ქართული ხუროთმოძღვრების საკითხები უძველესი დროიდან XX საუკუნის ბოლომდე
დიმიტრი თუმანიშვილი
www.art.edu.ge
დიმიტრი თუმანიშვილი
„წარსულმა შეიძლება ბევრი რამ გვასწავლოს, მათ შორის, ძალიან ძველმაც. სწორედ ამიტომ ვიცავთ ჩვენ მას. ძველი ნაშთების შენახვა თვითმიზანი არ არის.
ჩვენ ვიცავთ სიძველეს იმიტომ, რომ უკეთ ვიცოდეთ დღევანდელობა და უკეთ გავიგოთ მომავალი. აწმყოს
ქართული ხუროთმოძღვრების საკითხები უძველესი დროიდან XX საუკუნის ბოლომდე
ვერ გაიგებ, თუ წარსული არ იცი. ვერ გაიგებ, ვერ მიხვდები, რატომ არის ის ასეთი თავისი კარგითა და ავით. ამიტომ ამბობდა ილია ჭავჭავაძე, რომ უნდა ნახო წარსული — ბალავრის ქვა, რომელზეც აწმყო დაშენდა და დამპალი, უვარგისი კენჭი, რომელმაც დღევანდელი სირთულეები მოიტანა. ამის მასწავლებელი მხოლოდ და მხოლოდ წარსულია, სხვა საშუალება არ არსებობს.
ამიტომ მოვალენი ვართ, მომავალ თაობებს დავუტოვოთ წარსულის დანახვის საშუალება. ვინ იცის, თავიანთი გადმოსახედიდან მათ იმ ნამყოში რაღაც ისეთიც დაინახონ, რაც ჩვენ გამოგვრჩა. ჩვენი მოვალეობაა, შევუნარჩუნოთ მემკვიდრეობა მომავალს.“
დიმიტრი თუმანიშვილი ქართული ხუროთმოძღვრების საკითხები
უძველესი დროიდან XX საუკუნის ბოლომდე
Tbilisi • 2022
wigni gamocemulia SoTa rusTavelis saqarTvelos erovnuli samecniero fondisa da Tbilisis saxelmwifo samxatvro akademiis mier. SoTa rusTavelis saqarTvelos erovnuli samecniero fondis 2021 wlis sagamomcemlo saxelmwifo samecniero grantebis konkursSi gamarjvebuli proeqti SP-21-630 „dimitri TumaniSvili. qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis sakiTxebi uZvelesi droidan XX saukunis bolomde“. proeqtis xelmZRvaneli nino WoRoSvili koordinatori aleqsandra gabunia teqstis redaqtorebi: marine yenia, marika erqomaiSvili saredaqcio jgufi: ana kldiaSvili, nino RaRaniZe, aleqsandra gabunia, lola cicxvaia, nino WoRoSvili damkabadonebel-dizaineri irma liparteliani koreqtori maia SveliZe audiomasalis myar diskze gadmotana: lola cicxvaia, nino kopaZe, mariam miqaZe, TinaTin batiaSvili, qristine sabaSvili, nino batiaSvili garekanze: mcxeTis wm. jvris taZari. samxreTi karis timpanis reliefi wignSi gamoyenebulia g. CubinaSvilis saxelobis qarTuli xelovnebis istoriisa da ZeglTa dacvis erovnuli kvleviTi centrisa da maia manias pirad arqivSi daculi fotomasala. fotomasalis gamoyenebisTvis madlobas vuxdiT g. CubinaSvilis saxelobis qarTuli xelovnebis istoriisa da ZeglTa dacvis erovnul kvleviT centrs da qalbaton maia manias.
© Tbilisis saxelmwifo samxatvro akademia, 2022 yvela ufleba daculia ISBN 978-9941-8-4098-2
winaTqma wigni Seiqmna cnobili qarTveli mecnieris, Tss akademiis tenuaris, dimitri TumaniSvilis mier 2014-2015 wlebSi Tbilisis saxelmwifo samxat vro akademiis samecniero-saswavlo radiosaTvis gakeTebuli unikaluri Canawerebis _ leqciaTa ciklis safuZvelze. leqciaTa cikli moicavs qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis ganviTarebis vrcel periods, dawyebuls Zv.w. V-IV aTaswleulebidan, Tanamedrove epoqamde _ XX saukunis bolomde. publikaciaSi ganxilulia qarTuli xuroT mo ZRvrebis dRemde aqtualuri da problematuri sakiTxebi, mravalferovani, mravalSriani kul turuli da istoriuli konteqstebi, rac didi mecnieris mravalwliani kvlevisa da fiqris Sedegia. wigni avtoris mier gamosacemad momzadebuli ar aris. gamomcemlebi maqsimalurad Seecadnen, SeenarCunebinaT saubris avtoriseuli manera, rac mkiTxvelis mexsierebaSi acocxlebs b-ni dimitris sajaro gamosvlebis siRrmes, gansakuTrebul mimzidvelobasa da artistizms.
Sinaarsi 1. arqeologiuri memkvidreoba. saydrisis sabado..................................................... 7 2. uZvelesi samosaxloebi.........................................16 3. qristianobis Semosvla da sataZro arqiteqtura...........................................31 4. V saukunis arqiteqtura.......................................46 5. VI saukunis arqiteqtura......................................61 6. VII saukunis arqiteqtura.....................................75 7. gardamavali xanis arqiteqtura.........................91 8. afxazeTis arqiteqtura.....................................133 9. XI saukunis arqiteqtura....................................155 10. daviT aRmaSeneblis epoqa..................................174 11. XII saukunis arqiteqtura. TiRvis wm. jvris eklesia...................................192 12. Tamaris xanis arqiteqtura...............................202 13. XIII saukunis meore naxevrisa da XIV saukunis arqiteqtura.................................233 14. gviani Sua saukuneebis arqiteqtura..............247 15. XIX saukunis arqiteqtura.................................269 16. XX saukunis arqiteqtura..................................290 ilustraciebi..............................................................309
1. arqeologiuri memkvidreoba. saydrisis sabado ukve ramdenime xania, Cvens sazogadoebas kidev erTi sakamaTo da saRelvebeli sagani gauCnda, romelic arqeologiur Zegls _ yvelasTvis cnobil saydrisis sabados _ ukavSirdeba. pirvel yovlisa, samwuxaroa kamaTis done, romelsac mecnieruls miaxloebiTac ver daarqmev. aseve Zalian samwuxaroa, rom erTmaneTSi areulia srulebiT sxvadasxva aspeqti problemisa da Tanac amas erTvis kidev iseTi kiTxvebi, romlebic marTlac mniSvnelovania, magram Zalian ucnaurad da umarTebulodaa gagebuli. rogoria kiTxvebis wre? pirveli kiTxva, yvelaze praqtikuli, amgvaria: SesaZlebeli da saWiroa Tu ara, SevinarCunoT arqeologiuri Zegli? rodesac ismen ori specialistis kamaTs da erTi am Zegls Zv.w. XXX saukunisad miiCnevs, sxva ki _ Zv.w. XXV saukunisad, TiTqos Zv.w. XXV saukune an gindac Zv.w. XV saukune ar Rirs imad, rom misi SenarCunebis sakiTxi ganvixiloT, es ukve TavisTavad Zalian SemaSfoTebelia. es niSnavs, rom RirebulebiTi sazomebi srulebiT aRreulia da adamianebs, rogorc Cans, ar esmiT, ra qmnis qveynis saxes, ra aris misTvis mniSvnelovani da umniSvnelo. saydrisi rom marTlac gviani Sua saukuneebis sabado yofiliyo, Tuki is Segviqmnida warmodgenas, ra xdeboda Tundac 300 wlis win, rogor moipovebdnen, awarmoebdnen da amuSavebdnen liTons Cvens qveyanaSi, es ukve sakmaod faseuli iqneboda. es savsebiT akademiuri kamaTia, Tu romeli saukunea _ XXX, XXVIII Tu XXII. mecnierebis saqmea, erTmaneTSi ikamaTon, magram vidre diskusias daiwyeb dnen, kamaTis sagani unda gvqondes. verafers vityvi, viTareba iseTia da ufro meti albaTobiT iqiTken midis, rom savsebiT SesaZlebelia, es Zegli ver SevinarCunoT. es iqneba mxolod kidev erTi sircxvili bevr im sircxvilTa Soris, romlebic, samwuxarod, Cvens Tavs sxvadasxva mxridan grovdeba _ zogi sityvieria, zogi moqmedebiTi, zogi kidev rogori. yoveli7
ve amas daemateba kidev aseTi: mTeli msoflio geubneba, rom mniSvnelovani Zeglis patroni xar da Sen mainc ar ginda amis SemCneva. rbilad rom vTqvaT, es Zalian ucnauria. arsebobs sxva mxarec: esaa kamaTi imaze, Tu visia Zegli. SeiZleba, es kiTxva naklebad ismis, magram ramdenjerme yuri movkari, viRac ambobda, rom es Zegli Cveni winaprebis aris, sxva ki pasuxobda, TiTqos es salaparakoc araa da uvicobaa. marTlac, mkacrad rom vTqvaT, Cven, rasakvirvelia, ar viciT, vin iyvnen is adamianebi, romlebic im sabadoSi Cadiodnen, madans moipovebdnen da kldes CaquCs urtyamdnen. bunebrivia, ar viciT, ra enaze saubrobdnen, ar viciT, ra tomisani iyvnen, iseve, rogorc saerTod ar viciT, rogori iyo uZvelesi mosaxleoba Cveni qveynisa. vfiqrob, rom es arc aris upirvelesi kiTxva, romelic amasTan dakavSirebiT unda daisvas. miT umetes, unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom kulturebi, romlebic, daax loebiT, Zv.w. VII-V aTaswleulidan arsebobs da ufro gvian mtkvar-araqsis kulturis saxeliTaa cnobili, geografiulad ufro sxvanairad vrceldeba. es kulturebi, rogorc Cvens, dRevandeli saqarTvelos, miwa-wyalzea, aseve dRevandeli somxeTisa da azerbaijanis miwa-wyalzecaa. visia es kultura? albaT ase xeldadebiT arc erTis aris, arc meoris, arc mesamis, ubralod _ viRacisaa. Tumca sxva masalis magaliTze me meCveneba, rom garkveuli drois Semdeg iq Cndeba iseTi lokaluri nairsaxeobebi, romlebic Semdgom kulturul sxvaobebs amzadebs. es kargad Cans wvril brinjaos plastikaSi. magaliTad, somxeTSi mopovebul nimuSebSi raRac dros, Zv.w. II aTaswleulSi, Cndeba sxvanairi dekoratiuloba, iseTi, rogoric dRevandel saqarTveloSi mopovebul nivTebze ar aris. samagierod, es raRacnairad exmianeba imas, rac Semdeg, qarTuli ornamentikisagan gansxvavebiT, davuSvaT, somxur ornamentikaSi iqneba. es mxolod varaudia, aranairad ar aris zusti codna, magram SesaZlebelia, im uZveles dros isaxeba is kulturuli sxvaobebi, rogorc dRes ityvian, paradigmebi, romlebic Semdeg Cveni qveynebis kulturul da sulier ganviTarebas gansazRvravs, Tumca es mxolod varaudebia. 8
rogor SeiZleba mivudgeT am uZveles danatovars? me vfiq rob, saqme SemdegSia: albaT ver gavigebT, vTqvaT, dRevandel gorTan, mtkvris piras, Zv.w. V aTaswleulSi adamiani rom dadioda, vin iyo is da arc Rirs amaze maincadamainc mRelvareba. am SemTxvevaSi, vfiqrob, kiTxva unda iyos erTaderTi: rasac es adamianebi akeTebdnen, mermindeli da dRevandeli saqarTvelos cxovrebaSi ramenairad monawileobs Tu ara? magaliTad, isini venaxs aSenebdnen. Cven es ukve viciT da didi xania, amis eWvi arsebobda. mgoni, dRes ukve dadasturebulia da aRar aris saeWvo, rom Cveni qveyana kulturuli vazisa da xorblis erT-erTi upirvelesi keraa. viRac ityvis, rom es nacionalisturi molandebaa, magram ra vqnaT, Tuki damtkicebulia da es mxolod qarTveli mecnierebis naTqvami ar aris?! sxvebma Tqves uCvenod. xorblis Sesaxeb, magaliTad, akademikosma vavilovma Tqva, qarTvels ar uTqvams. es kultura xom ar dakargula?! es uSualod Cveni winapari iyo Tu odesRac saidanRac mosuli qarTvelur tomebs Serwymuli romeliRac sxva tomi, ar viciT, magram Cvens kulturaSi vazic da xorbalic monawileobs da amis dadastureba SegviZlia. maTi jiSebis gamoyvnas Zalian didi dro sWirdeboda da yvela geografiul erTeuls Tavisi jiSi hqonda, es faqtia. im adamianTa monapovari, ganurCevlad maTi tomobrivi warmomavlobisa, Cvens dRevandel kulturas qmnis. miuxedavad genetikisa, genebisa da ujredebisa, swored kulturuli TvalsazrisiT, Cven memkvidreebi varT imisa, rac maT gaakeTes da amis Tqma SegviZlia. es Zalian kargad Cans arqiteqturis magaliTzec, roca vxedavT uZveles samSeneblo tradiciebs, romlebic erTimeoreSi gadadis da iq, sadac mosalodneli iyo wyvetili, es wyvetili ar Cndeba. Tu es marTlac sxva xalxis mosvlaa, rogorc Cans, damxvdurisa da momxvduris urTierTSerwyma xdeba. isini erTmaneTTan raRacanairad amyareben sasicocxlo kavSirs, simbiozSi Sedian da Semdeg albaT raRac axal erTobas warmoqmnian. Cven vxedavT, rom es tradicia (jer mrgvali saxlebi iyo, Semdeg aris sworkuTxa Senobebi, kuTxeebmomrgvalebuli, rac srulebiT gaugebaria da es mxolod ase aixsneba _ arse9
bobda Cveva imisa, rom saWiroa mrudi xazi da xisti kuTxe ar unda iyos) am kulturaSi iyo da amas Zalian didi mniSvneloba aqvs. TiTqos aris samSeneblo kulturis erTgvari mimReobac, TiTqos im Zvelidan modis raRac xerxebi mSeneblobisa da, rac yvelaze sainteresoa, miuxedavad imisa, rom mere sxvadasxvagvari Senobebi Cndeba, mTliani xazi, romelsac Cven vxedavT, didwilad, mainc swored aseTi centruli nagebobebisagan Sedgeba. rogorc wesi, Cveni sacxovrebeli sivrce, dRevandeli oTaxic ki, miiswrafvis iqiTken, rom centraluri RerZis mimarT simetriuli iyos da umetesad kvadratulia. yovelTvis veubnebi Cems studentebs, rom dResac ki, rodesac axasiaTeben karg binas, amboben, iq kvadratuli oTaxebiao. gegoneba, kvadratuli oTaxi raRac gansakuTrebuli iyos. ra moxda? arc araferi. aris kulturebi, romelTac, Cvengan gansxvavebiT, wagrZelebuli sivrce moswonT. mgoni, Zalian mniSvnelovania ara is, Tu vin iyvnen adamianebi, romlebic am saxlebs aSenebdnen, aramed is, rom maT mier Seqmnili tipi sacxovrebeli sivrcisa gadmovida da qarTuli kulturis nawili gaxda. am TvalsazrisiT, es uZvelesi maRaroc Cveni kulturis nawilia, radganac, Cemi azriT, aravis epareba eWvi, rom qarTveli tomebis, Semdeg ukve qarTvelebis, cxovrebaSi liTonis mopovebasa da damuSavebas Zalian didi adgili eWira. naWedi iaraRi, sameurneo Tu saomari saWurveli, mxatvruli liToni, liTonis WurWeli, samkauli _ Cvens qveyanaSi uamravi ram keTdeboda da, rogorc Cans, es namdvilad iyo tradicia. SeuZlebelia, mTlad SemTxveviToba iyos, rodesac kaxeTSi mopovebul oqros lomze aRmoCenili teqnikuri xerxebis msgavsi 2000 wlis Semdeg vanSic Cndeba. ver getyviT, rom vinmes esmodes, es tradicia rogor gadmovida, magram faqtia, amas versad wauxval _ teqnikuri xerxebi emTxveva. rogor? ar viciT. Cven SegviZlia, mxolod vivaraudoT, rom albaT arsebobs raRac SemaerTebeli rgolebi, romlebic jerjerobiT mikvleuli ar aris da Tu gaviTvaliswinebT Cveni qveynis arqeologiuri Seswavlilobis xarisxs, es savsebiT SesaZlebelia. Cven aRmosaCeni aRmoCenilze gacilebiT meti gvaqvs. 10
rasakvirvelia, Zalian mniSvnelovania, met-naklebad xilulad mainc SevinarCunoT winare qristianuli epoqa Tavisi dasaxlebebiT, Tavisi nacixvrebiT. es uZvelesi nasoflarebi, samwuxarod, miwis qveSaa Camarxuli. maT miwas ayrian imitom, rom ver akonserveben. me vfiqrob, Zalian saCqaroa mofiqreba, gacnoba raRac xerxebisa, romlebic msoflio praqtikaSi albaT iqneba an Cveni sakuTari xerxis mogoneba, radgan yovelTvis sxvisi maCanCalebi ver viqnebiT. movifiqroT raRac, rom im Zveli nasoflarebis nawili mainc SevinarCunoT da jer TviTon SevxedoT da Semdeg sxvebsac vaCvenoT. miwis zedapirze dResac arsebobs e.w. megaliTuri an igive ciklopuri nacixvrebi. Tu maT kargad movuvliT es samSeneblo kulturis araCveulebrivi magaliTia. nu gavejibrebiT egviptelebs, inkebs an kidev viRacas. maT naxelavs Tavisi adgili aqvs, Cvensas _ Tavisi. CvenTan, pirvel yovlisa, is aris mniSvnelovani, rom es ciklopuri cixeebi da nakoSkarebi dResac ki aSkarad qmnis raRac sistemas. es aris uzarmazari saTavdacvo sistema, gadaWimuli dRevandeli TurqeTis im nawilidan, sadac qarTveluri tomebi cxovrobdnen, Cvens walka-TrialeTamde. saxelmwifos garda, sxva imas veravin aaSenebda. Cven es mSenebloba gveubneba, rom arsebobda raRac socialuri Zala, romelic am didi mSeneblobis, Semdeg misi meTvalyureobis, gamoyenebisa da a.S. organizebas axdenda. amas, ubralod, mofrTxileba unda. Tu ar gavufrTxildebiT, sabolood, 30-50 weliwadSi yvelaferi lodebad daiSleba da aRaraferi gveqneba, magram jerjerobiT es SeiZleba SevinarCunoT. amas garda, gvaqvs antikuri arqiteqtura, romelic maincdamainc agreTve ver narCundeba. isev mosafiqrebelia, rogor gadavarCinoT, magaliTad, dedof lis mindvrisa da cixiagoras cecxlTayvanismcemelTa taZrebi, rogor gamovaCinoT ukeTesad mcxeTis, vanisa Tu, vTqvaT, sairxisa an noqalaqevis antikuri da gvianantikuri naSTebi. yvelaferi es warmosaCenia. ufro farTod unda icodes Cvenma sazogadoebam ufliscixe. rom CamoviaroT da gamovikiTxoT, ganaTlebuli qarTvelobis 2% Tu iqneba namyofi ufliscixeSi. esec bevria, amdensac ar veli. arada, bevrs 11
SeuZlia Tqvas, rom aqvs cocxali antikuri qalaqi, sadac Seva da quCebSi ivlis? qalaqi, romelic arsebobs, yovel SemTxvevaSi, ukve ax.w. I saukunidan mainc... Zalian didi fufunebaa, aseTi mniSvnelovani obieqti gqondes da yuradRebas TiTqmis ar aqcevde, marto ucxoeli turistebisa da SigadaSig skolis moswavleebis Casayvanad iyenebde. amas SemTxveviT ar mogaxsenebT. es aris uzarmazari samSeneblo tradicia, romelzec ukve Semdeg Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelo idga. is imdenad Zlieri iyo, rom jer kidev XIX saukuneSi axdenda zemoqmedebas Cvens qveyanaSi Camosul rus da evropel arqiteqtorebze, romlebic icvlebodnen. es aSkarad Cans, Tu SeadarebT Tbilisur, quTaisur, baTumur, Telavur Senobebs imas, rasac aSenebdnen igive arqiteqtorebi an maTi profesor-maswavleblebi ruseTSi, germaniaSi, avstriasa da sxva qveynebSi. raRac xdeboda. es samSeneblo kultura, misi gemovnebiTi kriteriumebi, rogorRac ise SeeparebodaT xolme, rom Tavadac ver amCnevdnen. Tumca rasac isini akeTebdnen, Cveni arqiteqturis suraTSi raRacnairad Caiwera da albaT SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom dRes, rodesac XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi gaCenil Tbilisur ubnebSi dadixar, iseTi gancda gaqvs, TiTqos aqauroba Zalian Zvelia, sinamdvileSi ki, sul raRac 100, 110, sul bevri, 120 wlis winandelia. ver getyviT, es ris xarjze xdeba. marTali giTxraT, TviTonac ar mesmis, magram ver warmomidgenia, rom adamians, davuSvaT, zeda veraze rom dadis, mayaSvilis, zandukelis quCebze, iseTi gancda hqondes, TiTqos es XIX saukunis qalaqia. es raRac sxva aris, es kuziani quCebi, aRmarT-daRmarTebi, Sukebi, mixveul-moxveulebi saidanRac modis, Tumca ucxotomel arqiteqtorTa meSveobiT ganxorcielda. ar aris advili, guSin Camosul peterburgel arqiteqtors Tavs moaxvio Seni, Tan roca amis gakeTebis aranairi saSualeba ar gagaCnia. Sens xelT ar aris arc saxelmwifo, arc kanonmdebloba, saerTod araferi, yvelaferi sxvis xelSia da TavisTavad es kultura moqmedebs imaTzec ki, vinc SeiZleba misdami maincdamainc kargad ganwyo12
bili ar iyos. Tu ara aseTi Rrma da Soreuli fesvi, es albaT ver moxdeboda. mniSvnelovania isic, rom dRevandel viTarebaSi, roca Cveni arqiteqtura Zalian mZime krizisSia da es ukve ramdenime aTwleulia grZeldeba, cota gvaimedebs, rom yovel aTwleulSi SegviZlia vnaxoT esa Tu is nageboba, romelic namdvilad savsebiT Rirebuli arqiteqturaa, mTlianobaSi ki gasaxareli suraTi mainc ar aris. Tu ram imeds gvaZlevs, rom aqedan Tavs davaRwevT da samSvidobos gavalT, es kvlavac Cveni tradiciaa, romelic imdenad Sors ar aris, rom misken mibruneba, masze CaWideba ar SegveZlos. es ubralod xavsi ar aris, sakmarisad Zlieri fesvebia. Tu kargad miudeqi, swor adgilas CaeWide, namdvilad amogaZvrens wylidan an ufskrulidan da zeviT agiyvans. es yvelaferi iwyeba iq, sadac Cven Zalian bevri ram ar viciT. ar viciT, visi saxelmwifoebi iyo, ar viciT, visi Seqmnilia is, mosuli Tu mkvidri mosaxleobis. araferi ar viciT. viciT erTaderTi, rom yvelaferi es Semdeg, rogorc nakadebi, rogorc nakadulebi, Sevida im saerTo kalapotSi, romelsac ukve karga xania qarTuli kultura hqvia. vfiqrob, rom marto es gaamarTlebda nebismieri siZvelis dacvas, Tuki es SesaZlebelia. ra Tqma unda, aq uamravi sirTulea. imave saydrisis dacva ar aris martivi ram. movismine im specialistebis azri, romlebic amboben, rom misi gamagreba, eqsponireba Zalian rTulia. da mere ra? sirTule, TavisTavad, xom arafers gveubneba imis mets, rom Cven ufro meti dafiqreba da ufro meti moqmedeba gvmarTebs? sirTule, TavisTavad, akrZalva xom ar aris? piriqiT, me ase mgonia, rom siZnele ufro meti qmedebisaken mowodebaa, raTa viswavloT, movifiqroT raRac, miT umetes, rom magaliTebi aris _ istoriuli maRaro poloneTSi, romelic daculia da mowyobilia muzeumad. isic ki gaakeTes, rom im gamoqvabulebSi qandakebebi gamoTales. marilis sabadoa da Tlian ase gamWvirvale qandakebebs. aq raRac sxva SeiZleba moigono, ubralod, fiqria saWiro, fiqri imaze, ras warmoadgens es Zegli da CvenTvis ramdenad mniSvnelovania. 13
Tumca Tavi da Tavi, me vfiqrob, is aris, rom yovelwamierad gavacocxloT gancda kavSirisa imasTan, rac Cveni warsulia. saboloo jamSi, uimwarsulod Cven xom Cven ar varT? yoveli Cvengani dabadebisTanave Sedis kalapotSi, romelic manamde arsebobda. rasakvirvelia, is wveTi, romelic var me, Tqvenc xarT da sxvac aris, manamde ar yofila, magram kalapoti xom arsebobda? Sesabamisad, is raRacanairad Cvens fers cvlis _ Tu iq Tixnaria, magaliTad, es wveTi albaT cota mowiTalo an moyviTalo iqneba, Tu iq kiria, sxvanairad SeiRebeba, xan gaiwriteba, xan ara. Cven vatarebT, viziarebT im warsuls, romlidanac movdivarT. swored warsuli ayalibebs did nawils Cveni raobisas. SeiZleba, es viRacas ar moswondes, magram mainc asea. Tu Cven daviwyebT brZolas Cvenive bunebasTan, es sasikeTos arafers mogvitans. qristianoba yovelTvis aswavlida, rom adamiani aris iseTi, rogoric aris, magram es ar aTavisuflebs mas movaleobisagan, ganaxorcielos is, rac absoluturia. am SemTxvevaSi, absoluturi iyo zneobrivi movaleoba, romelic yvelas unda Seesrulebina, miuxedavad Tandayolili monacemebisa, miuxedavad imisa, dabadebuli iqneboda mocekvaved, momRerlad, qvis mTlelad Tu mecnierad. arc erTi am asparezTagan ar auqmebs zneobriv movaleobas, arc erTi Tviseba ar aTavisuflebs adamians sikeTis msaxurebisagan. es erTaderTi absoluturi moTxovnaa, es aris adamianis erTaderTi movaleoba. danarCeni damokidebulia Cvens bunebaze, romelTanac Widili sakmarisad uazro saqmea. Cven is sikeTisken unda warvmarToT da rac ukeT ecodineba adamians Tavisi buneba (warsulis Secnoba ki sakuTari Tavis Semecnebis namdvilad erT-erTi saukeTeso saSualebaa), miT ukeT ecodineba, ra SeuZlia, risi patronia. faqtobrivad, ukan Tu gavixedavT, ukeT mivxvdebiT, rogor gavikvlioT gza, win rogor viaroT. Tuki ar ici, ukan ra aris, aucileblad araswor nabijebs gadadgam. aseT dros sakuTar Tavs ar icnob, ar ici, vin xar, ra SegiZlia da risi gamocdileba gaqvs. magaliTad, kenielebi swrafad darbian. Cven ar viciT, SegviZlia Tu ara ase swrafad 14
sirbili, arc is viciT, varT Tu ara gamZleebi afrikeli monadireebiviT, romlebic dRedaRam darbian. amis Sesaxeb araferi viciT, radgan ukan ar migvixedavs, ar mogvikiTxavs. yvelaferSi, me vfiqrob, SeiZleba am gzas davadgeT. sxvaTa Soris, rac xelovnebas Seexeba, iqidanac SegviZlia Zalian bevri ram viswavloT, Tundac iseTi martivi ram, Tu rogor dgamen uZvelesi xanis ostatebi ciklopur cixes. abulis cixe... rogor Semodges es cixe mwvervalze, ar aris saintereso? vnaxoT, msgavsi cixe rogor aaSenes, vTqvaT, sardiniaSi, rogor aaSenes safrangeTSi, bretanisken aris amgvari ciklopuri naSTebi. iq rogor dgamen? rogor aSenebs egvipteli, rogor aSenebs cixes asureli? vnaxoT, iqneb aq aris raRac odnav gansxvavebuli, rac gemovnebaze migviTiTebs, rac SesaZloa Cvens istoriul mexsierebaSi Caleqiliyo. warsulma SeiZleba bevri ram gvaswavlos, maT Soris, Zalian Zvelmac. swored amitom vicavT Cven mas. Zveli naSTebis Senaxva TviTmizani ar aris. Cven vicavT siZveles imitom, rom ukeT vicodeT dRevandeloba da ukeT gavigoT momavali. awmyos ver gaigeb, Tu warsuli ar ici. ver gaigeb, ver mixvdebi, ratom aris is aseTi Tavisi kargiTa da aviT. amitom ambobda ilia WavWavaZe, rom unda naxo warsuli _ balavris qva, romelzec awmyo daSenda da dampali, uvargisi kenWi, romelmac dRevandeli sirTuleebi moitana. amis maswavlebeli mxolod da mxolod warsulia, sxva saSualeba ar arsebobs. amitom movaleni varT, momaval Taobebs davutovoT warsulis danaxvis saSualeba. vin icis, TavianTi gadmosaxedidan maT im namyoSi raRac iseTic dainaxon, rac Cven gamogvrCa. Cveni movaleobaa, SevunarCunoT memkvidreoba momavals.
