and 2, 544 RWs in Jakarta

However, in a large city such as Jakarta, as there is a constant population influx, in many cases a RT (neighborhood associations) contain as many as 100-150 households

So, 28, 981 RTs need 28, 981 units to process the trash

Can process 2028.7 tonnes of trash per day

Can generate 305 tonnes of compost per day

Estimation about the capacity of the system

Centralized system

LANDSCAPE APPROACH ON DOMESTIC WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND THE FEASIBILITY OF LARGE-SCALE APPLICATIONS BASED ON THE CALCULATION

Lyu Jiawei

Abstract: the increasingly severe problem of domestic wastewater pollution in Jakarta impact people’s life. This project intends to minimize the water pollution and the dependency on the urban water supply by using natural-based approaches. Moreover, providing a feasible method for largescale applications based on the mathematical calculation.

Nearly 75 percent of the rivers in Jakarta are heavily polluted, of which the primary pollution source is domestic wastewater. Situated in Kedaung Kali Angke, the neighborhood, especially in the kampung, faces a severe problem of water insecurity due to the lack of public washing and toilet facility and some infrastructure related to the water supply, drainage, and sewage systems. Besides, the high cost of domestic water is hard to undertake by low-income workers.

This project intends to minimize the water pollution and the dependency on the urban water supply by using natural-based approaches. The overall goal is to achieve the recycling of the wastewater and provide a feasible method for large- scale applications. Some wastewater parameters can be gotten like the area of required wetlands per capita, and the proportion of total green space needs to be used as wetlands in sites through calculation. The wastewater treatment system combines the anaerobic treatment and constructed wetlands, which consider the value of sewage purification and landscape characteristic.

On the site scale, this design is taking one green space, in the middle of the Kedaung Kali Angke neighborhood, surrounded by the kampung and low-middle class residentials as an example to demonstrate this wastewater treatment system. Based on the calculation, 43% of the site green space needs to be used as wetlands for sewage treatment. There are three steps for sewage treatment. Firstly, the wastewater collected by the septic tank for settlement. Next, through the anaerobic pond and wetlands, the BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) and pathogens are removed mostly. Lastly, the purified water flows to the retention pond and holding tank for daily residential usage and some parts of purified water for agricultural irrigation and aquaculture meanwhile.

As for the large scale application, the same sewage treatment system and mathematical calculations are used in conjunction with the 2030 planning. On the neighborhood scale, the green open space amount in the neighborhood is sufficient for domestic wastewater treatment through calculation. However, there is necessary to relocate it properly as an even distribution to cover the wastewater of the whole neighborhood residential area.

On the city scale, through calculating the required wetlands area for sewage treatment in each district and the proportion of the wetlands area to total available green space, the feasibility and potential of the plan can be evaluated. From the data collected and calculated, at present, the required wetlands area accounts for 75% of the existing available parks in Jakarta, which is super high and low feasible. While in 2030, from the government planning, the greening rate targeted at 30% so that the green open space will increase significantly to 196 km². The required wetlands area for domestic wastewater treatment only accounts for 7% of the entire green open space. Therefore, the feasibility of this approach is much higher.

PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF WASTEWATER

Design Calculation

DESIGN VISION AND CALCULATION

Design Vision

Wasterwater Treatment System

S= Q(lnCo lnCe)

Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland

S= Q(lnCo lnCe)

×1.01����−20

q: average sewage volume per person per day

Co: influent BOD concentration (mg/L)

Ce: effluent BOD concentration (mg/L)

V: wetland volume

Q: total sewage flow

n: porosity of constructed wetland bed substrate

N: the population of a certain region

T: the temperature of domestic sewage of wetlands at temperature T d: aquifer depth (m)

Anaerobic Pond

SITE DESIGN PLAN

Proportion of Required Wetlands Area to Landuse in 2030

Perspective Section

Rendering-Pond

Original 2030 Green Open Space Plan

CITY SCALE--BASED ON EXSITING CONDITION

Jakarta Adminsitrative Districts Existing Jakarta Green Open Space

Area of Constructed Wetlands Required for Treatment of Sewage Generated by the Population in Each District of Jakarta City

Jakarta Green Open Space in 2030 Plan

CITY SCALE IN 2030

Area of Constructed Wetlands Required in 2030

The Green Open Space in Jakarta 2030 plan targeted at 30% of the Province area.

It's 196km²

The Required Wetlands Area is 13.83km²

It only account for 7% to GOS 2030.

There is great potential for this Natural-based approach to treat wastewater in 2030 Jakarta!!!

Located in west Jakarta, Kampung Kedaung Kali Angke suffers from serious water pollution and scarcity of clean water. According to the investigation, the current stormwater system is a “one-way flow” system where stormwater runoff goes straight into canals. There is no system to clean, to harvest and to store for heavy storms, which results in water pollution and scarcity of clean water.

This project aims to create a new ecological and sustainable stormwater “circular flow” system to filter, harvest and recycle rainwater in Kendaung Kali Angke. The proposal selects three open sites of different sizes focusing at the south-western corner of Kampung Kedaung Kali Angke for design interventions. The three sites are chosen from three perspectives: public, community and household, with different new stormwater treatment systems.

Site 1: Public habitat

(Total open space area: 9ha; Water storage capacity: 48000m3)

A new wetland water treatment system is established in this area to increase diversity, improve water quality and provide wildlife habitats. The treatment wetland will perform its ecological function differently in each season. For dry season, wetlands store clean water filtered by complex systems for agricultural irrigation. For rainy season, wetlands provide space for stormwater runoff to gather and mitigate the effects of pollution.

Site 2: Community mixed-use

(Total open space area: 2ha; Water storage capacity: 6750m3)

The rainwater collected from the roof of the factories is filtered through a complex stormwater treatment system to obtain clean water. Clean water is then pumped to the households and factories. In the meanwhile, stormwater runoff from the roads will be collected and diverted to a newly designed terraced raingarden, with the treated water being harvested for storage, irrigation and community-use.

Site 3: Local household

(Total open space area: 0.3ha; Water storage capacity: 840m3)

A model of shared water shop is proposed in this site. The rainwater is collected from individual households through the water pipe, and it is filtered and treated in the shared water shop to access clean water for household-use. The small raingarden is used to clean and filter stormwater runoff from roads naturally.

Additionally, a green corridor is built to connect the three sites and the surrounding communities so that people can interact with nature and enjoy recreation spaces. Depending on the size of the sites, the project can be applied to other parts of Kendaung Kali Angke as a model to address the issue of water pollution and provide clean water.

Annual Climate

Water & Green System

ISSUE | POORLY MANAGED STORMWATER RUNOFF

Water pollution

What caused pollution ?

Stormwater running over roofs, driveways, roads and lawns will pick up pollutants such as oil, fertilizers, pesticides, dirt/sediment, trash, and animal waste. These pollutants “hitch a ride” with the stormwater and flow untreated into local streams, polluting the waters(surface water, groundwater).

Stagnant water + Scarcity of clean water

Water Supply

Groundwater pumps

Water tank

80% of groundwater in shallow wells is contaminated with pathogens

Stormwater runs off roofs, driveways and lawns, large volumes quickly gather in the impermeable pavement, resulting in stagnant water and flooding.

ISSUE CONCLUSION

According to the investigation, the current stormwater system is a “one-way flow” system where stormwater runoff goes straight into canals. There is no system to clean, to harvest and to store for heavy storms, which results in water pollution and scarcity of clean water.

Water system

STORMWATER MANAGEMENT STRATEGY

Water harvesting

The strategy is to add drainage and pipes to better connect the water from the site to the river, and to design a reasonable flow direction according to the topography so that the water can flow naturally into the rain gardens and wetlands. The roof can be well used to collect rainwater and filter it to get clean water.

Year 0

Year 5

Year 10

polluted water barren farmland

wetlands gradually formed

wetland treatment system to filter, harvest and recycle rainwater

MASTERPLAN

The project is to reframe the conventional wastewater treatment of rainwater instead as a new stormwater “circular flow” system to filter, harvest and recycle rainwater.

system

factory-household rainwater system + terraced raingarden

shared water shop rainwater system + raingarden

Site2 | Community Mixed-use

Site3 | Local Household

A green corridor is built to connect the three sites and the surrounding communities so that people can interact with nature and enjoy recreation spaces.

SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Total open space area: 9ha

Wetland treatment area: 12000m2

water storage pond

Water storage pond area: 16000m2

depth: 3m

capacity: 48000m3

1. Wetland water treatment system: Increases diversity, improve water quality and provide wildlife habitats

2. The treatment wetland will perform its ecological function differently in each seasons.

Dry season: Wetlands store clean water filtered by complex systems for agricultural irrigation.

Rainy season: Wetlands provide space for stormwater runoff to gather and mitigate the effects of flooding and pollution.

Section A-A' Wetland treatment system

Section C-C'

Section B-B'

Total open space area: 2ha

Raingarden area: 3600m2

Water storage pond area: 2700m2

depth: 2.5m

capacity: 6750m3

The rainwater collected from the roof of the factories is filtered through a complex stormwater treatment system to obtain clean water. Clean water is then pumped to the households and factories. Then, stormwater runoff from the roads will be collected and diverted to a newly designed terraced raingarden, with the treated water being harvested for storage, irrigation and community-use.

