diss CONNECT ‘A place to dissconnect from the ‘new normal’ but also to connect with yourself’
ELENA BENÍTEZ ESPINO AB 964 Design Studies 5A 2020/2021 MArch/Pg Dip Advanced Architectural Design Department of Architecture University of Strathclyde
ABSTRACT
This thesis will focus on Glasgow’s mental health, specially in Possilpark. By the end of the thesis I am aiming to develop spaces to improve people’s life. Possilpark is not the only neighbourhood, so I want to design something that can apply to other cities too. Covid 19 has helped realise how important mental and physical health are.
Department of Architecture University of Strathclyde AB 964 Design Studies 5A 2020/2021 MArch/Pg Dip Advanced Architectural Design MArch Architectural Design International Declaration ‘‘I hereby declare that this thesis submission is my own work and has been composed by myself. It contains no unacknowledged text and has not been submitted in any previous context. All quotations have been distinguished by quotation marks and all sources of information, text, illustration, tables, images etc. have been specifically acknowledge. I accept that if having signed this Declaration my works should be found at Examination to show evidence of academic dishonesty the work will fail and I will be liable to face the University Senate Discipline Committee.’’ Name: Elena Benitez Espino Signed: ____________________ Date: 14/11/2020 Department of Architecture Level 3, James Weir Building 75 Montrose Street Glasgow G1 1XJ t: +44 (0) 141 548 3023/3097/4219 e: architecture@strath.ac.uk
The place of useful learning The University of Strathclyde is a charitable body, registered in Scotland, nomber SC015263
pg 7
TABLE OF
CONTENTS Manifesto ..................................................................................................................... pg.9 01 - Group work Action................................................................................................................. pg.12 Unit goals ......................................................................................................... pg. 13 Over-arching theme ........................................................................................... pg. 13 Identified communities......................................................................................... pg. 14 Glasgow’s urgencies............................................................................................ pg. 16 Unit collaboration & work sharing........................................................................ pg. 18 02 - Urgencies Mind-map............................................................................................................. pg. 23 Glasgow.............................................................................................................. pg. 24 03 - Location research Possilpark & Ruchill.......................................................................................... pg. 28 History............................................................................................................... pg. 30 Demographics (Possilpark & Ruchill)................................................................... pg. 32 Possilpark overview............................................................................................ pg. 34 Life expectation (Possilpark & Ruchill)............................................................... pg. 35 Possilpark study................................................................................................. pg. 36 New developments.............................................................................................. pg. 38 The neighbourhood............................................................................................ pg. 40 Community centres & health facilities................................................................. pg. 42 The cycle........................................................................................................... pg. 47 04 - Mental health Mental health................................................................................................... pg. 50 Glasgow.............................................................................................................. pg. 52 How to boost mental health............................................................................... pg. 54 Doughnut economics.......................................................................................... pg. 56 05 - Taking Action How to break the cycle?....................................................................................... pg. 60 Benefits of gardening........................................................................................... pg. 62 Sensory gardens.................................................................................................. pg. 63 Green therapy.................................................................................................... pg. 64 Blue therapy...................................................................................................... pg. 65 Breaking the cycle............................................................................................. pg. 66 Precedents......................................................................................................... pg. 68 Possible nodes.................................................................................................... pg. 72 Hamilton claypits local nature reserve............................................................... pg. 74 15-minute city.................................................................................................... pg. 76 The idea............................................................................................................. pg. 78 Interviews.......................................................................................................... pg. 82 [not a] Conclusion............................................................................................... pg. 85 Next steps.......................................................................................................... pg. 87 List of figures............................................................................................................. pg. 90 References ................................................................................................................... pg. 92 Bibliography ................................................................................................................ pg. 93
MANIFESTO
pg 9
The prime inspiration for the direction of this thesis project is an interest on how as architects, we can change people’s mental health by designing spaces to improve it. Many discussions have been held on how mental health has been worse over the past year. Glasgow has a history of bad mental health around its neighbourhoods. By researching Glasgow’s mental health as well as the reasons of those statistics, will help design spaces to improve people’s lifestyle and the urgencies Glasgow and many parts of the world are facing. This thesis aims to address the mental health issues that during this pandemic has worsen. Lockdown self-isolation and not being able to meet friends and family have been some of the factors. The big changes we are suffering in the world are affecting at a big scale deprived neighbourhoods there are not enough jobs, poor lifestyle and not many places to disconnect. By creating places where people can disconnect from the “new normal” we are living in. Places they can reflect and connect with themselves. But also places people can learn new skills and can contribute to create a community economy, as well as making themselves more healthy. Gardening is one of the ways to improve physical and mental health; bike lanes, community gardens, spaces for mental and physical improvement can also be some of the new developments. There are endless possibilities if people are giving the chance to develop them.
01 GROUP WORK
Studio 01: Action
pg 12
The pandemic has turned our globalised economy into hyper-local communities within the blink of an eye. We will focus on researching and establishing contact with your ‘village’, exploring ideas of recovery alongside that community and developing projects that will have a direct response. Our unit goals are to explore creative responses to urgencies in Glasgow, some of which have been worsened by the
pandemic; explore communities within Glasgow to adopt a hyper-local response.; And to work with existing groups within the identified 'villages' to collaborate and have an actionable design output.
We want to be part of that change, engaging with real life clients, collaborating with other disciplines and developing ideas and projects that we can ACTION now. In an uncertain world, the need for ACTION is now and this unit's projects will be responding to the here and now.
pg 13
UNIT GOALS To explore creative responses to urgencies in Glasgow, some of which have been worsened by the pandemic. To explore communities within Glasgow to adopt a hyper-local response. To work with existing groups within the identified 'villages' to collaborate and have an actionable design output. During lock-down and the pandemic, it became clear that people find solidarity in connecting with people – both physically and digitally. In our unit, we will question what ACTION can be taken to ensure communities stay connected through people-focused local projects.
OVER-ARCHING THEME Through group discussions, we identified lack of biodiversity and the climate emergency as a common urgency. It has been acknowledged that our individual work will aim to address the climate emergency to collectively create a series of sustainability-focused projects.
pg 14
IDENTIFIED COMMUNITIES
pg 15
pg 16
GLASGOW’S URGENCIES
pg 17
As a group we are targeting different urgencies in Glasgow GROUP 1 - HOMELESSNESS; LACK OF INTEGRATION & REFUGEE CRISIS
- Kamil - Gaynor and Carys - Adelaide - Vlassis
GROUP 2 - ISOLATION OF ELDERLY; SOCIAL INTERACTION AND COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT; CHILDREN/YOUNG ADULTS.