15
2. uZvelesi samosaxloebi Cven vsaubrobdiT imis Sesaxeb, Tu Zveli drois romeli xuroTmoZRvruli nimuSebi da movlenebi ayalibebs dRes qarTulad miCneul tradicias. saubaria tradiciaze, romelic dRevandeli qarTuli kulturis safuZveli gaxda. SeiZleba amis Sesaxeb ufro dawvrilebiTac vTqvaT. magaliTad, viciT, rom Cvens qveyanaSi dRes dadasturebuli uZvelesi samosaxloebi, daaxloebiT, Zv.w. VII an V aTaswleuls unda ganekuTvnebodes. arada VII da V aTaswleulebs Soris droiTi dacileba sakmaod didia, TiTqmis iseTia, rogoric qristes ierusalimSi qadagebasa da Cvens dros Soris. am Sualedis ufro metad dazusteba, daWeSmariteba imisa, Tu rodis ra gaCnda, ubralod, jerjerobiT ver xerxdeba. arsebobs daTariRebis sxvadasxva meTodi. amas garda, yovel wams Cndeba raRac iseTi, rac gvaiZulebs arsebuli codnis gadaxedvas da amitomac jerjerobiT ufro mkafio codna miRweuli ar aris da Zalian bevri ram jer kidev bundovania. es aris is, rasac Cven ar unda davTanxmdeT, magram unda SeveguoT. unda gvesmodes, rom es dakavSirebulia garemoebebTan, romlebsac ase martivad ver movicilebT. es muSaobisa da dasaTariRebeli meTodebis dazustebis obieqturi sirTuleebia. magaliTad, kvlevis qimiuri da fizikuri meTodebi icvleba, axlebic Cndeba. cota xanSi albaT kidev raRac gamoCndeba da ufro dabejiTebiT metis Tqmac moxerxdeba. Cven vTqviT, rom im uZvelesi droidan modis sacxovrebeli sivrcisa da, saerTod, adamianis saarsebo sivrcis gancda, Cveva, gemovneba, romelic dRevandlamde gamogvyva. saqme is gaxlavT, rom mis miRma arsebul bunebiT sivrceze adamiani, rasakvirvelia, didad ver imoqmedebs, Tumca, zogi ram mas mainc SeuZlia. magaliTad, SeuZlia, dasaxldes ara xeobis ZirSi, aramed zeviT, vTqvaT _ zeganze. SeuZlia, tyeebi gakafos da Tavisi samosaxlos garSemo patara sicariele gaaCinos an, piriqiT, baRi gaaSenos da Crdilian adgilas icxo16
vros. TavisTavad sivrcis Tvisebebs ver Secvlis, magram Tu rogor dacilebas amjobinebs bunebriv reliefTan, Tundac mcenare ulobasTan, es adamianis asarCevia. sxva mxriv, xelqmnili sivrce asaxavs damokidebulebas, Tu rogor pirobebs miiCnevs igi arsebobisaTvis saukeTesod. Cveulebriv, adamiani amas main cdamainc ver acnobierebs. man ubralod icis, rom moswons, vTqvaT, Crdiliani oTaxi an raime sxva. es didwilad gemovnebaa, zogjer, sxvaTa Soris _ nervuli mgrZnobelobac. droTa ganmavlobaSi sarkmlis zomac ki icvleba. Cvens Zvel sasaxleebSi kolosaluri zomis sarkmlebia, XIX saukunis sax lebSi ki _ sakmarisad patara, XVIII saukuneSi _ kidev ufro patara da mere, XIX saukunis 70-iani wlebidan, uceb sarkmeli Zalian izrdeba. saidan Semovida is CvenTan? vambobT, evropidan movidao, magram manamde ratom aravin gaiSinaura es forma? xom SeiZleboda, didi sarkmlebis gaWra 1830-ian wlebSive daewyoT? ar moindomes. maTTvis simyudrove sxva ram iyo da ara is, rac dRes Cven gvgonia. dRevandel adamians awuxebs, Tuki fardebs ar gadaswevs da sinaTles ar SemouSvebs. adre, piriqiT, adamianebs erCivnaT, garemosagan metad daculebi yofiliyvnen. es, didwilad, gemovnebaa. Zalian xSirad am gemovnebiseul arCevans adamiani viTomda mecnierul axsnas gamougonebs xolme. magaliTad, XVIII saukuneSi gamoigones, rom sasaflaoebidan sneulebebi vrceldeba da amitom sasaflaoebi qalaqis SigniT ar unda yofiliyo. marTalia, Cven es ar Segvxebia, magram parizSi monastrebis SigniT uZvelesi istoriuli sasaflaoebi daangries, Zvlebi pirdapir urmebiT waiRes, sadRac qalaqgareT Cayares da iq damarxes. ukve XX saukuneSi gairkva, rom saamiso safuZveli ar arsebobda. es Cemi daskvna ar gaxlavT, erTi friad aTeisti, oRond kargi frangi mkvlevris mosazrebaa, rom adamianebi ubralod sikvdilis siaxloviT Sewuxdnen. Sua saukuneebis adamianebisagan gansxvavebiT, romelTac sikvdili amdenad ar aSinebdaT, XVIII saukunis ukve aTeizmisaken sakmarisad gadaxril ganaTlebul adamianebs es imdenad akrTobdaT, rom maT ama qveynidan 17
wasvlis atributTa moSoreba moindomes, raTa TvalSi aRar moxvedrodaT da amisaTvis viTomda bunebismetyvelebiTi safuZvelic moigones. es Sromebi eqimebma daweres da ara viRac gareSe adamianebma. samwuxarod, rasakvirvelia, aracnobierad, aseTi naxevrad politikuri angariSsworebisa Tu manipulirebis iaraRad xSirad mecnierebac gvevlineba. garda imisa, rom Cven Tavidanve avaSeneT saxlebi, romlebmac qarTvelis damokidebuleba Tavisi sacxovrisisadmi, misi kompaqturobisadmi, Tavmoyrilobisadmi mravali aTaswleuliT daayaliba, Cven gafantuli, uformo sivrce ar gviyvars. Cven gvirCevnia, vxedavdeT mis sazRvrebs, yovelTvis gvqondes Tvalis mosaWidi, rac sadRac iq, sxvagan, SeiZleba sulac ar iyos. amas garda, gamoCnda sxva raRac-raRacebic. es, pirvel yovlisa, exeba samosaxlos dagegmarebas. SemaRlebulze ganfenili im uZvelesi qarTuli soflebidan garemo Zalian kargad Cans. mravali aTasi wlis win ase CaibeWda Cveni winaprebis, yovel SemTxvevaSi, kulturiT Cvens winmavalTa, Cveni kulturis fuZisCamyrelTa cnobierebaSi, rom adamians unda hqondes gadasaxedi. dRes qalaqSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebic ki wuxdebian, rodesac fanjridan mezoblis saxls xedaven, Tumca qalaqSi swored mezobeli saxli unda Candes da ara sxva ram. Tumca, rogorc Cans, farTo Tvalsawieri Cvens aracnobier wadilad qceula. Cven gvinda, gavixedoT da davinaxoT mTebi, Rrublebi da kidev aTasi ram. es gemovnebaa, romelic im dros dayalibda iseve, rogorc e.w. sivrcis gareTken xsniloba. rasakvirvelia, xsniloba imas ar niSnavs, rom saxls kedlebi ar gaaCnia. ubralod, is mowyobilia ise, rom sacxovrebeli da bunebrivi sivrce mozRuduli araa. es, ra Tqma unda, sarkmlebzec aisaxeba. vTqvaT, quCaze gadakidebuli aivnebi an lojia-aivnebi, romlebic XVIII saukuneSi namdvilad aris da XIX saukuneSi xom aris da aris, sxvaTa Soris, Sua saukuneebSi koSkebzec gvxvdeba. warmogidgeniaT cixesimagre, romelic aucileblad mofargluli, daculi unda iyos da am dros koSkze gamobmulia aivani? imasac ki ar kmaroben, rom zemoT baqa18
nia da iqidan gadmoxedva SeiZleba. ara, kidev aivanic undaT, rom gamovidnen da gadmoeyudon. swored es survili bunebriv sivrceSi gasvlisa, saxelideba arqiteqturis xsnilobad da yvelaze ucnauri isaa, rom Cvens garemomcvel samyaroSi aseTi moxovnileba TiTqmis arsad aris. Tqven rom naxoT, mTeli aRmosavleTi Caketili saxlebis arqiteqturaa. aRmosavleTSi, Tundac Sua aziis yofil sabWoTa respublikebSi, sadac jerac SemorCenilia Zveli ganaSenianeba, Tqven midixarT quCaSi da es ori TeTri, sruliad yru kedelia. SegiZliaT daakvirdeT, rogori aivnebia Turqul filmebSi _ gadmokidebulia Seficruli aivani. sul iseTi STabeWdileba mrCeba, rom yuTi gadmokides, Sig ki raRac aris Cawyobili. faqtobrivad, gareTa kedelze karadaa Sekiduli. marTalia, gareTaa gamosuli, magram sivrcesTan mas urTierToba ar aqvs. ramdenadac vici, aseTi Ria ganaSenianeba xeTebs hqondaT da aq isaxeba raRac kavSirebi kidev erT Zvel civilizaciasTan. am kavSirebs xedaven sxvaganac, magaliTad, TrialeTuri kulturis gamosaxulebebSi. Tumca, marTali giTxraT, me mainc bolomde ar mesmis, es kavSirebi ramdenad mdgradi iyo an rogor xorcieldeboda. erTjeradi gavlena iyo, romelmac Semdeg saxe icvala Tu gacvla-gamocvla didi xnis ganmavlobaSi xdeboda? xalxi iqidan Camovida Tu aqedan wasulma naxa da Camoitana? ar vici. Tumca, sxva mxriv, ra unda Camoetana, roca es xsnilobis moTxovnileba ufro adre Cans?! iq es Zv.w. II aTaswleulSi xdeba da CvenTan amgvari ganaSenianeba ukve VII, V, III aTaswleulebSi namdvilad aris. yovel SemTxvevaSi, Cven Zalian adre vxedavT am tradicias, vxedavT moTxovnilebas. ara mgonia, vinme Cvengans, ra ginda myudrod myofs sakuTar saxlSi (da qarTvels amis moTxov nilebac aqvs), moswondes iseTi vilebi, rogorebic zogjer, vTqvaT, aris SeerTebul StatebSi, sadac naZvnari pirdapir minis kedelzea momdgari. mgonia, rom lamis oTaxSi Semosuli toti Segvawuxebda, Tumca, sxva mxriv, Cven gvinda, is axlos iyos. swored am, erTi mxriv, mozRudvilobasa da, meore mxriv, gaxsnilobas, rogorc Cans, saukeTesod uzrunvelyofda aivani, 19
romelic aCens Sualedur sivrces _ is saxls ekuTvnis, magram bunebaSic gadis. me TviTon micxovria agarakze saxlSi, sadac nisli aivanze Semodioda da pirdapir oTaxis karTan dgeboda. aRarc aivnis boZi Canda da aRarc mdinaris gaRma saxli. rogor xdeboda amis tradireba? ranairad moitanes? kulturuli tradiciiT? rogori tradiciiT? rogor, ranairad? meqanizmi rogori iyo? samwuxarod, Cven es ar viciT. gasagebia, rom uZvelesi namosaxlarebi, ZiriTadad, TiTqmis saZirkvlis donezea SemorCenili da, xSir SemTxvevaSi, imdenadaa dangreuli, rom ver vityviT, sarkmeli an kari sad iyo gaWrili. Zalian didi mniSvneloba aqvs, ase vTqvaT, teqnikur mxaresac, radganac garkveul teqnikur safuZvels moiTxovs yvelaferi adamianismieri, kulturis araerTi dargi da, miT umetes, xuroTmoZRvreba. amitom didi mniSvneloba hqonda samSeneblo masalebisa da samSeneblo teqnikis dauflebas. am mxrivac, CvenTan sakmarisad Zveli da Rrma fesvebia. uZvelesi samosaxloebis arseboba gulisxmobs, rom adamianebma icodnen mSeneblobisaTvis Tixis gamoyeneba, cota xanSi ki daiwyes wnelis gamoyenebac _ xis sarebs zed aqvs Semovlebuli wneli, mere ki galesilia an gamoyenebulia alizi, gamouwvavi aguri. daaxloebiT, Zv.w. VI-V aTaswleulebSi uZveles samosaxloebSi gamomwvari aguri gamoCnda. es ra aris, jerjerobiT gaugebaria. saidan gaCnda da mere ratom ar damkvidrda, ver getyviT, magram faqtia, rom aseTi ram moxda. SesaZloa, ubralod, fexi ver moikida, maSin metismetad Zvirad da arapraqtikulad moeCvenaT an rigiT sasoflo mSeneblobaSi didad arc sWirdebodaT. yovel SemTxvevaSi, mosinjes. amis SesaZlebloba, arCevis SesaZlebloba, arsebobda da airCies ufro martivi teqnika, Tumca TavisTavad is ukve gamoCnda. Semdeg, albaT welTaRircxvaTa gasayarze, daaxloebiT, Zveli welTaRricxvis bolosa da axali welTaRricxvis pirvel saukuneebSi Semodis gamomwvari aguri, kramiti (kramiti, sxvaTa Soris, ufro adrec gvaqvs, antikur xanaSi) da duRabi. Cvens wyaros Tu davujerebT, duRabi sparselebma Semoitanes. Tumca Zalian sainte20
resoa (mgonia, es ufro kargadaa gasaazrebeli kulturul-istoriuli da, saerTod, zogadistoriuli TvalsazrisiTac), rom, germaneli kolegebis azriT (isini masalaTmcodneebi arian), Suasaukuneobrivi qarTuli duRabi, romelic swored iqidan (welTaRricxvaTa gasayaridan) modis, Zalian axlo analogiaa e.w. romauli betonisa, romauli duRabisa. maTi TvalsazrisiT (da, sxvaTa Soris, Cvenc aseve unda SevxedoT amas), yvelaze mniSvnelovani gaxlavT Semdegi garemoeba: vinaidan saqarTveloSi bunebrivi masala ramdenadme gansxvavebuli iyo, qarTvel ostatebs (maTze ukve namdvilad SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom qarTveli ostatebi iyvnen) SeurCeviaT misi fardi masala _ sxva qvebi, romelTac iseTive Tvisebebi aqvT mSeneblobisas, gamowvisas, gamoSrobisas, rogoric romaul fxvnilebs (lavis fxvnilebs). es, rasakvirvelia, Zalian kargi mowmobaa. jer erTi, aq Cans SemoqmedebiTi damokidebuleba, gaazrebuli moqmedeba, rac saerTodac etyoboda qarTul kulturas. cxadia, SemTxveviT qvas ver ipovi. unda dafiqrde, ratom iReb amas da ara sxva rames. albaT raRac cdac CautarebiaT, sxvagvarad ver daadasturebdnen, rom imave Sedegs miiRebdnen. yovel SemTxvevaSi, aq Cans bma romaul samyarosTan. sxva ambavia, rom Tavad duRabis Sesaxeb, romelic, vTqvaT, sparselis meSveobiT Semovida, man SeiZleba romaelebisagan gaigo. Zalian ucnauria, roca gveubnebian (es yvela wignSi weria), rom sasanuri xuroTmoZRvreba (sasanianTa sparseTisa, romelic Zv.w. III saukunidan modis) aris reaqcia elinistur-romaul xelovnebaze da Tavisi sakuTari erovnuli aRmosavluri Zirebisaken mibruneba. arada, rodesac Sexedav maTi xuroTmoZRvrebis nimuSebs, gansakuTrebiT, uzarmazar sasanur sasaxleebs, TvalsaCinoa, rom uamravi elementi pirdapir romauli arqiteqturidan modis, Tumca gardasaxulia, gadamuSavebulia. am arqiteqturas wuni namdvilad ar daedeba, magram misi kavSiri romaul da elinistur samyarosTan Zalian mWidroa. masSi aRmosavlursac xedaven, Tumca romauli marTlac Zalian bevri Cans. savsebiT SesaZlebelia, duRabi aseTi SemovliTi gziTac mosuliyo. 21
antikuri xanidan, Zv.w. IV saukunidan, samSeneblo keramika Cven ukve gamomwvari gvaqvs, yovel SemTxvevaSi, aseTia kramiti. Tumca ratomRac mainc alizs iyenebdnen, Tan Zalian uxvad, imdenad, rom, rodesac Tlili qvis arqiteqtura Semovida, naxevramde Tlili qviT amohyavdaT da zemoTken aliziT aboloebdnen. ase Sendeboda zRudeebi, sasaxleebi. ratom akeTebdnen amas, CemTvis mTlad gasagebi ar aris. SeiZleba alizis mozela ufro iolia, vidre qvis gaTla, magram, sxva mxriv, is gasaaxlebeli ufro xSiradaa. mas azianebs yinva, teni, didi sicxe. ar vici ratom, magram faqtia, rom qvis kedlis erTxel amoyvanas alizis xSiri cvla erCivnaT. SeiZleba, es mowmobs, rom Zalian gaCveulebi iyvnen da am masalaze uaris Tqma ar undodaT an raRac rTuli fsiqologiuri movlenaa, magram es asea. sxva mxriv, CvenSi Tavad qvis mSeneblobac sakmarisad Zvelia. yovel SemTxvevaSi, Zv.w. II aTaswleulidan namdvilad Cndeba e.w. ciklopuri mSenebloba. ar vici, saqarTveloSi ciklopebi Tu cxovrobdnen, magram aqauri adamianebi didi qvebiT ki aSenebdnen. dRes, roca did qvas dainaxaven, Zalian uyvarT saubari imaze, rom am qvis moWra an transportireba Turme adamianis Zal-Rones aRemateba. amisaTvis xan ucxoplanetelebi unda CavrioT da xanac vinme sxva. ra Tqma unda, es Zalian didi Secdomaa. yvelaze komikuri isaa, rom srulebiT danamdvilebiT aris cnobili, rogor xdeboda aseTi didi qvebis gadmotana an kldis gaxeTqva, raTa mas didi lodi mocileboda. yvelaferi zedmiwevniT aris cnobili, arada swored saidumloze saubroben. is ki, rac marTla gaugebaria, ratomRac aravis awuxebs da iwyeba gauTavebeli fantastikuri romanebis Txzva. rasakvirvelia, es cixeebi, samlocveloebi goliaTebsa da, miT umetes, ucxoplanetelebs CvenTanac ar auSenebiaT. TumcaRa ise Cans, rom ciklopuri cixeebi aqeT, javaxeTSi, ufro walka-TrialeTSi da iqiT, dRevandeli SavSeTis mxareSi (iqac nacixvrebi da nasoflarebia), TiTqos raRac erTian sistemas qmnis, magram maincdamainc daCemebiT Tqma, TiTqos zustad asea da wyali ar gauva, ar SeiZleba. amgvari sistemis 22
miRma, cxadia, unda arsebobdes organizebuli sazogadoeba. es aRar aris, davuSvaT, sami soflis kavSiri, radgan is amas ver auvidoda. raRac tipis saxelmwifoebrioba unda arsebobdes. istorikosebis saZiebelia, Tu ra saxelmwifo iyo es. Cven mxolod SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom es aris sazogadoeba, romelic ar ufrTxis arc danaxarjs, arc didi Sromis gaRebas da sakmarisad kargad aris mowesrigebuli, radgan amas xalxis Tavmoyra unda. kidev vambob, rom Cven viciT, rogor gadmohqondaT es didi qvebi, magram viRacas unda waeRo da wamoeRo, amas ki erTi da ori kaci ar yofnis, jgufebia saWiro. miT umetes, Tu Tanadroulad bevri ram Sendeba, es gulisxmobs, rom arsebobs Zala, romelic Tavs abams amdeni xalxis SeTanxmebul muSaobas da axerxebs jgufebis Tanamoqmedebis mowesrigebas, rac dResac ki, roca amdeni teqnikuri saSualeba gvaqvs, Zalian Znelia. bevri ram aris marTlac ucnauri. magaliTad, es cixeebi Zalian maRalzea, sadac sakmaod civa da sacxovrebeli oTaxebi ki, romlebic SemorCenilia, ar Tbeba. arc Rumelebi Cans, arc buxrebi, arc keriebis kvali. gaugebaria, rogor cxovrobdnen. Tuki zafxulSi adiodnen, ucnobia, zamTarSi sad iyvnen. Tu qvemoT rCebodnen, maSin iq unda iyos samosaxloebi, romlebic TiTqos ar Cans. ra xdeboda? iqneb mxolod es cixeebi SemogvrCa? iqneb sacxovrebeli mowyobili hqondaT xolme saxlebSi, romlebic am cixeebs axlavs (Cveulebriv, isini ukve Zalian dangreulia, zogjer mxolod maTi nakvalevia) da cixe mxolod TavSesafari iyo? iqneb amitom ar aris is gamzadebuli didxans gasaCereblad? Zneli saTqmelia. iq jerjerobiT met-naklebad seriozuli gaTxrebi ar Catarebula da arc ramea mopovebuli. ar viciT, saqme raSia, magram es marTla sainteresoa. ra Tqma unda, isic Zalian mniSvnelovania, gavarkvioT, Tu ra sazogadoebaa es, romeli saxelmwifoa. SeiZleba aRmoCndes, rom es yvelaferi romeliRac Zvel aRmosavlur wyaroSi dasaxelebul tomTa kavSiris cxovrebas asaxavs. maSin ufro danamdvilebiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, Tu romeli tomebi iyo es. am mxareSi antikur xanaSi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, Zv.w. 23
X saukunidan, namdvilad Cans qarTveluri tomebi. da mainc romel tomTa kavSiria? es Zalian sainteresoa. amas garda, ciklopuri xuroTmoZRvreba uceb Tavs iCens afxazeTSi, anu Zalian Sors. sad javaxeTi da sad afxazeTi _ SuaSi mTeli dasavleTi saqarTvelo da samxreT saqarTvelos baria. cota xnis win aRmoCnda, rom raWa-imereTis sazRvarzec aris aseTi naqalaqari. SesaZlebelia, es aris raRac kultura, romlis Sualeduri rgolebi CvenTvis dRes uxilavia, sadRac tyeebSi, gaukacrielebul adgilebSi imaleba da iqneb is aris kidev ufro mniSvnelovani da didmasStabovani romelime saxelmwifo an patara saxelmwifoTa gaerTianeba, yovel SemTxevaSi _ raRac didi. ai es, marTlac sarkvevi da sakvlevia. wminda teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT, es aris mowyvetili lodebi, romlebsac bunebrivad moipovebdnen. Cveulebriv, aseTi mSenebloba iq warmoebs, sadac vulkanuri qanebia. vulkanuri qanebi skdeba xolme da didi zomis qvebi kldes swydeba. am qvebs agorebdnen an kidev sazidrebiT (savaraudod, marxilisnairi sazidrebiT) zemoT aCoCialebdnen da erTmaneTze Seawyobdnen. xsnari ar ixmareboda, magram es TiTqosda simartive (duRabi ar ician da qvebs erTmaneTze awyoben), sinamdvileSi, specifikur sirTulesac Seicavs. marTlac, zoma iseTnairad unda SeirCes, rom erTmaneTze dalagebisas qvebma Sla ki ar daiwyon, aramed erTmaneTi gaamyaron. amitom aris xolme, rom qvemoT jer didi qvebia, Semdeg _ momcro, zemodan ki isev didi qva devs, romelic am SedarebiT ufro patara qvebs TiTqos xufiviT unda daedos. ase rom, primitiul teqnikas ver vuwodebT. bolos da bolos, egvipturi taZrebi da piramidebi asea aSenebuli, uduRabod, ubralod Tlili qviT. raRac TvalsazrisiT, esec ciklopuri mSeneblobaa. ciklopurs imitom eZaxian, rom didi qvebia. `odiseadan“ SerCa adamianebis mexsierebas ciklopi polifemosi, romelic isvris uzarmazar kldeebs, rakiRa Zalian didia, goliaTia. es namdvilad Serqmeuli saxelia da, rasakvirvelia, raime istoriul sinamdvilze arafers ambobs. 24
cxadia, es teqnika ase ver SenarCundeboda, raRac momentSi misi daxvewa unda momxdariyo. aq, rogorc Cans, Cven antikur samyarosTan urTierToba dagvexmara. CvenTan qvis Tla albaT swored saberZneTidan an berZenTa mcireaziuri dasaxlebebidan Semodis. romelime qvaTlili, bagineTisa an vanis, sadme aTenSi rom waiRoT da daagdoT, SeiZleba, verc mixvdnen, rom es Soridan aris motanili, radgan hgavs. iseTive odnav xaoiani zedapiria, iseve Semovlebulia xolme raRac zoliviT, arSiasaviT da damagrebis wesic msgavsia _ qvebi rom ar daSliliyo, erT horizontalur rigSi erTmaneTis momijnave qvebis napirebze CanakveTi keTdeboda da zemodan liTonis firfita, e.w. gamiri, ideboda. erTmaneTze aseve uxsnarod dadebuli qvebis rigebi amiT iyo ganmtkicebuli. am teqnikas Tan antikuri formebic Semohyva. CvenTan aRmosavleT saqarTveloSic da dasavleT saqarTveloSic napovnia Zalian kargi xarisxis antikuri berZnuli kapitelebi (samxreT saqarTveloSi, ramdenadac vici, jer ar upoviaT, magram arqeologiuri Seswavla iq didad win waweuli araa). nawili SeiZleba Camotanilia, magram nawili berZnuli nimuSebis mixedviT damzadebuli adgilobrivi produqtia. rogorc Cans, arqiteqtura, romelsac es kapitelebi amkobda, sxvanairi unda yofiliyo. jer erTi, ar Cans svetis tanebi. rogorc etyoba, isini xis unda yofiliyo. es, TavisTavad, sul mTlad umagaliTo ar aris. aseTi svetebi hqondaT, magaliTad, sparselebs persepolisis sasaxleebSi _ qvis uzarmazari kapitelebia da tani xis iyo. SesaZloa, es swored saerTo aRmosavluri tradiciaa, magram raodenobac ucnauria _ svetebi erTi da ori ar aris xolme, bevri unda iyos. CvenTan saqme gvaqvs raRac ucnaur arqiteqturasTan. yovel SemTxvevaSi, me ver vxvdebi, ratom aris aq svetnarebi. magaliTad, vanSi aris yru kedeli, am yru kedels ki ratomRac mihyveba sami sveti da meti araferi. ra aris es? ratomaa svetebi maincdamainc am yru sibrtyeze da ara meoreze, vTqvaT, sadac kari iyo, mTlad kargad ar mesmis, magram es arafers niSnavs, radgan isini, rasakvirvelia, sakuTari TavisTvis aSenebdnen 25
da ara CemTvis. dRes CvenTvis es logika bolomde gasagebi ar aris, Tanac aRmosavleT saqarTveloSic da dasavleTSic aseTi suraTia. me yovelTvis momyavs es gasaocari magaliTi: keramikuli biustebi, romlebic mopovebulia cixisZirSi (oRond ara aWaraSi, aramed aqve, Tbilissa da gors Soris sofelSi, Zveli nastakisSi), mSvenieri keramikuli namuSevarebia. isini nakeTebia Zveli berZnuli modelebiT, magram adgilobrivi masaliT da namdvilad aqaa damzadebuli, Tumca ver ityvi, ostati, romelic Zalian kargad muSaobs, Camosulia Tu adgilobrivi. absoluturad gaugebaria, es arqiteqturas rogor ukavSirdeboda, magram namdvilad kedlebze iyo damagrebuli, radgan aq samsWvalis budeebia. Tumca ra kedlebi iyo, rogori iyo maTi urTierTmimarTeba, srulebiT gaugebaria. danamdvilebiT mxolod is viciT, rom frizad isini ar ikvreba, magram ver vxvdebiT, risTvis iyo, miT umetes, SigniT, interierSi da ara gareTa kedelze, rac aseve Zalian ucnauria. antikuri magaliTebi amasac maincdamainc mxars ar uWers. aq raRac sxva ambavia. Cven gvaqvs saqme arqiteqturasTan, romelsac axlavs antikuri detalebi, magram Tavad es arqiteqtura sul sxvaa, sxva Ziridan momdinarea. samwuxarod, Cven masze cota ram viciT. aki vTqvi, rom naSTebi aris friad da friad sawyalobeli _ 30-40 sm-ia xolme acilebuli miwidan, rac arqiteqturaze azris gamosatanad Zalian cotaa. da mainc, Cven imeds gvitovebs ufliscixis na qa laqari. ufliscixis naqalaqari warmomCenia kidev erTi sam Se neblo tradiciisa, romelic Cveni qveynisaTvis Semdegac, Sua saukuneebSic, sakmaod mniSvnelovani iyo. aq Cans kldeSi kafvis tradicia. kldeSi nakafi uZvelesi saxlebi da nasoflarebi, romlebic Zalian bevri aRmoCnda, Zv.w. III aTaswleulis bolodan Tu Zv.w. II aTaswleulidan modis. jerjerobiT uamravia napovni qvemo qarTlSi, cota ufro gviandelebi _ Sida qarTlSi da, bolos, es tradicia mwvervals aRwevs welTaRri cxvaTa mijnaze. ufliscixis daTariRebaze, misi mravalricxovani sadgomebis daniSnulebaze uamravi azria gamoTq26
muli. amaze kamaTi mimdinareobs. isev da isev, ver daiCemeb, rom maincdamainc ama Tu im droisaao, magram faqtia, rom is antikuri xanisaa, albaT SedarebiT gviani safexuris, magram mainc antikuri xanis. am SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba vifiqroT imdroindeli arqiteqturis amokiTxvaze. saqme isaa, rom, rogorc saerTod xSirad xdeba kldis xuroTmoZRvrebaSi (asea indoeTSi, avRaneTSi, tajikeTSi), gamomkafavni naSen arqiteqturas imeoreben. Cvens SemTxvevaSi, es ufro metad xis arqiteqturaa. srulebiT aSkarad Cans, rom imitirebulia xis sadgarebi da xis gadaxurvebi. es xan Zeluri gadaxurvaa, xan ficruli, xan kesonirebulis msgavsi da xanac namdvili kesoni, oRond amjerad es ukve imitaciaa kamarisa, romelic cota gviandeli unda iyos, albaT sadRac ax.w. II saukunisa. rakiRa aseTi mravalferovnebaa, ori ram SeiZleba vivaraudoT: es met-naklebad asaxavs erTi epoqis SenobaTa sxvadasxvanair tipebs an arqiteqturis raRacanair ganviTarebas. amas sagangebo muSaoba sWirdeba da miwaze nanax ganadgurebul SenobebTan kldeSi gamokafuli modelebis Sejereba. amis Semdeg SeiZleba movaxerxoT SenobaTa ramdenime tipis amocnoba. amas garda, aris nasaxlari qarelTan (mgoni, bolomde jerac ar aris gaTxrili), e.w. dedoflisgora, sadac aRmoCenilia saxli, romelic vilis tipisaa, yovel SemTxvevaSi, viRac mdidari meurnis qalaqgare saxlia. iq uamravi ram aris napovni _ sursaTi da bevri sxvadasxva nivTi. orsarTuliani saxli iyo da kedlebi iseT simaRlezea SemorCenili, rom SeiZleba meore sarTulis simaRlec ki iyos. qveda donec daadgindes da, Tu Zalian moviwadinebT, misi patara modelic ki SeiZleba gavakeToT. es yvelaferi samuSaoa, jerjerobiT ki mxolod imis Tqma SegviZlia, rom Cven gvqonda bevri sxvadasxvagvari Senoba, araerTi gegmarebiTi tipi, magram sacxovrebeli arqiteqtura, rogorc Cans, ZiriTadad, mainc xis iyo, Tumca qvis detalebic gamoiyeneboda da samSeneblo keramikac. maSasadame, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom Cven gvaqvs garkveuli tipis sivrcis gancda, romelic im uZvelesi droidan modis. 27
gvaqvs ganaSenianebis garkveuli tipi, romelic aseve tradiciad iqceva. faqtobrivad, vicnobT yvela im teqnikas, romelsac samyaro IV saukuneSi iyenebda. vicodiT, pirvel rigSi, xiTxurooba, romelic, rogorc iTqva, aSkarad aris aRbeWdili ufliscixeSi. amas garda, napovnia kidev ufro Zveli yorRanebi da xiT naSeni Sida sadgomebi. es sakmarisad rTuli nagebobebia, romlebsac ise, sasxvaTaSorisod, ver gaakeTeb, codna unda. sxva Tu araferi, rodesac aSendeboda da ZelebiT gadaixureboda, zemoT miwa da qva eyreboda da amisTvis unda gaeZlo. Sesabamisad, imdroindeli ostati axerxebda, cxadia, TvaliT da ara qaRaldze amis gamoangariSebas. amuSavebdnen xes, ficrebsac Wridnen, ra Tqma unda, morebsac Tlidnen, yvelafers akeTebdnen. savaraudod, albaT aCuqurTmebdnen kidec, yovel SemTxvevaSi, sxvanairad ar xdeba _ iq, sadac xea, xeze CuqurTmac aris xolme, Cveulebriv da, ra Tqma unda, amas Zalian didi gasavali unda hqonoda. amasTanave viciT samSeneblo keramika da qvis damuSaveba. qvas vxmarobT rogorc duRabiT, aseve uduRabod, rogorc uTlels, aseve Tlilsac. es gasaTvaliswinebelia, im TvalsazrisiT, rom ukve Semdeg, Sua saukuneebSi, did, ase vTqvaT, monumentur arqiteqturaSi yvelaze gamosaCeni Senobebi ufro xSirad Tlili qviT Sendeba. gamonaklisia kaxeTi, magram es calke ambavia. zogadad rom aviRoT, mTel Cvens arcTu ise did qveyanaSi asea miRebuli _ roca undaT, raRac gansxvavebuli, Tavmosawoni aaSenon, Tlil qvas amjobineben imdroindeli qarTvelebic. Tumca uTleli qvac gamoiyeneba, miT umetes, xalxur mSeneblobaSi. magaliTad, uTleli qviT Sendeboda arcTu ise mcire raodenobiT cixe-koSkebi da saeklesio nagebobebi. marTalia, rogorc wesi, es meorexarisxovani eklesiebia, magram raodenobiT isini sakmarisad bevria. ase rom, qristianobis Semosvlas Cven savsebiT aRWurvilni SevxvdiT saimisod, rom arqiteqturis amocanebi gadawyvetiliyo. es ise ar unda gavigoT, TiTqos manamde arqiteqturis amocanebi saerTod ar wydeboda. Cven es, ubralod, kargad ar 28
viciT. Cven vxedavT, vTqvaT, uSvelebel cecxlis taZars dedoflis mindorSi (is sveticxovlis zomisaa, kolosaluria), magram mxolod taZris kvalia miwaze SerCenili. ucnobia, taZari ra simaRlis iyo da rogor viTardeboda zemoTken, iq ra xdeboda. magaliTad, oTxi sveti dgas da gadaxurvad raRac gvirgvinisnairi unda hqonoda, magram aravin icis, es gvirgvini ori Zelisagan Sedgeba Tu maRalia, rogorc Zvel nagebobebSi, darbazovan saxlebSi. arc is viciT, es rogor davadginoT. vin ras varaudobs da vin _ ras. me mainc mgonia, rom es patara iyo, or an sam rigad dalagebuli da adioda kramitis saxuravamde, mere ki aRar viTardeboda, Torem darbazovani saxlis gvirgvini bans scdeba xolme da zemodan qudiviT adgas. Cven ar viciT, uamravi xis detali ranairi iyo. SeRebili iyo? moxaratebuli iyo? ar viciT. Sesabamisad, Zalian Wirs saubari imaze, rogori iyo arqiteqturis mxatvruli done. Wirs laparaki imaze, rac ar viciT. fasadebis warmodgenac SeuZlebelia, radgan gegma amis saSualebas ar iZleva. SeiZleba, iq Zalian martivi elementebi iyo, magram, vTqvaT, sam ferad Rebavdnen, raTa lamazi sanaxavi yofiliyo. amas winaT vuyurebdi samTavroSi aRmoCenil samlocvelos, romelic Zeluri nagebobaa. rekonstruqciisas daxates Cveulebrivi oTxkuTxa Zelebi. rom Sexedav, ar mogindeba aseTi taZari, magram mere vfiqrobdi: marTalia, ase davxateT, magram sinamdvileSi araferi viciT. ki, batono, Zirze sworkuTxaa, magram mere im svetze ra xdeba? iqneb rogor iyo moCuqurTmebuli, rogori saxeebi iyo. egeb moqandakebuli, moxatuli an SeRebili yofiliyo. iqneb iyo kidev raRac, rac ukve veRarasdros verafriT dadgindeba. samwuxarod, qaRaldze naxati mxolod Zalian miaxloebiT suraTs mogvcems. realurad, rogorc ukve vTqvi, arqitequraze saubari mxolod ufliscixis magaliTiT SegviZlia da esec kvlav samuSao da sakvlevi sakiTxia. qristianuli arqiteqtura verasodes iqneboda iseTi, rogoric sinamdvileSia, Tuki manamde yovelgvari mxatvrulobisagan daclili wminda wylis funqciuri mSenebloba gveqnebo29
da. adamians foTlebisa da totebisagan agebul qoxSic ki Seaqvs odnavi proporcia, raTa Tvali gaaxaros. roca qalaqebsa da taZrebs aSenebdnen, miT umetes, gaakeTebdnen raRacas mxatvruls, magram, ra vqnaT, rom ar viciT. magaliTad, bagineTSi, armazcixeze, mcxeTis Tavze, aRmoCenilia kvali eqvsafsidiani nagebobisa, romelic imdenad dangreulia, rom verc ki vxvdebiT, gadaxuruli rogor iyo. ra iyo am eqvs afsids Soris, srulebiT gaugebaria. Sua adgilze dgas raRacis kvarcxlbeki, TiTqos svetis, magram es erTi sveti rom iyo SuaSi amoCrili, mere zemoT ra xdeboda, ar viciT. samwuxarod, Cven SegviZlia mxolod da mxolod samSeneblo tradicia davadasturoT. rac Seexeba arqiteqturas, masze verafers vityviT. viciT mxolod uzogadesi principi, romelic sivrcis agebasa da garemoSi nagebobis moTavsebas Seexeba. amis iqiT raimes Tqma jerjerobiT ar xerxdeba. Cven SegviZlia vilaparakoT movlenebze mxolod qristianobis Semosvlis xanidan, ufro mainc _ V saukunidan.