PERSPECTIVE 2

roof rainwater harvesting system water storage pond

Terraced raingarden

Water storage pond

20 litres minimum requirement litres for drinking, eating, basic sanitation

50 litres minimum requirement litres for drinking, cooking, basic sanitation, laundry, bathing

Calculation of Potential Rainwater Supply (Roof rainwater harvesting)

Harvested Water (L) = Catchment Area (m 2 ) X Rainfall Depth (mm) X 0.623

Conversion Factor

27334000L/year = 17114000L/year (for factory) +

560 persons X 50 litres/capita/day X 365 (for household)

27334000L/year = 25000m2 X 1755mm X 0.623 Estimate

Factory-Household Rainwater System

Section A-A'

Section B-B'

Total open space area: 0.3ha

Raingarden area: 255m2

Water storage pond area: 420m2

depth: 2m

capacity:840m3

PERSPECTIVE 3

water storage pond

The small raingarden is used to clean and filter stormwater runoff from roads naturally.

Raingarden

roof rainwater harvesting system

Playground

The rainwater is collected from individual households through the water pipes, and it is filtered and treated in the shared water shop to access clean water for household-use.

20 litres minimum requirement litres for drinking, eating, basic sanitation

50 litres minimum requirement litres for drinking, cooking, basic sanitation, laundry, bathing

Calculation of Potential Rainwater Supply (Roof rainwater harvesting)

Estimate 135 households

Average 4 persons pre household

540 persons

Harvested Water (L) = Catchment Area (m 2 ) X Rainfall Depth (mm) X 0.623

Conversion Factor

7106800L/year = 6500m 2 X 1755mm X 0.623

36 litres/capita/day

1. Shared Water Shop Rainwater System

2. Individual Household Rainwater System

Section B-B'

Section A-A'

APPLICATION

Depending on the size of the sites, the project can be applied to other parts of Kendaung Kali Angke as a model to address the issue of water pollution and provide clean water.

Type 1 | Public Habitat

shared water shop rainwater system + raingarden

Type 2 | Community Mixed-use factory-household rainwater system + terraced raingarden

Type 3 | Local Household wetland treatment system

Step1 classification

Type 1 Type 2

Type 3

Step2 application

GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE FOR SRORMWATER MANAGEMENT

Frequent and severe flooding disaster has plagued Jakarta, Indonesia, for years. This site which called Kampung Keduang Kali Angke is a dense community of West Jakarta, the condition of a large number of impervious hardscape area resulted in that the infiltration rate is low, shabby unsound drainage system fail to discharge stormwater timely, these problems have made it had frequent flooding in the site.

This project design is divided into three main strategies of green infrastructure management to delay and reduce the peak runoff to alleviate even solve flooding problems in the site.

The first strategy is to redesign the drainage system and waterflow direction to collect and convey stormwater and discharge it to two main canals in the site, deducing the concentrated catchment area as the proposal water storage spaces. Than connect the existing drainage facilities along the streets with the water storage spaces to complete overall drainage system including primary drainage network, secondary drainage network, tertiary drainage network and new confluence point. The aim is to slow down the speed of waterflow discharged into the canals in the site.

The second strategy is to design rainwater harvesting facilities, with rainwater collecting barrels to collect rainwater from rooftop and building surface, and use the rainwater filter barrels to filter it for water reuse, such as daily housing use and garden irrigation. And the rainwater harvesting facilities will be placed around the buildings within the radius of the catchment area.

Lastely, the third strategy is to improve the water storage capacity by selecting the concentrated catchment area in the site according to the catchment analysis. Six different nodes will be designed as the potential water storage spaces that contain detailed bio-retention and detention facilities, such as community rain gardens and ecological detention ponds. The average area of these nodes is 466m2. The goal is to improve the storage capacity of the whole site through these shared pocket spaces. It also can be a pleasant feature that makes space for nature in an urban environment.

Through these kinds of measurements, the aim is to create a proper site with thorough waterflow system and strong water capacity, so that it can make the site be flood-resistent, minimize the potential environmental impacts on stormwater runoff and provides a safe, resilient and comfortable living environment for local Kampung residents to promote social interaction among community members.

Han Cong

Province

City

District Kampung RW RT

Division of region under village. One RW consists of several RT.

Division of region under RT. One RT consists of several households.

12km

Central Jakarta

Kampung Kedaung Kali Angke

BACKGROUND

Major Floods Events in Jakarta's History

Flood in 1996

Cause: The capacity of river is smaller than the incoming water's runoff, caused by the high conversion of area around the waterbodies into settlement function, sedimentation, and illegal waste disposal

Inundation Area: n/a

Inundation Point: 90

Rainfall Intensity: 288.7 mm

Evacuee: 544,000

2002 2007 2013 2020

Cause: Vast buildings and settlements has led to the decresing of land absorption ability as well as narrowing the canal in downstream area.

Inundation Area: 330km2

Inundation Point: 160

Rainfall Intensity: 361.7mm

Evacuee: 380,000

Cause: Beside the poor drainage system, flood was preceded by heavy rain.

Inundation Area: 400km2

Inundation Point: 70

Rainfall Intensity: 401.5mm

Evacuee: 398,000

Cause: Because of the heavy rain and waterways clogged with garbage and other kinds of debris

Inundation Area: >400km2

Inundation Point: 109

Rainfall Intensity: 1230.7mm

Evacuee: >100,000

Cause: Climate change

Rainfall Intensity: 400mm2

Evacuee: 36,000

Average Rainfall Intensity during Major Floods

Souece: <The ecolution of risk and vulnerability in Greater Jakarta: contesting government policy in dealing with a megacity's exposure to flooding> by Jonatan A. Lassa, Saut Sagala AHK, BMKG <Study on the risk and impacts of land subsidence in Jakarta> by Irwan Gumilar

ISSUE BEING TACKLED Interview With Local Residents

"The height of flood can be 0.4m in our house."

"We go upstairs when it is flooding."

GARBAGE FLOATING ON THE CANAL

"The canal has been widen several times from 2m to 9m."

"We throw waste directly, no recycled garbage bins here."

FREQUENT FLOODING

Sometimes the sewer has been stuck with the garbage.

WATERLOGGING

KAMPUNG RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

Souece: ABC news<Sinking towards disaster> by Mark Doman, David Lipson and Ari Wu Bandung Institute of Technology OCHA<Jaakarta Floods: Inundated Area Periodic Overview>

ANALYSIS RELATING TO THE ISSUE

Typology Analysis

ANALYSIS RELATING TO THE ISSUE

Topography Analysis

Higher elevation around the site, and the center of the site is sunken, which is one of the main reasons why it is frequently flooded in the Kampung area.

Main Canal Flow

Drainage Flow

Surface Flow

Confluence Point

ANALYSIS RELATING TO THE ISSUE

The fragmentized drainage pattern (caused by the vertical spontaneous building developments) can not supprt the natural stormwater cycle.

Aged utilities for drainage are not adequate for the current usage.

ANALYSIS RELATING TO THE ISSUE

Pavement Analysis

ANALYSIS RELATING TO THE ISSUE

Hardscape and Softscape Analysis

The more impervious the surface, the more runoff there will be.

The impervious paving percentage of the Kampung Kedaung Kali Angke is very high.

Existing Index

STRATEGY 01 RESEDIGN THE DRAINAGE SYSTEM

Calculate the stormwater runoff according to the formula, than select the concentrated catchment area in the site as the water storage space according to the water catchment analysis, so as to improve the storage capacity. of the site.

Calculation Progress

Ψ----Runoff

F---- Catchment Area (hm2)

Take the peak rainfall(377mm) in recent years, 377mm=37.7dm

1L=1dm3

1m3 =1000dm3

1hm2=1x104m2

1hm2=1000dmx1000dm=1x106dm3

Then 1hm2 site with runoff coefficient of 1, the stormwater runoff of 1s is, Qs=37.7x106dm3=3.77x104m3

Proposal Water Storage Space

Proposal Index

Proposal Water Storage Space

STRATEGY 01 RESEDIGN THE DRAINAGE SYSTEM

Treated water and overflow leading to waterway

Priamry Road Next To The Main Canal Sextion A-A'

Sextion B-B'

Teriary Road next to the RW Building

STRATEGY 01 RESEDIGN THE DRAINAGE SYSTEM

Street between the Residential Buildings

Porous Pavers Pedestrain & Motorbike Mixed

Bioretention Swale

Rain Barrel

Rain Barrel Drainage

Porous Pavers Pedestrain Space

Rain Barrel

Narrow Alley Space

Sextion C-C'

Sextion D-D'

STRATEGY 02 RAINWATER HARVESTING FACILITY

Rainwater Harvesting Facilities Distribution Diagram

Rainwater Harvesting and Recycling Diagram

Rainwater

Downspout

Rainwater filter: retain the particles and impurities

Water pump

Laundry

Bath

The second strategy is to design rainwater harvesting facilities, with rainwater collecting barrels to collect rainwater from rooftop and building surface, and use the rainwater filter barrels to filter it for water reuse, such as daily housing use and garden irrigation. And the rainwater harvesting facilities will be placed around the buildings within the radius of the catchment area.

Spigot

Waerflow direction

Toilet Kitchen

Specialized water barrel: for rainwater storage

Water sourese: government water or groundwater

Pea gravel (12.5cm)

Coarse gravel (6cm)

Fine sand (2cm)

Coarse gravel (3cm)

Charcoal (3cm)

The filtered water can be used for daily usage, toilet flushing, garden irrigation, emergency drinking water and fire fighting.