- Adrianna - Asya - Krishna
GROUP 3 - MENTAL HEALTH; PHYSICAL HEALTH; DOMESTIC ABUSE; DISABILITIES.
- Elena - Ahmed - Rebecca - Ethan - Mrunmayi - Anmol
GROUP 4 - ZERO WASTE; BIODIVERSITY - Theo - Sarah
pg 18
UNIT COLLABORATION AND WORK SHARING As a group we have created an email so we are able to connect with communities. We want to seek collaboration with those communities to understand better the issues we are targeting.
We have had some meetings as a unit to keep track of the work we are doing, as well as organizing the next steps as a group. Individually, or as a group, we have used the app Zoom to have meeting with the communities.
We have an Instagram account where we will be posting our development and our thoughts on what we are working currently. At the same time, people have contacted us via Instagram to seek for collaboration. We know that nowadays social media have a strong impact on people, so we want to share all the ideas we have.
02 URGENCIES
MIND MAP
pg 23
Covid-19 has changed the way we live and socialise with others. We are currently living a ‘new normal’ where we can not meet people the way we used to, classes are online, many people now work from home and mental health has worsen for all of us. We all know about climate change, but yet not much about the effects it can have to us as humans. We are currently living one of the main challenges we will face if we do not care about this planet.
Figure 1
Many urgencies are shown in this mind map, most of them lead to mental health. Poverty leads to inequalities which leads to mental health. Poverty can also be solver by Architecture. Deforestation means more viruses, leading g to more health issues and contributing to a worse mental health. At the same time, deforestation leads to climate change. This can be changed with sustainability, that it is used in Architecture. Meaning, mental health can be solved by making changes in architecture or creating new ways of architecture.
Figure 2
pg 24
GLASGOW
Figure 3
In 2010 Scotland had the sixth highest homicide rate in the world and the highest in Western Europe. Glasgow is the Scottish city with the highest homicide rate. Glasgow is on a process of helping its citizens by targeting the issues it has. Poverty, unemployment and lack of educational opportunities are some of them. A 2008 World Health Organization report noted that in Glasgow’s Calton district, the average life expectancy for males is only 54 years old. Both men and women are more likely to die of alcohol-related deaths in Glasgow than anywhere else in the UK. i
Figure 4: Aerial view of Glasgow
pg 25
Figure 5. Job seeker’s allowance claimants
Glasgow has one of the highest percentages in Job seeker’s allowance claimants. 110,000 people (Nearly 30 % of Glasgow’s working age population) are unemployed, a rate’s that’s 50% higher than that of the rest of Scotland or the UK. Glasgow has the highest proportion of people claiming IB – the means tested government allowance for job seekers working fewer than 16 hours per week – in all of the UK. ii
Figure 6. Scottish Index of Multible Deprivation
In Glasgow, 202,000 Glaswegians (around 32% of the city’s population) resides in the most deprived 10% areas in Scotland. 298,000 people reside in the most deprived 20% areas. Around 4% of the population (27,000 people) live in the least deprived 10%. Over the recent years, the Glasgow has been reduced.
level of deprivation in
Most Deprived neighbourhoods: - Possilpark - Wellhouse - St Rollox - Ruchazie - Drumchapel - Dalmarnock - Easterhouse - Govan - Camlachie - Parkhead
Figure 7: The Clyde
03 LOCATION RESEARCH
pg 28
POSSILPARK & RUCHILL Possilpark and Ruchill is a district in the north of Glasgow’s city centre. It is just 30min walk from the city centre, just after the M8 on the north. It is one of the most deprived neighbourhoods in the United Kingdom. A variety of organisations work in Possilpark and Ruchill to help local people on improving some of the issues that makes the neighbourhood one of the most deprived. As shown in the map, Possilpark and Ruchill have a high concentration of most deprived 5% compared to other places in glasgow. Possilpark and Ruchill has the lowest life expectancy of all neighbourhoods in Glasgow (for females and males). The employment rate is also one of the lowest in Glasgow. A lot of young people are not in training, education or even employment. There are not many jobs in Possilpark and Ruchill
Figure 8: Aerial view of Possilpark
'The main street used to have banks, cobblers, TV shops, fishmongers, fruiters… Nowadays is dominated by take away betting shops, off sales…’ ‘This is the worst it has ever been. Crime is a big problem but they have closed the police station’ ‘People spend their money in local shops, there is definitely a community here’
Possilpark
Glasgow city centre
Figure 11: Location and deprivation maps
pg 29
Figure 9.Saracen street
Since the 1970s there has been an industrial decline and because of it there has been a long standing history of disadvantage. Possilpark also scores poorly for other key domains: 4th more deprived on income, 4th in employment, 1st in health and 79th on education and skills out of more than 6000 neighbourhoods. Women in Ruchill and Possilpark live, on average, almost seven years longer than men. By the 1980s unemployment levels were over 60% and loss of industry was conjoined with profound deprivation. With this came the loss of poor quality housing as well as vital amenities such as shops and the local secondary school.iii
Social problems such as illicit drug
use, crime and antisocial behaviour gradually grew to become a major issue in the area.
Figure 10 .
pg 30
History The grid layout of Possilpark was described by the then Glasgow Town Council as: “... one of the finest and best conducted in Glasgow, and the new suburb of Possilpark, laid out by them with skill and intelligence, is rapidly becoming an important addition to the great city.” v
Before 1870s, Possilpark was only a place with a mansion and a home farm with few residents. MacFarlane bought 0.40 km2 of the estate including the house, on which to build a vast new works. He renamed the estate Possilpark, which grew from a population of 10 people in 1872, to 10,000 by 1891iv
Figure 14
Figure 12
1910s
1860s
193
1890s
Figure 13
The Saracen foundry of Walter MacFarlane & Co. was the most iconic building in Possilpark It was the most important manufacturer of ornamental ironwork in Scotland.