30
3. qristianobis Semosvla da sataZro arqiteqtura axali welTaRricxvis pirveli saukuneebi dedamiwis umetesi nawilisaTvis da, maT Soris, Cveni qveynisaTvis axali, didi movleniT iyo aRsaniSnavi. yvelasaTvis gasagebia, rom saubari aris axali sarwmunoebis _ qristianobis _ aRmocenebaze. ra iyo manamde, jer kidev sacilobelia, safiqrebelia. vgoneb, eWvgareSea, rom mociqulTa qadageba Cvens qveyanaSi namdvilad iyo. saqarTvelo moiares wm. andria pirvelwodebulma, wm. svimon kananelma, SesaZloa mataTa mociqulmac. amaze sxvadasxva gardamocema arsebobs, xolo, ramdenad SerCa maTi naqadagevi, ramdenad moikida man fexi, es ukve sxva sakiTxia, romelsac imaze meti rkveva unda, vidre dRemde Catarebula. SesaZloa, gamoCndes arqeologiuri monapovari, romelic Cven gagvar kvevs. Tumca calkeuli miniSnebebi, raRac qristianuli Temebi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, codna qristes qadagebisa da saxarebis Sesaxeb Cvens qveyanaSi TiTqos aris. da mainc, wm. ninos qada geba aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi is niSansvetia, romlidanac sakuTriv saqarTvelos eklesiis istoria iwyeba. gasagebic aris. maSindeli eklesiis struqtura iseTi iyo, rom ragind yofiliyo manamde, saubari rogorme SekavSirebul, ierarqizebul struqturebze albaT mainc ar SeiZleba. swored konstantine didis zeobis Semdeg ikveTeba sabolood miwieri eklesiis is saxe, romelic man dRevandlamde SeinarCuna. Cven dRes kargad ar gvesmis, ras niSnavda axali sarwmunoebis gavrceleba. bolomde ar gvesmis, ras niSnavs, aRiaro axali rwmena. dRes eklesia Zalian bevr adamians warmoudgenia, rogorc raRac ucnauri wesdebis mqone sazogadoebrivi organizacia, erTgvari klubi an politikuri partia, xolo rwmenis aRiarebas ise uyureben, TiTqos axali astronomiuli Teoria waekiTxoT, romelsac daeTanxmebian, nawilobriv daeTanxmebian an uaryofen. arada, sinamdvileSi, aseTi ram dauSvebelia. warmarTi RvTaebis rwmenac ki niSnavs Tavis migebas 31
am arsisadmi, arsebebisadmi, romlebzec wm. daviT winaswarmetyveli ambobs: `RmerTni warmarTTani eSmak arian~. es Zalian kargad Cans Tundac qarTul gadmocemebSi nadirT RvTaeba dalis Sesaxeb. gadmocemis Tanaxmad, is iTxovs erTgulebas masze gamijnurebuli monadirisagan, romelic mkacrad isjeba, Tuki aRTqma daarRvia. es ar aris marto CvenSi. magaliTad, ase daisaja berZnul miTosSi Wabuki ipolite imis gamo, rom man qalRmerT afrodites Zala ar aRiara. afroditem mas saSineli, ukuRmarTi mijnuroba Sehyara da ipolite daRupa. igulisxmeba, rom Tqven raRacanairad am RvTaebis mokavSire, mis mimarT garkveuli movaleobis mqone xdebiT da am movaleobis darRveva ar SeiZleba. miT umetes, Zalian rTulad aris saqme, roca saubaria monoTeistTa RmerTze, bibliuri RmerTis aRiarebaze. es nebismier monoTeistur religias exeba. saqme is gaxlavT, rom warmarTi RvTaebebi, ase Tu ise, saaqaos, wuTisofels ekuTvnian da maTTan urTierToba, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, wuTisoflis cnebebiT warmoebs daaxloebiT ase: vTqvaT, me mogeci Sen qaTami, Sen momeci me mosavali. ufro sworad ki _ ai, ase: Sen miiRe Cemgan, davuSvaT, 15 iremi, keTili inebe da Cemi erTguli iyavi. es yvelaferi miwier sibrtyeze xdeba. sul sxvaa, rodesac adamiani dgas RmerTis pirispir da swored es aris bibliuri RmerTis rwmena, mudmivi gancda imisa, rom Sen yvela Seni saqmiT, mTeli cxovrebiT RvTis pirispir dgaxar. es Zalian rTulia. albaT Zalian cota iyo adamiani, romelmac mTeli am saukuneebisa da aTaswleulebis ganmavlobaSi ase icxovra, magram viRac uTuod iqneboda. iyo garkveuli raodenoba adamianebisa, romlebsac Cven wmindanebs vuwodebT. Tumca maT Sorisac arian sxvadasxvanairebi _ sxvadasxva Zalis, siRrmisa Tu simaRlis. gwamdes qveynis Semoqmedi RmerTisa, garda yvelafrisa, niSnavs, sul sxvanairad warmogedginos Seni cxovreba. SevadaroT Tundac is, Tu rogor wamoudgenia saiqio cxovreba nebismier warmarTsa da bibliuri religiis mimdevars. warmarTisaTvis warmoudgenelia sxva ram, garda miwieri cxovrebis ase Tu ise gagrZelebisa. magaliTad, aris aseTi Ci32
nuri religia daosi. am religiis Tanaxmad, wmindanebi, romlebic ukvdavebi xdebian, cxovroben mTaze da srulebiT miwier cxovrebas ewevian. ubralod, es droSi gangrZobili miwieri cxovrebaa. ukidures mistikosebsac ki, magaliTad, piTagorelebs (piTagoraze metad mistikosi antikur religias ar hyolia), sulebis cxovreba warmoudgeniaT varskvlavebze da es xilul caze xdeba (Tavis droze, rodesac wavikiTxe, me es Zalian meniSna). am xiluls, nivTiers, TviT usulieresi warmarTic ki eTayvaneba. me Zalian Sors var im azrisagan, rom warmarTobaSi saerTod araviTari suliereba ar aris. rogor ar aris, Tuki gvyavda platoni, iyvnen indoeTis brZenni?! es garkveuli tipis sulierebaa, magram ingliseli mwerlis, Cestertonis, ar iyos, yovelgvari suliereba rodi gulisxmobs suliwmindas, srulebiT gansxvavebuli ram SeiZleba iyos. sxvaTa Soris, arsebobs suliereba, romelic Zalian axlos aris mSvinvierebasTan, mSvinvier gancdebTan, vnebebTan. qristianma icis maradisi cxovreba, rogorc xorcielad aRdgomis CvenTvis miuwvdomeli Sedegi, oRond es srulebiT sxva qveynierebaSi aRdgomaa. is wuTisofeli, romelic Cven viciT, ki ar grZeldeba, aramed icvleba srulebiT sxva ramiT, rac ar viciT, rogori iqneba. Cven SeiZleba mxolod vigumanoT ise, Zalian Soreulad. codvisa da sikvdilis Semosvlamde arsebul im sxvanair qveynierebaSi SesaZlebelia erTaderTi, ase vTqvaT, saqmianoba da es isev RvTis pirispir dgomaa. am SemTxvevaSi, is gulisxmobs sruli cnobierebiTa da sruli sicxadiT yofnas maradisobaSi, es ki CvenTvis Zalian rTuli gancdaa, radgan yvela droiT ganzomilebas moicavs. erT-erTi, rac adamians RvTaebis winaswar gangebulebaze saubrisas Zalian abnevs isaa, rom igi sakuTar Tavs warmoidgens Tojinad, romelsac RvTaeba Tavis nebaze daatarebs. aris religiebi, romlebsac ase swamT, magram ase ar swams qristianobas. qristianoba aRiarebs adamianis Tavisufal nebas da mxolod amas gulisxmobs, Tumca ukve daviT winaswarmetyvelma icoda, rom ufalma Sesaqmis dros yoveli Cvenganis wuTisofe33
li, yoveli Cvenganis nabiji uwyoda. Cven es nabijebi CveniT gadavdgiT, ubralod misTvis, yovladmecnierisaTvis, isini cnobilia. axla nu mkiTxavT, rogor Seefardeba amas saswauli, rogor Seefardeba amas xsna da saswaulTagan umTavresi _ uflis gankaceba, raTa Cven kvlav gagvexsnas samoTxis daxSuli karibWe. es me, bunebrivia, ar vici da, cota ar iyos, mecineba, roca vinme Cemulobs, rom icis. mgoni, Zalian sasaciloa, rom adamiani, romelsac Tavisi mezoblisa veraferi gaugia, qveynierebis Semoqmedis saidumlos amocnobas Cemulobdes. Tu vinmes aseTi saidumlo gaexsna, Zalian kargia, magram meeWveba. ubralod, ar mgonia, adamianma amgvari codna daitios da Tu daitia, gamoTqma SeZlos, Tumca es ise vTqvi, sxvaTa Soris. Cven unda gavigoT, rom, rodesac qristianoba Semovida, adamianebma dainaxes srulebiT sxvanairi qveyniereba. maT da inaxes srulebiT sxvanairi saiqio, maT dainaxes sruliad sxva nairi RvTaebrioba, romelzec manamde miaxloebiTi warmodgenac ki ar gaaCndaT. es marTlac sruli ganaxleba iyo, TiTqmis iseTive, rogorc gamocxadebis boloSia naTqvami wm. ioane RvTismetyvelis mier: `da vixile caÁ axali da queyanaÁ axali, miwaÁ axali“. rodesac adamianebma es axali sarwmunoeba miiRes da gareT gavidnen (albaT ase xdeboda, rom sadRac sivrceSi an Tugind baRSi iqadageboda, vTqvaT wm. ninos usmendnen da iwames), zecas rom axedes, rasakvirvelia, sul sxva ram dainaxes, TiTqosda igive sruliad sxvagvarad warmoudgaT. sulac ar iyo advili amis miReba, ar iyo advili axali sarwmuno ebiT cxovreba. isic unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom IV saukunisaTvis eklesias ukve bevri ram gadaxda _ dawyebuli devniT (romelic, I saukunis Sua xanebidan moyolebuli, ar mTavrdeboda) da dasrulebuli qristianuli xelovnebis SeqmniT. es yvelaferi am axalnergi qristianobis qveyanas erTianad unda mieRo. warmosadgenadac ki Znelia, Tu rogor moaxerxa es kacobriobam. qristianuli xelovnebis Seqmna vaxsene. saqme is gaxlavT, rom qristianuli xelovneba umalve ar gaCenila. mociqulTa 34
xanaSi da, rogorc Cans, kidev didxans ar arsebobda Sinagani moTxovnileba arc xuroTmoZRvrulad gaformebuli sivrcisa, sadac morwmuneebi Seikribebodnen da, miT umetes, arc imgvari saRvTo gamosaxulebisa, rogoric marTlmadidebluri eklesiis xatia. bevri SeiZleba vimkiTxaoT imis Sesaxeb, ratom iyo ase Tu ise, magram faqtia, aseTi moTxovnileba ar yofila. yvelaze martivi axsna is aris, rom eklesias, qristianTa salocavs, romelic Tavdasxmebis pirdapiri samizne iqneboda, ver aSenebdnen. rogorc Cans, III saukunemde aseTi Senobebi ar arsebobda an, Tu arsebobda, es iyo sadme kerZo saxlSi gamoyofili oTaxebi, sadac qristianTa Sekrebebi uCumrad imarTeboda. amgvari sivrceebi, marTalia, mcire raodenobiT, magram SemogvrCa. es arafriT gamorCeuli odnav mozrdili oTaxebia, romlebsac adamianTa garkveuli raodenoba unda daetia. maTSi gamoyofili unda yofiliyo adgili, sadac moZRvari, presviteri, mRvdeli saqadagod da ziarebis Casatareblad dajdeboda an dadgeboda. amis meti saWiroeba ar arsebobda. gamosaxulebebic ar sWirdebodaT. metsac getyviT, albaT maTi ridic hqondaT, vinaidan gamosaxuleba, romelic idga da ambobda, rom es RmerTia, morwmuneebs warmarT RvTaebebs metismetad cxovlad agonebda. qristianebma albaT moZRvarTagan miRebuli pirvelive gakveTilidan icodnen, rom kerpi usulo gamosaxulebaa, romelic cocxal RmerTobas ibralebs. bunebrivia, aseTi kerpis gamo Cena TavianT salocavSi maT srulebiTac ar undodaT. saWiro iyo, gasuliyo dro, Camoyalibebuliyo sxvanairi rwmeniTi damokidebuleba da migveRo is, rasac xats veZaxiT. es gamo saxuleba, TavisTavad, ar aris RvTaebrivi, xelqmnilia, magram garkveuli TvisebebiTa da kurTxeviT, romelic adasturebs, rom mas es Tvisebebi marTlac aqvs. mas aqvs unari, Cveni azri da gancda mimarTos imisaken, vinc am xatzea gamosaxuli an masze gamoxatuli ambisaken, vTqvaT, lazares aRdginebisaken. SevxedavT da TiTqosda swored im maradisobaSi gadavdivarT, sadac warsuli agreTve awmyoa da sadac Cvenc varT da is amba35
vic. nu mkiTxavT axla, es rogor xdeba. marTlac, Cven erT wamSi SevabijebT im mdgomareobaSi, rodesac varT iqac da aqac, dRevandel dRes da kidev romeliRac dRes, romelic 3 000 wlis Semdeg iqneba. aseTi cnobiereba umal ver gaCndeboda. amas dasWirda dro. dro iyo saWiro aseve imisaTvis, rom Camoyalibebuliyo qristianuli taZari, romelic ver iqneboda uflis saxli warmarTuli gagebiT. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom jer wm. stefane pirvelmowamem da Semdeg wm. mociqulma pavlem Tqves zustad erTi da igive winadadeba: `RmerTi, romelma igi Seqmna cani da qveyanaÁ, ara xeliTqmulTa taZarTa Sina cxovrobs~. es SemTxveviTi naTqvami ar aris. es aris ara mxolod erTgvari gamowveva warmarTobisa, aramed TviT Zveli aRTqmisac, imitom, rom Zveli aRTqmis RmerTic evlineboda iudevelebs erT adgilze. iudevelebmac ician, rom RmerTi araviTar kedlebSi ar aris momwyvdeuli. Tumca, rogorc Cans, warmarTuli cnobierebis gavleniT, raki RmerTi erTi iyo da ar arsebobda bevri RvTaeba (gansxvavebiT warmarTuli Sexedulebisagan), warmoidgines, rom unda yofiliyo erTi taZari da erTi adgili, sadac is Cndeba. saWiro iyo macxovris mosvla, raTa Tqmuliyo, rom ase brZanebs ufali: is iqneba maTTan ara am mTaze, ara sionze an kidev sadme sxvagan, aramed nebismier adgilas, sadac ori, gindac sami Seikribeba. ar aqvs mniSvneloba adgils, yvelgan SeiZleba RvTis Tayvaniscema, Tu Sen Tayvanis- scem suliTa da WeSmaritebiT. maSin ra aris qristianuli taZari da ra saWiroa misi ageba? swored es gaxda erTgvari lodi sacduri. SeiZleba amgvari msjeloba gadaWarbebulia, magram es sakiTxi, rogorc Cans, ukve III saukuneSic sakamaTo da saCoTiro iyo. magaliTad, arsebobs teqsti, romelSic naTqvamia, rom taZari igeba ara qvebiT, aramed sulebiT. sinamdvileSi, ukve igulisxmeba ara is taZari, romelSic Cven SevdivarT, aramed _ eklesia, rogorc erTiani taZari. da ra aris eklesia? SemTxveviTi xom ar aris, rom nagebobasa da morwmuneTa krebuls erTi da igive saxeli hqvia? Tavidan es saxeli erqva swored morwmuneebis erTobas, 36
romlis Tavi ars qriste. es iyo eklesia. axla kidev es saxeli Seerqva taZars da yvela enaSi asea. yvela enam Seinaxa amgvari viTarebis mexsiereba. ratom gvWirdeba Cven eklesia? imitom, rom morwmune aris ara is rCeuli 10 kaci, romelTac gansakuTrebuli sasoeba aqvT, aramed bevri iseTi adamianic, vinc RmerTi guliTa da gonebiT _ an naxevari guliTa da naxevari gonebiT, an mTlianad guliTa da gonebiT, an mTeli arsebiT, an naxevari arsebiT _ aRiara da yvela maTgans unda gauadvildes RmerTTan misvla, locvis aRvlena, im Sinagani mdgomareobis Seqmna, romlis gareSe religiuri Tanamsaxureba, Tundac msaxurebaze daswreba SeuZlebelia. amitom aris saWiro gansakuTrebuli adgili. sxvaTa Soris, amitomve xdeba, rom adamians sxva aRmsareblobis taZarSi, cota ar iyos, uxerxuloba ipyrobs. magaliTad, Cven marTlmadideblebi varT, magram rusul marTlmadideblur taZarSi Sesuli qarTvelic ki cota uxerxulad grZnobs Tavs da darwmunebuli var, qarTul taZarSi Sesuli rusic. igive moxdeba, Tu berZnul taZarSi SevalT, radganac is sxvanairia. aq ukve saubaria ara sarwmunoebaze, aramed sarwmunoebis gancdaze. qarTvelTagan erTs SeiZleba samTavisis taZarSi Sesvla erCivnos, meores _ mcxeTis jvarSi. orive marTlmadidebelia, orive qarTvelia, magram, ase vTqvaT, sulieri agebulebiT erTi midrekilia Tavisi religiuri gancdis erTgvari gamovlenisaken, erTi rigis gancdebisaken, meores ki, romelic sxvanairad ganicdis, Sesabamisad, garemoSic raRac sxva sWirdeba. amis msgavsad, viRac salocavad xaxulis RmrTismSobelTan miva da viRac _ anCisxatTan. yvelas romeliRac wmindani uyvars. gana is sxvaze ukeTesia, magram adamiani Sinagan kavSirs amyarebs ratomRac swored masTan da ara romelime sxvasTan. pirveli qristianuli taZrebisaTvis amoirCies mSeneblobis imgvari tipi, romelic warmarTul taZars SedarebiT naklebad hgavda da es iyo ugumbaTo xuroTmoZRvrebis tipebidan erT-erTi, e.w. bazilika, aseve _ nair-nairi mrgvali da mravalafsidiani, mravalkuTxa Senobebi, romelTac gum37
baTi hqondaT (aseTebi icoda elinisturma qveynebma, icoda romis imperiis sxvadasxva centris aRmSeneblobam). saqme is gaxldaT, rom es nagebobebi sxvadasxva funqcias asrulebda. Tqven SeiZleba naxoT warmarTuli periodis mrgvali Senoba (da aris aseTi Senoba), vTqvaT, panTeoni, romelic taZari iyo, magram es mainc iSviaTia. roca adamiani Sexedavda mrgval Senobas, pirveli, rac axsendeboda, warmarTuli taZari ar iyo. asevea bazilika. arsebobda bazilikebi, romlebic taZris msgavsia, magram swored RvTis saxlTan erTmniSvnelovnad ar asocirdeboda. amgvarad, aseTi arCevani gakeTda, moxda konstruqciuli gamartiveba. Zalian ucnauria, magram faqtia, rom saqristianos umetes nawilSi aRar aSeneben kamarebs, romelTa Senebac romaelebma Zalian kargad icodnen. ratomRac gadadian xiT gadaxuruli Senobebis agebaze. magaliTad, dasavleT saqristianoSi gadaxurvis amgvarma xerxma fexi imdenad moikida, rom XI saukuneSi iq kamaraTa mSeneblobis Seswavla lamis axlidan mouxdaT. pirvel xanebSi Zalian uWirdaT kamaris amoyvana, imdenad, rom, rodesac did samnavian nagebobas aSenebdnen, gverdiT navebs kamarebs ukeTebdnen da Sua ganier navebs xiT xuravdnen. ar iyvnen darwmunebulni, rom iseT kamaras aaSenebdnen, romelic ar Camoingreoda. marTlac, iyo SemTxvevebi, roca afsidebi Camongreula. nel-nela xelaxla iswavles da SeimuSaves kamarebis amoyvanis sando meTodebi da ukve Semdeg goTikuri xuroTmoZRvreba mTlad uSecdomo ara, magram bevrad gabeduli iyo, vidre romanuli arqiteqtura. saqarTvelo im mcirericxovan qveyanaTa Sorisaa, sadac kamarovani mSenebloba ki ar gaqra, piriqiT, damkvidrda da Tanac damkvidrda swored saeklesio mSeneblobaSi, saidanac sxva qveynebSi qristianobam is gandevna. ratom moxda ase, Zneli saTqmelia. ar aris advili asaxsneli kidev erTi ram: Cveni qveyana adre gaqristianda, aq axali sarwmunoeba mosaxleobamac aRiara da saxelmwifomac. qristianoba fexmokidebuli iyo aRmosavleTSic da, Tumc Riad ar Tqmula, dasavleT saqarTveloSic, radgan berZnebisa da, ufro metad, romaelebis 38
mier pyrobil biWvinTa-picunda-pitiuntsa Tu noqalaqevSi, romelic, rogorc Cans, egrisis mefeTa erT-erTi samyofeli mainc iyo, napovnia namdvilad IV saukunis ramdenime uZvelesi eklesia. Cven ar viciT, egriselebTan rogor iyo, Tumca samefo saxli, TviTon Tu ar aRiarebda, hguobda mainc Tavis gverdiT axal sarwmunoebas. maS, ratom moxda, rom aseT qveyanaSi orad ori nagebobaa, romelzec dRes Cven SegviZlia dabejiTebiT vTqvaT, rom IV saukunisaa? gaviTvalisiwinoT isic, rom es aris mxolod kvali miwaze. faqtobrivad, saZirkvels odnav amocdenili gadarCenili nagebobebi imdenad dabalzea, rom Tqmac ki ar SegviZlia, sad iyo kari da sad _ sarkmeli. mxolod moxazuloba viciT: martivi, sworkuTxa darbazi momrgvalebuli aRmosavleTis kedliT, ara gamoyofili afsidiT, aramed swored momrgvalebuli kedliT. sul es iyo. yvela niSniT, is xiT unda yofiliyo gadaxuruli. isic saTqmelia, rom, garda calnavianobisa (calnaviani eklesiebi CvenTan bevri iyo yvela dros da SigadaSig dResac ki Sendeba), danarCeni niSnebi CvenSi ar damkvidrda. amgvarma arqiteqturam _ aseTi proporciebiT, xiT gadaxurulma, momrgvalebulkedlebianma _ CvenSi fexi ar moikida. CvenSi aseTi arc aRmosavleTSi damkvidrda da arc dasavleTSi. Semdgom ukve sul sxva arqiteqturaa. Sesabamisad, es ori nageboba ar udebs saTaves qarTul qristianul arqiteqturas. maS, saidan modis is? dabejiTebiT raimes Tqmas dResac ver vaxerxebT. erTaderTi, rac SegviZlia vivaraudoT, is aris, rom Cvenma qveyanam, bevrisgan gansxvavebiT, ar gaagrZela imgvari mSenebloba, rogoric manamde hqonda. gasakviria, Tu raoden ar hgavs Cveni qristianuli taZrebi, romlebic danamdvilebiT adreulia da V saukuniT TariRdeba, imas, rac antikur dros unda yofiliyo _ araviTari antikuri profilebi, kapitelebi, wyoba, araferi, garda kamarisa, romelic, zogadad, romaul wess misdevs. Tumca axlaxan xom mogaxseneT, rom taZrebs kamariT romis kultris uSualod gamgrZelebel qveynebSic ki ar xuravdnen. Sesabamisad, mTlad tipuri arc es unda iyos. raSia saqme? 39
pirvel yovlisa, unda vTqvaT, rom jerac aris imedi (sul ufro sustdeba, magram mainc aris) _ albaT vipoviT naSTebs, mcired namusrevs uZvelesi eklesiebisa, romlebic werilobiTi wyaroebis wyalobiT, viciT, IV saukuneSi namdvilad aSenda. aris ori eklesia mcxeTaSi, eklesiebi eruSeTSi, manglisSi, wilkanSi, nekresSi. daaxloebiT, 330-iani wlebidan saukunis bolomde es eklesiebi namdvilad aigo, magram sadaa?! yvela am adgilze dgas eklesia, magram rasac Cven vxedavT, IV saukunisaa. is naSTebic, romlebic aRmoCenilia, vTqvaT, mcxeTis samTavros taZarSi da isic, rasac wilkanSi vuyurebT, namdvilad IV saukunisaa. manglisSi gaTxrebi ar Catarebula. SesaZloa, dRevandeli eklesiis qveS rame iyos. mikvleulia aseTi naSTebi sveticxovelSi, magram im masalis damuSaveba, romelic 2006 wlis arqeologiuri gawmendisas moipoves, samwuxarod dRemde ver moxerxda. ramdeni dro gavida (TiTqmis 8 weli) da kidev ar viciT, iq ra aris. dResac verafers vambobT yvelaze qveda fenis Sesaxeb, romelic namdvilad mignebulia da romlis qveSac, niadagis garda, araferia. ra aris uSualod mirianis xanisa, Cven ar viciT. imedia, male gairkveva, Tumca, yvela niSniT, es is ar aris, rac mere iqneba. rom gvqonoda raime im eklesiebis msgavsi, romlebsac vicnobT, sxvanairi kvali darCeboda, es ki raRac gaugebaria _ raRacnairi iataki, ucnauri moxazulobebi, romlebic, kargad ar gvesmis, rad SeiZleba Seikras. moZebnilia erTi kapiteli, romelic antikur mcxeTur kapitelebs hgavs. SesaZloa, is marTlac mirianiseuli taZrisaa. ase varaudobs qalbatoni qeTevan abaSiZe, romelic sruliad marTebulad ambobs, rom adreqristianuli da gvianantikuri, drois TvalsazrisiT, zustad erTi da igivea. ubralod, gvianantikuria is, rac am periodSi, III-V saukuneebSi, agrZelebs warmarTul tradicias, xolo adreqristianulia is, rac saTaves udebs qristianul kulturas, am SemTxevaSi _ xelovnebas. rasakvirvelia, xelosanma, romelic mirian mefem moiyvana, gamoTala is, rac icoda. samuSaod dauZaxes da sxvas verafers izamda. Tumca dabejiTebiT raimes saTqmelad es jerjerobiT ar kmara. SeiZleba mxolod vivaraudoT, rom 40
aSendeboda raRac imdagvari, rac wm. ninos palestinaSi enaxa da, savaraudod, konstantines ostatebis mier sxvadasxva qristianul (ufro zustad, axlad gaqristianebul) qveyanaSi Sendeboda. Tu es asea, maSin albaT xiT daxuruli svetebiani bazilikebi an ugumbaTo nagebobebi iqneboda, sam navad gayofili svetebisa an boZebis rigebiT. Tumca jerjerobiT es mxolod zepiri naTqvamia, radgan amis msgavsi Cven araferi viciT. ratom ambobs saqarTvelo ase kategoriulad uars antikur memkvidreobaze? aseTi ram arc roms, arc ierusalims, arc antioqias da arc aleqsandrias uqnia. raSia saqme? kavSirs antikur memkvidreobasTan ase radikalurad TiTqos Cveni mezobeli somxebic ki ar wyveten. rogorc Cans, ase moxda imitom, rom CvenSi TviT Zala antikuri tradiciisa, misi danaSrevi, gacilebiT ufro susti iyo, vidre sxvagan. es martivad aixsneba siSoriT: Cven ufro Sors varT antikuri kulturis centrebisagan, vidre, davuSvaT, romelime mcireaziuri, siriuli an palestinuri qalaqi. CvenSi kamarisa da gumbaTis ase Camkvidreba SeiZleba imiTac aris Sepirobebuli, rom gverdiT aris iranuli samyaro, sadac kamarebi da gumbaTebi Sendeba (sasanianTa arqiteqtura, didwilad, kamarovan-gumbaTovania). SeiZleba asecaa, Tumca Cveni nagebobi didad arc am arqiteqturas hgavs. raRac saerTo elementebis moZebna SesaZlebelia, magram imis Tqma, rom pirdapiri msgavsebaa, usamarTlo iqneba. ase ar gaxlavT. msgavsebas vpoulobT, magram es sworedac rom mxolod elementebis msgavsebaa. maS, raSia saqme? isev da isev mxolod Teoriulad SeviZlia vifiqroT, rom qristiani mSeneblebi CvenTan marTlac eZeben raRac formas, romelic kargad TviTonac ar ician. ician mxolod erTaderTi: is, rac zereled daefina qarTul kulturas, maT ar undaT. ragind uyurebdnen konstantine didis mier gamogzavnil qviTxuroebs (mirian mefem qviTxuroebi iTxova da imperatorma isini marTlac gamogzavna), berZnebis, romaelebisa Tu asurTa naSenebi eklesia, etyoba, is ar aris, rac qarTvel ostats an qarTvel damkveTs unda. undaT raRac sxva (terenti granelisa ar iyos, Cvenc xSirad dagvmarTnia, rom arc 41