Coarse gravel (12.5cm)

Pea gravel (25cm)

Large rock (25cm)

Common water tank

Pipe for common water tank Pipe for rainwater facility

Rainwater Filter Barrel Section

Rainwater harvesting facility to community groups and house-owners.

Due to the need for nodes design at the catchment area, it is necessary to demolish the buildings at A and B and increase the height of the buildings at C to accommodate the former residents living at A and B.

STRATEGY 01 IMPROVE WATER STORAGE CAPACITY

Section A-A'

Section B-B'

STRATEGY 03 IMPROVE WATER STORAGE CAPACITY

STRATEGY 03 IMPROVE WATER STORAGE CAPACITY

Biorentation swales for narrow spaces Rain Garden for wide spaces

Curb beyond Curb cut

Paving Gravel base

Soil mixture

50% Sand, 30% Topsoil,

Reinforced concrete

Perforated pipe connecting

Gravel pipe bed

Gravel base

Biorentation Swales Cross Section

Curb cut

Concrete curb

Overflow catchment

Soil mixture 50% Sand, 30% Topsoil,

Gravel pipe bed

Perforated pipe connecting

Reinforced concrete

Gravel base

Biorentation Swales Long Section

Conveyance Element

Detention Element

Sedimentation

Filtration

Biological Uptake

Overflow inlet

Treated water and overflow

Extended detention zone

Functional vegetation supports

Extended detention

Filter layer (sandy loam)

Drainage layer (fine Transition layer

Perforated subsoil Geotexile layer

Detention Element

Sedimentation

Filtration

Biological Uptake

Outer or Higher Zone

Middle Zone Normal soil

Middle Zone Plants (A little drier but still tolerates fluctuating water levels)

Costus woodsonii Maas (Red Button Ginger)

Ilex cymosa Blume (Marsh Holly)

Neolitsea cassia (L.) Kosterm (Shore Laurel)

Cenchrus purpurascens Thunb. (Swamp Foxtail)

Crytosperma merkusii (Hassk.) Schott (Swamp Taro)

Vaccinium corymbosum 'Bluecrop' (Highbush Blueberry)

Physostegia virginiana 'Alba' (Obedient Plant)

Lithocarpus lucidus (Roxb.) Rehd. (Shining Oak)

200-300mm

Lowest Zone Filter Media

Lowest Zone Plants

Middle Zone

（Specious adapted to standing and fluctuating water levels）

Crinum 'Menehune' (Red Swanp Lily)

Centratherum punctatum (Brazil Button Flower)

Ipomoea aquatica Forssk (Water Convolvulus)

Cephalanthus occidentalis (Buttonbush)

Chrysopogen zizanioiders (L.) Roberty (Vetivergrass)

Thalia geniculata L. (Swamp Lily)

Eupatorium spp. (Joe-pye Weed)

Asclepias incarnata (Swamp Milkweed)

Outer or Higher Zone

Outer or Higher Zone Plants (Species adapted to drier conditions)

Galphimia glauca Lav. (Shower of Gold)

Ipomoea pes-caprae (Beach morning glory)

Acrostichum aureum L. (Leather Fern)

Pinus merkusii (Two-needled Pine)

Barringtonia acutangula (L.) Gaetn. (Wild Almond)

Barringtonia racemosa (Freshwater Mangrove)

Avicennia alba (Api Api)

Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich. (Swamp Cypress)

Plant are essential for facilitating the effective removal of nutrients and stormwater pollutants, removing water through evapotransipration, creating pathways for infiltration and helping to stavilize soil.

Secondary Canal Marsh Land Floating Green Island Advanture PlatformRain Garden

Exploration PotoonPorous Gravel Path Ecological Detention PondWetland

Riverbank Bioretention Swale

Picnic Dock

Ecological Detention Pond Wetland

Secondary Canal

Multiple-use Sand Filter Porous Gravel Entrance Porous Gravel Path Crosswalk Pier

Bird View

Terrace Rain Garden

Children Wood Play

Educational CreekBioretention Swale

Ecological Hodgerow

LIVE WITH WATER

Jakarta has become increasingly vulnerable due to various conflicts, and recent heavy rains have even caused major disruptions. Therefore, this plan will assess that where are the most vulnerable points, and then relieve the pressure caused by the storm water through a series of landscape strategies, such securing green space for water absorption, and redesign evacuation system. The goal is allowing people to have safer choices when facing heavy rains or floods based on the truth that they have already gotten used to water.

XIAO Xinyan

LIVE WITH WATER

A METHODOLOGY TO UTILIZE OPEN-SPACE FOR FLOOD DISASTER MITIGATION

LIVE WITH WATER

A METHODOLOGY TO UTILIZE OPEN-SPACE FOR FLOOD DISASTER MITIGATION

LIVE WITH WATER

A METHODOLOGY TO UTILIZE OPEN-SPACE FOR FLOOD DISASTER MITIGATION

LIVE WITH WATER

A METHODOLOGY TO UTILIZE OPEN-SPACE FOR FLOOD DISASTER MITIGATION

LIVE WITH WATER

A METHODOLOGY TO UTILIZE OPEN-SPACE FOR FLOOD DISASTER MITIGATION

LIVE WITH WATER

A METHODOLOGY TO UTILIZE OPEN-SPACE FOR FLOOD DISASTER MITIGATION

LIVE WITH WATER

A METHODOLOGY TO UTILIZE OPEN-SPACE FOR FLOOD DISASTER MITIGATION

LIVE WITH WATER

A METHODOLOGY TO UTILIZE OPEN-SPACE FOR FLOOD DISASTER MITIGATION

LIVE WITH WATER

A METHODOLOGY TO UTILIZE OPEN-SPACE FOR FLOOD DISASTER MITIGATION

LIVE WITH WATER

A METHODOLOGY TO UTILIZE OPEN-SPACE FOR FLOOD DISASTER MITIGATION

LANDSCAPE DESIGN FOR RIVER RESTORATION BASED ON SEDIMENT COLLECTION AND MANAGING IN CANGKARENG DRAIN, JAKARTA BARAT

FENG Zihan

(Abstract: The flooding problem is an ongoing challenge in Jakarta. The design aims to solve the damage of sediment deposition to drainage function in the river and Create an adaptable river landscape to challenge irregular changes in water levels.)

Since the start of the rainy season ten years ago, heavy rains in Jakarta have caused Many people became homeless and lost a lot of property. In recent years, 40 percent of the city to fall below sea level and the ground to keep sinking, due to geographical reasons and overexploitation of groundwater. All of these factors caused serious flooding. The design site, Cangkareng Drain, is an important link in the drainage facilities of Jakarta Barat. The surrounding area is very densely populated with residents and factories. In case of a flood, the damage will be devastating. In contrast to the government’s plan to widen the river, The design focuses on how to maintain the current channel width, using natural segregation to separate and remove sediment to achieve or exceed the carrying capacity of the widening channel plan. Firstly, I plan to divert the river into vacant land, meandering its flow path. Secondly, three sedimentation zones are set at the beginning of the designed channel. Regarding the sedimentation strategy of sediments, I did some simulation analysis. The result shows that there have some difference in flow rates on both sides of the curved channel, the clear water will be discharged from the outer channel which has faster water velocity, while the sediment will be deposited on the inner side and eventually deposited in the sediment pool. After a period of time, the sediment will be excavated on the inner side of the channel through manual intervention to reduce the problem of excessive sediment in the water.

At the same time, the design also provides much needed public space, like fitness track and a museum for the use of the surrounding residents. The peninsula on the east side is designed to be work well together with flooding, and can partially replenish the shallow groundwater pumped out by people.

It is known that the flooding issue in Jakarta has been affecting the society and environment in many ways and wouldn’t be completely solved in the near future. So I want to bring realistic and effective changes to the surroundings. And hopefully, it turns out to be sustainable.

ISSUE BACKGROUND

35-40% of channel capacity is lost due to sediment deposition

upstrem

soilerosionfarmingactivitiesdownstrem

6500-7000 t

of garbage are produced in the river every day, the main source of which is household garbage

30-70 cm of water depth on municipal roads during flood season

12 centimetres of land is sinking every year in Jakarta, especially in northern parts of the city

RIVER PROBLEM LOCATION

More than 60 percent of Jakarta's residents depend on groundwater.This provides nearly two-thirds of the city’s water consumption, around 630 million cubic metres out of 1 billion m3/year.

shallowgroundwater

source：http://theconversation.com/why-the-rich-in-jakarta-have-better-access-to-water-than-the-poor-its-not-the-piped-network-91658 https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-49481090

NATURAL REVETMENT (DAMAGED): Revetments,lackingprotectionfromnaturalvegetation,arevulnerabletofloodingandareamajor sourceofsedimentindownstreamwaterways

FARMING SPACE: Thelackofvegetationsurroundingthenaturaland unreinforcedchannel,adjacenttotheurbanfarmland system,isoneofthereasonswhythechannelcarriesa lotofsedimentduringtherainyseason

GARBAGE： Theubiquitousgarbageiscarrieddownstreambythe river,causingseriouschannelcongestion.During periodsofcontinuousrainfall,evenseverefloodingcan occur

WATER POLLUTION： Uncontrolleddischargeofdomesticsewageand industrialwastewaterleadstoeutrophicationofwater bodyandseriousbedhardening.Atpresent,theriver carryingcapacityisfarlowerthanthedesignedlevel

unhealthyriverbed nowcontains20,000tsilt lost35%-40%designcapacity

5.5m

Waterleveldifference contains114，000m3water

48mm

30% +114，000m3

Riversedimentation ±0.5M 2.1km2 contains2，000，000m3water 600，000m3water714，000m3water needbeconsidered Catchmentarea

Datasource:https://zh.weatherspark.com/

CURRENT RIVER SECTION CURRENT RIVER SECTION

WATER MODEL SIMULATION

Velocity.(simulation time:362s)

Shear Stress Excess.(simulation time:362s)

Velocity.(simulation time:177s)

Shear Stress Excess.(simulation time:177s)

WATER MODEL SIMULATION

General river section

General river section- (wetland part)

Masterplan of Jakarta Cengkareng Drain Park (Ordinary water-level)

CONSTRUCTION PLANNING

Site construction sequence

forth stage(2year later)

third stage(1.5year later)

third stage(1.5year later)

first stage

first stage: transfer the sediment nearby

Node perspective（sediment pool)

second stage(1 year later)

first stage

sedimentpool

sediment

Masterplan of Jakarta Cengkareng Drain Park (Flooding season)

a-a’section

freshwatercreek

b-b’section

sedimentpool

Reinforcedriverbase

Open

freshwatercreek

forest

excavator

ornamentalflpwerplantingarea floodingdischargetunnel

woodenplatform

ZHANG Bingqian

The site is located in the northwest of Jakarta, adjacent to Kali Canal. It is a kampung with a history of more than 60 years.