Under
the housing act
was the focus of intens
There are around 2000
had been constructed pr the
Second World Wa
were built to cater for t
pg 31
After the World War II, the combination of the collapse of the British Empire, the move
A
away from steam power and the adaptation of
structed to highlight the rebirth of
new designs and materials leads to the decline
Saracen foundry. After a take over of 1965, the works closed and the infrastructure was demolished in 1967. vi of the
the company in
Figure 16
Figure 18
2010s
1960s
1980s
30s
Figure 15
1919, Possilpark se housing development. 0 houses in the area that
t of
rior to the outbreak of
ar.
(Millennium Centre) was conPossilpark but has since closed down. However the area is improving with better standards in the community and a Strathclyde Police crackdown on the overflowing drug wars and usage. sports centre
Schools and cinemas
the growing community.
Figure 17
Within 15 years of the clothing of Saracen foundry, Possilpark had become the hub of the Glasgow heroin trade. The unemployment levels were over 60%. High portions of Possilpark were destroyed and lots of people were forced to move to other areas.
Figure 19
pg 32
Demographics (Possilpark & Ruchill)
Population TOTAL: 10,963 people
Figure 20
pg 33
Figure 21
Unemployment and low education are much higher than the national average (1 in 3 local young people are not currently in education, training or employment). A few years after the closure of The Saracen Foundry, in 1970s, the unemployment levels were over 60% making Possilpark one of the highest deprived neighbourhoods. Everything else started declining (shops, housing, schools...) and social problems rose (drug and alcohol use). The economic downturn has stalled efforts in recent years to bring new developments to the area, while the levels of vacant land continue to negatively impact the local community, environment, and economy vii. On average women in Possilpark life longer than men, almost 7 years. But, Possilpark has the lowest life expectancy of Glasgow neighbourhood for both female and male. A high percentage of people are limited ‘a lot’ by a disability. Around 2620 people are considered income deprived. Possilpark contains the most health deprived data zone in the entire country. There is a higher number of local people (37%) with one or more long term health conditions compared with Glasgow (13%). 1 in 3 people claim out of work benefits.
pg 34
Possilpark Overview
Most deprived area in the UK since 1971 Lack of job opportunities Less variety of shops Low life expectancy Depopulation Alcohol addiction Anti-social behaviour Many large derelict site 1/5 of people felt social isolation Figure 22
1/3 of people claim out of work benefits
pg 35
Life expectation (Possilpark & Ruchill)
Figure 23
Statistics show the average man dies at age 66; The lowest life expectancy of any neighbourhood in the whole of the UK - 13 years below average. For many Glaswegians Possilpark has a reputation, one presented deeply by its residents, built on images of drug addicts and alcoholics clustered on street corners, of gaunt men and women with hardened, ruined faces queuing outside pharmacies at 7:30am for their methadone handouts. Balmore’s patients live with the third worst deprivation levels of all GP surgeries in Scotland. 4 in 10 of Balmore’s 3511 patients have a chronic disease, double the Scottish average. Almost 200 patients with a coronary disease, at 5.7% against the Scottish rate of 4.2%. More than 300 have a history of depression, nearly 50% higher than the Scottish average. Possilpark’s dire health statistics may be closely linked to its depopulation, with those in better jobs leaving for other places, so amplifying the scale of the health problems among those who stay. viii The low life expectancy in Possilpark is also featured in a journal article and in one of the episodes of ‘Darren McGarvey’s Scotland documentary - Glasgow - Dying Young’. The episode explores how the decline of industry and the explosion of drugs in the 1980s has blighted this community.
pg 36
Possilpark Study
As
discussed on this chapter,
is one of the most deprived
Possilpark neighbour-
hoods in UK. This map shows the relation between health deprivation and crime.
The
spaces without heath deprivation
are the industrial parts of
Possilpark.
Figure 24
This
map shows the residential and the
industrial areas.
There are three main Possilpark. There are not many residential areas in Possilpark, having lots of vacant land around. industrial areas in
Figure 25
pg 37
In Possilpark
there are lots of vacant/
Nearly 50% of Possilpark is a derelict/vacant land. In Glasgow people live around 500m of a derelict land. derelict land.
Figure 26
This map shows the leisure spaces in Possilpark. There is a shopping centre on Saracen street (main street), a skate park on the south of Possilpark and a water sports facility in the canal.
Figure 27
pg 38
New Developments
Figure 28
pg 39
HAMILTONHILL REGENERATION Hamiltonhill is a £90 million development of more than 600 new houses. Firstly will be 177 homes for social rent and 24 homes for sale. The project is designed by Collective Architecture and a mix of medium-rise flats, cottage flats and terrace housing. There will also be provision for five parks throughout the overall development including a community garden.
Figure 29
COWLAIRS REGENERATION The Cowlairs
regeneration includes
850
new
homes and a new park. It reflects a shift in lifestyle combining the benefits of urban living in a quality environment with natural spaces and usable practical public space that can be programmed and used by the community.
The public shared space will allow
the residents to participate in growing their place and contribute in creating a sustainable community.
Figure 30
DUNDASHILL REGENERATION The regeneration of DundasHill by Scottish Canals and Big Regeneration promotes a sustainable approach to the future transformation of the former Diagio distillery site through the commissioning of a development masterplan and the advance implementation of a landscape infrastructure framework.
Taken
together the masterplan and
landscape framework will restructure the future Figure 31
development of up to
620 homes embedding
the
creation of distinctive places and a resilient landscape.
pg 40
The neighbourhood
Commercial with residential Institutional Commercial Health care and nursing Community groups Parks and recreation
Figure 32
pg 41
Possilpark is an area surrounded by industrial areas. All of the main spaces and services that local people need are in close proximity to Saracen street - the district’s hub of Possilpark. There were variety if shops and services on Saracen street during 1971 and 2001. As a result of the urban decay of Possilpark, Saracen street became increasingly dominated by betting shops, off sales, take-away and hairdressers.
pg 42
Community centres & health facilities
Figure 33
POSSILPOINT COMMUNITY CENTRE Possilpoint Community Centre is managed by Glasgow Life on behalf of Glasgow City Council as a resource for the local community.ix
NG HOMES Provide quality homes and on-going community regeneration and empowerment
POSSOBILITIES A fully purpose-built
YOUNG PEOPLE’S FUTURE Is a charitable company working with children and young people aged 5-18 years that provides drop-in based diversionary activitiesxi
centre designed to cater
for people with disabilities.