is gvinda, arc es gvinda, mTlad kargad arc viciT, ra gvinda da mainc gvinda raRac sxva). is sxva ki, romlis ZiebaSic arian, V saukunis Sua xanebSi gamoCnda, rac, me rom mkiTxoT, Zalian sakvirvelia. wesiT, amas meti dro unda dasWirveboda. Tanac Cven garkveuli wesebi unda davicvaT: eklesia aRmosavleTiT unda iyurebodes da iyofodes orad _ unda arsebobdes sivrce, sadac mrevli ganTavsdeba da sivrce, sadac mRvdel msaxuri dadgeba. Tavis mxriv, es ukve gulisxmobs garkveul konstruqcias, Tundac Zalian zogads, magram sqemas. am sqemis Sesabamisi nageboba, bazilika, gindac is mravalwaxnaga, mrgvali Tu gumbaTiani nageboba garSemosavlelebiT arsebobs, magram, etyoba, Cven maTi msgavsis an zustad amgvaris aSeneba ar gvinda. bazilikebs mimsgavsebuls vaSenebT, Tumca iq misuli italieli an berZeni dResac ver mixvdeba, rom es bazilikaa da im dros xom sul mTlad gaikvirvebda, es xalxi ra ucnaur adgilas loculobso. ratom vambob, rom es sakvirvelia? imitom, rom Cven gvaqvs, Cemi azriT, Zalian mniSvnelovani magaliTi britaneTis kunZulebze, norTamberlendsa da irlandiaSi, sadac kelti berebis namonastralebia SemorCenili. es irlandiurad moubari kelti berebi iyvnen iSviaTad gansawavlulni _ maT, rogorc Cans, wminda miwasTan hqondaT mWidro kontaqti da icodnen laTinuri, zogjer _ berZnulic. isini xatavdnen araCveulebriv xelnawerebs da qmnidnen Zalze saintereso CuqurTmebsa Tu naqandakev jvrebs. Tumca dainaxavT raRac Zalze ucnaurs, Tuki SexedavT am SesaniSnavobaTa Tanadroul eklesiebs. veravin warmoidgens, rom es aris qoxi, romelsac aqvs oTxi kedeli da momrgvalebuli saxuravi. ori qanobi da gamouyofeli kexi _ sul esaa, amis mets arafers aSenebdnen. SigniT, am dros, hqondaT araCveulebrivi xelnawerebi. raki xelnawerebi aseTia, cxadia, aseTivea Sesamoslebi, samRvdelmsaxuro nivTebi, Tavad eklesia ki araferi ar aris. es aixsneba im martivi mizeziT, rom qveyanas hqonda mxolod xiT mSeneblobis tradicia. amitomac, daaxloebiT, IX-X saukuneebamde, vidre gaiTavises, gana ubralod iswavles, maTTvis ucxo arqiteqtu42
ruli amocanebi, ucnobi arqiteqturuli formebi, am qoxebis mets verafers aSenebdnen. rogorc Cans, xis eklesiebi ufro mdidruli iyo, qvisa ki _ aseTi. CvenTanac iyo xis nagebobebi. Cven arasworad vafasebT, rodesac gvgonia, rom saerTod ar arsebobda xis saeklesio nagebobebi. namdvilad arsebobda da, etyoba, arc ise cota. Tumca faqtia isic, rom mniSvnelovan adgilebze, mniSvnelovan kerebSi, garda pirveli sveticxovlisa, romelic ratomRac Zelis iyo, eklesiebi imTaviTve qviT igeba. isev qeTevan abaSiZes davimowmeb. mas aqvs saintereso varaudi, rom sveticxoveli, nawilobriv, swored xis unda yofiliyo. SeiZleba, antikuri mcxeTis msgavsad, aq saSenad gamoeyenebinaT qva da alizic. SesaZloa, ase yofiliyo, magram gavimeoreb, rom, vidre ar davdebT kargad gaazrebul naxazs, romelic rames mainc gamoaCens, es iqneba mxolod varaudi da dabejiTebiT verafers vityviT. mere yvelaferi qviT Sendeba da, rogorc etyoba _ kamara-gumbaTiT. Tumca napovnia erTi eklesia sakmaod ganviTarebuli gegmiT (gegmis mixedviT, is daaxloebiT V saukunis bolos unda iyos agebuli), romlis samSeneblo masaladac, arqeologebis rwmunebiT, gamoyenebuli iyo alizi. es, Cemi azriT Zalian ucnauria. ratom moundaT aliziT aSeneba, verc amas getyviT, magram aris aseTi monacemi. da mainc, es erTeuli SemTxvevaa. ZiriTadad, yvelaferi, rasac vpoulobT, qviTaa nagebi. winare saukuneebSi Cven gvqonda qviT mSeneblobis tradicia (gamoviareT Tundac qvis Tlis an antikuri formebisa Tu sparseTidan motanili samSeneblo elementebis aTvisebis etapi da es yvelaferi zurgs gvimagrebs). etyoba, es gvaZlevda saSualebas, am formaTa aTvisebisaTvis mogvendomebina 100 weli an naklebi da ara 300 Tu 400, nagebobebi ki ar SemogvrCa. dResdReobiT aris sul ramdenime pawia nageboba, romelic IV saukunis miwuruliT an V sakunis dasawyisiT TariRdeba. maTze sagangebod saubari axla ar minda. mxolod vityvi, rom isini Zalian aRizianebs Cveni sazogadoebis garkveul nawils, romelic fiqrobs, rom qarTvelebs ar SeeZloT didi nagebo43
bis aSeneba da es aris maTi uniWobis maniSni. ar SeiZleba arSeZlebaze laparaki. savsebiT dasaSvebia, rom sadRac gverdiT idga didi eklesia, romelsac Cven ubralod ver vxedavT imitom, rom is miwis qveS aris. es marTlac SesaZlebelia, magram is, rac SemogvrCa, aseTi aris. arc is iqneboda gasakviri, rom didi ar aeSenebinaT, Tu ar iyo bevri mlocveli. Zveli drois qarTveli Zalian racionaluri arsebaa, araa racionalisti an angariSiani, am sityvis uaryofiTi gagebiT, magram aris gonieri. is 500 000 adamianis damtev nagebobas ar aaSenebs, Tu hyavs mxolod 5 mlocveli, arc 15 kacis samyofs aagebs, Tu hyavs 500 morwmune. dRes es xSirad sxvanairadaa, roca uSvelebl saxlebs Soris Cadgmulia pawawina eklesia, sadac erTi sadarbazos mosaxleobac ki ver daeteva. Zvel dros qarTveli amas ar izamda. am mxriv, Cven winaprebs, samwuxarod, Zalze davcildiT. davijereT, rom giJvracuebi varT, Citirekiebi da ras vakeTebT, TviTon ar viciT. es ar gaxlavT qarTuli xasiaTi. mTeli Cveni istoria mowmobs, rom es Tviseba avadmyofobaa, romelic XIX saukuneSi Segveyara, manamde ki ar gvWirda. esec ganviTarebaa, oRond im erTi Zalian kargi Tvisebis ukuRmarTi ganviTareba, rom qarTvels unari aqvs, nivTiersa da materialurze ar gagiJdes da is gverdiT gadados. Tuki arCevani nivTiersa da suliers Sorisaa, mas SeuZlia, nivTiers cota msubuqad da ironiulad Sexedos. SeeZlo odesRac, Tumca es Tviseba gadavida daudevrobaSi, uTavbolobaSi, sisuleleSi, es ki namdvilad avadmyofobaa, romelic gamosanelebelia. rac male moxdeba es, miT ukeTesia. amisaTvis sakuTar warsuls cota ukeTesad unda davakvirdeT, iq ra aris, cota ukeT unda davinaxoT da ara mruded, radgan aq arc mxolod samoTxea (samoTxeSi myofni xom am dReSi ar CavcvivdebodiT) da, raxan dRevandlamde movediT, arc mxolod qaosia. erTic tyuilia da meorec. unda davinaxoT realoba, sadac bevri marTlac amaRlebulia, namdvilad saamayoa, sasixaruloa, bevric naklulovania da nakli unda moviSoroT. xarvezi, romlis gamosworebasac suli ver SeZlebs, ar arsebobs, mas Zalian bevri SeuZlia. 44
im adreulze jer raRac kidev ar viciT da me vfiqrob, es mxolod ori ramis maniSnia: jer erTi, meti unda veZioT da, amas garda, vicodeT _ saqme gvaqvs iseTgvar istoriul ganviTarebasTan, romelic sxva qveynebSi ar iyo. Cven sxvanairad vcxovrobdiT da ara imitom, rom viRacaze ukeTesebi varT an viRacaze uaresebi. ubralod, Cven varT Cven. qarTveli ise ver icxovrebs, rogorc egvipteli, arc egvipteli cxovrobda ise, rogorc berZeni da arc berZeni _ rogorc romaeli. yvela Tavis rigze cxovrobda da Cvenc gvqonda Cveni rigi. amitom gvindoda Cven sxvagvari saxli RvTisa, sxva locvis saxli, sxvanairi sivrce, rom CvenTvis gulmisavali yofiliyo, iq wynarad gavCerebuliyaviT, RvTis siaxlove gvegrZno. amas veZebdiT, CvenTvis axlobels, aseTi ki sxvas ar hqonda da mzas versaidan movitandiT (davuSvaT, ise, rogorc Sandals, WaRs an raime sxvas, rac CamovitaneT da risi aslic SevqmeniT). raki aseTi Senoba ver vipoveT, amitom veZebdiT da amas dro dasWirda. amasac unda meti fiqri. me, yovel SeTxvevaSi, vfiqrob, qarTveli ostatebi am xnis ganmavlobaSi erTmaneTs uxameben formebs, romlebic antikuri xanidan wamoiRes da im Zveli droidanve momdinare teqnikur codnas, fesvi rom RmerTma uwyis, sad aqvs. SesaZlebelia, isini iyurebian xalxuri Zirebisken, sadac iseTi saxlebi da sacxovreblebia, romlebic qarTvels siamovnebs, qarTvels pirobiTad vambob, Torem _ kolxs, ibers, mesxs, kuxs _ ra vici, rac gindaT, is uwodeT. ai, am viRac adamians siamovnebs da SeiZleba iq eZebs. marTalia, locvis saxlia, magram xom aris saxli? SeiZleba, yvelaferi es raRac erT SemoqmedebiT qvabSi duRs da xan xelebis cecebiT, xanac mosinjviTa da Semdeg uaryofiT TandaTan iZebneba is sataZro forma, ufro zustad ki, is uzogadesi modeli taZrisa, romelic qarTvels TavisTvis mounda da mravali saukune merec undoda.
45
4. V saukunis arqiteqtura mogaxsenebdiT, rom qristianuli xuroTmoZRvruli Semoqmedebis sawyisebi CvenSi jerjerobiT TvalnaTlivi ar aris, maT jer cxadad ver vxedavT. samagierod, sakmarisad kargad ikveTeba, Tu ras eZebdnen qarTveli ostatebi ukve V saukunis Sua xanebidan, rogori iyo maTi mxatvruli idealebi da, Tu gnebavT, sulieri mdgomareoba. ras vxedavT Cven am dros? ra Tqma unda, am periodSi jer kidev cota aris nagebobebi, romelTa zusti daTariRebac xelgvewifeba. am TvalsazrisiT, dRevandel dRes saxelmZRvanelod, arsebiTad, orad ori eklesia gvaqvs. erT-erTia bolnisis sioni, romelsac, mogexsenebaT, samSeneblo warwera aqvs. misi qronologiuri miTiTebebis erTmniSvnelovnad wakiTxva ver xerxdeba da amaze dava mimdinareobs, Tumca erTi cxadia _ warwera ixseniebs peroz mefes da, Sesabamisad, eklesia V saukunis miwurulisTvis unda iyos aSenebuli. amis garda, me vgulisxmob nagebobebs, romlebic ama Tu im saxiT mainc dgas. magaliTad, gvaqvs anCisxatis taZari, romlis agreTve dazianebul warweraSi sakmaod maRali (TiTqmis 80-85%-iani) albaTobiT ikiTxeboda daCi mefis saxeli. saqme is gaxlavT, rom iq amomtvreulia maincdamainc saxeli, Tumca `mefe“ weria da aris kidev oTxi asos adgili, sxva oTxasoiani saxeli ki am epoqaSi mefes ar hqvia. amasTanave, `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs“ cnobac Tbilisis daarsebis xanaze migviTiTebs da sakmarisad naTelia, rom es swored daCi mefe unda iyos. bolnisis sioni da anCisxati aris is ori mosaWidi, romlebic ase Tu ise ukve sxva nagebobebis dasaTariRebladac gvaZlevs gasaRebs. aq, ra Tqma unda, 100%-iani sizuste SeuZlebelia, magram zogierTi maTganis daTariReba sakmarisad didi dabejiTebiT SegviZlia. modiT, vnaxoT ra Cans aq. qarTveli ostatebi, ZiriTadad, iziareben im umTavres amocanas, romelic saamdrood jerac aqvT xuroTmoZRvarT qristianobis TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi. es iTvaliswinebs salocavi sivrcis Seqmnas, Seqmnas mravali adamianis damtevi in46
terierisa, romelSic locva aRevlineba da amocana, rogorc mogaxseneT, is aris, rom yvelaferi, rasac Tvali xedavs, qmni des ganwyobas, sivrce ki Tavisi mxatvruli zemoqmedebiT exma rebodes adamians, moemzados ziarebisTvis, locvisTvis. am taZrebSi Sesul adamians, sul mTlad RvTis garegansac, mgoni, dResac ki eufleba erTgvari ganwyoba, romelsac is saxels ver uZebnis, Tumca visac met-naklebad esmis, ra xdeba da risTvisaa es arqiteqtura, mas yovelive amisaTvis saxelis darqmeva SeuZlia. rogoria ganwyobileba, romelic sufevs am taZrebSi? pirvel yovlisa, es aris gancda erTgvari sidiadisa da sakmao simkacrisa, ara sikuStisa, aramed raRacnairi sisadagisa, zedmetobisgan gantvirTulobisa, Tu ase SeiZleba iTqvas, arafufuneulobisa. ratom vambob amas sagangebod? imitom, rom ase aris Tanadrouli italiis nagebobebsa da im SenobebSic, romlebic ukve aRmosavleT saqristianos maSindel dedaqalaqs, konstantinopols, met-naklebad ukavSirdeba. asevea Tundac antioqiisa da misi mimdgomi qveynis arqiteqturaSi (Tumca darwmunebuli ar var, rom es arqiteqtura _ siriisa, CrdiloeT siriisa _ maincdamianc asaxavs antioqiurs, magram masTan raRacanairad albaT mainc aris dakavSirebuli). italiaSi, saberZneTSi, konstantinopolSi, ZiriTadad, Zalian mdidruli interieria. sxvagvaradaa siriaSi, mcire aziis nawilSi, sadac fasadebsac rTavdnen da interiersac, ufro metad _ qvaze kveTilobiT, Tumca iyo mozaikebic. Tanac imdenia es mosarTavi (pirvel SemTxvevaSi _ SigniT, meore SemTxvevaSi _ SigniTac da gareTac), rom es arareligiuri ganwyobaa-meTqi, ra Tqma unda, ver vityvi. Tumca es sul sxva aris. iq Sen TiTqos sasufevlis sidiades materialurad giCveneben. Cveni arqiteqtura, romelic ufro miniSnebiT, ganwyobilebismierad Segiyvans im samyaroSi, sxva gancdaSi, cdilobs, sxvanairad aRamaRlos adamianis suli, ara fizikuri brwyinvalebis gamo gancvifrebiT. gana amas cudad vambob, is Zalian mniSvnelovani arqiteqturaa. aia sofiaa masze odnav gviani da misi brwyin47
valeba sruliad aramiwier STabeWdilebas qmnis, magram sxva gasaRebSi xdeba es, sxva tonalobaSi, sxva pirobiTobaSi. Cvens mlocvels amdeni, rogorc Cans, ubralod, ar sWirdeba da Zalian sagulisxmoa, am mxriv, rogor SevyavarT ostats bolnisis sionSi: iq mTavari Sesasvleli, mogexsenebaT, CrdiloeTiTaa. aqve iyo xuTi TaRiT gaxsnili galerea. nebismieri TaRidan rom SesuliyaviT, Tqven win iyo ori kari, karis Tavze lunetebiT (sasinaTlo naxevarwriuli xvrelobebiT) da Canda mopirdapire kedlis pilastrebi moCuqurTmebuli, ufro swored, daqandakebuli kapitelebiTa da maTze gamosaxuli nairgvari mcenareebiT. mcenareebs Soris erTgan jvaric aris. me darwmunebuli var, rom es samoTxis xati aris da gamoyvanilia ara oqros mozaikiT, aramed taZris saSen ulamazes mwvane qvaze ase sadadaa gamosaxuli. ai, warmoidgineT gansxvaveba TvalsaCinod: Tuki, ra Tqma unda, wagikiTxavT wm. ioane oqropiris qadageba _ da Tu ar wagikiTxavT, iqneb dasawyisi mainc waikiTxoT _ poetikis TvalsazrisiT SeadareT is iakob xucesis `SuSanikis wamebas~ da kargad gamoCndeba orives suliskveTeba, Tu raoden momWirnea iakob xucesi literaturuli samkaulebis mxriv da ramdenad enawylian-samkaulmravalia ioane oqropiri, udidesi xelovani. es gana cudia, gana aklebs mis naubris sulier simaRles, ubralod, miuTiTebs sxvagvar adamianebze, romlebsac am WeSmaritebis aRsaqmelad aseTi forma sWirdebodaT. isini aseTs elodnen, sxva maT ar daakmayofilebda. am mxriv, Zalian sainteresoa, ratom iTargmna meored laTinurad saRvTo werili. wm. ieronime Targmnida da pirdapir ganmartavda, aqamde uwignurTa wignad miaCndaT, radgan cudad iyo laTinurad dawerili, me ki axla ise vTargmni, rogorc saRvTo werils ekadreba da ufro miiReben, rodesac dainaxaven, literaturulad rogori gamarTuliao. gana saintereso ar aris?! saRvTo werili, faqtobrivad, esTetikuri RirsebiT Sefasda _ ase fiqrobs wm. ieronime da man xom albaT Cemze ukeTesad icoda Tavisi xalxis ambavi. fasdeboda teqstis mxatvruli Rirseba da ara is, rac mas mohqonda. yovel SemTxvevaSi, viRac ase afasebda. 48
Tumca yvelas rom ase Seefasebina, ar iqneboda albaT ukve I saukunis bolos mTeli mcire azia gavsebuli qristianebiT. da mainc, iyo sazogadoebis garkveuli Sre, romlisTvisac saWiro iyo garegnuli brwyinvaleba, CvenTan ki es naklebad aris. iTqva, rom siriul aRmosavleTSi fasadebsac rTaven. es mniSvnelovani ambavia, radgan nebismier wignSi qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis Sesaxeb waikiTxavT _ qarTuli xuroTmoZRvreba wminda bizantiurisagan (pirobiTad rom vTqvaT, konstantinopolur-aTenur-Tesalonikurisgan) imiT gansxvavdeba, rom CvenTan adre wamoiWra da mudam Zalian mZafrad idga fasadis problema. fasads Suabizantiuri xanis, X saukunis mermindel, bizantiur arqiteqturaSic amkoben, magram is fasadi, Cvens eklesiebTan SedarebiT, ra Tqma unda, Semkulad ver CaiTvleba. kontrasti Sida sivrcesa da fasadebs Soris, CvenTan SedarebiT, iq gacilebiT didia. warmoidgineT Cveni X saukunis ubralod moxatuli eklesiebi da moCuqurTmebuli fasadebi da iq is mozaikebi da mxatvroba (romelic dRes, umravlesad, aRar aris bizantiur eklesiebSi), is aguris kedlebi, Tundac saxianad gawyobili, Tundac aqa-iq ferweris laqebiT. iq iyo xolme fasadze raRaca mxatvroba, rogorc Cans, TaRebSi moTavsebuli xatebiviT. Tumca ar aris TvalnaTlivi, SemorCenili ar aris da literaturuli teqstebiT kargad ar Cans. mTli anad rom ar iyo dafaruli, mgoni, es aSkaraa. aba risTvis akeTebdnen am saxian wyobas?! magram saqme is gaxlavT, rom amgvari sxvadasxvaoba Cveni da bizantiuri arqiteqturisa maSinve ar isaxeba. CvenSi, zrunvas ver vityvi, magram garkveuli gaTvaliswineba imisa, rom fasadic mniSvnelovania, ukve V saukuneSi Cans. da mainc, fasadi, rogorc mxatvruli ragvaroba, rogorc erT-erTi arqiteqturuli amocana, erT-erTi aucilebeli piroba taZris arsebobisa, xuroTmoZRvruli myofobisa, ufro VI saukunis bolodan imkvidrebs Tavs. bizantiur samyaroSi ase ar aris. samagierod, siriul aRmosavleTSi IV saukunidan cot-cota, xolo V saukunis Sua xanebidan ki ukve uxvad amkoben. 49
winaTac iTqva, rom Cveni xuroTmoZRvreba, gansxvavebiT araerTi sxva qveynis arqiteqturisagan, winare xanisas pirdapir ar mieba. siriul aRmosavleTSi ukve gvian antikur xanaSi, II-III saukuneebSi, Zalian aSkarad Cans e.w. gvianromauli baroko da swored rom gamokveTilia siuxve xuroTmoZRvruli samkaulisa. am gaqristianebulma arqiteqturam cota xans TiTqosda Tavi Seikavao, magram Zalian male is kvlav am ukve gamzadebuli xuroTmoZRvruli eniT iwyebs metyvelebas. CvenTan ase ar momxdara. am mxriv, uaRresad sainteresoa akaurTis eklesia qvemo qarTlSi, samwuxarod, Zalze dazianebuli, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, nabazilikari, radgan bazilikuroba axla iq naklebad SeimCneva. mas Semkuli fasadebi hqonda _ kars aqvs moCarCoeba (samxreTi karia SerCenili) da, amas garda, rogorc Cans, sarkmlebsac hqonda TavsarTebi. sarkmelebi uzarmazaria. cxadia, es mTlad siriuli arqiteqtura ar aris, magram aris siriul aRmosavleTTan pirdapiri kavSiri. igrZnoba garkveuli muxti, erTgvari mcdeloba, raRac iqauris gamoyenebisa _ rac iq minaxavs da gamigia, modi, aq gamomadgeso. es aSkaraa, Tumca ratomRac mere es aRar grZeldeba. amis Semdeg Cven gvaqvs (mainc mgonia, rom amas mosdevs) bolnisis sioni, sadac fasadebi srulebiT Seumkobelia. iseTi STabeWdileba mrCeba, rom es gadmoRebuli elementebi ar iyo damakmayofilebeli. TiTqosda ostatisaTvis es mainc ucxoa. TiTqos moitana, moargo, magram Tavisad ver aRiqvams. rogorc Cans, ar eTavisaT da raRac droiT xeli aiRes. Semdeg VI saukunis Sua xanebisaTvis isev aris Semkobis mcdeloba, savaraudod, wilknis taZris arqiteqturaSi, saidanac Cven agreTve mxolod fragmentiRa gvaqvs SemorCenili. mere isev uars amboben da mcxeTis jvris (ra Tqma unda, mcxeTis jvris didi taZris) ostati ukve qmnis VI saukunis marTlac safasado arqiteqturul kompozicias, Semkobis sistemas, sxva adgilidan motanils ki ara, Tavisas, Seqmnils mTel aRmosavleT saqristianosTan saziaro elementebiT (vgulisxmob kar-sarkmelTa boloebSi gakecil TaRovan TavsarTebs). am elementebidan qmnis is Tavis sistemas, ro50
melsac ganicdis, ara rogorc mosesxebuls, aramed sakuTars. rogorc Cans, es ase iyo. yovel SemTxvevaSi, adreuli taZrebi rom umkobia, es mxolod gveubneba, rom saqarTvelos kavSirebi gare samyarosTan martivi ar aris. raRac TvalsazrisiT, Tu Cven siria-palestinas ufro metad vuyurebT, am SemTxvevaSi, sakuTriv bizantiasTan ufro meti kavSiri gvaqvs. SeiZleba ase iyo, radgan Cvens qveyanaSi, Cvens kulturaSi iyo elementebi, romelTagan zogi Tavisi ZiriT midioda im samyaroSi, zogi ki amas ebmoda, am samyarosken modioda Tavisi boloTi. yovelgvari kultura rTuli naTxzia da CvenTan es sirTule, rogorc Cans, arqiteqturaSi amnairad aisaxa. axla vnaxoT rogor sivrces vqmniT. jer erTi, umTavresi eklesiebi, romlebic gvaqvs da romlebsac V saukunis meore naxevriT vaTariRebT, mainc bazilikuri eklesiebia. SeiZleba, romelime erTi calnavianic iyos, magram jerjerobiT es cxadi ar aris. SeiZleba, Weremi iyos amdroindeli, wm. barbares eklesia, ase mgonia, magram axla amis dasabuTeba ar gamomiva. bazilikebi da garSemosavliani darbazuli eklesia (albaT VI saukunis dasawyisisa) imave WeremSi ugumbaTo sivrceebia. aris kidev Zveli gavazis eklesia. vfiqrob, isec V-VI saukuneebis mijnisaa, magram faqti arc es aris, jerjerobiT varaudia. esa Tu is argumenti maqvs, magram Tqma imisa, wyali ar gauvao, zedmeti siTamame iqneba. amitom gumbaTovnebs jer Tavi davaneboT da sxva sakiTxs mivxedoT. rogoria es sivrceebi? bazilika aris sivrce, sadac sworkuTxa sadgomi sabjenebis ori an oTxi wyebiT, Sesabamisad, samad an xuTad iyofa. sabjenebze anu svetebsa da burjebze (iqiTa samyaroSi ufro xSirad svetebze, aqeT ki, aRmosavleT saqristianoSi, Zalian xSirad boZebzec) gadebulia arqitravebi an gadayvanilia TaRebi. Tumca qarTul sinamdvileSi gvxvde ba mxolod TaRebi, arqitraviani bazilika Cven ar gagvaCnia. SeiZleba, aseTi iyo biWvinTis V saukunis wmindad bizantiuri bazilika, magram Cven es ar viciT. yvelaferi dakargulia da araferi gveubneba, zeviT rogori arqiteqtura iyo. sivrce unda viTardebodes dasavleTidan aRmosavleTi51
saken, dasavleTiT gaWrili mTavari karidan aRmosavleTiT mdebare sakurTxevlisaken. aseTi aris qristianuli taZris, bazilikuri taZris, normaluri struqtura. yovel SemTxvevaSi, am wess icavs qarTuli bazilikebi V saukunis Sua xanebidan. Tumca Tavidan, rogorc Cans, CvenTan cota raodenobis _ oTxi _ sabrjenia. Semdeg raodenoba izrdeba da ukve ara oTxi (anu ori wyvili) boZi, aramed rva (anu oTxi wyvili) an aTi (anu xuTi wyvili) boZi gvxvdeba. Semdeg gegma isev mokldeba. TavisTavad simokle gegmisa ar aris maincdamainc gasakviri, radgan damoklebuli bazilikebi konstantinopolmac da siriamac icis. Tumca maTi mokle bazilikebis Wrili, rom SexedoT, Zalian gegrZelebaT. saqme isaa, rom mniSvnelovania, rogori sivrciTi STabeWdileba iqmneba da ara is, fizikurad ramdenad grZelia an, vTqvaT, ramdeni sabrjeni aqvs. amgvari surTi iqmneba: iq SeiZleba xuTi TaRi iyos (aris aseTi bazilikebi), magram ise Sori-Sors, rom mainc grZiv sivrces xedavT. CvenTan kidev Zalian grZeli urbnisic ki, rodesac dasavleTi karidan SexvalT (aqvs mas aseTi), grZlad ar gamoiyureba. raSia saqme? vfiqrob, CvenTvis gasaRebad gamodgeba, erTi mxriv, bolnisis sioni, meore mxriv ki, anCisxati. bolnisis sioni gveubneba, rom mTavari Sesasvleli dasavleTisa ar aris. dasavleTi kari, rogorc cnobilia, bolnisis sions saerTod ar hqonia, is iq mxolod XVII saukuneSi aRdgenisas gaiWra. maSin aRadgines kamara. dasavleTi kedeli, rogorc Cans, Zalian dangreuli, didwilad, SeakeTes da karic maSin moawyves, manamde namdvilad ar yofila. Sesasvleli iyo gverdebidan, am SemTxvevaSi, CrdiloeTidan, xolo anCisxats samxreTidan hqonda karibWe (jvris amaRlebis Zalian dazianebuli reliefi, romelic dRes dasavleT fasadis wyobaSia, Tavidan samxreTis karis arqitravi iyo), anu mTavari Sesasvleli aqac samxreTidan iyo mowyobili. Cven dRes anCisxatSi dasavleTidan SevdivarT, isini ki samxreTidan Sediodnen. ratom? imitom, rom SediodiT taZarSi, gaivlidiT or boZs Soris da pirvelad xvdebodiT oTxi svetis mier mo52