The study found that the Kali River has been widened in 2015, resulting in the forced demolition of more than 300 families in the surrounding area and moved to the new residential community along Daan Mogot Street, nearly 7km away. Since many residents were unwilling to be demolished and did not want to move to new tall buildings, this issue intensified the conflict between the government and residents, leaving the remaining people still living by the Kali River without a sense of belonging. At the same time, in Jakarta’s 2030 plan, the road along the Kali River will be rebuilt and widened to become a secondary road, which means their home will face demolition as well. Therefore, it is inevitable for them to leave, and, Jakarta ’s violent resistance to relocation shows that new living conditions must be carefully considered. This project aims to provide a new living environment that can provide them with the sense of belonging. The new residence will enable them to adapt to the high-rise building and participate in social production, resulting them treating it as home rather than a temporary residence. Through field investigation, it is found that in kampung, people manage themselves through the RT and RW system, which is one of the reasons why they do not want to move. Secondly, their income comes from each other, only a few people are factory workers, more than 40% of the households are engaged in informal sales activities like street vendors. In addition, it has many outdoor activities. And Kali River as their public area has become part of their daily lives. This design will reconsider people ’s resettlement issues, making the site close to the river, and create different landscapes by introducing water from the river into residential and agricultural area. For better agricultural production, it is determined the most suitable cultivated land through sunshine analysis. And rivers introduced will provide the irrigation. In terms of living environment, the river will flow along each building to give people the familiar feeling of still living on the banks of the river. After satisfying self-sufficiency, they can obtain the sense of ownership and belonging again. At the same time, using farming activities as a catalyst can enhance sense of community, financial support, education, and branding.

LANDUSE MAP Location of the Kedaung Kali Angke

The site is located in the northwest of Jakarta, adjacent to Kali Canal. It is a kampung with a history of more than 60 years.

Landuse of the Kedaung Kali Angke

The kampung village consists of the school, shops, family industries, kindergarten, and the mosque.

RIPARIAN SPACE ACTIVITIES

Kali River bank is the main open space

Kali River is not only the landscape unit, but also the open space for residents. People gather along the river to interact with each other.

RIPARIAN SPACE ACTIVITIES

Kali River bank is the main open space

Kali River

Kampung resident

Sewer

Pipe Pipe

Waste water tank

Waste water tank

Water tank

Kampung

KAMPUNG SOCIAL DISTANCE Activities in kampung

ACTIVITIES IN KAMPUNG

Hawker’s route connects the important places.

play

community

1.LOSS OF PUBLIC SPACE

2.CHANGE OF LIFE NEAR RIVER

3.LOSS OF

with water houses along river fishing

neighbours shops

ISSUES IN RELOCATION

From Kampung places to Highrise building

Compared with the rich activities in the kampung, the new settlement will meet the needs of people to communicate, and also affects the income of the shop.

4.LOSS OF PRODUCTION MODE

shopkeeper gas&water vegetable selling industry workers

APPLY KAMPUNG NEEDS TO RESETTLEMENT

Combine the needs of kampung with the space in new residential area

This design combines the characteristics and activities of the kampung with a new way of living to provide suitable sites for future development of residents, hoping to provide a more suitable environment.

Demands of Kampung Residents

Production methods

Organize

DESIGN IDEAS

Agricultural and Residential Integration System

Using the farming production not only produce the vegetable and fruits, but also the increase of waste and pollution.

SECTION OF DESIGN

Shade arrangement

SUNSHINE

MASTER PLAN along Kali River

Body Text - 8pt font size, 11pt leading space (Sentence Case)

c. Kampung Area

d. Master plan of site

a. Kali River

b. Kampung area

Kali River

The ne site will be along the Kali river and equiped with the basic needs of the residents.

AERIAL VIEW

show three-dimensional structure of the site

From the aerial view, the layout helps to make the maximum of the sunshine area for planting. Besides, it produce the shade, partial shade and patial sunshine area.

Aerial view direction

view also from the Kali river

SUNSHINE LAYOUT

Produce area from shade to sunshine

The distribution of the farming land is a tributary of Kali River.

Planting beds for each building Parking lot

Different open spaces along the river.

PLANTING PLAN

Different planting methods

Farming perspectives

Visiting perspectives

Living perspectives

DETAIL DESIGN

Farming land

Each building with a unit of farmland system

Drainage bank

Use wood and rock to build the sewage system along the farmland.

Use old paper ... to build the division of each land.

Vision position

FARMING ROUTE

Farming related activities

Farming activities are the main activities in this land and it contributes to the whole landscape, by planting and manage the lands.

Visitors’ view

PERSPECTIVES

Residents view

From community center to the sewage treatment station

People have different roles in the site, and the will meet at each public spaces, such as research center, market and community center.

Community center

The visions from day to night shows that the market and community center produce the ideal open space for the residence.

Farmland and research center

The wok on the land will lead to the unique landscape in the urban area.

The residential area can support itself by producing food and experience of farming activities.

Deterring crime & Building communities around river Apuran

Ekta Rakholiya

The project concern start from very personal experiences during site visit regarding theft and presence of rehab centers. Through further studies, it is found that Indonesia was formally a transit country for drugs, with much of its supply coming from Europe and other parts of Asia.1 But During the last five years, the domestic manufacture of crystal math has increased and is predicted that Indonesia will soon rival Europe as a provider for the world’s MDMA consumption.2 This indicates high presence of organized crime and certainly unfolding prominently in Jakarta.

Looking further into the issue, it is found that usually young adults of age group 15 to 35 tend to engage in such organized crime. Most of them are either unemployed youth or migrant workers. Digging deeper into what motivates them to engage in the drug trade, three major factors are found

:

1. Quick money making - hence helps to achieve financial independence,

2. Strong sense of Community and brotherhood - as they are often unwelcomed lone migrants in the Urban centers3

3. Addiction

Hence, the project aim is to create systems that not only deter crime but make a gradual transition towards healthier transformation of the society. This is done through three major strategies largely borrowed from theory “Defensible spaces : Crime prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) ”. This is achieved through three major strategies.

1. System Creations : To create cohesive society environment through job creation and social activities ;

2. Land use appropriation: To develop mix landuse and carefully re-laying road network to decrease the blind spots ;

3. On the ground : By transforming four different zones along the stretch of rive as per the immediate neighbourhood context.

Drug trade is not just an urban problem but a “Landscape issue” as well. When the cities act as breeding ground for drug trade - in the backdrop, large mass of rural land is transformed to cultivate the plants used for these stimulants. I believe, the solution to this also lies in Urban landscapes reforms. The proposed design interventions make an attempt to act as a circuit breaker for smuggling issues in urban centers by creating better opportunities for social well being and financial independence of the people engaged in this risky industry

As the title suggests, the quest is to explore the idea of “Fence”; the notion of boundary and [de] fence i.e. the idea of “un-fencing” with the aim of “defence” against crime. Responding to the rapidly rising organized crime in Jakarta (especially the drug trade & narcotics addiction), this project aims to transform the four different zones around the portion of river Kali Apuran into a vibrant space that not only act as a programmatic defense against existing crime, but also provide opportunity to achieve social well-being and financial Independence, hence making a move towards a better tomorrow. On a broader spectrum, the proposal tend to touch upon defense against rising economic inequality and flood issues as well.

SITE EXPERIENCE

& CRIME IN JAKARTA

Further study into crime issues in Jakarta

Everyday// During daily site visits,

Hidden indicators// “Stop Narcotics” signage around neighbourhood areas indicating presnce of narcotics and rehabe centers.

Out of bound zones// The area which we were denied to visit. Apparently, it is breeding ground for drug dealers and the dealing tend to happen in empty streets of formal settlement.

Crime issues and inequality in Jakarta// Drastic change in safety during day and night

Mapping Illicit trade// Data is accessed through seizures, law enforcement data and cross comparision with parallel legal markets

Day 1// First day - first hour on site, team member’s phone got snatched Day 3// One of the team member received offer for the substance trade.

UI students protect us as bodygaurds. Few member at front & few walking behind the whole group.