We also offer hiring
facilities for people looking to hold events or meetings in our centre and within a unique
Glasgow environment.x
North
pg 43
Most of the centres in Possilpark are community centres, there are no places dedicated to mental health. Garscube house turning point scotland focuses on people with alcohol and drug abuse. Possilpark health and care centre it is a NHS facility.
‘Poverty and deprivation are words that have been attributed to Glasgow for too long. As an association, we are committed to building a community which can flourish and prosper in Possilpark. This is something that takes time, resources and patience’ - Robert Tamburini, Chief executive of NG Homes -
YOUNG PEOPLE’S FUTURE Young People’s Futures, also known as Young Possil Futures is a charitable company. It works with children and young people between 5-18 years old. The staff members work towards providing services to everyone that needs it. Types of support: - One to one parenting support tailored to individual needs and care plans. - Advocacy work on behalf of individuals ( short term, long term ) - Parenting programs using Triple P, Triple P for Teens, Managing Challenging Behaviour. - Preventative and responsive work with families, both adults and young people, on a range of issues. - Outreach and home visits providing practical and emotional support. - Flexible out of hour’s response, including evenings and weekends and holiday periods. - Holiday programs for families to provide fun and respite as well as helping to build positive attachments and relationships between parents and children.xii
Lack of opportunity and facilities is a major disadvantage within these areas for not only young people but the wider community. Young people are not given opportunity to have a voice in the development of their areas and are not listened to; their creativity and aspirations are often over-looked. ‘Children and young people are living within households that have addiction problems, mental health and physical health problems as well as having a low income within the household. Through bringing young people together from many different communities we are working towards breaking down territorial barriers that can also be disadvantageous to them.’ - Young People’s Future -xiii
pg 44
PENUMBRA Types of support: - Several services to improve health and well-being that provide practical, emotional and social support. - All services are recovery focussed and offer personal support. - They work to enhance mental health by preventing and addressing mental health problems, but we also promote mental well-being which includes both how people feel – their emotions and life satisfaction – and their life circumstances – meaningful relationships with others, having purpose in life and personal control over decisions which affect them. xiv
I.ROC I.ROC stands for Individual Recovery Outcomes Counter (I.ROC) is an Outcome Measurement tool created by Penumbra. It measures the recovery journey of the people using Penumbra as a help to improve their mental health. The score goes from 1 (never) to 6 (all the time). This score is take every 3 months to see the development of the people. Penumbra has 4 main topics in which they focus on: - Home: a place where you feel safe and comfortable. A place where you can move forward in life, not just a roof over your head or a shelter. - Opportunity: education, leisure, recreation, volunteering or working; something meaningful to do. - People: your friends, family, confidantes.. are important in someone’s life. It is important to rebuilt those personal and social networks. - Empowerment: always being involved in any decisions that affect your life.
Figure 34
pg 45
THE ‘CYCLE’
pg 47
Figure 35
Nowadays Possilpark is one of the most deprived neighbourhoods in UK. People living there have been on a cycle for more than 50 years. In the past Possilpark was full of jobs. The boundary was one of the biggest in Europe. People living in Possilpark would work there and spend their money too. Nowadays, there are no jobs. Not having a job means people need to either and economical help or not have money at all. That means people won’t spend money, specially in the community, so we get back to not having jobs. This little ‘cycle’ of no jobs - no money - no expenses - no jobs… can be expanded a bit more. In Possilpark there is another big problem, drugs. As shown on the diagram, If people don’t have jobs, they have spare free time for a long period of time. This means most of them get into drugs, making it difficult to get back into the society and find a job. Getting into drugs also means that the money they have will be spent on it, then the quality of life will be lower. Finding a way to break the cycle will help improve the mental health of people in Possilpark.
04 MENTAL HEALTH
pg 50
MENTAL HEALTH Mental health refers to cognitive, behavioural and emotional well-being. It is all about how people think, feel, and behave. People sometimes use the term “mental health” to mean the absence of a mental disorder. Looking after mental health can help us enjoy life. Many factors affect our mental health (activities responsibilities, connections..) Finding a balance between them can help improve it. A person’s routine can be affected by mental health disorders such as depression, anxiety, stress...
Modifiable factors for mental health disorders include:
- Socioeconomic conditions, such whether work is available in the local area - Occupation - A person’s level of social involvement - Education - Housing quality
Non modifiable factors include:
- Gender - Age - Ethnicity
A research found men are 3.96 more likely to have a worst mental health. People with a worse economic status scored highest for mental health.
Common mental health disorders: Generalized Anxiety Disorders (GAD) The American Psychiatric Association define GAD as disproportionate worry that disrupts everyday living. Panic Disorders People with a panic disorder experience regular panic attacks, which involve sudden, overwhelming terror or a sense of imminent disaster and death. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) People with OCD have obsessions and
compulsions. In other words, they experience constant,
stressful thoughts and a powerful urge to perform repetitive acts, such as hand washing.
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) PTSD can occur after a person experiences or witnesses a deeply stressful or traumatic event. Mood Disorders People with these conditions have significant changes in mood, generally involving either mania, which is a period of high energy and elation, or depression.
pg 51
Figure 36
Loneliness and/or social isolation can lead to physical and mental health problems. Both associated with increased risk of premature mortality, elevated blood pressure, heart problems, declining physical functioning, physical disability, unhealthy behaviours and worse overall self-reported health. It affects people of all ages and from all backgrounds. However evidence shows that social isolation is higher in the most deprived neighbourhoods. People
with mental health problems can experience significant stigma and social exclusion, have higher
rates of morbidity and mortality and are at increased risk of poor social outcomes such as unemployment, financial hardship and poverty, homelessness and loss of human rights.
People who used more local amenities and those who rated their neighbourhood environment as higher quality are less likely to report occasional or frequent loneliness. Lack of work contributes to social isolation and exclusion as well as having significant implications on income, daily routines and choices A person’s position in society plays an important part in shaping their mental health experiences. The link between social status and mental health problems is thought to result from the level, frequency and duration of stressful events or episodes we experience and the availability of social and individual sources of support that can reduce their impact. xv
pg 52
GLASGOW It is estimated that up to 75,000 people in Glasgow experience common mental health problems such as depression or anxiety.