farglul sivrceSi, romelic, pirvel yovlisa, aRiqmeba, rogorc maRali da mere, roca sakurTxevlisaken mibrundebiT, raoden grZelic unda iyos sivrce, Tqven mas grZivad mainc ver aRiqvamT. ar ifiqroT, rom es viRac erT adamians moelanda. yvelas SeuZlia Seamowmos, es rogor xdeba: SedixarT da mere, roca mibrundebiT, oTx burjs Sua mainc vertikaluri sivrce gaqvT aRqmis wertilad. amitom geCvenebaT, rom mTeli sivrce aseTive centruli sivrceebisagan aris Sedgenili. asevea bolnisis sionSi, ase aris kawareTis samebaSi. meore xerxi kawareTis samebamde swored anCisxatma Semogvinaxa. anCisxati imitom vaxsene, rom is CvenTvis qronologiuri sayrdenia. anCisxatSi Zalian didi sakurTxevlis sarkmelia. marTalia, Sua navis Tavdapirveli zeda sarkmlebi ar gagvaCnia, magram samagierod gverdiTi navebis sarkmlebi gvaqvs. isini pataraa da kawareTis sameba pirdapir gveubneba, rom am taZrebs erTi didi sarkmeli hqonda, xolo danarCenebi patara iyo. amiT xorcieldeboda saocari ram: ragind grZeli yofiliyo siv rce, SexvidodiT da, Tundac dasavleTis karidan (romelic, rogorc Cans, mTavari arasdros yofila), dainaxavdiT sakurTxevlis uzarmazar sarkmels, magram raki iqve, gverdiT, xedavdiT patara sarkmlebs, isic axlos geCvenebodaT da Sori sakurTxevlis sivrce, TiTqosda, pirdapir karTan iyo motanili. Tqven, bunebrivia, xvdebiT, rom is Sors aris, magram gancdiseulad is Zalian axlosaa. Tavs uflebas mivcem da vityvi, rom metaforulad Tu warmovidgenT, aq TiTqos JRers fsalmunis sityvebi: `axlosve xar ufalo“. ase ambobs daviT winaswarmetyveli erTgan. es aris sasufeveli, romelic Tan Zalian Sors aris da Tan, imavdroulad, aqvea. macxovarmac xom uTxra mociqulebs: `TqvenTana viyo yovelTa dResa“. ranairad iqneba CvenTan, roca iq aris, marjveniT mamisa? magram CvenTanac aris. es aris paradoqsi siSorisa, romelic, amave dros, sul axlosaa. sasufeveli, romelic Zalian Sors aris, imavdroulad Tqven Soris ariso, esec uTxra macxovarma mowafeebs. srulebiT idumali sityvebia da ar mgonia, vinmem 53
SeZlos, am sityvebiT gamoTqmuli saidumloebis bolomde gageba an srulad gancda. Tumca metaforad es SeiZleba wamovidginoT: ai, sakurTxeveli, samoTxe, romelic Soria, magram Sen, amave dros, aqve xar, masTan xar da misi karic aqvea. me vfiqrob, rom sxvadasxva kulturis warmomadgenlebs qristianul-eklesiuri WeSmaritebis sxvadasxva aspeqti eaxlovebaT. ar vici, ratom aris didi codva, gveaxlovebodes sasufevlis swored aseTi gancda. Cven xom viciT _ is Soria, magram meore saidumlo, rom es Sori axlosaa, CvenTvis ufro mniSvnelovania, metad Zvirfasia. saerTod, qarTvelis emociuri damokidebuleba zogadad yvelafrisadmi da, maT Soris, sarwmuneobisadmi sxvaTa damokidebulebisagan, ra Tqma unda, gansxvavdeba da zemoTqmulic amis erT-erTi gamovlinebaa. arqiteqtura, am TvalsazrisiT, saSualebas gvaZlevs, davfiqrdeT imaze, rogori iyo qarTvelis wuTisofeli. Cven ver CamovayalibebT amas, cxadia, zustad V saukunis enaze. es arcTu myari niadagia, radgan yovelTvis iarsebebs eWvi, egebada raRac gamovigoneT. Tumca faqtia, rom ar arsebobs romelime, Tundac imdroindeli, qarTuli taZari, romelSi Sesvlisas adamiani imwamsve zeviT ar aixedavs, arada es aucilebeli sul ar aris. amis magaliTi aris rusuli taZrebi. maTSi Sesuli adamiani iyureba win, daaxloebiT im simaRleze, sadac xatebi iqneboda. amgvari taZrebi dResac aris, magram Zvelebs vgulisxmob, iseTebs, romlebSic imdroindeli mowyobiloba SemorCenili ar aris. Cven zeviT viyurebiT, Cveni mzera sxvagan aris, sxvanairad aris mimarTuli. rogorc gairkva, es gamoixateboda locviT mdgomareobaSic da amas sxvadasxva teqstSi sruliad SemTxveviT gadavwydi. qarTveli xelebapyrobiT loculobda jer kidev 1920-ian wlebSi (mas aqeT 100 weli ar aris gasuli) da Tu locvad aRmarTul xelebs gaaCerebT mcire orantiT, anu mkerdis win, veranairad ver dadgebiT, rogorc amas rusul saeklesio saxelmZRvaneloebSi gvTavazoben, qeddadrekiT. es, ubralod, SeuZlebelia. Sesabamisad, gasagebia, rom mzera am viTarebaSi aucileblad zeviTken unda yofiliyo mipyrobili. amgvaradaa erTmaneTSia SemsWvaluli Cveni reli54
giuri grZnoba da Cveni esTetikuri ideali. es kvercxisa da qaTmis dilemaa _ romelia pirveladi da romelia meoradi. erTad aris da visac rogor unda, ise ganixilos. piradad me amas sazogado sityvas vuwodeb da RvTismosaobis formas veZaxi. masSi nagulisxmevia emociuri momentic, Tu rogor gamoxatav sakuTar sarwmunoebas, Sens locviT damokidebulebas. zeviT axedva SemTxveviT rodi vaxsene. am eklesiebSi, sadac, faqtobrivad, gauqmebulia sigrZivoba, SeiZleboda yofiliyo, magaliTad, siganivre. ase aris siriul eklesiebSi. mTavari Sesasvleli xSirad iqac gverdiTaa. roca Sedis, adamiani mis win dabal svetze gadayvanil Zalian ganier, moCuqurTmebul TaRebs xedavs da es sivrce ganivad iSleba. ufro zustad, Tqven ganicdiT sigrZiv RerZs, rogorc gans da sakurTxevlisaken Semdeg mobrundebiT. CvenTan ase ar aris. CvenTan, gverdidan rom Sedixar, pirvel yovlisa, Tvali isev zeviT midis da Cven aRviqvamT ara sigrZes, ara siganivres, aramed eklesiis simaRles, rogorc eklesiuri sivrcis mTavar ganzomilebas. CvenTan yvelanairi sivrce, calnaviani eklesiisa iqneba, bazilikisa Tu, miT umetes, gumbaTuri eklesiisa, ganicdeba, pirvel yovlisa, rogorc vertikalurad aziduli. aris SemTxvevebi, roca uyurebT gegmas da xedavT sigrZivad gaSlil sivrces. SedixarT SigniT da, ra Tqma unda, Tu windawin ar daisaxeT miznad, rom es sigrZivoba rogorRac igrZnoT, azrad ar mogivaT, rom is sigrZivia _ pirvel yovlisa, xedavT simaRles, asvetilobas. aseTi gaxlavT qarTuli taZris esTetika da mniSvnelovania kidev sxva ram _ Cveni taZrebi arc sxvafriv iyo Semkuli. mdidruli mozaikebi xom ar gvqonda, magram, rogorc Cans, arc mxatvroba iyo. Tu iyo, albaT _ mxolod sakurTxevelis konqSi. aseTi wesi SemorCa CvenTan XI saukunis karamde da merec, XI saukuneSi, sakmaod didi wvalebiT ikafavs fexs taZris srulad moxatva, is, rac saqristianos zogierT regionSi imTaviTve aris. magaliTad, romsa da italiis sxva mxareebSi mTlianad yvelafers gamosaxulebebiT faraven. adreve, IV sauku nis bolos, IV saukunis Sua xanebSi, vrceli ciklebia Zveli 55
aRTqmis, axali aRTqmis, wmindanTa cxovrebebis. CvenTan Zalian didxans ase ar aris. kidev ra iyo? namdvilad arsebobda sanaTurebi, Cven ki, samwuxarod, ar viciT, ra raodenobiTa da sixSiriT iyo, sad idga an ekida da rogor Tavdeboda. aucileblad iqneboda kandelebi. ar vici, iqneboda Tu ara, vTqvaT, V saukuneSi sanTeli, radgan am dros eklesiebSi bizantiur samyaroSic zeTis sanaTebia. SeiZleba, CvenTanac kandelebia. warmovidginoT bevri kandeli (faqtobrivad, ase naTdeba eklesia) anda qorkandeli _ WaRi, romelSic aseve kandelebia Calagebuli. erTi SemorCenili qorkandeli napovnia afxazeTSi, magram, iqauri viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT, SeiZleba berZnebis eklesias ekuTvnodes an sulac Camotanili iyos. aqeT jerjerobiT Cven aseTi nivTi mopovebuli ar gvaqvs, magram es arafers niSnavs, radgan saeklesio arqeologiis ganviTareba CvenSi, faqtobrivad, win aris. odesme, didi imedi maqvs, samonastro arqeologiis ganviTarebasac veRirsebiT da is ras mogvitans ase windawin Zneli saTqmelia. magaliTad, sul raRac 20-22 wlis win, rodesac nekresis naqalaqari da bazilika gaiTxara, iq albaT swored V-VI saukuneTa mijnis ulamazesi sanaTurebi aRmoCnda. Cven ar viciT, SeiZleba kidev aRmoCndes sadme CvenTvis mniSvnelovani nivTebi. gvqonda Tu ara xati am dros? Zalian Zneli saTqmelia. wminda nawilebi? Zalian Zneli saTqmelia. samRvdelmsaxuro wignebi? ra Tqma unda, gvqonda, Tanac albaT Semkuli, moxatuli, magram rac mogvepoveba, mxolod e.w. palimfsestebia, meored gamoyenebuli furclebi, sadac qveda fenad aris V-VI saukuneebis samRvdelmsaxuro wignebi da dasuraTeba ki ar Cans SemorCenilSi. SeiZleba, sadme calke Seinaxes, es aravin icis. rac darCa, msxvilad naweri asomTavrulia, meti araferi da Tavad asoebis moxazuloba, maTi ganTavseba, Tu ar vcdebi, singuris CanarTebi _ mTeli esTetika es aris. ase rom, me mainc vfiqrob, esTetikuri TvalsazrisiT, didad ar gvatyuebs ase ganZarculi, ase gaubedurebuli Cveni eklesiebi. esTetikuri zemoqmedebis faqtori, rogorc Cans, iyo Zalian sufTa, Zalian kargad Sesrulebuli wyoba, albaT 56
qvis feric da mas rom sagangebod arCevdnen, amaze metyvelebs mwvane qviT aSenebuli bolnisis sioni da yviTeli qvis anCisxati. feri rom SearCies, aSkaraa. SeiZleboda, sxva arCevanic hqonodaT. ramdenime arqiteqturuli detali _ magaliTad, kar-sarkmlebis TaRebis moxazuloba, moxazulobaTa sisufTave _ aris is, riTac am dros muSaoben. kaxeTSi gvaqvs uTleli wyoba. etyoba, iq qva amoileseboda _ an riyis qvebia (ZiriTadad, karg naSenSi), an natexi qva, ufro sworad, arazusti, mosworebuli moxazulobis qvebi, romelTa Soris RreCoebi rCeba da maT amolesavdnen. rogorc Cans, duRabSi qvis fxvnils urevdnen. nalesoba qvis pirze ar gadmodioda da amitom Tqven uyurebdiT jaWvis perangiviT naqsov zedapirs, romelic erTi-organ aris SerCenili da Zalian lamazia. samwuxarod, dRes ar gvyavs ostati, romelic aseTi tipis restavracias SeZlebda. arada, Rirs, radgan arqiteqturul tyuils vaCvenebT adamianebs, romlebic wyobis daglejil suraTs uyureben. sinamdvileSi, amgvari unda iyos mTeli zedapiri, Tumca cudad gadadRabnas jobia, jerjerobiT isev ase iyos. iqneb odesme gaizardon iseTebic, romelTac gauCndebaT Sinagani moTxovnileba, kedels Tavadac ase moesiyvarulon. Tu Signidan ar wamovida, amas ver ubrZaneb, Torem simaxinjis mets verafers miviRebT. es is mijnaa, sadac xelosani Tavs Semoqmedad unda ganicdides, sadac qvis qvaze dadeba Semoqmedeba aris da aseTi unda iyos namdvili mSenebeli. gvyavs ki aseTebi? me ver vxedav. RmerTma inebos, sadRac iyvnen CemTvis uCinrad, maSin saqme ukeTesadaa da ufro adre SevZlebT, im uZveles arqiteqturas Tavisi saxe davubrunoT. ra SeiZleba iTqvas dajamebad? V saukunis bolosTvis qarTvel xuroTmoZRvarT SeuZliaT, ganaxorcielon zogadqristianuli arqiteqturuli programa _ is, rasac eklesia mSenebels saqristianos nebismier wertilSi mosTxovda da ganaxorcielon ise, rom Seqmnan sxvagvari mxatvruli ragvaroba, iseTi mxatvruli xati qristianuli WeSmaritebisa, romelic swored am xalxisaTvis aris axlobeli. SeiZleba asec iTqvas: saimdrood, rodesac qarTulad iTargmna saRvTo werili 57
da, rogorc Cans, saRvTo werilis bevri ganmartebac, ukve V-VI saukuneebSi (bevri Targmani xom swored am epoqiT TariRdeba), qarTuladve iTargmna qristianuli taZris uzogadesi struqtura _ Tuki viRac beri qarTulad wers, vTqvaT, locvans, qarTveli xuroTmoZRvari qarTulad aSenebs zogadqristianul taZars. me mgoni, es Zalian kargi modelia imis gasaxseneblad, rom uazrobaa, erTmaneTs davupirispiroT universaluri da erovnuli. universaluri swored imitomaa universaluri, rom mas SeiZleba hqondes uamravi gamovlineba, xolo erovnuli, Tuki faseulia, naziarebi unda iyos universalur Rirebulebas. gana SeiZleba, Rirebuleba kerZo iyos? sruli sisulelea laparaki aRmosavlur, samxreTul an romeliRac mazris Rirebulebebze. Rirebuleba SeiZleba iyos erTaderTi _ mxolod universaluri. SeuZlebelia, is iyos dasavluri, Crdilouri, evropuli, aziuri, afrikuli, antarqtiduli. SeuZlebelia, calke Rirebuleba hqondes pingvins da calke Rirebuleba _ irems. es uazrobaa. visac ra unda, is ifiqros. yovel SemTxvevaSi, qristianuli Rirebulebebi namdvilad universaluria da mTeli istoria qristianuli xelovnebisa imis samtkicia, rom universaluri SeiZleba gardaiqmnas uamrav kerZo saxebad, oRond, is marTla universaluri unda iyos. amxanagma stalinma, romelmac odesRac seminariaSi iswavla, mogexsenebaT, Seqmna formula (misi xelmZRvanelobiT Seiqmna), rom xelovneba unda iyos formiT erovnuli da SinaarsiT socialisturi. es sxva ramaa. socializmi aris sameurneo ekonomikuri mowyobis srulebiT konkretuli, Zalian viwro modeli, romlis mixedviTac, sakuTreba unda iyos ara kerZo, aramed sazogado. es ar aris universaluri idea, mas namdvilad ver eqneba erovnuli forma an saerTod ramenairi forma sadme xelovnebaSi. am, ase vTqvaT, ideis gamoxatva saerTodac SeuZlebelia. ra Sinaarsi aqvs mas? ra Rirebulebaa? is SeiZleba saintereso iyos ekonomikis saxelmZRvanelosaTvis, magram mas adgili ar moeZebneba xelovnebaSi. magaliTad, adamiani, romelic krefs Cais da ratomRac, iRimis, gabadrulia, zogjer kidec mReris, aseT 58
viTarebaSi Cais ki ar Seagrovebda, im buCqs albaT saerTodac Zirfesvianad amoiRebda. es sruli sisulelea. marTlac, SeuZlebelia, aqedan raime Rirebuli gamovides. qristianuli WeSmariteba swored imiTaa faseuli, rom is absoluturad universaluria da mas uTvalavi ena SeiZleba hqondes. oTxTavs albaT marsuladac ki Targmnidnen da arafers daaklebdnen, Tuki marselebi iarsebebdnen. zustad asevea nebismieri sxva gamovlinebac am rjulisa _ asevea qristianuli galoba, yovelanairi qristianuli Semoqmedeba da, Tu arsebobs, qristianuli meurneobac. darwmunebuli iyaviT, rom norvegieli morwmune qristiani an vinme bolivieli sruliad sxvadasxvanairad ganaxorcieleben am erT ideas. da ra iqneba safuZvelSi? adamianis urTierToba RvTivmocemul bunebasTan, romelic ar unda gaanadguro, Tu ginda, raRac Tavadac miiRo. masTan damokidebuleba ar iqneba qristianuli, Tuki momxmareblurad moekidebi (arada ase xdeba XIX saukunis Semdeg), gaaCanageb, radgan qristiani miwaTmoqmedi ver iqneba gamveranebeli. is ver gakafavs, magaliTad, mTel tyes. man SeiZleba puris mosayvanad gakafos monakveTi, magram ar gaanadgurebs mTel mTas. Tumca aqac aqtivobis uamravi forma SeiZleba iyos. me vfiqrob, rom qarTuli xelovneba saerTod da am sawyisi etapis xelovnebac amis Zalian kargi warmomCeni da damsuraTebelia. amitom erT-erTi mniSvneloba, garda esTetikurisa, romelic mas namdvilad moeZebneba, universaluri Rirebuleba, garda erovnul-kulturulisa, garda erovnul-istoriulisa, romelic Cvens uadres xuroTmoZRvrebas, zogadad Cvens xelovnebas agreTve aqvs, aris is, rom igi araCveulebrivad TvalnaTeli modelia. iSviaTia xelovnebis istoria, sadac movlenebis Tanmimdevroba ase Seurevnelad da naTlad Cans. aTasnairi ram CaexlarTeba xolme da qarTuli xelovneba ki rogorRac naTel suraTs iZleva. sxva ambavia, rom es naTeli suraTi, sinamdvileSi, Zalian rTulia, magram misi zogadi msvleloba, bevri sxva qveynis mxatvrul SemoqmedebasTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT araorazrovania. masSi ar aris erTma59
neTze daSrevebuli urTierTgamomricxveli movlenebi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, Zalian iSviaTia. ai, rogor aris, magaliTad, dasavleTisa da sakuTriv bizantiis xelovnebaSi: metismetad xSiria antikuri, elinistur-romauli formebis pirdapiri mibaZva. es nebismier dros SeiZleba moxdes da amocnoba imisa, vTqvaT, X saukunis nimuSia Tu XIV saukunisa, zogjer Zalian rTulia. CvenTan aseTi magaliTi piradad me marto erTi vici _ frTebi martvilis enkolpiumisa, Tanac mxolod Sida piri, sadac naWedi gamosaxulebebia, ukve danarCeni gamosaxulebebi ki aseTi ar aris da Tavisi drois sakmaod zusti mowmobaa. iqiT kidev _ xelnawerebi, qandakebebi... magaliTad, germaniaSi, kelnSi, aris qandakeba (jvarcmisa), romelsac XIII saukuniT aTariRebdnen, arada, aRmoCnda, rom X saukunisaa. rogorc etyoba, ostatma, romelic antikur models uyurebda, is imdenad zustad gadmoiRo, rom qandakeba lamis gviangoTikurad miiCnies. amgvarad, qarTul mwerlobaSic, qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebSic da, didwilad, qarTul qvaze kveTilobaSic ukve V saukunis miwurulisaTvis SegviZlia davadasturoT SemoqmedebiTi simwife. es imas ar niSnavs, rom manamde es xelovneba saerTod umwifari iyo. laparaki aris qristianul sataZro xelovnebaze, romelic CvenSi saukune-naxevriT an erTi saukuniT adre Semovida. kidev erTxel minda gavimeoro, rom es ar aris didi dro, rodesac aseT rTul viTarebaSi qmni, rodesac ukve sadRac sxvagan Camoyalibebuli ideebi Seneburad unda ganaxorcielo. es mcire droa da qarTvelma ostatebma am urTules SemoqmedebiT amocanas Tavi gaarTves _ sxvadasxva warmomavlobis arqiteqturuli formebi da elementebi gadaaqcies sakuTar sametyvelo enad, romelsac ukve maSin sruliad Tavisuflad flobdnen. es maT gzas ukafavda ufro rTuli, ufro mravlismomcveli amocanebis gadasaWrelad, Tumca es ukve VI saukunis xvedri iyo.
60
5. VI saukunis arqiteqtura xana, romelic mohyveba wm. vaxtang gorgaslis zeobas, sxvagva rad rom vTqvaT, VI saukune, Cveni qveynis istoriaSi sakmaod rTuli gamodga, rac didad ucnauri ar aris, radgan sxvagvarad Cvens istoriaSi iSviaTad xdeba. Tumca amjerad viTareba marTlac lamis uimedo aRmoCnda, yovel SemTxvevaSi, pirvel xanebSi ase unda yofiliyo, vinaidan qarTuli saxelmwifoebrioba moispo dasavleT saqarTveloSi _ is pirdapir SeierTa bizantiis imperiam, xolo raRac dros _ aRmosavleT saqarTveloSic. me ramdenadac mesmis, es rogor moxda, sabolood garkveuli ar aris imitom, rom mefeebis saxelebi erTmaneTs ar emTxveva. Cvens wyaroebSi Cndeba farsman mefe, sxva wyaroebiT ki, TiTqos mefoba am dros ukve aRar aris, magram SesaZloa farsmani ukve Zalauflebadakarguli mefe yofiliyo an vinme amdagvari. yovel SemTxvevaSi, daaxloebiT VI saukunis pirvel mesamedSi sparselebmac moaxerxes aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi mefobis gauqmeba. iseTi viTareba Seiqmna, rom erovnuli saxelmwifoebrioba TiTqmis mTel qveyanaSi gamqrali iyo. sabednierod, arc bizantielebs da arc sparselebs azrad ar mosvliaT, qveynis Sida wyoba daerRviaT, rac, sxvaTa Soris, Cvens istoriaSi mxolod da mxolod 1801 wlis Semdeg moxda. dampyrobni Tu Cvenze moZalebuli sxva saxelmwifoebi qveynis bedis amgvar gadagrexas ar fiqrobdnen, magram, asea Tu ise, sakuTari xelisufali aRar iyo. sabednierod, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi es cota xans gagrZelda. ajanyeba moxda da sparselebma, etyoba, ifiqres, rom mTavari iyo mefes mefe ar rqmeoda, raTa ar earseba tituls, romelic vinmes wodebulebiT maT SahinSasTan miaaxlovebda. am mizeziT, maT qarTlis samefos mkvidrT ufleba misces, rom sakuTari erisTavTa mTavari, ase vTqvaT, mTavari erisTavi hyolodaT. es gaxldaT guaram erismTavari, romlis saxli Semdeg erT xans qarTls marTavs da erismTavarTa Tanamdebobazec monacvleobs. es tituli Semdeg droebiT sxva saxlma Caigdo xelSi. erTi sity61
viT, erTob rTuli, areuli viTarebaa, magram, asea Tu ise, es SesaZlo da Zalian saxifaTo wyvetili, sabednierod, ver moxda _ xana, romelic gavida mefobis gauqmebidan erismTavrobis SemoRebamde, ar aRmoCnda iseTi, rom qarTlis samefos anu dRevandeli qarTl-kaxeTisa da samxreT saqarTvelos cxovrebaSi raRac arsobrivi morRveuliyo. VI saukunis meore naxevari ukve kvlav saxelwifoebriobis xanaa, Tumca TbilisSi sparselTa marzpani zis. rogorc Cans, is metismetad ereva aqaur saqmeebSi da cdilobs, zemoqmedeba moaxdinos adgilobriv xelisufalTa gadawyvetilebebze, bolos da bolos, amisaTvis iyo kidec dasmuli. da mainc, rogorc Cvens istoriaSi araerTxel momxdara, qarTvelebi Tu qarTlelebi (rogorc gnebavT, ise daarqviT) axerxeben, sakuTari cxovrebiT icxovron. amas didebulic axerxebs da ubralo mosaxleobac. amis sabuTad Tundac is gamodgeba, rom VI saukunis miwuruli mcxeTis wm. jvris taZris aSenebis xanaa da albaT ar aris saWiro maincadamainc imis mtkiceba, rom es taZari, Tavisi mxatvruli raobiT, Tundac adgilmdebareobiT, erTgvari deklaraciaa. mTis Tavze agebuli taZari aragvisa da mtkvris xeobas gadmohyurebs da TiTqos jvris triumfze laparakobs. is marTlac uflobs sivrces da, cxadia, amas simboluri mniSvnelobac aqvs. didad samtkicebeli albaT arc isaa, rom Tavad mis arqiteqturaSi araviTari dabeCavebuloba, Tundac dramtuloba, brZolisa da dapirispirebis an cilobis aranairi anarekli araa. dgas gamarjvebuli sarwmunoebis, gamarjvebuli qveynis suliskveTebiT ganmsWvaluli arqiteqtura. yovel SemTxvevaSi, is gamarjvebaze laparakobs da, Tu gindaT, CavTvaloT, rom es uflis gamarjvebaa. Tumca, roca adamianebis ganwyoba sxvanairia, maSin qristianuli simboloebi, romlebic maradisobaze metyveleben, saRvTo istoriis sxva mxares warmoaCenen, sxva kuTxiT aCveneben Tundac meored mosvlas, mis dramatizms da es bunebrivia _ qveynierebis aRsasruli da axali sufevis mosvla martivi ver iqneba. am SemTxvevaSi, Cven gansxeulebul imeds vxedavT. CemTvis ase vambob xolme: dgas gansxeulebuli imedi, romelic ukve sasoeba 62
da rwmenaa, radgan iq ar aris arc erTi fTila eWvisa, arc raime xazi, mimaniSnebeli sevdasa an amqveyniur vnebaTaRelvaze. amgvari araferia _ sufTa saxiT dgas sasoebis gansxeuleba. rogor movediT aqamde? am SemTxvevaSi, Cveni sulieri cxovrebisaTvis uaRresad mniSvnelovania sxva ram: VI saukune Cvens qveyanaSi ber-monazvnuri cxovrebis damkvidrebis xanaa. ber-monazvnobas uzarmazari wvlili aqvs Sua saukuneebis qristianul kulturaSi, Tumca es albaT salaparakoc araa. monastria is kera, romelic qmnis zneobriv magaliTs, romlis wiaRSi iSveba ideebi, ibadeba xelovneba, zneobrivi suliskveTeba. bolos da bolos, I aTaswleulis mTeli meore naxevari, gansakuTrebiT, VIII saukunis aqeT, daaxloebiT, XII saukunis bolomde, Cvens kulturaSi swored wminda berebis Taosnobis, saxelmwifosa da qveynis cxovrebaze wminda berebis gavlenis epoqaa da, faqtobrivad, yvela kulturuli niSansveti dakavSirebulia monastrebTan, winamZRvrebTan, wminda berebTan, wminda mamebTan, dasawyisi ki am epoqisa swored VI saukuneSia. piradad me usafuZvlod mimaCnia, eWvi SevitanoT Tundac im cnobaSi, rom pirveli monastrebi, romlebic werilobiT Cans, klarjeTSi wm. vaxtang gorgaslis daarsebulia. vfiqrob, araferi warmoudgeneli amaSi ar aris. sxva ambavia, rom Cven imdroindeli nagebobebis kvals ver mivageniT, magram miugnebeli imdeni ram gvaqvs, rom amis gamorcxva, mgoni, maincdamainc swori arc am SemTxvevaSi iqneba. Tumca isic cxadia, rom es forma qristianuli cxovrebisa, rogorc Cans, farTod gavrcelebuli ar yofila. yovel SemTxvevaSi, VI saukunis Cveni usaxelganTqmulesi saeklesio moRvaweebis _ aTcamet asurel mamaTa _ `cxovrebebSi~ kargad Cans, rom imdroindel sazogadoebas akvirvebs, vin arian es marto mcxovrebi adamianebi. SesaZlebelia, rom qarTlis imdroindel macxovreblebs, romlebic zogadsacxovrebel monastrebs icnobdnen, martomyofoba, calke yofna, uSen adgilas yofna eucxoebodaT. esec SesaZlebelia da am yvelafers garkveva unda. da mainc, asea Tu ise, rodesac iseTi araCveulebrivi moRvaweebi, rogorebic arian wm. ioane zedazneli, wm. daviT gare63