As the title suggests, the quest is to explore the idea of “Fence”; the notion of boundary and [de] fence i.e. the idea of “un-fencing” with the aim of “defence” against crime. Responding to the rapidly rising organized crime in Jakarta (especially the drug trade & narcotics addiction), this project aims to transform the four different zones around the portion of river Kali Apuran into a vibrant space that not only act as a programmatic defense against existing crime, but also provide opportunity to achieve social well-being and financial Independence, hence making a move towards a better tomorrow. On a broader spectrum, the proposal tend to touch upon defense against rising economic inequality and flood issues as well.

PROGRAMMATIC VISION

Beyond the [de]fence

ZONE 1 // BRIDGING THE GAP

Written by CHENG Jing

Abstract

By reconfiguring the land use to add and design green space, and increase the human activity function, to assume the role of communication and connection. Finally connecting that separates the density community.

The river, North of Kali Angke, now is sandwiched between factories and residential areas. The hard revetment leads to poor water sensitivity with the monotonous landscape, lack of connection road, and vegetation. The land use around the riverbank, in addition to residential areas and factories, there are large areas of undeveloped land and landfills. The utilization rate of these areas is extremely low. Meanwhile, residential areas are densely populated and closed with a severe lack of open space.

From what has been discussed above, there is insufficient space for daily activities and communication of the residents, resulting in the disconnection between the communities. Under Jakarta’s 2030 Masterplan, factories around the river will be turned into green trading and office areas. The closure of factories and the addition of residential areas have created new opportunities for riverbanks. But the government plan simply widens the river and increases the number of residential areas, leaving little to the landscape imagination. The main purpose of the project is to modify the government’s 2030 Masterplan with the existing land use to increase the riparian space and community open space. All this space will take on the role of community connection after landscape modification.

The first step is to the reconfiguration of the riparian and community open space by analyzing the government plans and existing site conditions. For the riparian corridor, where there are already dense residential areas, the hard revetment shall be retained to maintain the existing residential space. In the middle section of the river, the two banks are undeveloped areas and factories, according to the runoff direction the south bank is selected as the segments suitable part of the river to widen and enrich the landscape. For the planned green space, increase the available green space by selecting the unused space in the new green office area.

In summary, according to the revised planning, riparian expansion and the site condition increase the available green space. As the amount of green space increases, a green space system is formed, connecting the communities. Then, according to the new green space system, a landscape bridge is built on both sides of the riverside green space to connect the two sides and form a new pedestrian system. The road system and pedestrian system based on the new planned green space system also play the role of connecting the community. These green spaces will assume the responsibility for urban parks, playgrounds, and other activities of the residents. As the volume of residents’ activity and communication increases, the connectivity of the community will increase, ultimately eliminating the community disconnection.

RECONFIGURATION OF RIVERSIDE COMMUNITY OPEN SPACE BASEMAP

Satellite image

Building density

High density residential area in the west part of the river

Human flow&Disconnection

Vehical flow

SECTION

Existing Waterfront spatial change and disconnection

ISSUE

Community

Disconnection

Lack of public space

Monotonous

riparian landscape

RECONFIGURATION OF RIVERSIDE COMMUNITY OPEN SPACE

Existing landuse

LANDUSE

Government MASTERPLAN OF JAKARDA

Blocked community, undeveloped area, and industry

Revised plan

Community inner green space

Water flow

Decide the location about widening the river

Unused spcae

Adequate green space

Connection system

Community surrounding green space increased

Limitation Building Residential Flat Water Industry Greenspace Service building Education

Pedestrain Vehical Building Green Space Water Industry

Intersection of two river

Introduce the water into community

Water sensitive platform

Meandering walkway

Connection of the two riverside park

Stepped water sensitive platform

REGENERATION OF THE VERNACULAR WATER LANDSCAPE

Each city or region has a historical process that is continuous from its inception to the present. By discovering the modern meaning and illuminating it, we can find clues to create unique values. Based on this belief, I proposed regeneration of the vernacular water landscape in Jakarta. After independence, Jakarta has been transforming for over 60 years. Through urban development, water has slowly evaporated from the mental map of the city’s residents. The industrial transformation and the change in lifestyle create a distance between people and water. At the same time, the change of land use and complex roads covered by asphalt weaken the presence of water from the topography. As a result, water culture has been altered to be a frustrating issue. Additionally, the current water management ways cause social and environmental problems while keeping the water away from humans.

Therefore, based on the historical analysis, the interview, and the current land use, I proposed a floodable park and new types of agricultural communities with new water flow which would flow from west to north in the site. Both programs would create opportunities to appreciate water in life while managing flooding. In addition, in the intersection area, all people, including who belongs to different types of communities, could build an interactive relationship between themselves. That would enhance the sustainability and resilience on the site.

From the satellite map of 2004, I extracted the previous paddy field pattern. The pattern color suggests the subtle height difference and possibility of flood. I used this pattern for the master plan to rekindle historical connection. In order, I designed the topography, water flow, zoning, and land use by using it.

In short, expanding the project based on the historical analysis in each site, water would penetrate lifestyle and topography like the vein. That would create a more sustainable and resilient society in Jakarta .

ANALYSIS

Issue and Background

Nowadays, water culture has been altered to be a frustrating issue. People disconnect with water physically and mentally. However, due to frequency, people perceived floods in the delta areas as natural and normal. Primary industries such as agriculture and fisheries, were operated based on natural cycles including floods.

Issue Disconnection with Water

1. Negative images for water and rivers

2. Missing opportunities to appreciate water in life

3. Physical distances from river and oceans

Background Geographical Condition

ANALYSIS

City Scale Analysis

Historically, people used to be living with water in Jakarta. During the colonial era, the offensive approach towards nature and water brought from Dutch implemented.The Ciliwung River was diverted through a network of irrigation channels, spilling into the agriculture areas. After independence,

Used to be Living with Water

Transition of Water Management Way

Jayakarta

The Javanese kingdoms avoided low lands.

Colonial Era Canal System

1.Overflowed water from the hinterland to prevent upstream flooding.

2.Transported goods to inland area by small ships and boats

1.Provided the city with water when the flow of the Cilliwung river coud fall.

Challenged controlling flood while actively utilizing water

After Independence River Normalization

1. Widen the river and the roads.

3. Evict the Kampong residents

Keep the water away from humans

2. Cover the riverbank by concrete

Wetland

Paddy Fields and Aerable Lands Urban

ANALYSIS

Neighbourhood Scale Analysis

From the previous satellite maps, I analyzed the transistion of greenery and water on the site. Continuous housing development has eliminated the rich greenery and create distance from water.

ANALYSIS Design Concept

Through the agricultural process, all types of residents could appreciate nature and water. That would promote sustainability by local consumption of what is produced locally. In the urban floodable park, people could enjoy water activites and feel relaxed along the river. The park would serve as flood control eservoir. That would enhance the resilience on the site.

Urban Floodable Park and Urban Agricultural Communities

Other Residential Area

Kampong

Sustainable and Resilience

Rain

Gated Community Area

Urban Agricultural Communities

Agricultural Process

Cultivate

Blessings of Nature

Floodable Park

Urban Floodable Park

Activity List

Observe and Touch Nature

Enjoy Sports and Exercise

Feel

Growth Cycle and Harvest Calendor

MASTER PLAN AND DESIGN STRATEGY

Succeed Previous Paddy Field Pattern

From the satellite map of 2004, I extracted the previous paddy field pattern. The pattern color suggests the subtle height difference and possibility of flood. I used this pattern for the master plan to rekindle historical connection.

Intersection Area

PERSPECTIVE

Orchard handing down the memory of the land

At the center of the intersection area, I proposed the orchar area. Fruits attract both people and wild animals, and some trees have a long harvesting cycle. The orchard would become a place to handing down the memory of the land.

Urban floodable park enhancing the resilience on the site. PERSPECTIVE

People would get in touch with nature and water.

The riverbed and wetland would enhance flood resilience.

SPACES IN AND BETWEEN: A LANDSCAPE APPROACH FOR A COHESIVE MIXED CLASS COMMUNITY

Shao Zhongran

A settlement started to thrive in the northeast corner of nowadays Kedaung Kali Angke since the 1980s as the city of Jakarta sprawled. However, the community gradually split up as the public space encroached by the houses when the population boosted. The situation got even worsened after the government expanded the canal Kali Apuran in the year 2014. People feel disconnected with others living on the other side of the canal, and the tension between different classes is soaring. This proposal aims to provide an alternative for those settlements with familiar challenges through three strategies.

The first imperative is inserting public spaces functionally into the community. According to the study of residents’ behavior pattern, people live in different parts of the site have their own preference for the public space. The ones living along the canal reckon on a re-connection with another side. Most lower-class families in the kampung have to share water and sanitary facilities with others while such space is currently disorganized, so they prefer more space with infrastructures among the kampungs. The higher-class families have larger private living space, in comparison, they show more interest in space with unique features like fitness, entertainment, and meditation. Tiny unutilized spaces are supposed to turn to venues to bring the community together through this strategy.

In the second strategy, the existing road networks are renovated to improve connections between public spaces created. Partially uncovered drainage, undecorated front door area, lack of street greenery, and monotone paving styles make the existing road system a dull space for the residents. To transform the roads into an authentic zone for living and extend people’s range of movement, different types of roads are given their own identities by reforming the sections and adding road infrastructures. The paving varies in specific segments to indicate the public spaces surrounding. Also, the roads present motorists and drivers with a succession of both physical and visual restraints designed to encourage slow driving which also make it friendly to pedestrians.