Figure 37
There are many factors that affect how we feel: the weather, the people around us but also the physical environment that we decide to live in. Every 4th person in the UK is experiencing some sort of mental health issue and Glasgow has performed worse than other major cities in Scotland. The post industrial attire, narrow streets and not many places to relax could be some of the factors affecting the city’s mental health.
SCAN QR CODE OR CLICK THE LINK FOR THE VIDEO A video made by me and my colleagues in my 4th year elective (‘Health and The City’)
pg 53
Figure 38
pg 54
HOW TO BOOST MENTAL HEALTH As explained before, mental health influences how you think, feel, and behave in daily life. About 1 in 5 will suffer from a diagnosable mental disorder. To improve mental health there are a few things that can be done without the help from a professional.
Figure 39
We ignore the emotional messages that tell us something is wrong and try toughing it out by distracting ourselves or self-medicating with alcohol, drugs, or self-destructive behaviours.xvi Relaxation practice Sensory input can relieve stress in the moment. Relaxation can reduce stress in the long term. Leisure Play is an emotional and mental health necessity. Brain-healthy diet A wholesome diet can give you more energy and tant role on mental health.
improve your mood and sleep. Food plays an impor-
Appeal to the senses Listening to a song, the smell of coffee, a scent, a stress ball… Everyone responds to sensory inputs differently. Staying active is as good for the brain as it is for the body Mind-body connection. Improving physical health automatically hikes with the mental and emotional well-being. It releases endorphins that lifts the mood and provides more energy. Time for contemplation and appreciation Meditation, reflection or even just enjoying the sunset. Make social connection a priority. We need the company of others to feel and function at our best. We are social animals with emotional needs. We’re not meant to survive, let alone thrive, in isolation.
pg 55
`In
the modern age, we’re obsessed with seeking simple answers to
complex problems.
We look for connection with others by compulsive-
ly checking social media instead of reaching out to people in the real
world; to boost our mood and ease depression we take a pill rather than address the underlying issues´ xvii
pg 56
DOUGHNUT ECONOMICS
The challenge of our times is that we must move within the Doughnut’s boundaries from both sides simultaneously, in ways that promote the well-being of all people and the health of the whole planet. Vision to be ‘a thriving, regenerative and inclusive city for all citizens, while respecting the planetary boundaries’xviii Humanity has already overshot at least four planetary boundaries (Climate change, Nitrogen & phosphorus loading, land conversion and biodiversity loss) - and air pollution and chemical pollution are unquantified. The red wedges show shortfall and overshoot of the Doughnut’s social and planetary boundaries.
FUTURE SI 5 YEARS
CURRENT SITUATION
Implementing new ways to improve mental and physical health
Figure 41
pg 57
‘A compass for human prosperity in the 21st century, with the aim of meeting the needs of all people within the means of the living planet.’
Sustainable Development Goals of the The ecological ceilings are from the planUnited Nations. These are: etary boundaries. These are: - Food security - Climate change - Health - Ocean Acidification - Education - Chemical pollution - Income and work - Nitrogen and phosphorus loading - Peace and Justice - Freshwater withdrawals - Political voice - Land conversion - Social equity - Biodiversity loss - Gender equality - Air pollution - Housing - Ozone layer depletion - Networks - Energy - Water
Figure 40
SITUATION YEARS
IDEAL YET REALISTIC SITUATION
Figure 42
Figure 43
05 TAKING ACTION
pg 60
HOW TO BREAK THE CYCLE?
SILENCE
VOICE
MEMORIES
BODY Figure 44
There are many ways to dissConnect. The main four are: - Silence: reflect, contemplate, relax, appeal to senses. - Voice: Give a voice to the community, a place to speak up. - Memories: Remember old times, the history of the place and the people. - Body: Expressing physically and staying active.
pg 61
There are different ways of breaking Possilpark’s cycle. Adding jobs, helping drug and alcohol addicts get into rehab are just some of them.
But, also helping improve the mental As discussed in a previous chapter, there are a few thing that help improve mental health. These are: health of people living there.
Relaxation practice
Appeal to the senses
Time for contemplation and appreciation
Brain-healthy diet
Leisure
Staying active is as good for the brain as it is for the body
Make social connection a priority. Figure 45
pg 62
BENEFITS OF GARDENING
Stress
relief.
Gardening
can
Bacteria
friends.
Soil
con-
help reduce the level of stress
tains a natural antidepressant
Immunity
Green diet. Those
hormone Cortisol
booster.
Direct
ex-
posure to dirt and plants can help boost your immune system.
Work out. 3 hours of moderate gardening could equal a
1hour gym session
that can makes up happier.
who grow
veggies are more conscious about having a healthy diet.
Brain
health.
One
study re-
vealed that daily gardening can reduce risk of dementia by
36%.
Figure 46
pg 63
SENSORY GARDENS
Figure 47
All gardens appeal to the senses in one way or another. Every plan holds individual characteristics that persuades the different senses
in unique ways. It is pleasant to stroll through a garden to admire the ranges of colours, the textures and the fragrances.
Sensory
gardens aim to maximize the sensory impact.
The
sensory
garden can be divides into sections, it can be themed or even just presented as a whole. It encourages people to smell, touch, taste, admire and listen.
Sensory gardens are proven to help with stress, anxiety and other forms of mental health.
pg 64
GREEN THERAPY
Green therapy, also known as nature therapy or ecotherapy. The core of green therapy is the connection with the earth and its systems. Ecopsychology is informed by systems theory and provides individuals with an opportunity to explore their relationship with nature. Following a study made my Terry Hartig, it is proven that a 40 minute walk around nature can help with anger better than walking around the city centre, listening to music or reading a magazine. It can also reduce depression by nearly 71%.
Green therapy involves all nature, the smells, sounds or even tastes. All these can help with mental health. Having a view of nature still has the benefits of green therapy. There have been studies that prove the effect of ecotherapy in chilADHD (Attention-deficit hyperactivity). By spending time in nature, they display fewer symptoms. Children who live in dren with
buildings with a nearby green space may have a greater capacity for paying attention, delaying gratification and inhibiting impulsesxix.