jeli, wm. Sio mRvimeli da sxvani, Tav-TavianT adgilas mkvidrdebian, maT maincdamainc bevri mimyoli ar hyavT. mimdevrebi mere da mere Cndebian. ara mxolod imitom, rom maT Sesaxeb ar ician, aramed imitomac, rom TavisTavad maTi moRvaweobis forma, rogorc Cans, mTlad gasagebi araa. amas garda, Tavad beruli ideali, romelsac isini amkvidreben, zogadad im droisaTvis sakmaod ucnauri Cans. me, yovel SemTxvevaSi, yovelTvis makvirvebda, rom isini ar aSeneben eklesiebs. eklesiebi iq Cndeba karga xnis Semdeg, garkveuli daxanebiT. wm. Siom aaSena eklesia mxolod maSin, roca bevri Zma moikriba, manamde es mas azrad ar mosvlia. wm. daviT garejeli saerTodac ar apirebs eklesiis aSenebas. madlierebis niSnad eklesias agebs iq misuli da wm. daviTs Sevedrebuli bubaqari, rusTavis didebuli. taZris mSenebloba misi Taosnobaa, wm. daviTisa ar aris. ra iyo es, ra formaa? me vfiqrob, rom es Cvens mkvlevarT kidev gasarkvevi aqvT. samagierod, naTelia is, rom am berebis moRvaweobisas (es, gansakuTrebiT, wm. daviT garejelze iTqmis), xdeba ZvelTaZveli samSeneblo teqnikis, niSandobliv, kldeSi nakafi xuroTmoZRvrebis aRorZineba. is, rogorc Cans, ramdenime saukune aRar arsebobda, yovel SemTxvevaSi, jerjerobiT aseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba. II saukunis aqeT nageboba ar Cans da SesaZlebelia, mitovebulicaa. asea Tu ise, SiomRvimis mermindeli senakebi, sadRac zeviT, ferdze arsebuli sadgomebi, romlebSic berebi cxovrobdnen, arqeologiuri gamokvlevis mixedviT, Zv. w. I aTaswleulis dasawyisis, savaraudod, mitovebuli sofeli yofila. saxlebSi xom ar Seuvardebodnen?! Tan ukve carielia, daclilia. rogorc Cans, am Zveli soflebis gamocarieleba moxda da axla iwyeba kldeSi nakafi mSenebloba, romelic ukve Semdeg, Tamar mefis xanaSi, varZiis monastriT dagvirgvindeba. sxva mxriv, CvenSi monastrebis gaCena da momravleba mniSvnelovania imitomac, rom sakmaod xSirad swored monastrebSi Cndeba VI saukunis Cveni saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebis erTi mniSvnelovani qmnileba _ e.w. sameklesiiani bazilika. es aris eklesia, romelsac garedan rom Sexedav, bazilikas hgavs _ 64
SuaSi aziduli aris orqanobad gadaxuruli frontoniani moculoba da aqeT-iqiT calqanobad Camodis. SigniT rom Sedixar, irkveva, rom es navebi ar aris da Sua moculoba gamoyofilia kedlebiT. ratom unda gaCeniliyo aseTi nageboba? rogorc Cans (yovel SemTxvevaSi, jerjerobiT amis monacvle damajerebeli varaudi ar arsebobs), marTali unda iyos giorgi CubinaSvili, roca fiqrobs, rom kerZo wirvebis saWiroeba gaCnda. amitomac ZiriTad sakurTxevelTan erTad damatebiTi sakurTxevlebi Cndeba, Tanac ratomRac _ ori. ratom aris maincdamainc sami trapezi aseTi mniSvnelovani imdroindeli Cveni eklesiis cxovrebisaTvis, samwuxarod, aravin icis da, jerjerobiT, ar Cans imis saSualebac, rom es ramenairad gairkves. Tumca, ar gamovricxav, rom wyaroebis sxvanairad wakiTxvisas raRacas mivagnoT kidec. yovel SemTxvevaSi, jer Cveni codna amas ver Seswvdeba. Tumca faqtia _ iseTi nageboba, sadac sami trapezis arseboba meordeba, sakmaod bevria da XI saukunemde arsebobs. Semdeg wyvetaa da XIV-XVI saukuneebSi isev aris ramdenime amgvari Senoba. ratom aris es mniSvnelovani? TavisTavad nageboba, sadac sam egvtersa da sam sakurTxevels vxedavT, SeiZleba inaxos sxvaganac. magaliTad, yofil iugoslaviaSi aris mTeli jgufi amgvari adreqristianuli Senobebisa, oRond SuaSi iq centruli, gumbaTovani nageboba dgas. aseTive aris palestinaSi. marTalia, es bazilikebia, magram aseTive kompoziciaa. Tumca saqme isaa, rom imave samxreT slavebis qveynebSi am kompoziciam tipis xasiaTi ver SeiZina. es, rogorc Cans, sami wmindanis Tayvaniscemis saWiroebasTan misadagebuli Senobebia. maT Soris araviTari xazi ar Cans, ver mixvdebi, rom es adamianTagan gardasaxuli erTi kompoziciaa. es aris gancalkevebuli nagebobebi gansxvavebuli komponentebiT, sakmaod msxvaobri, erTmaneTisac armgvani. CvenTan kidev vxedavT am birTvs sami sadgomiT, sami trapeziT, romelic Semdeg, VI saukunis ganmav lobaSi, sakmarisad swrafad ganicdis transformacias da VI saukunis bolosa da VII saukunis dasawyisSi viRebT kompozicias, sadac SuaSi aris darbazuli sivrce, calnaviani, aqeT65
iqiT sakurTxevels, Sua afsids axlavs gverdiTi oTaxebi da am gverdiTi oTaxebis dasavleTiT kidev afsiduri an sworkuTxa sakurTxevelia, magram aucileblad aris ori trapezi. dasavleTidan es gverdiTi sivrceebi SeerTebulia derefniT da gamodis garSemosavleli, sammxrivi garSemosavleli. es amgvari eklesiis marTlac optimaluri dagegmarebaa. mogviano xanaSi isev xdeba am kompoziciis gamartiveba. erTi ram aris kidev ucnauri: es kompozicia, martivi saxiT, Cndeba qvemo qarTlSi da mere ratomRac yvelaferi kaxeTSi inacvlebs. qarTlSi is ukve mxolod VI saukunis bolosken Tu sulac VII saukuneSi brundeba (ufliscixis naqalaqarze Sendeba amgvari eklesia) da mere ukve, gardamaval xanaSi, aris sxvaganac. ratom moxda aseTi minacvl-monacvleba, ver getyviT, magram es faqtia. Zalian mniSvnelovania isic, rom erT-erTi nairsaxeoba am e.w. sameklesiiani bazilikisa VI saukunis pirvel naxevarSi aigo afxazeTSi, gagraSi. Tan is zustad TariRdeba imis gamo, rom gverdiT dgas bizantiuri cixesimagre, romelic iustiniane keisris brZanebiT aSenda. wyoba, faqtobrivad, igivea anu igive ostatebi aSeneben da ormagi sakvirvelebaa: (1) ratom dgas eklesia cixis gareT, gaugebaria da (2) ratom iSeneben bizantieli mecixovneni qarTuli yaidis taZars, romelic maT qveyanaSi ar aris, ar viciT. iqneb imitom, rom mSenebeli adgilobrivia, damkveTi ki _ bizantieli? Tumca, rogor moxvda aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi guSin wamoCituli es dagegmareba ukve lixs iqiT, ai, es Zalze sagulisxmo da dasafiqrebelia. es albaT kidev erTi maniSnia imisa, rom kulturul-sulieri erToba am politikurad jerac gauerTianebel qveyanaSi ukve arsebobs da Tanac Rrmad fesvgadgmulia. sxvagvarad amis axsna miWirs. es rom pirdapir gameorebuli nageboba yofiliyo, kidev gavigebdi, magram is gadasxvaferebulic aris _ hgavs aqaurebs, magram identuri araa. adamiani, romelic mas aSenebs, Tavis Wkuaze akeTebs imas, rac aqeT, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, naxa. sameklesiiani bazilikis gamoCena kidev erTi dasturia imisa, rom qarTveli mSeneblebi, am sityvis namdvi66
li gagebiT, Tavisuflebi arian. maTi Tavisufleba Tavneboba araa, maT mxolod ician, rogor ganaxorcielon da nivTier qmnan WeSmariti, swori da aucilebeli sakuTari moTxovnilebisa da qveynis moTxovnebis Sesabamisad. amgvarive viTarebaa Cvens gumbaTovan arqiteqturaSi. unda iTqvas, rom VI saukunidan gumbaTiani arqiteqtura aRmo savleT saqristianoSi, bizantiis ZiriTad centrebSi mainc, wamyvani xdeba. am mxriv, Cven SeiZleba odnav CamovrCebiT kidec, magram isev imitom, rom Tuki iustiniane didi aia sofias gumbaTovan taZars aSenebs (Tumca gumbaTovani taZrebi im dros konstantinopolSi ukve aris da winandeli bazilikebis adgilas Sendeba, maT pirdapir enacvleba), is aSkarad romauli da elinisturi arqiteqturis gamocdilebas efuZneba. magaliTad, nebismieri mamkobi detali korinTuli orderis gardasaxvaa da Tumc korinTuli kapiteli srulebiT gardaqmnilia, saboloo jamSi, Tu CaeZiebi, aRmoaCen, rom birTvi, idea swored isaa. es ostatebis SemoqmedebiT wvas odnavac ar akninebs, magram aseTia gza, romliTac isini midian, xolo Cveni ostatebi Ziebisas sxva gzas adganan. ra gaakeTes maT? am adrindel xanaSi Cven or tips vxedavT da erT-erTi martivi jvrisebri gegmaa. warmoidgineT jvari, masze amoyvanili moculoba da, faqtobrivad, igive jvrisebri gegma, oRond ara erTi afsidiT aRmosavleTiT da sami sworkuTxa mklaviT, aramed oTxi afsidiT. es oTxi afsidi ise gamoiyureba, rogorc oTxyura yvavili. samwuxarod, uZvelesi magaliTebi am eklesiebisa zustad ver gviTariRdeba _ maTgan warwera erTsac ar aqvs da arc raime pirdapiri werilobiTi cnoba mogvepoveba. Tumca, rac dro gadis, yuradRebas ufro iqcevs ori maTgani da orive kaxeTSia. erTi aris e.w. Zveli gavazi, eklesia romelic amJamad sofel axalsofelSia (ase rom, sofel gavazSi nuravin wava) da meore _ e.w. erelaanT saydari soflis gareT axmetasTan. Zveli gavazi oTxyura, e.w. tetrakonqis tipis, nagebobaa, erelaanT saydari ki _ jvisebri, e.w. Tavisufali jvris tipisa. me meCveneba, rom am eklesiaTagan VI saukunis pirvel aTwleulebs erTic ar cdeba, Zveli gavazi 67
V saukuniskenac ki aris (ase minda an meCveneba). samwuxarod, IX saukuneSi Tu X saukunis dasawyisSi is Zlier gadakeTda, mere XIX saukuneSi kvlav SekeTda da, ra Tqma unda, kvali amanac waSala. amitom erTmniSvnelovani pasuxi Cvens SekiTxvebs, yovel SemTxvevaSi, jerjerobiT ar eqneba. iqneb arqeologiam mogvces rame, magram Catarebuli gawmendiTi samuSaoebisas araferi aRmouCeniaT, yovel SemTxvevaSi, me ar gamigia. Tumca raRac niSnebi aq ufro meadreveba, vidre erelaanT saydarSi. ra Cans aq? im uamravi tipidan, uamravi gegmidan, romelic adreqristianul xanaSi arsebobda, qarTvelma ostatebma es ori martivi tipi airCies. ver vityviT, rom maT sxva ar icodnen, vinaidan gvaqvs II Tu III saukunis eqvsafsidiani nageboba bagineTSi, armazcixeSi, mcxeTaSi. Tumca arCevani, romelic maT gaakeTes, swori iyo. ostatebi martiv, cxad da Tan srulebiT simetriul kompoziciebs irCeven, rac mgonia, rom Zalian mniSvnelovania. irCeven kompozicias, romelic yvela mxaris absolutur identurobas gulisxmobs. ver vityvi, rom, wirva-locvis TvalsazrisiT, es maincadamainc mosaxerxebelia. adamiani eklesiaSi Sevides da sakurTxevels ver cnobdes, cxadia, mTlad kargi ar aris. ra Tqma unda, Zvel droSi saqmes Sveloda an kankeli, romelic albaT yvelgan iyo, an trapezi, an raime sxva mowyobiloba, magram arqiteqturulad iq yvelaferi Tanabaria da ar aris mabiZgi, romelic maincdamainc sakurTxevlisaken Semogabrunebda. da mainc, imdroindeli adamianis Sinagani gancdisaTvis es zedmiwevniTi garindeba, rogorc Cans, mosawonia. Tumca garindeba araswori sityva mgonia, radgan iq ar aris rindi, ar aris gaSeSebuloba, aramed erTgvari SeCerebaa, Seyovnebaa. es is aris, rasac eZeben. ai, Sevida, dadga da, saiTac unda gaixedos, yvelgan erTi da igivea. is koncentrirebulia raRacaze, TvalisaTvis wylis dasalevinebeli ki, ase vTqvaT, araferia da amis arc moTxovnilebaa. am ariqiteqturas, gansakuTrebiT, Zvel gavazSi, kidev raRac ucnauri siRonivris Tviseba aqvs. ucnauri Zalaa am kedlebSi, did sarkmlebSi, did karebSi, rac agreTve raRac adreulis maniSebelia. albaT viRacas es arc moewoneba. viRac indomebs, 68
rom CvenTan, rogorc bizantiis imperiis did centrebSi, raRac ufro brWyviala, mooqrul-moCuqurTmebuli iyos, viRac mozaikas moisaklisebs, viRac _ iatakis Wrel marmarilos. moTxovnileba da gemovneba bevrnairi arsebobs, magram faqtia, rom Cvens winaprebs maSin, VI saukuneSi, aseTi arqiteqtura undodaT da, radgan SeeZloT, akeTebdnen imas, rac surdaT. me vfiqrob, es Zalian mniSvnelovania imis dasadgenad, rom qveyanaSi SemoqmedebiTi muxti arsebobs. Cven xSirad gvaviwydeba, rom SemoqmedebiToba ar niSnavs, arafridan Seqmna raRac _ es adamians, ubralod, ar xelewifeba. roca cariel adgilze epotinebi raRac dids, es, rogorc wesi, ukve gakeTebulis met-naklebad umweo gadmoReba-gameorebaa. esec gzaa da am gzazec SesaZloa warmatebuli nabijebis gadadgma, magram Cvenma winaprebma sxva gza airCies. maT arCies, Tavisive sargo, mosaxdeni da mosawoni TviTonve SeeqmnaT. marTlac, Zalian cxadlivia, rogor xdeba arqiteqturuli formebis TandaTanobiT moxelTeba. ai, es amoirCies, arsebobis es forma da cota xanSi, daaxloebiT, VI saukunis mesame meoTxedSi, ninowmindaSi viRac (vin, ar viciT) aSenebs taZars da am oTxyuras, tetrakonqs, umatebs kidev oTx sadgoms. risTvis akeTebs amas? imisTvis, rom gumbaTuri sivrce ufro didi gaxados. gumbaTqveSa kuTxeebi TiTqos gaiSala. arada, Tavidan afsidebi erTmaneTs kuTxeebiT miadges. axla am kuTxeebs Soris kidev monakveTi gaCnda da gumbaTi gaizarda, gumbaTqveSa farTobi da sivrcec, bunebrivia, ufro warmosadegi, monumenturi da sazeimo gamovida. saubedurod, taZari Zalian dangreulia da Cven es mxolod unda warmovisaxoT. Tumca, rodesac gadarCenil sakurTxevels uyureb, sakmaod misaxvedria, Tu rogor gamoiyureboda is Tavidan. Cven vxedavT Ziebas da es gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, radgan cota xanSi amas mohyveba mcxeTis jvris taZari, sadac gaTamaSebulia kuTxis oTaxebis Tema Tu motivi, oRond kidev ufro gamdidrebulia kompozicia. ranairad? rodesac ninowmindelma ostatma oTaxebi kuTxeebSi moaTavsa, isini raRac gaugebari mimarTulebiT iribulad damxobili gamovida, 69
mcxeTis jvris ostatma ki aiRo da oTaxebi afsidebisadmi kuTxiT daalaga da ara paralelurad. samagierod, adgilebSi, sadac ninowmindaSi oTaxebi iyo, man moaTavsa niSebi, romlebic mTavari sivrcidan kuTxis oTaxebamde gardamavalia da es Sua sivrcis erTgvari gamafarToebelia, im kuTxis sivrceebis erTgvari winkaria. srulebiT aSkaraa, rom mcxeTis jvris ostatma naxa ninowmindis taZari da kompozicia ase moifiqra. TiTqos araferia, magram sagulisxmoa, roca SegviZlia ase TvalnaTliv davinaxoT, rogor midioda arqiteqturuli azris ganviTareba, es ki arqiteqturis istoriaSi xSiri araa. VI saukuneSi ori Tema _ tetrakonqi da sameklesiiani bazilika _ gvaZlevs amis SesaZleblobas. Cven vxedavT, rogor eZebdnen qarTveli ostatebi, ra undodaT maT, rogor midioda maTi fiqri da Zieba. nu vifiqrebT, rom es hgavs dRevandel Ziebas, rodesac adamiani Tavis magidas miujdeba da dafiqrdeba, rogor Seqmnas raRac gaugonari da arnaxuli. is adamianebi ase ar fiqrobdnen. maT hqondaT garkveuli davaleba, mas asrulebdnen da cdilobdnen, arsebuli SesaZleblobebiT kargad gaekeTebinaT. SesaZleblobaTa gamdidreba SemoqmedebiTi fiqrisa da Rvwis gzaze _ ai, es aris albaT is, rasac SeiZleba daerqvas xelovnebis ganviTareba, rac ar niSnavs imas, rom naklebad rTuli ar varga da umjobesia ufro rTuli kompozicia. zogjer, mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT, isini tolfasia an sulac primitiuli jobs. marTlac rTulia mcxeTis jvarze ukeTesi ramis warmodgena da, zogadadac, droSi momdevno, raRacis gamTvaliswinebel-ganmaviTarebeli, maSinaTve ukeTesi rodia. is ukeTesi unda iyos sxva niSnebiT da ara imiT, rom ufro ganviTarebulia. ganviTarda imitom, rom win raRac samagaliTo hqonda da icoda, ra da rogor unda moeSvelebia. mniSvnelovania TavisTavad Zieba. yovel SemTxvevaSi, Cveni qveynis SemoqmedebiTi istoria amas gveubneba: sadac iwyeba gameoreba, iq misabaZis tolfasic ver iqmneba. rogorc Cans, gameorebuli mainc meqanikurobis erTgvar elements Seicavs, raRacis bolomde ganucdel-gaufiqrebelobas _ raRac viciT, cota 70
SeiZleba kidec movakeliT an wavamateT, Tumca, arsebiTad, gavimeoreT, ar gvinda, rom mas gavcdeT, ar gvinda, Tavi gavicxeloT, rad gvinda gansacdeli, xom viciT, rogoric gamodis da TiTqos vfiqrobT, dae, iyos aseTiveo. da mainc, Cveni qveynis yvelaze didi SemoqmedebiTi monapovrebi swored iq aris, sadac bedaven. kidev vambob, es ar aris ampartavnuli `axla dagimtkicebT~. es naZaladeoba, Zalad siaxle, aCemebiT mignebuli axleburoba yovelTvis TvalsaCinoa. Tundac kargi xelovneba iyos, mainc dahkravs elferi, TiTqos vambobT, SemomxedeT, rogori varo. es SeiZleba, srulebiT konkretuli niSnebiTac iyos naCvenebi, rac araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar iTqmis, rasakvirvelia, zogadad Sua saukuneebis xelovnebaze da arc am epoqis xelovnebaze. SemoqmedebiToba aseT principul maZieblobas ar niSnavs, es ufro niWierebis Tvisebaa, vidre raime lozungi. roca novatorobaze Zalian bevrs laparakoben, piradad me yovelTvis meeWveba, rom es adamiani raime axlis Semqmneli iyos. geronti qiqoZes aqvs erTgan naTqvami, Cveni winaprebi istorias imitom ar werdnen, rom istorias qmnidneno. Tu axals qmni, siaxleze bevri laparakisa da lozungebis Txzvis aRarc dro ar gaqvs da aRarc xalisi. ras izam, rTulia es yvelaferi. asea Tu is, es awewili droa _ xan ajanyebaa, xan xelisuflebaTa cvlaa, xanac, piriqiT, rRvevaa. bizantielebisa da sparselebis erTgvari Widilia _ xan pirdapir omi, xan ki diplomatiuri xrikebiT aq damkvidrebis mcdeloba. magaliTad, marzapani TbilisSi zis, qarTlis erisTavebi ki bizantiis imperatoris naboZeb sakariskaco titulebs atareben. risTvis mianiWes? ra Tqma unda, gadasabireblad. magram es xom rTuli TamaSia? qarTlis erismTavari iZulebulia, bizantiels iseTnairad daukavSirdes, rom maincdamainc arc sparseli gaabrazos, ar ganarisxos. mgoni, stefanoz I-ze pirdapir uTqvamT, ver ikadrebda mefed wodebas SiSisaTvis sparsTao. mefe iyo sinamdvileSi, magram sityva `mefe~ ver warmoTqva, Tavis monetebze ver dawera. moneta moWra da mefe varo, ver daawera, radgan ayridnen, gadaasaxlebdnen mTels Tu ara naxevar 71
mosaxleobas. ra Tqma unda, xelisufals axsovda qveSevrdomTa winaSe Tavisi pasuxismgebloba. ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom qveSevrdomis sicocxle Zvel dros metad fasobda. SekiTxvaze, Tu vin aris kargi mxedarTmTavari, Tu ar vcdebi, Teimuraz batoniSvilma upasuxa, is, visac naklebi jariskaci daeRupebao. albaT dameTanxmebiT, rom es ar hgavs XX saukunis trategias. magaliTad, sabWoTa sardloba, oRondac miznisTvis mieRwia, asiaTasobiT gawyvetil samxedros srulebiT ar naRvlobda. gavixsenoT qerCi, romelic amis klasikuri magaliTia: naxevari jari pirdapir zRvaSi CaaxrCves da meore naxevari zemodan gadaatares. amas qarTveli verc Zvelad da verc sxva droSi ver gaakeTebda. Tavganwirva maSin sxvaTa gawirvas ar niSnavda, Tavdadeba maT sxvanairad esmodaT. amas winaT erT saubars Seveswari imis Taobaze, msxverpli rogor unda Segvewira. marTlac uxerxulia, amas cocxali adamiani qadagebdes da Tanac saR-salamaTi. nuTu anderZad unda daeweraT, axla dasaRupavad mivdivarT da ager SemogvxedeT, qveyanas mtlad rogor davedebiTo. yovel SemTxvevaSi, Zveli saqarTvelos zneobisaTvis es namdvilad Seusabamoa. ase ar fiqrobdnen da sxvis sicocxles iolad ver imetebdnen Cveni winaprebi. maSasadame, amgvar viTarebaSi aSkarad mimdinareobs SemoqmedebiTi Rvwa da, am SemTxvevaSi, arqiteqtura, ubralod, yvelaze kargad aris SemorCenili. eWvi ar aris, rom paralelurad mqandakeblobac namdvilad arsebobda, radgan e.w. qvajvrebi swored am dros vrceldeba. es iyo erTgvari sworkuTxa boZebi, romlebsac oTxive mxare morTuli hqondaT. mxareTagan orze, zogjer samzec, reliefuri gamosaxulebebi iyo, romelime mxares, erTs an ors, ornamentuli samkaulic aucileblad hqonda da es jvriT gvirgvindeboda. VI-VII saukuneebSi amgvari qvajvrebi gansakuTrebiT bevri qvemo qarTlSi keTdeba, magram isini kaxeTSic da samxreT saqarTveloSic moiZebneba. albaT iqneboda mxatvrobac. Tumca dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom maSin, iseve, rogorc momdevno saukuneebSi, XI saukunis daaxloebiT pirveli meoTxedis CaTvliT, eklesiebi mTlianad ar ixateboda. SeiZleba ixateba sakurTxe72
veli an, mTlianad sakurTxeveli ki ara, mxolod e.w. konqi, afsidis meoTxedsferuli dagvirgvineba, sadac albaT macxovari an jvari gamoisaxeboda. yovelive es SemorCenili ar gvaqvs da amitom mxolod varauds gamovTqvamT. viciT, rom mcxeTis jvris mcire eklesiaSi, romelic VI saukunisaa, sakurTxevelSi namdvilad iyo mozaika, magram marto kenWebi gvaqvs da CvenTvis ucnobia, is ras gamoxatavda. albaT iyo kidev sxva Zeglebic. arqeologiuri gaTxrebis dros iqneb sadme kidev gamoCndes axali masala. am dros ukve kankelebic keTdeba _ keTdeba adgilobrivad da zogjer kidec CamoaqvT. magaliTad, kankelisa Tu zRudisaTvis mcxeTis jvarSi namdvilad gamoiweres marmarilos filebi konstantinopolidan. erTi zed gamosaxuli jvriT SemorCenilic ki gvaqvs. kankelebi am drosac unda yofiliyo, Tumca gviani xanis ufro metia. cxadia, iqneboda mcire xelovnebis nimuSebic da moxda ise, rom viciT kidec, magaliTad, adrindeli liTonis nivTebi rodis daiRupa _ 620-ian wlebSi, VII saukuneSi, rodesac herakle keisarma Tbilisi aiRo. somex mematianes uweria, rom CamorTmeuli liTonis nakeTobebis mTeli grova dadga. cxadia, es iyo WurWeli, magram ueWvelia, rom iqve kandelebi, jvrebi, samRvdelmsaxuro WurWeli da, vin icis, ukve xatebic iqneboda. ar aris gamoricxuli, ferweruli xatebiც arsebuliyo, magram maTi kvali jerjerobiT isev da isev ar Cans. vnaxoT, ar aris gamoricxuli, rom romelime gadaweril xatze uceb aRmoCndes qvefena, romelic Zalian adreuli iqneba. amis gamoricxva ar SeiZleba, magram jerjerobiT aseTi suraTia. isic SesaZlebelia, arqeologiuri gaTxrebis dros sadme liTonis nakeTobebic gamoCndes, Tumca isini jerjerobiT isev ar gvaqvs. yvelaze adreuli, rac mogvepoveba, VIII da IX saukuneebis nivTebia. Tumca arqiteqtura da es qvajvrebi, reliefur-CuqurTmiani svetebi, ramdenime reliefi, romlebic qvemo qarTlSi eklesiaTa karebis Tavzea (maTze, rogorc wesi, jvris amaRleba gamoisaxeba) Cven gveubneba, rom xelovnebis dargebi win midis. safiqrebelia, rom mas mihyveba sxva dargebic, romelTa Sesaxeb xelmosaWidi Cven, ubralod, araferi gvaqvs da mTeli es mcdeloba, mTeli es 73
Zieba swored VI saukunis bolos da VII saukunis pirvel wlebSi gvirgvindeba. kidevac amboben xolme, rom es pirveli ayvavebaa. piradad me mainc Tavs vikaveb aseTi gansazRvrebebisagan, radgan ayvaveba gulisxmobs, rom manamde fesvi iyo da axla ki yvavilia. Zalian Zneli saTqmelia, ra ufro mniSvnelovania, iqneb fesvi yvavilze ufro Rirebulic ki iyos. rac mTavaria, darwmunebuli ar var, rom xarisxobrivad wromis taZari, vTqvaT, kawareTis samebaze an bolnisis sionze _ anu rac aSenda, yvelaferze _ ukeTesia. ar vici, es ra sazomiT unda gavzomoT. namdvilad Zalian kargia, srulyofilebis maRali xarisxia, magram Cven unda visaubroT ara Sefasebaze, aramed imaze, avida Tu ara mxatvruli Zieba garkveul safexurze, moniSna Tu ara safexuri. erTi rkali Ziebisa moTavda da, marTlac, mere vxedavT, rogor iwyeba sxva Zieba VII saukunis Sua xanebidan da rogor iSleba is ukve VIII-IX saukuneebSi. Tumca swored VI-VII saukuneebis mijnaa is pirveli SeCereba, ase vTqvaT, xana, rodesac amdenma mcdelobam yvela mimarTulebiT aSkara nayofi gamoiRo da Tu am safexuris moniSvna gvinda, 580-iani wlebidan (SeiZleba 550-iani wlebidanac ki) 630-iani wlebis CaTvliT, daaxloebiT, ormocwliani Sualedi gamodis. aqve vityvi, raTa mere aRar davubrunde, rom es xana SeiZleba ase warmovidginoT: ukiduresad daZabuli dro iyo da, politikuri TvalsazrisiT, araxelsayrelic. iyo gauTavebeli gawev-gamoweva, gamudmebuli omebi. aSkaraa, iyo msxverpli, dangreuli qalaqebi, gadamwvari soflebi. sakvirvelia, magram adamianebi, miuxedavad usasrulo glova-tirilisa, axerxebdnen da qmnidnen, Tanac qmnidnen aseT xelovnebas, xolo ra aris is, rac im dros Seiqmna, ukve sxva saubris Temaa.