The third strategy is about reforming buildings and structures. The RW office and the mosque are the buildings tend to have the greatest impact upon the community in the village. Extending the function of the RW office into a community center and making a physical upgrade of both can help create hotspots in the village. What’s more, to boost the north-south connection in the village and highlight the two public buildings, a 1-storey high footbridge is proposed between them, with a roof garden and roof platform along the route.

By creating the system of patches-network-hotspots, the proposal integrates the kampung village to a livable place as well as a cohesive community for people with different backgrounds in a regional context.

SITE LOCATION

Jakarta, Indonesia

CRITICAL ISSUE AND VISION

- People along Kali Apuran feel more connected to the people on the other side than the people who lives in housing blocks of higher class.

- The relationship between classes deteriorated after the expansion of the canal in 2014.

- The people in the kampung are relatively independent, and do not really engaged in community activities of the region.

Expansion of canal Kali Apuran

2014

Houses along the canal were demolished, families moved away.

Informal settlements crowded along the canal, residents were united.

2m 10m

Cengkareng Drain

SDN elementary school

RW Office

Mosque

Motorcycle parking shed

canal canal

Cengkareng, West JakartaNorthwest of Keduang Kali Angke Area: 5.1 ha

Upper-middle class house

Private

3 household types

Lower-middle class houseInformal settlements

Private sanitary facilities; Don’t have much space for courtyards;

lack of cohesion in mixed-class area

higher-middle class

lower-middle class

informal settlement (kampung)

People share public sanitary facilities; Blocks divided by alleys; highest population density

Unite people beyond both physical and socio-economic barriers

public living space range of movement

sanitary facilities; big private courtyard fenced.

SITE ANALYSIS

Unutilized space

tiny and sporadic

Floor level

1 floor

2 floor

3 floor

Land use

residential shop + residential shop

school

water & gas shop

home factory

mosque

pumping station

office

Accessbility

car and motorcycle allowed motorcycle allowed

Road hierarchy

primary (>6 m)

secondary (5-6 m)

tertiary (3-5 m)

alley (1-2.5 m)

Drainage

covered

uncovered/partially covered

Road material

mud and gravel

cement

asphalt

Type of activity

Space requirements

Chatting & relaxing Washing

Fitness

Entertaining Children’s

public living space in the kampung 12 pm 9 pm

BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS

bank of the canal RW office mosqueelementary school vehicular roadskampung alley

chat, laundrychat, play along the canalchat prayplay, vendorchildren playingchat, play

STRATEGY PROPOSAL

1. Inserting public spaces

2. Improving road connections

Network

3. Reforming buildings and structure

Patches facilitate connect

connect improve

Hotspot

MASTER PLAN

FL-1 rubber paving, mixed colour

FL-2 stone floor, irregular

FL-3 polywood lumber

FL-4 concrete drainage tile, grey

FL-5 grass paving blocks

FL-6 ashlar brick floor, dark tone

FL-7 stretcher bond tile, mixed red

FL-8 herringbone tile, mixed grey

FL-9 cobblestone, beige

FL-10 running bond stone, pink tone

STRATEGY 1- PATCHES: INSERTING PUBLIC SPACES

Public living spaces among the kampung

Public living space I

Public living space II

Public living space III

Tiny unutilized spaces are sporadically transformed into venues to bring the community together according to the study upon residents’ behavior pattern.

Among higher-middle & lower-middle class houses

Sunken platform

Around the elementary school

Fitness area

Public living space II

STRATEGY 2- NETWORK: IMPROVING ROAD CONNECTIONS

Jl. Zamrud II

Jl. Zambrud

Roads are given identities by reforming the sections and adding road infrastructures. Varying road paving and programs present motorists and drivers with a succession of both physical and visual restraints designed to encourage slow driving which also make guidance for pedestrians to nearby public spaces.

Jl. Badar

Jl. Badar

STRATEGY 3- HOTSPOTS: REFORMING BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURE

Making physical upgrades of the mosque and extending the functionality of the RW (Rukun Warga, the division of regions under the Village) office into a community center can help unite all residents. To boost the north-south connection and highlight the two buildings having the greatest impact upon the community, a 1-storey high footbridge is proposed between them with a platform and a roof garden along the route.

public living space

roof garden scaffolding

mosque

community center (RW Office)

PATCH - NETWORK - HOTSPOT

Color spectrum & Section

Aerial view

A Street-led Approach to an Improved Communal Fabric

Poornima Bargotra

In most kampungs, the street is a channel of movement, a communication space, a place of social and commercial encounters, and most of all, the only public space available. It has a symbolic value, holding an importance as a ceremonial space in the neighbourhood. They tend to be multifunctional and multi-layered instead of clearly zoned areas of uses and types, further resonating the vibrancy of these shared streets.

The chosen site is located in Kedaung Kali Angke, a neighbourhood situated in the North West part of the dense city of Jakarta, Indonesia. With an area of 3.1ha and about 250 households, it comprises of diverse housing and road typologies. Through the adoption of multiple strategies, the aim of this project is to leverage the dynamic nature of the streets as natural conduits of the kampung, and reinvigorate the overall neighbourhood and kampung fabric through a “bang for the buck” approach. It is to look at streets as not just a physical entity for mobility and connectivity, but also as the familiar public realm where social, cultural and economic activities thrive efficiently.

The first strategy is to redefine the streets by looking at how the residents tend to use the space. It is done by studying the current human activities and chalking out possible scenarios for new layers of active programming accordingly – by the use of various placemaking tools focusing on recreational, educational, economic and cultural necessities. These tools are designed with keeping the existing essence of multi-functionality in mind. This overall approach will also act as “social equalisers” which will bring households together, and further enable and provide space for activities while maintaining the integrity of the existing socio-economic conditions.

The second strategy is to re-imagine new road typologies by proposing effective changes to the existing that can be prioritised according to the level of intervention and improvement, thus determining the cost factor. A mix of various approaches- comprising of road widening, tactical redefinition of road directionality and typology are set out to enhance the streetscape in terms of a planning standpoint. Road and green infrastructure tools are used – for example, introducing rain gardens, vegetated swales and permeable paving strategically.

The third strategy is to formalise certain parts of the streets to create designated activity zones by studying the present typology of building uses, their locations and conditions. This approach will ensure that the parts of the streets selected for improvement are actually the ones that are likely to generate the highest impact on the optimisation of the land use - where the residents benefit not just socially, but also economically by now allowing space for commercial activities.

By carrying out the above strategies and the various tools - the design envisions a street led approach to an improved communal fabric, while also trying to achieve the most impact out of the least invasive and costly interventions. The proposal can also become a possible model that can be adaptable to other similar sites.

BACKGROUND

Streets as an opportunity for improvement

Shared Streets - A linear connection that facilitates multiple activities

Importance of Streets

A framework

Why streets?

In most kampungs, the street is a channel of movement, a communication space, a place of social and commercial encounters, and most of all, the only public space available. It has a symbolic value, holding an importance as a ceremonial space in the neighbourhood. They tend to be multi-functional and multi-layered instead of clearly zoned areas of uses and types, further resonating the vibrancy of these shared streets.

PRESENT ACTIVITY ANALYSIS

Classifying activities in the stsreets of Jakarta Kampungs

Activity Framework

These activities happen along roads and streets, depending on their size and proximity to areas such as mosques, schools or even the waterfront. After studying these existing activities, three main design strategies come in to play.

SITE LOCATION

Kampung Kedaung Kali Angke

Housing types in site: Informal settlements

- 1-2 storey semi-permanent housing

- Direct connection to the streets

- Houses usually divided by alleyways

- Sharing of facilities

Lower middle class housing

- Gated houses with no open space

- Spill out as a semi private space (usually for gardening)

Upper middle class housing

Gated houses w/ developed road infrastructure

Selected site data:

250+ households

Total Area: 3.1ha

Population: 1000 (approx.) River edge condition on West & South side

- Gated houses with courtyard

- Lined along the main road, close to school & convenience stores

NEIGHBORHOOD

Kedaung Kali Angke, West Jakarta

ApuranRiver

Jakarta, Indonesia CITY

Showing general road density and road structure

low density high density

Mookenvart Drain

Bound by drains & rivers on all four sides

Design concept & strategies

Neighbourhood scale data:

Total Area of neighbourhood: 261 hectares

Total Population: 36100

With 10 RW’s (Division of regions under the village)

The chosen site is located in Kedaung Kali Angke, a neighbourhood situated in the North West part of the dense city of Jakarta.

STRATEGY 01:

Chalk out new activities by studying existing activities

Thinking: Introduce placemaking tools focusing on recreational, educational, economic and cultural necessities.

STRATEGY 02:

Re-imagine new road typologies by proposing effective changes to the existing.

Thinking: Road widening, tactical redefinition of road directionality & infrastructure improvement

STRATEGY 03:

Formalize parts of the streets to create designated activity zones by studying the present typology of building uses.

Thinking: Connecting these buildings to the streets through paving change, delineation strategies and appropriate placemaking introduction.

Along Apuran

Primary school

Mosque

Shopfront Shopfront

Shopfront

Along Cengkareng

Analysis - existing road typology

ROAD & BUILDING USES STUDY

roadside planting recreation area

cengkareng drain 50m wide

Primary Road

buildings cut off due to expansion spontaneous vegetation mud road

7.0m apuran river 10m wide

Secondary Road

Analysis - existing building uses

Economic impact: Opportunity for shop-front decks

Tertiary Road

potted plants

3.0-6.0m

back of house facing the alley

Alleyways

Strategy: Using the existing building uses to study where certain insertions can be made - where the residents benefit not just socially, but also economically by now allowing space for commercial activities.