Plants and flowers have an impact on creativity and productivity.
pg 65
BLUE THERAPY
Blue therapy is associated with many measures of mental and physical well-being. From greater social relations to higher levels of vitamin d. Dr Mathew White, a senior lecturer at the University of Exeter and an environmental psychologist has said: “Many of the processes are exactly the same as with green space – with some added benefits,”. There are three pathways by which the presence of water is positively related to happiness, well-being and health. Less polluted air and more sunlight. People who live by water tend to be more physically active (walking, cycling, jogging...) Water has a psychologically restorative effect. It has been shown to reduce negative mood and stress better than green spaces. It does not need to be a vast amount of water, even a fountain could have the effect. Researchers have suggested that the associated sounds and the quality of light on water might be enough to have a restorative effect.
Figure 48. Greenock
pg 66
BREAKING THE CYCLE
Figure 49
pg 67
The cycle showN COULD BE BROKEN BY IMPLEMENTING GARDENING INTO THE COMMUNITY. AFTER HELPING IMPROVE THE CYCLE, THERE IS OTHER CYCLE THAT IT IS CREATED. ON THIS ONE WE HAVE JOBS, MONEY TO SPEND, FREE TIME AND LEISURE.
JOBS MONEY AND EXPENSES GO TOGETHER, ONCE ONE OF THEM IS NOT ACHIEVED, THE OTHERS FOLLOW. LEISURE AND HEALTH ARE FOUND IN THE COMMUNITY. SO, TO PROVIDE THOSE SERVICES, THERE NEED TO BE SPACES DEDICATED FOR SO.
Figure 50
pg 68
PRECEDENTS INDOOR PARK - UTOPIA STOCKHOLM
Figure 51
Is an indoor park as a non-commercial environment for play, socialising and enriching cultural experiences. Very little action is being taken and people are still facing limited options for socializing outside their homes: with malls, cafés, restaurants, museums and libraries as the only solution for
shared social spaces, it is time to de-commercialize the indoor public realm.
Hence, the park should
be viewed more like a start for wider discussions on how existing or future common places can be managed. xx
Figure 52
WOODLANDS COMMUNITY GARDEN SCOTLAND
Opened in 2010. Since then it has become a really important local space where people feel part of the community and make new friends. It is a great space to unwind from the everyday stresses. Each year, around 50 households grow their own fruit, vegetables and herbs in the garden’s raised beds.
pg 69
CUNINGAR LOOP PARK SCOTLAND
Meadows
Board-walk
Viewpoint
Adventure play
Woodland workout
Bouldering
Bike tracks Figure 53
Cuningar Loop is part of the history of Glasgow. The reservoirs provided water to the whole of Glasgow (1810-1860). The site was then used for quarrying and mining. In the 1960s, it became a landfill site for rubble from the Gorbals’ demolition.
OLD MINE NATURE PARK SCOTLAND
The site used to be a busy industrial area. Over the centuries, it has been farmed, built on, mined, quarried, dug for clay and used as a landfill site and a railway siding. Nature was already trying to reclaim this former industrial site, so they gave the land a helping hand.
pg 70
THE CONCRETE GARDEN & THE BACK GARDEN - POSSILPARK SCOTLAND
The Concrete Garden is an urban community food growing and creative waste
reduction
project
providing
growing space, activities, and events for the people of Possilparkxxi
There are 16 beds that are booked by people every year. There
are lots of fruit, herbs, edible
flowers and wildlife flowers/plants growing in barrels, tyres, planters and all sorts of re-purposed containers.
Figure 54
Using reclaimed timber, Glasgow Wood Recycling built the Back Garden. This community plot provides a green space for local individuals to grow fruit and
vegetables, and plays host to a number of community events.xxii
Figure 55
pg 71
pg 72
POSSIBLE NODES
Different nodes around Possilpark using the derelict/ vacant land. Having bigger or smaller nodes depending on the land size or the loca-
tion, creating a network of spaces.
Figure 56
pg 73
Having
different nodes con-
5, 10 radius. But
necting the spaces in a and
15
minute
also having a main site bigger
Possilpark as a whole community inand more related to
stead of a smaller community in the radius.
Figure 57
pg 74
HAMILTONHILL CLAYPITS LOCAL NATURE RESERVE
River
Green Space
Riverside walk
Figure 58
pg 75
The claypits is a beautiful parkland in Possilpark. There are deer and many bird species around. It is an important green space for the people in Possilpark. In the last 30 years there have been major initiatives for the site (a community farm which closed in the mid 80s, a BMX track now overgrown and a community woodland created in the 1990s. There hasn’t been a consistent community ownership of the site over these years. Children have played around this site for 3 or 4 generations and many local people have fond memories of playing in the canal area of the Clay Pit.
This site could be a possible main site. It is already a used park for jogging, walking, family time... In this main site there would be an improvement of the current park with the addition of the feature already discussed during this publication. Respecting the past but opening a window for the future.
Figure 59
pg 76
15-MINUTE CITY
Figure 60
pg 77
Most urban environments in Europe at least were based on the idea of the 15-minute city, in that it was possible to walk across their centres in that time but things changed when urban design became car focused. Before Covid-19 people spent most of the time in ‘two 15-minute villages’, the one where they work and the one where they live. Cities will move away from their current role as large employment centres surrounded by dispersed residential communities. Instead as employers re-purpose and, in many instances, downsize their offices and more high street stores become vacant, there will be an increasing shift towards city-centre living. At the same time, amenities, which include co-working spaces, will improve markedly in the suburbs, with people choosing to live in one environment or the other, depending on their preference and life stage. This situation will go hand in hand with a shift in the traditional office functionxxiii. Replacing long commutes and car-first transit with bikes and walking would slash vehicle emissions, increase resident health and free up roads and parking spaces for other uses. Paris is aiming for a 15-min city. Other places pursuing the 15- or 20-minute-city concept include: Melbourne (which adopted a long-term strategic plan for 20-minute neighbourhoods), Detroit (which organised a 20-minute-city concept around its defunct street car grid), Portland (whose Complete Neighbourhood concept plans for 90% of the city to have “safe and convenient access to the goods and services needed in daily life”) and Ottawa (which launched a 15-minute-neighbourhood plan to have residents take half their trips by foot, bicycle, public transit or by carpooling). During covid-19, where lock-downs are frequent locals have rediscovered their immediate neighbourhoods. To build a 15-minute city: - More neighbourhood schools - Better food access - More “third places” - Better housing access and more housing - Improved walk ability - Seeing density as more than just adding high-rises - Loosening regulations that stand in the way of more-creative, community-centric urban design.xxiv
pg 78
THE IDEA NETWORK OF SPACES
GREEN SPACES
NEW MASTERPLAN
Figure 61
pg 79
We need spaces to dissconnect and places to connect with others. Covid-19 has worsens people’s mental health. By implementing green spaces in Possilpark will help improve the mental health of the neighbourhood. A greener Possilpark with cycle lanes, more trees and pedestrianised street will improve the people’s lifestyle and obviously their health. More green spaces and places for the people are other things to implement Possilpark. The idea is divided into 3 phases: a masterplan, addition of green spaces and a network of spaces.