74
6. VII saukunis arqiteqtura Cven saubari daviwyeT qarTuli arqiteqturis, sazogadod, xelovnebisa da, Tumc sxva dargebSi masala mwiria, albaT mTeli kulturis im umniSvnelovanes safexurze, romelic VI-VII saukuneebis mijnas ganekuTvneba. rogorc Cans, swored im dros daiwera Tundac `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~, Cveni uZvelesi matiane. wina jerze vTqviT, rom mcxeTis wminda jvris didi taZris xuroTmoZRvarma, romelsac albaT dakveTa hqonda, iqve IV saukunidan mdgari uZvelesi jvrebis (am jvrebs gadmocema wm. ninosa da wm. mirian mefis saxelebs ukavSirebs) adgilas gumbaTovani taZari aeSenebina da erTgvarad moaxerxa, Tavi moeyara im Zieba-miswrafebaTaTvis, ostatebs jer kidev saukuniT an sulac saukune-naxevriT adre rom amoZravebdaT. gavimeoreb da vityvi: es ar niSnavs, rom wina saukuneebis ostatebi masze nakleb niWierebi iyvnen an nakleb daxelovnebulni. aris xolme xelovnebis istoriaSi etapebi, rodesac romelime did ostats wilad xvdeba, winamorbedi epoqis miRwevebi Seajamos. nu warmovidgenT, TiTqos es uniWo kompilatori iyos. swored am Tavis mobmas, raRacis moTavebas sagangebo SemoqmedebiTi niWi da Zalian didi SemoqmedebiTi muxtic sWirdeba. Cveni kulturis istoriaSi, arqiteqturis istoriaSi, meore aseTi movlena aris samTavisis taZari, romelmac agreTve erT gvarad daabolova didi xnis ganmavlobaSi mimdinare mxatvruli Ziebebi. xandaxan ostati xedavs wina gamocdilebas da rogor gamoiyenos is, esec zustad icis. icis, Tu saiT aris mimarTuli winamorbedTa Zieba da isic, Tu ra SeiZleba iyos am ZiebaTa saboloo mizani. ra gaakeTa xuroTmoZRvarma? rogorc iTqva, wina drois ostatebs moswonT gawonasworebuli sivrce. igi iyenebs oTxafsidian gegmas, iseTs, rogoric iyo Zvel gavazsa da ninowmindaSi, qmnis isev gawonasworebul sivrces, oRond RerZs, romelic sakurTxevliskenaa mimarTuli, odnav sigrZes umatebs da gasakvirvel Sedegs iRebs: adamiani Sedis taZarSi, 75
ganicdis mas, rogorc gawonasworebul sivrces, magram sruliad gaucnobiereblad es sivrce mas ubiZgebs, gaixedos sakurTxevlisaken. swored es aris, rac mcxeTis jvris ostats unda _ vxedavdeT TanabarmniSvnelovan, TanabarRirebul nawilebs. isea mowyobili ganaTeba, isea mofiqrebuli gareTa masebis gadawyveta, rom yvela elementi TviTRirebulia, yvela dasrulebulia, yvela mkafiod aRqmadia, magram, amave dros, martivi xerxiT, RerZis odnavi dagrZelebiT, Semodis urRvevi wesrigi. magaliTad, ninowmindis taZarSi, vTqvaT, davab zrialeT gegma da is gaCerda nebismier adgilas, uceb verc mixvdebi, verc gaigeb, rom raRaca moxda, xolo mcxeTis jvarSi es SeuZlebelia _ odnavi Zvra da imwams dairRveva simwyobre gegmisa, simwyobre kompoziciisa. minda, kidev gavimeoro, rom es aris Sedegi ostatis udidesi niWierebisa da, amave dros, wina Taobebis fiqris, wvalebisa da gancdebis Sedegi. axla ostats SesaZlebloba aqvs, isargeblos maTi gamocdilebiT. aris xolme aseTi bednieri Jami. aseTive mdgomareobaSi iyvnen odesRac berZeni ostatebi, rodesac aSenebdnen akropoliss da aqandakebdnen parTenons, aseTive mdgomareobaSi iyvnen XVI saukunis italiaSi rafaeli da miqelanjelo, musikis magaliTze Tu vimsjelebT, SegviZlia beThoveni an mocartic gavixsenoT. Tu ram gakeTda evropul musikaSi XVII saukunis bolodan, swored maTTan hpovebs erTgvar dasrulebas, xolo beThovenTan, rogorc miqelanjelosTan an imave akropolisis cota mogviano nagebobebSi, ukve isaxeba axali veqtori, gezi, romelsac daadgeba mxatvruli fantazia. mcxeTis jvris ostatma gaakeTa kidev sxva ram. gakvriT iTqva, rom adrindel xanaSi Cvens ostatebs fasadis morTva gauWirdaT. erTi mxriv, zogadad, adreqristianuli arqiteqtura, garda ramdenime aRmosavluri regionisa, ar swyalobs fasadis morTvas. sxva mxriv, Cvenma ostatebma ar moindomes antikuri formebis Warbad gamoyeneba, rogorc sirielebma an mcireazielebma. isini Tavidan eZeben da, sxvaTa Soris, iSvelieben elementebs, romlebic im antikuri sistemis daSlis Sedegad V saukunis siriaSi warmoiSva. es aris karisa da sarkmlis 76
Tavze gavlebuli TaRi, romelsac boloebi Tarazulad aqvs gakecili. Cven mas vuwodebT TavsarTs da, raxan warbs waagavs, zogjer _ warbs. erT-erTi ZiriTadi mamkobi elementi swored es warbi, TavsarTi Tu sulac gadanakecebiani TavsarTia (asec veZaxiT). is Cndeba cota adre wilknis taZris fasadze, magram iqac _ pirdapir siriidan mosesxebul sistemaSi. sistema aseTia: kedelze aris vertikaluri Sverilebi, pilastrebi, maT Soris aris gavlebuli horizontaluri sartylebi, kozmidebi da TiTqos ase daliandagebulia kedeli. da, ai, am or pilastrsa da qvemo TavsarTs Soris warmoqmnil oTkuTxedSi zis sarkmeli da masze gadavlebuli TavsarTi, romelic am Sverilebs Sua aris gaWedili. etyoba, metismetad mosesxebuli aRmoCnda es sistemac da aRar moindomes qarTvelma ostatebma. Catarda aseTi eqsperimenti, magram ar gagrZelda, oRond es TavsarTi, Tanac Semkuli vazis ylortiT, Cans, WkuaSi daujda mcxeTis jvris ostats. ras akeTebs igi? yvela sarkmlis Tavze akeTebs TavsarTs da sakurTxevlis afsidze, romelsac sami sarkmeli aqvs, am TavsarTebs erTmaneTs gadaabams. ai, es gadabmuli TavsarTebic, rogorc motivi, modis siriidan da Semdeg sakmaod didxans rCeba somxeTSi da saqarTvelos mTel miwa-wyalze. magaliTad, IX-X saukuneebis afxazeTis xuroTmoZRvrebaSi Cven vxedavT aseTive gadabmul TavsarTs gumbaTebze, saxeldobr, moqvis gumbaTze. aseTive gadabmul TavsarTs vnaxavT atenis taZrisa an martvilis taZris fasadebze. SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom mcxeTis jvars Sexedes, yovel SemTxvevaSi, am motivis mdgradoba da fesvgadgmuloba aSkaraa _ moewonaT is aq. Tumca danarCens arafers siriuli arqiteqturisas mcxeTis jvris xuroTmoZRvari aRar iyenebs. igi akeTebs ise, rom samxreT da CrdiloeT fasadebze erTmaneTis Tavze iyos kari da sarkmeli, romlebic vertikalur RerZs warmoqmnian. maT Tavze Cndeba gumbaTis sarkmeli da iqmneba erTiani RerZi qvemodan zemoT, magram afsidebisa da gverdiTi oTaxebis sarkmlebi yvela erT rigzea da Cven vxedavT horizontalur rigs, romelsac exmianeba TavsarTTa es 77
maxvilebi. Cven vxedavT fasads, romelic aseTi mZlavri vertikaluri da horizontaluri xazebiT iqmneba da Tanac am vertikalur svlaSi Casmulia reliefebi. asea samxreT fasadze, ase aris aRmosavleT fasadze, magram CrdiloeT da dasavleT fasadebs ostati ar amkobs. pirvel rigSi, imitom, rom erTic da meorec, simboluri TvalsazrisiT, ase vTqvaT, ufro naklebad Rirebulia, vidre aRmosavleTi da samxreTi fasadebi da kidev imitom, rom CrdiloeTidan ukve idga patara eklesia da misi bWe (dResac dgas orive, sabednierod). yvela, vinc mcxeTis jvarSi namyofia, dameTanxmeba, rom iq risame danaxva srulebiT SeuZlebelia. miwaze Tu dawvebi, im sarkmlis Tavis danaxva egeb moaxerxo, dasavleTis fasadTan ki misadgomic ar arsebobs. erTaderTi, vinc mas xedavs mercxali an Ramuraa, adamiani ki _ mxolod qvemodan, aragvis napiridan. Sesabamisad, mcxeTis jvris taZris maSenebeli ostati dasavleT sibrtyeze zedmeti danawevrebis Seqmnas moerida, raTa ar gaCeniliyo Crdili, romelic Soridan gamoCndeboda, rogorc daWmuWnili forma. veravin mixvdeboda, es ra aris, da iqneboda sakmaod usiamovno. xuroTmoZRvarma esec gaiTvaliswina da, rasakvirvelia, amaSic Cans ostatoba. aRarafers vambob imaze, Tu rogor Seqmna man forma SigniT amdenad gawonasworebuli da garedan kidev sakvirveli: is ar aris zemswrafi da, imavdroulad, ar aris gawolili, TiTqos gaCerebulia im zRvarze, sadac horizontalurad gaSla da zemoT gawelva erTmaneTs xvdeba, imdenad Tanabarzomieria, rom arc win miiswrafvis da arc zemoT, arc ganSi midis da arc sigrZeSi. araCveulebrivad aris moTavsebuli TviT taZari mTel am garemoSi. yvelasaTvis cnobilia gasaocari STabeWdileba, visac odesme mouwia, am gziT fexiT, manqaniT Tu matarebliT gaevlo _ taZari TiTqos pirdapir kldidan aris amozrdili. dRes verc ki warmovidgenT, rom odesme SeiZleba sxvanairad yofiliyo. namdvilad iyo, magram amis warmodgena gviWirs. mcxeTis jvari pirdapiri dasuraTebaa martin haidegeris naTqvamisa, rodesac taZari daidga, mTac maSin gamoCndao. oRond igi amas berZnul taZrebze ambobs. da marTlac, rom ara es 78
taZari, ise CavivlidiT, yuradRebas albaT arc ki mivaqcevdiT am mTadrekas ferdisas, aragvispiridan zemoT rom adis. Ti Tqos taZari qmnis iseT maxvils, rom Cven bunebasac sxvanairad vxedavT. vxedavT mSvenierebas, romelsac warmosaCenad adamianis xeli dasWirvebia. da Tumca verafers viqmT imis umjobess, rac ukve ufals Seuqmnia, Cven Turme SegvZlebia, TanamoZmeT davexmaroT, ukeT dainaxon bunebis amgvari harmonia. mcxeTis jvari Zalian mniSvnelovani arqiteqturuli magaliTi aRmoCnda. qarTlSi ateni, kaxeTSi Zveli SuamTa, dasavleT saqarTveloSi martvili (aSenebis TariRi sakamaToa, magram faqtia, rom es dasavleTi saqarTveloa) da kidev Camxusi, samxreT saqarTvelos erTi Zalian dangreuli eklesia _ yvela es taZari ambobs, rom ostatebma saqarTvelos yvela mxareSi moindomes, TiTo-TiTo aseTi taZari hqonodaT. SeiZleba meticaa da Cven ar vicnobT an sadme tyeSi imaleba, rogorc amas winaT aRmoCnda sanagiris yvelasaTvis cnobili bazilikidan marTla aT nabijSi. Turme mdgara patara eklesiis nangrevi, romelic veravin SeniSna, daaxloebiT, 100 wlis ganmavlobaSi. iq srulebiT SemTxveviT moxvda Cveni kolega, b-ni kaxa ximSiaSvili. iyo dacvenili foTlebi, iyo zamTari. uceb dainaxa eklesia da Tavidan verc ki dauSva, rom cnobili ar iqneboda. didad gaocda, roca gairkva, rom misi arsebobis Sesaxeb kaciSvilma araferi icis. marTlac sakvirvelia. aseTi ucnauri qveyana varT. amas vyvebi da Tavs vizRvev, radgan ramdenjerac raRacaze iTqva, rom marto es gvaqvs, imdenjerve aRmoCnda, rom kidev sadRac aris. sul ar gamovricxav, rom romeliRac tyeSi, romeliRac koromSi kidev erTi amgvari dangreuli taZari imaleba. marTlac, yvelaferi SeiZleba iyos, Tumca jerjerobiT sul es aris, rac viciT. aqve unda iTqvas, rom msgavsi gegmarebis taZrebi aris somxeTSi, Tumca axla ar Rirs maTze sityvis gagrZeleba. srulebiT aSkaraa, rom es ori sxvadasxva movlenaa da sul sxva sakiTxia, hqondaT Tu ara maT rame saerTo. am arqiteqturis SemTxvevaSi, CvenTvis mniSvnelovania ara mxolod mxatvruli xarisxi, aramed is, rac aq xdeba: Cndeba 79
Camoyalibebuli fasadi. kavkasiisa da, kerZod, saqarTvelos arqiteqtura, bizantiurisagan gansxvavebiT, svams fasadis problemas da amis Sesaxeb Tavis droze, jer kidev 1876 wels, Tqva nikodime kondakovma, Zalian cnobilma rusma mecnierma, arsebiTad, saxelovnebaTmcodneo bizantinistikis Semqmnelma. me ukve mogaxseneT, rom Tavidan es TiTqos ase ar aris, magram gare saxes rom yuradRebas aqceven, Cans Tundac imiT, Tu rogor SearCia ostatma bolnisis taZris feri. magram axla ukve sxva ram xdeba: cxadia, roca rames aSeneb, iq aris Riobebi, aris danawevrebuli zedapiri. mniSvnelovania is, Tu rogor aRiqmeba Sexedvisas garkveuli mowesrigebuloba. am mxriv, Zalian karg magaliTs gvaZlevs erelaanT saydris eklesia, romelic winaTac vaxsene da vfiqrob, VI saukunis dasawyisisa unda iyos (yovel SemTxvevaSi, pirveli naxevrisa ueWvelad aris). SevadaroT is VII saukunis mcxeTis jvris cotaTi momdevnod (30-40 wlis Semdeg) aSenebul samwevrisis wminda jvris eklesias, qarTlSi rom dgas, qarelis siaxloves. is, sxvaTa Soris, adgilmdebareobiT jvars Camohgavs. roca patara viyavi, saidanRac momavals sul meCveneboda, rom ukve mcxeTaSi var, Tumca irkveoda, rom raRac sxva aris, ar aris mcxeTa. es ori nageboba aSkarad exmianeba erTmaneTs aRnagobiT, proporciebiT, albaT kidev raRaciT. erelaanT saydarSic da samwevrisSic xdeba aseTi ram: orivegan aris erTi kari, is moTavsebulia samxreT mklavis samxreT kedelSi da dasavleTisaken aris odnav daZruli. erelaanT saydarSi gverdiT, anu CrdiloeT da samxreT mklavebSi, damatebulia patara afsidebi da amitom gamovida ase. sameklesiian bazilikebSi sami trapezi dasWirdaT da etyoba, aqac undodaT, hoda gaakeTes kidec, xolo imisTvis, rom adamiani taZarSi Sesvlisas pirdapir mklavis Sua xazze da gumbaTis centrisaken gzaze daeyenebinaT, gaWres kari, mklavs rogorc mouxda, magram fasadisaTvis asimetriuli romaa. am asimetrias karis TavsarTi da mis mimarT sruliad gaugebrad moTavsebuli sarkmeli metad amZafrebs, araTu Svelis. samwevriselma ostatma es kari iseTnairad moaTavsa, Tu ar ici, 80
verc ki xedav, rom is daZrulia. roca iq pirvelad mivedi, ukve vicodi, rom kari daZrulia (gamocda Cabarebuli mqonda da es yvelaferi zepirad vicodi), mainc kinaRam Tvalebi daviTxare da amas yovelTvis vuyvebi xolme Cems studentebs. vfiqrobdi: RmerTo, ai, xom vici, daZruli unda iyos da ratom ver vxedav, ratom vxedav centrSi? da ram miSvela? bolos aRmovaCine, rom karis aRmosavleTi kide da mis Tavze mdebare sarkmlis dasavleTi kide erT xazze aris. ai, es davinaxe da maSin ki mivxvdi, rom namdvilad daZrulia. Tumca karisa da sarkmlis zoma ostats imgvarad aqvs SerCeuli, rom xedavT maT, rogorc Tanazomiers. ai, es _ erT xazze asxma _ qmnis wesrigis STabeWdilebas. erelaanT saydris ostats is gamouvida, am SemTxvevaSi ki, xuroTmoZRvari sruliad Segnebulad icavs simetrias. SegviZlia, es analiturad vaCvenoT. kavTisxevisa da winarexis maxloblad aris erTi patara, aseve Tavisufali jvris tipis eklesia ufro gviani xanisa, me vfiqrob, X saukunisa. iqac asea, oRond iq kari mozrdilia da daZrulia dasavleTiT, sarkmeli ki aris patara. amgvarad, Tqven xedavT kontrasts ori Riobisa _ didisa da patarisa, romlebic sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT wavida da aseve xedavT am Riobebis dacilebas. es sruliad Segnebulad agebuli disonansuri kompoziciaa, kompozicia, sadac unda iyos kontrasti da es kontrasti aris ara mxolod adgilmdebareobaSi, aramed aris zomaSic. ai, swored amgvarad aris yovelTvis gaformebuli fasadi VI-VII saukuneebis mijnis qarTul arqiteqturaSi da ara im azriT, rom is aucileblad Semkulia. uamravi eklesiaa, romelic umkobia, zogi sulac riyis qviTaa nagebi. kaxeTSi, arsebiTad, XVI saukunemde saerTodac Zalian iSviaTia xuroTmoZRvruli samkauli. XIV saukuneSi aris eklesiaTa jgufi, romelsac uxvad morTuls namdvilad ver uwodeb. Tumca es fasadebi, umkobia Tu Semkuli, yovelTvis aris komponirebuli da Tqven xedavT, rogor agebs adamiani kompozicias. viRacas gamosdis, viRacas ar gamosdis, magram amieridan yovelTvis aris amocana, rom gakeTdes mowesrigebuli fasadi. ra Tqma unda, es TvalsaCinoa, roca arsebobs morTuloba da Cven vxe81
davT, rogor nawildeba mosarTavebi, rogoria maTi urTierTSefardeba Tundac zomebiT an moxazulobiT, rogoria maTi SeTanxmeba _ kontrastuli Tu Sexmatkbilebuli. amasTan erTad, imave kaxeTSi aris uamravi eklesia, sadac karebisa da sarkmlebis urTierTmimarTebiT, SefardebiT, iqmneba urTulesi kompoziciebi, romlebic marTla gakvirvebs, nuTu adamians azrad mouvida, gaekeTebina raRac aseTi. mcxeTis jvari am mxrivac erTgvari mijnaa, erTgvari maniSni. mas mosdevs kidev erTi VII saukunis taZari. wromis eklesia istoriulad sainteresoa imiT, rom aris erT-erTi pirveli, msoflio arqiteqturaSi sulac uadresi magaliTi gumbaTovani taZrisa, sadac iqmneba sivrciTi jvari, magram gumbaTi damyarebulia mklavebis kedlebze. es Zalian martivi warmosadgenia, Tu daxazavT Tavisufali jvris tipis gegmas anu ubralod daxazavT jvars, gaukeTebT kedlebs sisqes da warmoidgenT, rom SuaSi maT gadakveTaze gumbaTia. axla warmovidginoT, rom aq kedlebi ki ar aris, burjebi dgas da sivrciTi jvari Cndeba kamarebiT, oRond kuTxeebi aris Sevsebuli, xolo kedlebi grZeldeba mklavis piris aqeT-iqiT. aRmosavleTiT, bunebrivia, aris sakurTxeveli, dasavleTiT kidev ori ube Cndeba. amas gabriel milem, frangma mecnierma, 100 wlis win `Cawerili jvris~ tipi uwoda, Cven ki, qarTvelma xelovnebaTmcodneebma, avitaceT es marjve termini da mas viyenebT xolme. CvenTan rom aris am tipis adrindeli nimuSi (CvenTanacaa da aris somxeTSic), es xom TavisTavad sainteresoa, magram ufro sainteresoa kidev erTi faqti: Cvens kolegebs ruseTsa da dasavleTSi saSinlad aSfoTebT is garemoeba, rom amierkavkasiaSi aris aseTi tipi, konstantinopolSi ki ar aris. amitom, ra Tqma unda, varaudoben, rom aseTi taZari iqac iyo da sadRac gaqra. ivaraudon, ki, batono, es arc aravis akninebs da arc aravis arafers matebs. saqme isaa, rom wromeli xuroTmoZRvari didi arqiteqtori iyo, Zalian didi xelovani. mas, rogorc Cans, hqonda rTuli davaleba, aego taZari, romelsac, ar viciT, risTvis, sakurTxevlis aqeT-iqiT eqneboda damatebiTi samlocveloe82
bi, xolo dasavleTiT _ patronike, albaT, qarTlis erisTavisa an adgilobrivi feodalis dasadgomad, Tumca dazustebiT esec ar viciT. taZari ucnauri monumenturobiT gamoirCeva da es didxans iyo srulebiT gaugebari, vidre 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, b-ni zaza sxirtlaZis publikaciis wyalobiT, ar SevityveT, rom sakurTxevlis gverdiT niSaSi, rogorc Cans, wm. raJ denis nawili unda yofiliyo. ai, warmodgineT sakurTxeveli da samkveTlos kari, maT Soris gaCenil sibrtyeze ki _ niSa. aRmoCnda, rom iq aris adrindeli savedrebeli warwerebi, IX saukunes rom ar gadmoscdeba, iseTi. etyoba, iq iyo an sulac axlac aris dafluli raRac nawili wm. raJdenisa, SesaZlebelia _ zardaxSaSi an raRac dasasvenebelSi, romelic niSaSi idga. amas Cven axla ver gavarkvevT da amwuTas rac viciT, es aris. es taZari, etyoba, aris am pirvelmowamis _ wm. raJdenis _ wamebis saxsovari. wm. raJdeni pirveli wmindania Cveni eklesiisa, sakuTriv saqarTvelos eklesiisa, Tumca, rogorc araerTi sxva, tomiT sparselia. da marTlac, radgan gviandel wyaroSi naTqvamia, rom am adgilas ewama wm. raJdeni, Cans, es ase iyo, yovel SemTxvevaSi, ase icoda saqarTvelos maSindelma eklesiam. saerTod, am mxriv, qristianobis adrindeli xana Tavisebur suraTs iZleva: wmindanebi, ufro xSirad, sxva qveynebSi wmindandebian. palestineli wmindanebi, magaliTad, yovelTvis saidanRac mosulebi arian: vin _ saberneTidan, vin _ mcire aziidan da vin _ saidan. amas winaT vnaxe, magaliTad, mcireazieli, romelic italiaSi damkvidrda da wmindani iq gaxda, aleqsi RvTiskaci romSi iyo. Tundac slavTa ganmanaTleblebi, kirile da meTodi, konstantinopoleli berZnebi arian, yovel SemTxvevaSi, bulgarelebi an serbebi namdvilad ar yofilan. erTi sityviT, win da ukan siarulis rTuli suraTia da CvenTanac, daaxloebiT, asea. swored am rTuli amocanis gansaxorcieleblad dasWirda wromel ostats oTxi burji da maTze gadayvanili gumbaTi. usuraTod da Tvalis Seuvleblad amaze laparaki amaoa. ubralod, vityvi, rom es araCveulebrivad Sesrulebuli arqiteq83
turaa. es ar aris magidasTan kalkulatoriT miRweuli gaazrebuloba, romelic Sedegad mxolod usicocxlobasa da meqanikurobas iZleva, es zedmiwevniTobaa, romlis wyaroc yvela wvrilmanisadmi ostatis yuradRebaa. vuyureb xolme mcxeTis jvris taZars, bolnisis sionis interiers, wroms, kumurdos, vaCnaZianis yvelawmindis eklesias, Tundac samwevriss da yovelTvis mefiqreba: sad poulobda arqiteqtori ostatebs, romelTagan yvela anTebuli iyo? iqneb gawafuli ostati arqiteqtoris xelSi xdeboda Semoqmedi? amis magaliTad gamodgeba orkestri, romelic sxvadasxva diriJorTan sxvadasxvanairad ukravs. kargi orkestri cud diriJorTanac kargad daukravs, saSualo donisa ki... warmoudgeneli gansxvavebaa, adamianebi xom ar Secvaleso, xandaxan fiqrob. ara, maT gverdiT gaCnda cecxli, sulieri energia, romelmac aiyolia da garkveuli mimarTulebiT waiyvana. raRac amdagvari xdeba arqiteqturaSic, ase vfiqrob, Tumca albaT didi ostatebi gverdiT mxolod aseTives gaiCerebdnen. albaT esec aris, sxvanairi momTxovnelobaa. amas kvleva unda, romelic me, marTali giTxraT, rogor unda Catardes, kargad ver warmomidgenia. wromelma ostatma, Zalian martivad rom vTqvaT, moifiqra ori ram. maT gasagebad unda gaviTvaliswinoT Semdegi: rodesac Sendeba xolme sakurTxevlisa da aqeT-iqiT oTaxebis afsidebi, maT Soris Cndeba qvis masa, romelic konstruqcias ar sWirdeba. masze arc kamarebis dawola gadadis da arc arafris. amitom araerTi arqiteqtori, magaliTad, siriul aRmosavleTSi, cdilobs, es masa rogorme mospos. ras aRar akeTeben, qmnian raRac gaugebar kunWulebs, xandaxan win gamosweven gverdiT oTaxebs da iqmneba sakvirveli suraTi: sakurTxeveli, mTavari nawili, Cavardnilia da gverdiTi moculobebi win aris gamosuli. ver vityvi, rom es cudi arqiteqturaa, magram mTlad logikuri albaT mainc ar aris, meorexarisxovani win modiodes da mTavari SigniT Sediodes. Tanac es xom rizalitebiani sasaxle ar aris, rodesac gvaqvs patara gamonaSverebi da didi, grZeli fasadi. aseT dros, ra Tqma unda, es horizonta84
luri nawili mniSvnelobs, Cvens SemTxvevaSi ki, aseTi Sefardeba ar aris. hoda, wromelma ostatma umartivesi ram gaakeTa _ aiRo da fasadze moawyo samkuTxa niSebi. am niSebSi Cadga Sewyvilebuli svetebi, romlebzec raRac idga _ an jvari, an qandaki, an simbolo, erTi sityviT, raRac moculoba, romelic Zalian ki gvinda gavigoT, magram jerjerobiT ar viciT, ra aris. man gadawyvita konstruqciuli problema da Tanac swori kedlis mqone nagebobas pirdapir Tu Sexedav, atyob, rom SuaSi aris sakurTxeveli anu mTavari nawili da aqeT-iqiT kidev _ ori sadgomi. am niSebma aCvena Sida danawevreba da, imave dros, mospo kedlis arasaWiro masa. amas garda, ai, rogor gaakeTa patronike _ ostatma taZars gaukeTa narTeqsi. mas sWirdeba patronikeze asasvleli kibe. sad moaTavsos is? aiRo da moaTavsa narTeqsis boloSi. is CrdiloeTiTaa da mis sapasuxod samxreTiT aris raRac oTaxi. am oTaxis funqcia Cven ar viciT, magram aSakaraa, rom maSin mas aSkarad hqonda raRac datvirTva da azri. maT SuaSi narTeqsia. narTeqsis Tavze xuroTmoZRvari awyobs patronikes, romelic eklesiaSi yovelgvari danawevrebis gareSe gamodis _ misi kamara, faqtobrivad, agrZelebs dasavleTi mklavis kamaras. es rom ar yofiliyo, gamovidoda aseTi ram: mokle dasavleTi mklavi, Rrma sakurTxeveli da asimetria. aman kidev aiRo, rogorc pasuxi sakurTxevlisa, narTeqsis Tavze TvalisaTvis daumata sivrce da miviReT absoluturi gawonasworebuloba. TiTqos xom araferia, magram faqtia, rom aseTi ram TavSi azrad ar mosvlia arsad arasdros aravis. aseTi genialuri ostati gvyavda, magram es ar mowmobs imas, rom Cven varT magrebi. es mowmobaa imisa, rom gvaqvs arqiteqtura, romelsac aqvs mwvervalebi da hyavs amdenad martivisa da genialuris Semqmneli didostatebi. aris kidev erTi detali, romelzedac yovelTvis vaCereb msmenelis yuradRebas: jvrisebri burjebi da am jvrebis mklavebs Soris Cadgmuli wvrili naxevarsvetebi. am naxevarsvetebs pasuxobs gumbaTqveSa TaRebis safexurebi. aris ganieri safexuri da am wvril svetebs eyrdnoba viwro safexu85
ri. konstruqciulad is aucilebeli sul ar aris, magram moaSorebT Tu ara am naxevarsvets fotosa an naxazze, aRmoCndeba, rom burji srulebiT sxvanairad, mZimed, gamoiyureba. arada, wromis ostats es ar surs. mas unda, rom burjs ar hqondes simZime, magram is iyos Ronieri. hoda, is ar aris mCate, magram, ase vTqvaT, arc miwazea dabjenili. Cven ver aRviqvamT, rom mas zemodan raRac daawva da am dawolas, ar waiqceso, SeaSveles didi masa _ sabjeni. gancda gaWirvebisa, vai, ramodena burjia da ramodena tvirTs zidavso, srulebiT ar aris. sakvirveli ramaa es konstruqcia _ sivrciTi jvari arasdros dangreula. gumbaTi ratomRac ingreoda da mklavebi ki ar ingreva. iq dResac aris Tavdapirveli kamarebi, danakargebiT, magram oTxive mimarTulebiT aris Tavisive didi kamarebis fragmentebi, TaRebi aris Tavdapirveli. absoluturad ar mesmis, es ra aris, magram faqtia, rom es kvanZi kidev myaric gamouvida da esec, rasakvirvelia, arqiteqtoris Rirsebaze metyvelebs. aRarafers vambob imaze, rogor gaanawila man dekoratiuli aqcentebi, Tundac _ TavsarTebi. odnav aCuqurTmebs: es xan rombebia, xan patara ylortia, xan am boloebgakecil TaRs Rilisebri badroebi miuyveba. es sarkmlebisa da karebis Tavebzea. amis garda, samxreTi da dasavleTi karis Tavze Cndeba are da iqaa jvrebi _ dasavleTis jvari liTonisas hgavs da aris mkacri, samxreTisa ganedlebulia da sul vfiqrob, rom es SeuZlebelia. gana SesaZlebelia, es gakeTdes saWreTliT? es SeiZleba yofiliyo akvarelis funji _ ai, ase gausves da gaidrika... rainairad gamokveTa, gaugebaria, magram moaxerxa da axla veRarafers uSveli. es martivi maxvilebi aris araCveulebrivi saSualeba, raTa didi sibrtye danawevrdes da es ar aris advili. SeiZleboda, zedapirebi mosawyeni da usulguloc gamosuliyo. Tumca man moaxerxa, sarkmlis zomisa da kedlis farTis SefardebiT, erTi mxriv, daecva kedeli, Zalian mniSvnelovani zedapiri, romelic sazRvravs moculobas. Cven ver vguobT mousazRvrav sivrces, Cven is gvawuxebs da es qarTuli arqiteqturis Tvi86
sebaa dasawyisidan, yovel SemTxvevaSi, XX saukunemde. sacxovrebeli oTaxebi, romelic axdilia SeiZleba sadme naxo, magram taZari, rogorc wesi, mofarglulia, mosazRvruli. sxva mxriv, ostatoba imaSia, rom sivrce ar aris mkvdari, ar aris carieli. amgvari danawevreba RiobebiTa da TavsarTebiT, kidev patara jvrebiT frontonebis wverebSi savsebiT sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom is cocxali iyos, sunTqavdes. es srulebiT araCveulebrivi arqiteqturaa. am epoqas erTgvarad ganasrulebs samwevrisis taZari. xolo karis daZvra odnav dasavleTiT SemTxveviTi araa da, Tumc sxva saubris Temaa, mainc getyviT, rom es gaxlavT garkveuli gemovnebiTi cvlilebis niSani. axla ki mxolod ramdenime sityviT minda vTqva, rom am adreuli epoqidan Cven gvaqvs saero arqiteqturis ramdenime nimuSic. magaliTad, ujarmis naqalaqari, sadac dResdReobiT yvelaze kargad misi zeda cixe Cans. iq aris patara Zveli eklesia, romelic ramdenimegzis aris gadakeTebuli. aqac sakvirveli suraTia _ uTleli qviT aris nagebi, Tanac yvela qva TiTqmis erTi zomisaa da rom uyureb, sruli STabeWdilebaa, rom es rustrirebuli zedapiri aris. arada, ar aris ase, ubralod, maT es qvebi ar gaTales, magram iseTnairad daawyves, wyobas imdenad kanonzomieri saxe misces, rom is savsebiT mxatvrulia da ujarmul wyobad iwodeba kidec. garda koSkebisa, garda zRudisa, romelic im Zveli droidan SemogvrCa, iq aris kidev raRac nangrevi, romelic SesaZloa vaxtang gorgaslis sadgomi iyos. Cven gvaqvs vaxtang gorgaslis kidev erTi nasasaxlevi, romelic Weremis naqalaqarzea. iq ori Senoba dgas. samwuxarod, isea dangreuli, rom kargad ar Cans, ase vTqvaT, sarTulovneba, karebi rogor iyo gadaxuruli (ki adis maRalze, daaxloebiT, 2 m-ze, magram ar etyoba, rogor ixureboda _ TaRiT iyo Tu brtylad), sad iyo sarkmlebi. es rTuli nagebobebia. rogorc etyoba, iyo didi ezo, sadac idga ori sasaxle, kidev raRac da ai, es raRac ar Cans. modiT, vTqvaT isic, rom kar-midamos dagegmareba, sadac, sasaxlis garda, kidev bevri sxva nagebobaa, CvenTan XIX saukunemde modis. dasavleT saqar87
TveloSi, mgoni, dResac cal-calke aris sasiminde, samzadi, sacxovrebeli saxli da asevea, sxvaTa Soris, saingiloSi. Zalian sainteresoa, rom qveynis kideebSi, dasavleT da aRmosavleT ukidures wertilebSi, gegmarebis erTi da igive wesia. ratom aris ase, Zneli saTqmelia, magram asea. magaliTad, arsebobs XVIII saukunis erT-erTi kar-midamos aRweriloba, sadac vkiTxulobT, rom saZineblebi calke aris gatanili da swori giTxraT, es kargad ar mesmis. davuSvaT, zafxulSi, karg amindSi gamovidoda adamiani darbazidan da saZinebelSi wavidoda, magram Tovlsa da wvimaSi ratom unda evlo ezoSi? Tan didi ezoa, patara nakveTi ki ar aris da ratom unda ebodialaT RamiT erTi Senobidan meoreSi, ver vxvdebi. isic ar mesmis, rogor iyo mowyobili, rogor idga. es kar-midamo gaTxrili ar aris, amitom bevri araferi viciT, magram principi rom erTiania da, rogorc xedavT, V-VI saukuneebis mijnidan XVIII saukunemde ucvlelia, es ki aris faqti. samwuxarod, es Zalian cotaa. Cven ar viciT Zveli Tbilisis gegmareba, ar viciT, aq rogori zRude aSenda, Tumca zRude ueWvelad iqneboda, radgan mouzRudavi qalaqi aravis gaego. Zalian cudad viciT, rogori iyo adre Sua saukuneebis mcxeTa. urbnisi gaTxrilia, magram mainc ar viciT, rogori qalaqi iyo. zRudeebi viciT, taZari viciT, magram ubnebi, quCebis qselebi ar viciT _ zemodan dRevandeli dasaxlebebia da araferi Cans. erTaderTi, rac am mciredi narCenebiT SegviZlia vTqvaT isaa, rom samoqalaqo mSeneblobaSic, saero mSeneblobaSic namdvilad ar vmconareobdiT da vmuSaobdiT _ raRacas veZebdiT da albaT mTel msoflioSi miRebul sqemebs sakuTar saWiroebebsa da gemovnebas vargebdiT. am mxriv, sainteresoa daaxloebiT am epoqis nagebobebi, romlebic SemorCenilia noqalaqevSi, dasavleT saqarTveloSi. abano, magaliTad, iq kvlavac savsebiT romaulia, sasaxle ki, Tu is imdroindelia, TiTqos sxvanairia. samwuxarod, isic Zalian dangreulia. qveyana aqtiurad cxovrobda. ubralod, Cven jerjerobiT mxolod erT mimarTulebaze SegviZlia msjeloba. nugeSad, 88
rogorc adrec vTqvi, mxolod isa gvaqvs, rom gezis mimcemi mainc iyo salocavis, taZris arqiteqtura, sadac SemoqmedebiTi cecxli yvelaze Zlierad gizgizebda. es ase iyo yvelgan _ samahmadianoSi, budistebTan, induistebTan da, ra Tqma unda, qristianebTanac. faqtobrivad, es asea mTel saqristianoSi albaT XVII saukunemde. XVII saukunis ukve Sua xanebidan aSkarad iwyebs dawinaurebas sxva Temebi da Tumca taZrebi, maT Soris mxatvrulad RirsSesaniSnavic, cxadia, Sendeba, sayuradRebo mainc ufro sasaxleTa xuroTmoZRvrebaa. XVII saukunis arqiteqturaze roca aris saubari, xelovnebis istoriaSi cotaTi mainc Caxeduls pirveli rac gaaxsendeba, mainc versalis sasaxle iqneba da ara vTqvaT wm. pavles taZari londonSi an Tundac parizis XVII saukunis eklesiebi. epoqis saxe aris versali, arada, vTqvaT, XIII-XIV saukuneebSi ase araa. im epoqaSi, pirvel yovlisa, gaxsendeba taZrebi. mere da mere gamoCndeba, rom daaxloebiT im epoqaSi CvenTanac raRac amdagvari xdeba. XVI-XVII saukuneebi da XVIII saukune _ ai, aq aris es gardatexa. amgvarad, imis Tqmas, rom Cveni cxovreba evropul kalapotSi mimdinareobda, garkveuli safuZveli marTlac eZebneba. Tu vityviT, rom pirdapiri kavSiri arsebobda, simarTle ar iqneba, magram am saerToqristianul cxovrebas raRac iseTi aqvs, rac mis TiTqosda gaTiSul (SuaSi Cndeba qveynebi, romlebic erTmaneTTan ar gviSvebs) dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTs erTi mimarTulebiT miaqanebs. Semdegi xana, romelzec unda visaubroT, emTxveva axal istoriul garemoebebs. pirvel yovlisa, ra Tqma unda, arabTa Semosevas, ufro zustad, arabTa saxelmwifos gamoCenas vgulisxmob. es CvenTvis Semoseva iyo da misTvis _ axali, uzarmazari saxelmwifos formireba, saxelmwifosi, romelmac mTeli msofliosa da Cvens cxovrebaSic Zalian bevri ram Secvala. oRond, erTi ram SeiZleba axlave iTqvas: Cveni mxatvruli Semoqmedebis mimarTulebas arabebma veraferi mouxerxes, rogorc Cans _ verc sulieri cxovrebisas. miuxedavad imisa, rom maT srulebiT ucvales saxe, magaliTad, iranis uzarmazar, 89
Zvel saxelmwifosa da kulturas, Tundac sirias, siriul aRmosavleTs, amierkavkasiaSi _ saqarTveloSic da somxeTSic _ es sxvanairad aisaxa. ver moerivnen. iqneb imitom, rom maTi Zala gailia, sanam movidodnen, sxva qveynebSi imdeni iomes, iqneb aRar SerCaT mosarevi, kisermosagrexi Rone an raime sxva mizeziT, magram maT danamdvilebiT ver moaxerxes Cveni cxovrebis wesis morRveva, Cveni sulieri mimarTulebisTvis ramis daSaveba da verc mxatvruli Ziebebis gawyveta. Cveni cxovreba, rasakvirvelia, garkveuli SeyovnebiT, garkveuli dabrkolebebiT, magram mainc grZeldeba ise, rogorc es umaTodac iqneboda. Tu ratom vfiqrobT ase da ra gvaZlevs amis safuZvels, amaze ukve Semdgom visaubrebT.