Educational & economic impact: Opportunity for street vendors & schoolyards

Cultural impact: Opportunity for mosque plazas

Primary School & Kindergarten Shops (Convenience Stores)

Mixed Used (Including warungs)

Mosque Office (RW & Law Office)

Water & Gas Shop

Open Space

Residential

Jl. Kristal

Jl. Biduri Bulan

Jl. Zamrud Jl. Kapuk Pulo Cengkareng Drain

Jl. Mustika

STRATEGY 01

Chalk out new activities by studying existing activities

The first strategy is to redefine the streets by looking at how the residents tend to use the space It is done by studying the current human activities and chalking out possible scenarios for new layers of active programming accordingly – by the use of various placemaking tools focusing on recreational, educational, economic and cultural necessities.

STRATEGY 02

Re-imagine new road typologies by proposing changes to the existing

One of the strategies is to re-imagine new road typologies by proposing effective changes to the existing roads. A mix of various approaches- Giving more space for pedestrian on roads by the tactical redefinition of road directionality and typology are set out to enhance the streetscape in terms of a planning standpoint. Road and green infrastructure tools are used – for example, introducing rain gardens, sidewalks and permeable paving strategically.

More space for public -Swales

-Community Gardens

-Pathways

Current Road Typology

Existing roads

Road directionality

Proposed Road Typology

Re-imagined road typology by reducing width and re-configuring road directionality

Green/public space gained due to narrowing of roads

Newly introduced communal public streets

Road directionality

6m 3m

Reducing road widths

Change in directionality accordingly

Converting primary roads along waterway to pedestrianized communal streets

Reducing tertiary roads to one way, giving more space for public space

Benefits of re-configuration of road typology:

Increase in public space: 45%

Break-outs

For larger root space

GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE TOOLS

Stormwater Planter

For roadside greenery

Permeable Paver

To be used in alleyways, parking lots & newly introduced sidewalks

Covered tree trench

For tertiary roads with minimal space

Rain Garden

For planting areas along the river

Permeable Asphalt

To be used in primary roads

Rain Garden

Permeable concrete

Stormwater Planter

Grasscrete permeable pavers for parking areas

Permeable asphalt

Permeable Concrete

To be used in tertiary roads & event areas (colored concrete)

Cengkareng Drain

Permeable Pavers

Crossings

Chicanes

To slow traffic

Speed table & Crossings

For safe pedestrian access

Bump-outs

To delineate parking areas

Speed bump & Water table

To slow traffic & direct water

Example - Application of the tools

MASTER PLAN

By carrying out the different strategies and the various tools - the design envisions a street led approach to an improved communal fabric, while also trying to achieve the most impact out of the least invasive and costly interventions – but still respecting the existing activities. The design plan highlights these various interventions.

Primary School

Mosque

Shopfront Shopfront

Shopfront Mosque Govt Office

Cengkareng Walk

Apuran Multi-Functional Scape

Formalizing sections of streets according to existing building uses

Along Tertiary road (Jl. Badar) near primary school

Along proposed communal street & existing primary road (Jl. Zamrud)

Along Kali Apuran (primary road) converted into a communal street with alleyway connections

*Refer to masterplan on left for location of these sections

Section AA’*

Section BB’*

Section CC’*

ESSENCE OF MULTI-FUNCTIONALITY

As the road along Cengkareng drain is now transformed into a fully pedestrianised zone, the design envisions to be multi-functional throughout the length of the street, with change in paving and placemaking playing a major role. Tools such as fishing pavilions, waterfront steps and picnic areas are proposed – paying homage to how people already use this space.

1. Existing Road (7.0m)

2. Proposed parking area

3. Existing roadside greenery

4. Street front steps

5. Flexible schoolyard

6. Waterfront seating

7. Fishing pavilion

8. Lookout deck

9. Picnic area

10. Bike path - 3.0m (integrated with existing covered drain)

11. Waterfront steps

1. Weekend market deck

2. Flexible schoolyard as an extension to the market (multi-functional space)

3. Weekend fish market

4. Weekend picnic

Flexible area with permeable paving & floor markings that can be changed accordingly

FLEXIBLE SCHOOLYARD

PLAYING GATHERING LEARNING

WATERFRONT STEPS

Steps bringing people closer to the waterfront

Lighting & way-finding integration

PICNIC AREA Complexity

Lightweight low cost tensile structure

FISH MARKET

Space for temporary structures

Complexity

MARKET DECK

Complexity

ARTIST’S IMPRESSION

Bringing the elements together

By carrying out the design strategies, the design envisions to improve streets but still staying true to the basic essence of these streets - which comprises of the existing human activities. The artist’s impression here shows how some of these placemaking tools and elements come together - with a design derived from the people and designed for the people.

Observation shows that activities conducted along the streetscape of Kedaung Kali Angke were disorganized. These disordered activities mismatch the way how public space should be designed and how people are using it. Fishing being one of those common activities along the streetscape was, in fact, a supplementary food source for the locals. Despite knowing that the rivers are polluted, some local continues to fish for food while some treated it as a form of leisure. According to research, water quality would gradually improve by 2026 due to the implementation of processing household wastewater before pumping into the rivers started in 2019. Therefore, it is highly encouraged to put this implementation into good use by concurrently reinvigorate the aquatic habitat of the river. This would benefit the supplementary food source and as well provides ecological values/hotspots to the region. As such, the project focuses on fishing as the design driver and aquatic habitat creation to inform the spatial design. The project also envisioned to enable human access to above the river’s space through integration with the process of aquatic habitat creation.

Cengkareng river is chosen as the foundational river as most of the activities can be found clustering there. Elevated decks will be implemented as integration to the aquatic habitat to create elevated space for activities such as kiosk market, fishing, and other community events. The spatial designs will be driven by the creation of aquatic habitat in 3 intervention segments. In the first segment, to mimic a calm aquatic environment that will improve the fish population, half of the existing park will be merged with the river into a wetland park. This wetland park not only filters but also reduces the flow of water. The wetland park will also serve as an attraction to attract users with its openness and access to clean water to conduct a wider range of outdoor activities. In the second segment, the second half of the existing park will be integrated with the elevated kiosk market to provide seating space for users. The vertical supporting structure of the elevated decks will be attached with artificial aquatic habitat modules made from recycled materials to create a favorable environment for fishes to mingles and refuge. While this artificial habitat module primarily functions are to mimic the aquatic environment, they also trap solid wastes and can be easily removed and maintained. In the last segment, elevated fishing space will be extended to the mid-river to enhance fishing productivity. Fishing rod holders, benches, and wider spaces will be installed to enhances the fishing experience. Series of sponge vegetations will also be introduced to provide foods and hiding spots for fishes while distanced exposed water surfaces away from the riverbank to prevent unintended fishing activity.

From this project, the idea of using the river’s space to create new spaces for activities and therefore reorganize an otherwise disordered streetscape can be applied to other similar contexts in Jakarta.

Lim Wenfa

SITE ANALYSIS

Street Activities Map

Project Location

Legend

Football court

Non-sheltered restpoint

Sheltered restpoint

Biker restpoint

Poultry cages

Rubbish point

Plastic collection

Mass garbage collection

Groundcable installation

Fruit stalls

Food stalls/Kiosks

Fishing

Playground

Lawn maintenance

Flower stall/Gardening

Ownership Map

Legend

Land owned by residents

Land owned by government

Unlisted land

PROJECT FOCUS

Fishing, despite knowing that the fish they eat was contaminated by polluted water. “The fish doesn’t taste good anymore, we eat it because we have to fill our stomachs with food.”

Channel NewsAsia (CNA), 2018

The government developed the Jakarta Sewerage System (JSS) to process household waste water before pumped into rivers. The system is expected to reduce pollution in Jakarta’s 13 rivers. The construction can begin in 2020. The project is set to finish in 2026.

The Jakarta Post, 2018

PROJECT VISION

Reinvigorate Aquatic Habitat

Enabling

Fishing despite raining

Fishing along riverbank Fishes caught are kept in tank Net fishing

Fishing as the design driver Aquatic habitat creation informs spatial design

human access to above river’s space

CHOSEN SITE CONTEXT

Preschool

Playground

Plant stalls

More activity spaces created

DESIGN PROCESSES

Expansion of green area

Opens to water bodies

Expansion of waterspace

More accessibility

DESIGN PROCESSES

WETLAND PARK

A calm aquatic environment that will improve fish population, half of the existing park will be merged with the river into a wetland park. This wetland park not only filter but also reduces flow of water. The wetland park will also serve as an attraction to attracts users with its openness and access to clean water to conduct a wider range of outdoor activities.

SECTION A-A

KIOSK MARKET & AQUATIC HABITAT CREATION

Second half of the existing park will be integrated with the elevated kiosk market to provide seating space for users. Vertical supporting structure of the elevated decks will be attached with artificial aquatic habitat modules made from recycled materials to create a favourable environment for fishes to mingles and refuge. While this artificial habitat modules primarily functions are to mimic the aquatic environment, they also trap solid wastes and can be easily removed and maintained.

SECTION B-B

Series of sponge vegetations will also be introduced to provide foods and hiding spots for fishes while distanced exposed water surface away from the riverbank to prevent unintended fishing activity.