Figure 62
Figure 63
Figure 64
pg 80
1. NEW MASTERPLAN Possilpark, as many other neighbourhoods in Scotland, have lots of streets with cars and not many streets for pedestrians. The first step is to create a new masterplan with more pedestrian streets. Adding more trees, cycle lanes. Creating a greener Possilpark
Figure 65
Figure 66
2. GREEN SPACES The
next step is to add green spaces between
housing. There are not many green spaces in Pos-
500 metres of a But all those un-used a green-blue space for
silpark; everyone lives within vacant or derelict land. spaces could be used as the community.
There is a con on having so many open green spaces for the community. The spaces might be used for drugs or alcohol use. These places need to belong to the community so they will not be misused.
Figure 67
pg 81
3. NETWORK OF SPACES Finally, adding different spaces to connect people and to help them disconnect. As commented before, sensory gardens is a good way of improving mental health. The spaces will vary between places for gathering, for walking, cycling...
Figure 68
Figure 69
Figure 70
pg 82
Interviews Karlene Doherty
Vacant and Derelict Land Project Manager Development Trusts Association Scotland (DTAS)
Figure 71
On the 5th November 2020, Ethan, Rebecca and I had a zoom meeting with Karlene Doherty. We had contacted her several days before and we explained our projects. She was happy to do a zoom meeting with us. She is a vacant and derelict project manager at DTAS. In the meeting we discussed a bit our projects and she gave us good feedback on how to contact people as well as how to engage with the community. One of the advices she gave us was to work in partnership with a community and to be clear on what we are communicating them. Also, to have an ambition on what we want to be done. Another great point she mentioned was to be aware that we are outsiders, we do not live in those neighbourhoods, so we need to be really careful how we explain the issue to people living in that place. Being outsiders also means that we can not just go to a place and ‘fix’ the problem, because they might not see it that way. Let the people in those neighbourhoods lead the conversation and not just go straight to the point. The meeting was really helpful and informative. Karlene gave us a few links to check out and some other contacts. She is currently working with ‘The Concrete Garden’ in Possilpark, so she gave us the email of Moira, which I had a conversation with.
pg 83
Moira Ann McCaig Project Manager The Concrete garden (Possilpark) After the meeting with Karlene, I contacted Moira. We exchanged a few emails and then we had a phone call that lasted around 40 mins. This phone call was really useful for the next steps of my project. On the call she explained me what they do in ‘The Concrete Garden’ and in ‘The Back Garden’. She was born in Possilpark and all her family, including her husband, are from there. They started with ‘The Concrete Garden’ when they saw an opportunity from other projects and a derelict land. They built the garden and in less than a year they had all the beds filled. Volunteers came to help. It is more than just a growing space, lots of people with health challenges, drugs or other addictions go to the garden. The engaged with the health centre in Possilpark to build another garden, ‘The back garden’. They promoted the idea by having a ‘street soup’. They cooked a soup in the community kitchen and started giving it out to people on the street and engaging with them around the garden.
For ‘The concrete garden’ they used a landscape architect, but for ‘The Back Garde’ the community was engaged. The outcome, according to Moira, was Figure 72 better. We discussed ways to engage the community. Notice boards, social media, word of mouth or even the ‘street soup’. Get out on the streets and talk to people. As well, how they engage different people. For example they have timing for the kids and other times for families. With kids, they have a playground and also a fire pit. In this fire pit the kids are cooking their own food all together while they talk. It is a great way of engaging kids from different backgrounds ethnicities... We also discussed the situation in Possilpark. She emphasized on how Possilpark has a huge community spirit. I, as an outsider, might see it as a resilient community, but in Possilpark people still get graduated, get jobs and build families. There is a challenge on how people see Possilpark because the Council only shows data (most deprived neighbourhood in UK) but people living there could not even describe themselves as poor, for example, because they are rich in so many other ways than not money. Moira mentioned that we should engage people, not help them. We need to give people the resources, a space, things to do because people change themselves if they want to. We should listen to what people living in there say, not the other way around. Moira mentioned the new developments that are happening in Possilpark. She is a bit concerned about them because it will bring other communities but still most of the problems will still be there. The ‘new’ people coming to Possilpark will not spend the money in the neighbourhood. Because of all this new residents, the statistics will be better but the residents that have been suffering for years will still be there. Also, it will be more difficult to get funding for the people that really need it. Moira quoted ‘It will look good on paper but the most vulnerable will still be there’
[not a] CONCLUSION
pg 85
After all the research done during the last months and after the interviews taken I have understood better the situation of Possilpark, and also what can help improve the mental health and consequently the deprivation that has been there for more than 40 years. At the same time, thanks to Moira’s interview, I understood that all the demographics and data found on official websites does not reflect people in possilpark, it just reflects their current situation. Me, as an outsider, can not help them ‘fix’ the problems they have. So, as a future architect, I want to provide spaces for them to reflect, dissconnect and also connect with one another so they continue to have that community spirit they already have. Providing spaces that belong to the community, spaces they want to be in and spend time. These spaces should be a place to spend their leisure time and enjoy, not a place to pass by that it is un-used. These changes will not make an impact just in a near future , but also something that will lasts for years and years. Something that could be implemented in other cities or neighbourhoods to improve their mental health.
Next steps
pg 87
There are a few next steps for the project. I want to define more what I want to do, which kind of workshops I want to implement and how I will make people feel part of the community. These are point I have thought of and stated on the publication, but I will like to get into more detail to be able to provide a good proposal that works according to people in Possilpark. I will like to develop a 5 year - 10 year - 15 year plan in which the improvement of the mental health has been better than in the last years. I want to make a connection with Possilpark’s Health Centre, where people with mental health problems like anxiety, stress, depression... can be prescribed to blue or green therapy. Finally, I will like to implement the 15-minute city urban planning utopia. Cites are planning to have all they need within a few minutes walking. It is a city with no cars required to go shopping, to the doctor, gym... I will take ACTION NOW and I aim is to make the results last.
LIST OF FIGURES REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHY
pg 90
List of figures Figure 1. Author’s own Figure 2. Author’s own Figure 3. Author’s own Figure 4. Aerial view of Glasgow. Edited Photo. Author’s own. Available at: https://www.shoosmiths. co.uk/insights/news/shoosmiths-extends-scottishfootprint-with-opening-of-glasgow-hub Figure 5. Job seeker’s allowance claimants. Available at: https://www.nomisweb.co.uk Figure 6. Scottish Index of Multible Deprivation. Available at: https://www.nomisweb.co.uk Figure 7. The Clyde. Edited Photo. Author’s own. Available at: https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/ scottish - news /12544362/ coronavirus - scot land-glasgow-lockdown-cases-spike-lanarkshire/ Figure 8. Aerial view of Possilpark. Available at: https://www.pinterest.co.uk/ pin/303570831116219846/ Figure 9. Saracen street. Available at: https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possilpark Figure 10. Tenement flat. Available at: https:// www . pinterest . co . uk / marynicknamemay / possil park-streets-glasgow-scotland/ Figure 11. Deprivation map. Author’s own Figure 12. History map. Edited map. Available at: https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/historic Figure 13. History map. Edited map. Available at: https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/historic Figure 14. History map. Edited map. Available at: https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/historic Figure 15. History map. Edited map. Available at: https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/historic Figure 16. History map. Edited map. Available at: https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/historic Figure 17. History map. Edited map. Available at: https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/historic Figure 18. History map. Edited map. Available at: https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/historic Figure 19. History pictures. Collage. Available at: https://www.theglasgowstory.com/story/?id=TGSEG06 Figure 20. NRS. 2011. 2011 Census profiles for neighbourhoods in Glasgow. Figure 21. NRS. 2011. 2011 Census profiles for neighbourhoods in Glasgow. Figure 22. Author’s own Figure 23. Scotpho.org.uk. 2019. Scottish Trends
- Scotpho. [online] Available at: <https://www. scotpho.org.uk/health-wellbeing-and-disease/suicide/data/scottish-trends/> [Accessed October 2020]. Figure 24. Author’s own Figure 25. Author’s own Figure 26. Author’s own Figure 27. Author’s own Figure 28. Author’s own Figure 29. Plan. Edited. Available at: https:// www . ros . gov . uk / services / development - plan - ap proval/approved-developments Figure 30. Plan. Edited. Available at: https:// www . ros . gov . uk / services / development - plan - ap proval/approved-developments Figure 31. Plan. Edited. Available at: https:// www . ros . gov . uk / services / development - plan - ap proval/approved-developments Figure 32. Author’s own Figure 33. Author’s own Figure 34. Available at: Penumbra.• Penumbra. [online] Available at: <www.penumbra.org.uk> [Accessed October 2020]. Figure 35. Author’s own Figure 36. Author’s own Figure 37. Graph. Available at: https://www.nomisweb.co.uk Figure 38. Author’s own Figure 39. Diagram. Available at: https://www. helpguide . org / articles / mental - health / build ing-better-mental-health.htm Figure 40. Doughnut economy. Available at: Raworth, K., 2019. Meet The Doughnut: The New Economic Model That Could Help End Inequality. [online] World Economic Forum. Available at: <https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/04/ the-new-economic-model-that-could-end-inequality-doughnut/> [Accessed October 2020]. Figure 41. Doughnut economy. Edited. Available at: Raworth, K., 2019. Meet The Doughnut: The New Economic Model That Could Help End Inequality. [online] World Economic Forum. Available at: <https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/04/ the-new-economic-model-that-could-end-inequality-doughnut/> [Accessed October 2020].
pg 91
Figure 42. Doughnut economy. Edited Available at: Raworth, K., 2019. Meet The Doughnut: The New Economic Model That Could Help End Inequality. [online] World Economic Forum. Available at: <https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/04/ the-new-economic-model-that-could-end-inequality-doughnut/> [Accessed October 2020]. Figure 43. Doughnut economy. Edited.Available at: Raworth, K., 2019. Meet The Doughnut: The New Economic Model That Could Help End Inequality. [online] World Economic Forum. Available at: <https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/04/ the-new-economic-model-that-could-end-inequality-doughnut/> [Accessed October 2020]. Figure 44. Icons. Author’s own Figure 45. Icons. Author’s own Figure 46. Icons. Author’s own Figure 47. Icons. Author’s own Figure 48. Own picture. Edited. Author’s own Figure 49. Diagram. Author’s own Figure 50. Diagram. Author’s own Figure 51. Sketch. Author’s own Figure 52. Picture. Available at: https://www. designboom.com/architecture/utopia-architectsst-eriks-indoor-park-stockholm-03-23-2017/
Figure 53. Picture. Edited. Available: www.google. co.uk/maps Figure 54. Picture. Available: https://www.concretegarden.org.uk Figure 55. Picture. Available: https://www.concretegarden.org.uk Figure 56. Author’s own Figure 57. Author’s own Figure 58. Picture. Edited. Available: www.google. co.uk/maps Figure 59. Author’s own Figure 60. Author’s own Figure 61. Diagram. Author’s own Figure 62. Diagram. Author’s own Figure 63. Diagram. Author’s own Figure 64. Diagram. Author’s own Figure 65. Diagram. Author’s own Figure 66. Diagram. Author’s own Figure 67. Diagram. Author’s own Figure 68. Diagram. Author’s own Figure 69. Diagram. Author’s own Figure 70. Diagram. Author’s own Figure 71. Picture. Author’s own Figure 72. Picture. Author’s own
pg 92
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dissCONNECT (2020)
Elena Benítez Espino
AB 964 Design Studies 5A 2020/2021 MArch/Pg Dip Advanced Architectural Design