KIOSK MARKET & AQUATIC HABITAT CREATION

Aquatic habitat devices

Detail 1

Detail 2

KIOSK MARKET & AQUATIC HABITAT CREATION

Aquatic habitat modules

Detail 3

Detail 4

FISHING DECK & CRUSTACEANS HABITAT CREATION

Elevated fishing space will be extended to the mid river to enhance fishing productivity. Fishing rod holders, benches and wider spaces will be installed to enhances fishing experience.

SECTION C-C

REFLECTIONS

We had the opportunity to visit Jakarta and work alongside UI students, which was a fruitful collaboration. Studying about the local community was eye opening and I was immediately intrigued by how people use the limited outdoor spaces (in the dense setting of the settlements) and make it their own. This led my project - to design for the community but by investigating impact out of the least invasive and costly interventions. I began to dive a lot into the socio-economic dynamics of the kampung and the multi-functional aspect of spaces. Throughout the process, I learnt to be self-critical, and focus on my rational

my time management and prioritization. Excited to use the knowledge gained and see what the next studio has in store!

The studio offered me different perspectives on designing an adaptive landscape for Jakarta. Throughout this

get to experience the living conditions within the kampung community, neighbourhood conditions as well as venturing out to other parts of Jakarta. This experience opens up opportunities where I can explore various possible design solutions which can better serve the people living in Jakarta. As my project focus on solid waste, I’ve gained waste production and am excited to apply the knowledge gained from this studio in the upcoming studios as well. Overall, this studio taught me to be analytical throughout the whole design process, to be bold in exploring new landscape design ideas and self-critical on my project work.

Chin Qiwei

This semester is an unforgettable one. First of all, I have never been to Jakarta, a big city with chaos and complexity. every day. The city is full of crises as well as opportunities. In addition, the studio course later became an online type because of the pandemic, and our project quickly entered the stage of personal design. This is a big challenge for everyone. We need to communicate the details of the plan with the teacher through video. I have to say it improves the ability to think alone. Finally, I tried large-scale urban shortcomings. I hope I can make progress next time.

Bargotra Poornima

Carissa

This studio provided an opportunity to explore potentials of Landscape architecture to solve complex level city challenges. This was the first time for me to explore a complex city like Jakarta and confronting issues related to crime. While working on it, I realized that almost every city has those pockets and alleys where these negative activities breed and Landscape design strategy can really provide a solution for transition towards improving the neighbourhood. Though the final design outcome was greatly affected by COVID situation, I am extremely grateful for the guidance from Ervine and Kenya. I feel that this semester I learned a lot at the level of system thinking and social dynamics that shapes the spatial use in public places.

I really enjoy the process of the field trip, and the whole experience is very hard, interesting, and even unforgettable. The studio this semester enabled me to complete the design of a river from the perspective of the city-scale. It was a crazy design in a sense because I diverted the river. But it was for this reason that I was driven to study the nature of the river in-depth, to do various simulations to verify my conjecture. I believe that through this studio, I will have a deeper understanding of the laws of the natural river system than before, which also makes me pay more attention to the landscape benefits brought by the whole site design, and make better design decisions in future works.

In the studio this semester, I decided to choose the topic of flooding management that I have never been exposed to, which was very complex and difficult for me. I had a lot of thinking, searched a lot of data and tried to make the runoff calculation. There were many mistakes and shortcomings in the final results, however, for myself, I harvest and achieved pretty much. This was the most complete design process I have ever made. In the further study, I will try to challenge other landscape issues and improve my design ability.

Ekta Balubhai Rakholiya

Feng Zihan

Han Cong

This semester had been a roller-coaster of emotional and stress which I have never experience in any of my pervious studios for the past 4years in NUS. The studio started with a comfortable pace of researching and site visiting and eventually expedited by the second half of the semester. Being naturally slow and lost in thought, I was stuck with my design thinking and couldn’t narrate and convince myself what exactly I wanted to do. Eventually I dropped a few initial explorations and things started geting clearer at last. I wished I could start on the final focus “river ecology” earlier so that I could strengthen my argument and really go deep into it. Nevertheless, I really enjoyed this semester as we get to experiences the kampung’s culture of Jakarta!

This semester, I learned a lot about design logical thinking and large-scale design principle. In a preliminary field trip, we went to Jakarta, where I gained the local situation, culture, city life and made new friends. What an unforgettable journey! During my design process, my design topic is wastewater, and I met some problems like professional theoretical knowledge, which involves engineering. It’s a big challenge for me. Fortunately, my tutors gave me a lot of useful suggestions and encouragement. They help me combing design logic and drawing revision. During this pandemic period, our normal face-to-face course cannot continue, but our tutors try their best to improve class quality. Thanks for their efforts! I hope I can study harder and learn more next semester.

I want to thank Ervine and Kenya for guiding and supporting me. I’m glad I made it through, although I could not work out the details. This project was a great opportunity for me to think about how to build an interactive relationship between humans and water deeply. I realized that referring to historical things is my fundamental design approach. Overall, through this semester, I have enhanced both my perspective and designing skills.

Lim Wenfa

Lyu Jiawei

Mamiko Tanaka

This project has been an exciting one to work on, although the semester through the onset and prime of the pandemic was quite challenging. It helped me learn and experiment with the limitations of the scope of my profession. I liked that we were not given a specific site, and our instincts or interests were made to guide us to it. Jakarta was a very good site with lots to learn from and a web of complex challenges.The design process however, was interrupted due to current situation and changing restrictions. With a shift in work patterns and consultations i think i struggled to handle the changing ways of things working. Its been an unconventional journey full of anxiety and ambiguity, and we were lucky to have very understanding and supportive tutors to guide us through.

This semester is quite special for us due to the COVID-19, but luckily we have made great progress. For me, the biggest challenge is keeping amending my design strategies to make them convincing and then defending my ideas of specific design proposals. This process was hard but turned out to be fruitful. It helps me have a better understanding of logical level in landscape design. I want to give thanks to Ervine and Kenya for putting much effort into their work under this situation. Also, I appreciate the company of our UI friends during our field research in Indonesia.

Compared with last studio designing for ecology, this semester I developed much more skills in designing the landscape infrastructure. Identifying the issues and developing the concept is a very resourceful experience, especially when lots of practical situations are considered. For the project itself, I find blue and green matrix can be large and complicated systems, and it requires hierarchical thinking to classify the major function systems inside the matrix, which will help me develop a more reasonable and convincing design idea. Other important knowledge I learnt is about landscape details. Landscape details can be abundant, so I should consider carefully before zooming into the most relative details.

Ruiee Vithal Dhuri

Shao Zhongran

Wang Haobo

Generally I really enjoyed this semester’s studio. I felt happy that my work could started with a macro methodology analysis then the design was developed step by step based on the analysis. The entire process helped to make my design become more reasonable. Apart from that, climate changes and flooding are the topics I always want to touch and explore, thus I’m satisfied I could do relevant design in real world and got the chance to do field trip in a totally unfamiliar context, which was challenging but interesting. This experience gave me a lot of surprise and more importantly, let me deal with conflicts in a complicated culture. Hopefully I could dig more in this field in the future.

The studio is very close to the real project. We actually went to Jakarta. It is very useful to start from surveying the kampungs and end up with thoughtful designing. It is based on a very good understanding of the site. Among all stuff, the investigation with students in Jakarta has played a very good role in communication. We did it with them and we became good friends. My project is a sensitive topic, but our teachers do not evade it, but encourages me to follow the idea to design in depth. This is an unforgettable journey.

This project gave me a chance to touch on issues like garbage dump that I had never touched before. This semester I learned how to think systematically about the design and completion of the whole project in terms of the timeline, how to integrate the landscape with technology tools, and how to sort the garbage and leachate. I am so grateful for the help and guidance Ervine and Kenya gave me.

Xiao Xinyan

Zhang Bingqian

Zhang Bingyi

I am quite grateful for the guidance from Ervine and Kenya. I think I have a better understanding of design after this Studio through the process of landing (Experience the complex ground conditions of Jakarta), grounding (Detailed analysis and experiential explorations), finding (Discover the potential areas), founding (Propose ways to restructure elements of the city). I learned more targeted analysis and derived my design based on analysis and observation.

During our field trip to Jakarta in this semester, I have experienced and learned a lot from this city. It was my first time to take an in-depth conversation to kampong residents, which was quite fresh to me. Meanwhile, it was an excellent opportunity to meet and study with UI students! Apart from that, the crime topic was a big challenge for me as well. Luckily, when I came across a lot of pitfalls during the whole process, thanks to Ervine and Kenya, gave many helpful suggestions to me and led me to the right direction finally. One pity thing is that on account of the epidemic situation, the face-to-face courses have reduced. However, I appreciated all the efforts we have made and happy with my improvement in logical thinking.

This semester’s studio gives me a brand new experience. The in-depth research in Jakarta made me feel the responsibility as a landscape architect and what I should do to change this situation. In this project, I mainly focus on stormwater management and how to bring new life experience to Jakarta through water. After the detailed analysis, the main issue is obtained and the new design strategy is established. Therefore, I am quite grateful for the guidance from Ervine and Kenya, so that my project can be presented step by step. Compared to last semester, I feel that I have made great progress, although there are still some areas that need to be improved.

Zhang Yifei

Zhong Yixin

Zhou Xianfeng

Editors:

ZHANG Yifei

ZHANG Bingqian

WANG Haobo

SHAO Zhongran

FENG Zihan

TANAKA Mamiko

Copyright © 2020 Ervine Lin and Kenya Endo (ed.)

ISBN: 978-981-14-9850-3