90
7. gardamavali xanis arqiteqtura VII saukunis Sua xanebSi Cvensa da ara mxolod Cvens istoriaSi axali safexuri daiwyo. rogorc ukve windawinve vTqviT, gamoCnda axali didi politikur-religiuri Zala _ arabebi da maTi xalifati. axlave unda iTqvas, rom saqarTvelo am samya rosaTvis, iseve, rogorc Tavis droze berZnul-romaulisaTvis, ganapira mxare aRmoCnda. SesaZloa, amanac gadagvatanina arabTa da mahmadianobis moZaleba Cven ufro iolad, vidre bevr sxva qveyanas, magaliTad, calkerZ irans da meorekerZ espaneTsa an CrdiloeT afrikas. asea Tu ise, mTel 300 weliwads Cveni istoriisas _ VIII, IX, X saukuneebs _ Cven dResac arabobis xanas vuwodebT. zogjer XI saukunesac vumatebT, magram cota meti mogvdis imitom, rom iq sxva Zalaa, arabebi ukve aRar arian. rasakvirvelia, es cneba met-naklebad pirobiTia, radgan, rogorc Tavis droze, ra Tqma unda, erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad Tqves jer giorgi CubinaSvilma (xelovnebis istoriis masalis gaTvaliswinebiT) da Semdgom simon janaSiam (politikur istoriul masalaze dayrdnobiT), araboba aris istoriuli saqarTvelos cxovrebis mxolod erT-erTi waxnagi, romelic srulebiTac ar asaxavs yvelafers, mTel sisavses misi cxovrebisas. winaTac mogaxseneT, rom arabebma, iseve, rogorc CvenTan 1801 wlamde mosulma sxva ucxo politikurma Zalebma, ar Secvales qveynis Sida wyoba, rac umniSvnelovanesi aRmoCnda. amitomac, TumcaRa amiras dajdoma TbilisSi garkveulad cvlida viTarebas, Zirfesviani gardaqmna im socialuri urTierTobebisa, im gezisa, romelic sazogadoebas wina xanaSi hqonda, man ver moaxerxa. sazogadoeba kvlav viTardeba Tavisi bunebrivi Sinagani muxtiT da ara garedan moxveuli ZaliT, raRac zemoqmedebiT. marTalia, pirvel xanebSi arabTa mosvlis Sedegi is aris, rom Tu manamde ori politikuri erTeuli iyo _ erTi gauqmebuli (magram mainc arsebuli socialur sibrtyeze, Tu saxelmwifoebrivze ara) dasavleT saqarTveloSi da erTi aR91
mosavleT saqarTveloSi, axla aRmosavleTi da samxreTi saqarTvelo, romelic iyo qarTli, ramdenime erTeulad daiSala. maT Soris, raRa Tqma unda, pirvelobisaTvis brZola gaCaRda. zogjer miCumdeboda, miwynardeboda, zogjer ufro gacxoveldeboda, magram, faqtobrivad, XI saukunis dasawyisSi saqarTvelos gaerTianebamde sul aris es dapirispireba _ qarTli, kaxeTi da samxreTi saqarTvelo. qarTli, umravlesad, gamodis ukve, rogorc Tbilisis saamiro, magram, asea Tu ise, xom arseboben kidev qarTleli feodalebi, romlebic xan vis miemxrobian da xan vis da isic, Tumca Tavisi sakuTari politikuri Tavkaci ar hyavs, monawileobs am brZolaSi `erTobili qarTlisaTvis“ _ momavali erTiani saqarTvelosaTvis. es gezi, Camoyalibebuli, rogorc Cans, jer kidev antikur xanaSi, iwyeba jer kulturuli gaerTgvarovnebiT qarTuli qveynebisa, Semdeg grZeldeba qristianul epoqaSi da axla ufro gamokveTil politikur saxes iRebs, X saukuneSi xom mainc _ srulebiT aSkarad. afxazTa erisTavsa da Semdeg mefeebs, bagrationebs, romlebic klarjeTsa da taoSi damkvidrdnen Tu kaxTa xelisufalT _ yvelas unda lixis aqeT-iqiT erTiani samefo. `ciloba qarTlsa zeda~ _ arsebobs kidec aseTi termini, romelic gansakuTrebiT X saukunes axasiaTebs. am rTul viTarebaSi, rodesac ukve mosulia arabi, drodadro Tu aeSleba qarTveli romelime kuTxeSi, kvlav modis damsjeli Zala. mTlad sasacilo ambebi xdeba IX saukuneSi: arabi amira auxirdeboda xolme sakuTar xalifas da axla mis dasasjelad modioda laSqari, romelsac saqarTvelo unda gamoevlo. ase rom, isev Cvens kiserze tydeboda maTi erTmaneTSi uTanxmoebac da usiamovnebac. sxva mxriv, iyo erTmaneTTan gamudmebuli kinklaoba, xanac namdvili dapirispireba, romelsac Zlieri politikuri muxti hqonda da samomavlod sasikeToc ki, Tumca, cxadia, TavisTavad omi sikeTe verasodes iqneba. am urTules viTarebaSi xdeba friad ucnauri ram _ aRmavlobas ganicdis yvelaferi, rac aris sulieri. sakmarisia 92
iTqvas, rom am dros, IX saukunis dasawyisSi, dasrulda saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis damkvidreba. saqarTvelos eklesiam moipova mironis xarSvis ufleba da amiT ukve sabolood _ yvela ufleba. episkoposebs manamdec is irCevda da xeldasxamda, TviTonve irCevda Tavkacs, magram axla aRar darCa meti atributi, romelic SeiZleboda vinmes xelSi yofiliyo da saqarTvelos ki ar hqonoda. mas aqeT mcxeTel kaTalikoss sruli TviTmwysoba aqvs da Semdeg ukve patriarqadac iwodeba. didi aRmavloba aris qarTul mwerlobaSi. manamdec arian aSkarad xelovani literatorebi _ bibliis adreuli mTargmnelebi, Tundac `SuSanikis wamebis~ damweri iakob xucesi, `evstaT mcxeTelis wamebis~ avtori, gindac `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ avtori Tu avtorebi. yvelaferi es garkveul doneze metyvelebs, magram axla ukve iqmneba originaluri qarTuli himnografia. Tumca arsebobs mosazreba, rom naTargmni literatura sulac ar aris nakleboriginaluri, magram albaT mainc aris sxvaoba, raRacis mixedviT akeTeb Tu Tavad qmni, Tundac nimuSs Tvals usworebde. isic marTalia, rom xSirad Zveli da ara mxolod Zveli Targmanebi dednisagan ise gansxvavdeba, rom ukve damoukidebeli redaqciebia. ra saWiroa Sors wasvla, es bolo drois Cvens sakuTar kulturaSic SeiZleba inaxos. sakmarisia adamianma Caixedos da wikiTxos, magaliTad, rafiel erisTavis ori leqsi da maTi rusuli dednebi, raTa mixvdes, rom rafiel erisTavma amave motivze sxva gacilebiT ukeTesi leqsebic dawera. sapirispirod amisa, rodesac, v Tq v a T, boris pasternakma qarTveli poetebi Targmna, sinamdvileSi qarTvel poetTa Temebze sakuTari leqsebi dawera _ es arc nikoloz baraTSvilia da arc aleqsandre WavWavaZe, es boris pasternakia. bunebrivia, Sua saukuneebSi, rodesac avtorobis cneba saerTod ar arsebobs, arc saavtoro ufleba axsendeba vinmes _ azri azria, is yvelas ekuTvnis. Tu viciT, vin ra Tqva, xom kargi, Tu ar viciT da nu viciT, mTavaria, is, rac iTqva, WeSmariti iyos _ ase fiqrobdnen antikur xanaSi, ase fiqroben Sua saukuneebSic. maSin aseTi gardasaxva kidev ufro mosalodnelia. 93
albaT ukve filologebis movaleobaa, gagvarkvion, rodis gvaqvs saqme TargmanTan, gindac Zalian karg qarTul TargmanTan da rodis aris es raRac teqstis qarTuli versia. magaliTad, roca kiTxulob XII saukunis prozaul `visramians~, mgoni, sruliad aSkaraa, rom qarTuli nawarmoebi ar aris _ sxva poetikaa, srulebiT sxva gancdaa, magram rodesac, davuSvaT, XVII saukunis `Svid mnaTobs~ gadaSli nodar ciciSvilisas (ufro gviani magaliTi momyavs, magram principi igivea), ver ityviT, rom es specifikurad sparsuli poetikaa. yovel SemTxvevaSi, CemTvis, rogorc mkiTxvelisTvis, ar aris. es ukve filologma unda Tqvas, me meCveneba, rom gadmoqarTulebulia, Tu marTlac asea. yovel SemTxvevaSi, Targmanis tradicia Zalian maRali donisa aris da Tan skolebi arsebobs. faqtobrivad, yvela monasterSi mTargmnelebi sxedan _ vin siriulidan Targmnis, vin _ arabulidan, vin _ berZnulidan, vin _ somxuridan. Zalian bevria es Targmanebi. mere xdeba maTi Sejereba, mravalgzisi redaqtireba. rasakvirvelia, es gulisxmobs garkveul dones. yvelafers rom Tavi davaneboT, redaqcia rom gavakeToT, xom dedans vadarebT? es imas niSnavs, rom namdvili filologiuri muSaoba warmoebs, Tan _ samxreT saqarTveloSi, im sxva qveynebis monastrebSic, sadac qarTveli berebi mravlad arian. esenia, pirvel yovlisa, sabawminda da sinas mTa, Semdeg, rasakvirvelia, aris ierusalimi, Semdeg _ ukve ulumbos mTa mcire aziaSi, Savi mTa antioqiasTan da, bolos, aTonis mTa. aq yvelgan mTargmnelebi sxedan, yvelgan gadamwerlebi arian, yvelgan asuraTeben, yvelgan nusxaven. gamalebuli muSaobaa gaCaRebuli. es _ rac Cven viciT. ra xdeboda saero literaturaSi, ubralod, ar viciT, magram dRes isic Tavisuflad SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom IX saukuneSi rusTveluri Sairi ukve arsebobs, misi magaliTebi mopovebulia. Tumca es rogor xdeboda, vin iyo amis damweri, sad iqmneboda es literatura, Cven ar viciT, samwuxarod. SeiZleba raRac varaudebi gvqondes, magram jerjerobiT ar viciT. religiisa da eklesiis, qristianobis, mwerlobis moZlierebas Tan sdevs mTeli saqarTvelos saboloo gaqristianeba. pa94
radoqsia, magram swored am politikurad Zalian aramyar droSi yvelaze myaria qristianoba saqarTvelos mTaSi. dasavleT saqarTveloSi, svaneTSi, qristianoba mxolod XVIII saukuneSi mosustda, maSin, rodesac, gauTavebeli politikuri ZiZgilaobis gamo, Sesustda kavSiri RvTismsaxurTa Soris, romlebic iyvnen svaneTSic da barSic. raRac dros isini ukve aRar eqvemdebarebian romelime episkoposs da, cxadia, eklesias veRar ekuTvnian. Tumca aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTaSi, rogorc Cans, qristianobidan amgvari Camocileba ufro adre moxda. yvelas gvaxsovs cnobili ajanyeba, romelic konstantine gamsaxurdiam XI saukunes miawera, magram, sinamdvileSi, is XII saukuneSi iyo, Tamar mefis zeobisas _ fxovis ajanyeba. pirdapir wers mematiane, isini qristianobas Cemuloben imitom, rom jvars eTayvanebian, magram warmarTebi ariano. Cven xom viciT, ra salocavebi arsebobs aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTaSi, ra aqvs saerTo am yvelafers qristianobasTan _ Zalian cota ram. samagierod, Tqven iq SegiZliaT naxoT naeklesiarebi IX, X an XI saukunis dasawyisisa. ufro gviani aRar aris, vidre XIX saukunemde. da mainc, yvelaze Zlieri qristianoba aris swored am dros. mere ukve mTiuleTsa da xevSi rCeba is kvlav Zlierad da fSav-xevsureTSi ratomRac sustdeba. ver getyviT, ratom aris ase, magram faqtia, rom am dros sulieri Zala qristianobisa Cvens qveyanaSi aSkarad mwvervalzea. aranakleb gasaocar viTarebas gvaCvenebs Cven arqiteqtura. xuroTmoZRvreba xelovnebis is dargia, romelic yvelaze metad aris damokidebuli politikur da ekonomikur garemoebebze. poetma nebismier nangrevSic SeiZleba daweros leqsi da xelSi erTi lukma puriTac, ramis aSeneba ki, Tu ar arsebobs amis saxsari _ ar aris mSenebeli, ar aris damkveTi, ar aris araferi _ ar gamodis. Tanac, mSeneblobas dro unda, anu Sen unda gqondes mSeneblobisTvis sakmao vada am dRidan im dRemde da am dros ar unda mogivardes viRac da ar unda dagamxos Tavze es Seni dawyebuli Senoba, xom asea? amitom am dros arqiteqtura TiTqos sakmarisad unda dakninebuliyo da damcrobiliyo, magram, ai, ra xdeba: erTi mxriv, didi nawili 95
Zveli qalaqebisa marTlac ukan-ukan midis. magaliTad, arabobis Semdeg aRar aris qalaqi urbnisi, aRar aris nekresic, magram mere da mere, ukve X saukunidan, Cndeba axali qalaqebi da zogi maTgani pirdapir axalqalaqad iwodeba kidevac, zog axal qalaqs axalqalaqi ar hqvia, magram mainc axalia, zogi Zveli qalaqic rCeba. samagierod, Zalian farTod aris gaSlili mSenebloba soflad. aris uamravi sofeli, romelic, rogorc Cans, am dros gaCnda, imitom, rom iq TiTqos ar Cans ufro Zveli aRmSenebloba. Zalian farTod gavrcobilia samonastro mSenebloba geografiuladac da intensiurobiTac _ erT xeobaSi an axlo-axlo xeobebSi SeiZleba iyos, vTqvaT, ori-sami patara monasteri. dRevandeli borjomis midamoebSi, istoriul TorSi, ramden xevSic SexvalT, imdeni monasteri dagxvdebaT. zogjer Tavsa da boloSi ori monasteria. magaliTad, axaldabasTan, qvemoT, aSkarad namonastralia, zeviT waxvalT _ iqac namonastralia, erTi sityviT, bevria. unda vicodeT oRondac, rom es monastrebi ar aris mravalricxovani. Tu aRmosavleT saqristianos didi centrebSi, dasavleTSi, mere, ufro gvian, vTqvaT, ruseTSi, konstantinopolSi monastrebSi asobiT da zogjer aTasobiT beria, CvenTan, ra Tqma unda, es ase ar aris da verc iqneboda _ Cven arasodes vyofilvarT imdeni, rom didi savaneebi agvevso. bevri patara savane rom gvaqvs, esec ki sakvirvelia. sakvirvelia, im TvalsazrisiT, rom Tanadroulad mravldeba yanebi, venaxebi, selis yanebi, mexileoba da ra aRar. rogor xdeba es amden omSi, amden gawamawiaSi? ver getyviT, ar vici, magram, rogorc Cans, aq moqmedebs raRac. piradad me, rac xani gadis, sul ufro vrwmundebi, rom istoriaSi, garda racionalurisa, imisa, rac logikurad aixsneba (moxda raRac da amas mohyva raRac sxva), qmedebs kidev iracionaluri muxti _ qveracionaluric, dakavSirebuli wmindad bunebismier vitalur ZalebTan da zeracionaluric. ai, xom amboben, wm. giorgi didgoris omze qarTvelTa laSqars uZRodao. me, rogorc istorikosi, ver davadastureb, es wm. giorgi iyo Tu ara, magram iyo raRac imdenad sulieri, rac wm. giorgis Tanayofnad ga96
nicadeboda. vinc sxvagvarad fiqrobs _ sxva saxeli daarqvas. Tumca faqtia, rom es iyo raRac iseTi, rac ar momdinareobda wmindad biologiuri energiidan. es iyo sxva tipis energia, romelic Semovida iq da me mas warmovidgen, rogorc zeracionalurs. gulwrfelad giTxraT, arc is gamikvirdeba, marTla wm. giorgi an romelime mTavarangelozi rom exilaT. asea Tu ise, sxvadasxva doneze qmedebs esa Tu is energia, romelTa Semosvla ama Tu im sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi da Semdeg iqidan gasvla mTlad martivad ar aixsneba. sxvaTa Soris, kidev ufro iolia, rom dainaxo, rogor xdeba gasvla da Tu ratom Semodis da ratom qmedebs, es ki cota gaugebaria. bolomde es energia Cvens sazogadoebaSi, RvTis wyalobiT, dRemde ar dawretila, Tumca iyo raRac xana, rodesac aSkarad daklebulia da es namdvilad Cans Tamaris mere _ aRar aris energia socialuri mSeneblobisa, saxelmwifoebrivi mSeneblobisa. Tumca, rodesac vfiqrob, mainc sul im azramde mivdivar, rom yvelaze marTali JamTaaRmwerelia, romelic amas zneobrivi daqveiTebiT xsnida _ aRar aris zneobrivi simaRle, aRar aris maRalzneobrivi etalonebi da, bunebrivia, pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba qveiTdeba, zrunvis muxtic iSriteba da yvelaferi daRma-daRma midis. mgoni, es, am SemTxvevaSi, gasagebia. isev Cvenda bedad, yvela epoqaSi Cndebodnen adamianebi, zogjer _ TvalsaCino adamianebic, davuSvaT, episkoposebi da berebi, romlebic amxeldnen didebulebs, vTqvaT, demetre Tavdadebuls, roca is arasworad iqceoda da ar dagidevdnen arc imas, rom mefe iyo, arc imas, rom Zala hqonda da bevri ram SeeZlo da pirdapir pirSi eubnebodnen, ase moqceva ar SeiZlebao. es imas niSnavs, rom momsmenic iyo da esec unda gaviTvaliswinoT. roca marto mamxilebeli aris, mas an Tavs aWrian, an yurs ar ugdeben. raki es daimaxsovres da matianeSi Seitanes, e.i. gamgoni iyo. roca istoriaze vsaubrobT, marto mTqmeli ar aris mniSvnelovani, gamgonis arsebobac Zalze arsebiTia. yovelTvis, yvela etapze Cndebian iseTi adamianebi, romelTac sityva eTqmiT, romlebic warmoadgenen sindiss, gonebas sazogadoebisas. aseTi pirovnebebi arian, davuSvaT, 97
Tundac wm. qeTevan wamebuli, sulxan-saba orbeliani da bevri sxva. romeli erTi davasaxelo?! ai, Tundac XVIII saukunis bolos gasaocari movlena, dRes wminda mowameebad Seracxili dosiTeoz quTaTeli da eqvTime genaTeli _ adamianebi, romelTac SeeZloT gamxdariyvnen dasavleT saqarTvelos, imereTis, kaTalikosebi, magram isini Tavis win mcxeTel kaTalikoss ayeneben. ratom? aSkarad imitom, rom maT aqvT gancda erTiani saqarTvelosi, erTiani saqarTvelos eklesiisa da sakuTar Tavsa da sakuTar didebas aRar dagideven. swored isaa mniSvnelovani, rom amas akeTebs ara susti, ara uRirsi, ara usaxelo adamiani, aramed iseTi, romelsac gavlenac aqvs, gvariSvilobac, mxardaWerac da rasac moindomebs, yvelafris mopovebis SeZlebac. rodesac aseTi adamiani am nabijs dgams, es, mgoni, bevr rames mowmobs da me Rrmad mwams, rom aqamde swored maTi wyalobiT movataneT. namdvilad ar vaknineb im adamianTa Rvawls, vinc Tavi dado, xmali iqnia an, sindisis mxriv da fizikuri TvalsazrisiTac, bevri SeiWirva, magram mainc mgonia, rom, Tu ar arsebobs zneobrivi sazomi, zneobrivi simaRle, veraviTari xmali da zarbazani sikeTes ver moitans. amitom aris, Cemi uRrmesi rwmeniT, rom giorgi brwyinvalis brwyinvaleba ase male daqra _ rodesac xelmwife Tavis qristianul qveyanas monRoluri wesebiT marTavs, rodesac veragulad Seityuebs xalxs da daxocavs, rac man didebulebs damarTa, misi taxti myari ver iqneba. faqtia, verc iyo da mesame TaobaSi ise daemxo, rom imis iqiT ukve aRaraferia. bedia, rom misi SvilTaSvili, aleqsandre mefe, isev znekeTili da znesruli aRmoCnda, magram ukve misma Svilebma maincdamainc veRar ivarges. ras izam, es rTuli sakiTxebia. me mxolod imas mogaxsenebT, rom am dros, VIII, IX, X saukuneebSi, piriqiT, Cven gvaqvs Zalian Zlieri SemoqmedebiTi muxti, romelic yvelaferSi vlindeba da, aki geubnebiT, ratomRac gaSlilia mSenebloba, Tanac ara mxolod eklesia-monastrebis (rac, TavisTavad, cxadia, didi ambavia), aramed qalaqebis, cixeebis, soflebis. vin aSenebs, ratom aSenebs da, rac mTavaria, rodis aSenebs? rodis axerxeben omsa da oms 98
Soris amdeni ramis agebas? rogor xerxdeba es, marTali giTxraT, ubralod gaugebaria, magram es aris faqti. Tanac CemTvis es aris mowmoba swored imisa, rom istoria ar daiyvaneba am tipis martiv formulebamde _ Tu erTiani saxelmwifo gvaqvs, yvelaferi kargad aris. ise aravin gamigos, rom me erTiani saxelmwifo ar momwons, Zalianac momwons. es namdvilad Zalian kargi da sasikeToa, magram erTianoba ar aris erTaderTi piroba, is unda iyos raRacis Sedegi, ai, maSin qmedebs sasikeTod. sxva ram xdeba, Tu es aris TviTmizani da Cven amis Zalian kargi magaliTi gvaqvs CrdiloeTiT, sadac arsebobs saxelmwifo saxelmwifosaTvis, qveyana ki Tvalsa da xels Sua ingreva an normalurad ver viTardeba. ruseTi, es uzarmazari da petre didis dros Zlieri qveyana, rogorc erTiani sazogadoeba, fexze verafriT damdgara, radgan, imis magivrad, rom rac aqvs, imas mixedos da mouaros, sul gaxleCilia, sul sazrunavad aqvs kidev raRacis Semateba. grigol robaqiZe ambobda, rusebma imperia moindomes, arada maTi saqme sakraluri monarqiaa, is unda hqonodaTo. iqneb marTalic aris. albaT viTareba sxvanairi iqneboda, Tuki Seqmnidnen qristianobaze dafuZnebul myar sazogadoebas, romelic ierarqiulad glexkacidan wamovidoda da mefiTa da patriarqiT damTavrdeboda, sazogadoeba erTiani rom yofiliyo da ara gaxleCili qalaqad, soflad, sxvadasxva wodebad. isini erTmaneTs Tvistomebadac ki ver aRiqvamdnen da, marTlac, Tuki memamule frangulad laparakobs da glexi _ sxva enaze, rogor unda gaigivdnen isini erTi sazogadoebis wevrebad?! ra Tqma unda, amitom aris iq saSineli mtroba, amitom aris aseTi saSineli rusuli ajanyebebi da revoluciebi, isini xom SigniT arasdros arian erTianni. Cven, sabednierod, sxva ram gvWirda, sxva ubedurebebi da sxva gansacdelebi gvqonda. Tumca, am mxriv, am saukuneebma, saukuneebma bunebrivi zrdisam, zrdisam Signidan, sulieri muxtidan da ara fizikuri siRonivridan, Semdeg sulTan misvla mogvasurva. da es sxvanairad SeuZlebelia, radgan sulTan kunTebiT, ubralod, ver mixval. sulma SeiZleba kunTi Seimosos, mas amdeni SeuZlia, magram 99
kunTi ver Sobs suls an Sobs raimes damaxinjebuls, gaubedurebulsa da gaukuRmarTebuls. aranakleb mniSvnelovania is, rom araTu bevri Sendeba, aramed saintereso Sendeba. sityva `bevri~ vTqvi da barem imasac mivayoleb, rom me arc ki vici Cveni xelovnebis istoriaSi sxva epoqa, garda XVII-XVIII saukuneebisa, romelsac amdenive nageboba daetovebinos. zogjer xelovnebis istorikosebs, rodesac eqspediciaSi mivdivarT, gvrcxvenia kidec, vaxsenoT IX da X saukuneebi. magaliTad, erTxel Cemi kolegebi javaxeTidan dabrundnen. erT-erT eklesiaze vkiTxe, es ra aris-meTqi da uceb moiwyines _ X saukuneao... xom ar SeiZleba, rom yvelaferi X saukunisa iyos?! midixar sadRac da ar Tavdeba _ IX an X, X an IX... marTla ramdeni SeiZleba iyos?! ra vqnaT, asea! raodenobriobis gamo, es yvelaferi Zalian sainteresoa. yvela Sedevri ar aris, geniosi, rasakvirvelia, yovelTvis cotaa, magram am drois ostatebs aqvT survili, TavianT xmaze imReron. meqanikuri, cudi wambaZveloba, rodesac adamiani sxvisi xmiT simReras etaneba, Zalian iSviaTia. aris, cxadia, magram iSviaTia. samagierod, Zalian bevria SemTxveva, rodesac cxadad xedav, rogor gamoigona ostatma raRac da rogor uxaria, rom iseTi ram gaakeTa, rac sxvas ar moafiqrda. TviTonac xarobs da albaT _ misi damkveTic. kvali, romelsac es Semoqmedeba atarebs, aseTia. SeiZleba, me meCveneba da vigoneb axla, radgan xelovnebis istorikosobas aqvs es xifaTi, rodesac SenTvis raRacas warmoidgen da ggonia, rom es sinamdvilea, arada sxvanairadaa. zogjer marTla meCveneba, rom adamiani Tavs iwonebs, TiTqos ambobs, Semxede, damkveTo, ra SemZlebia da Sen ki ar mendobodio. iqneb vinme provincieli kaci yofiliyo, romelsac damkveTi qedmaRlurad uyurebda da isic tyavidan Zvreboda dasamtkiceblad, rom aravize naklebi ar aris da yvelaferi SeuZlia. xom SesaZlebelia? sityva `provincieli“ SemTxveviT ar gamaxsenda. saqme isaa, rom es xana, IX-X saukuneebi, aris epoqa bevri kuTxobrivi skolisa. patar-patarebia, magram Tan marTla skolebia. es ar aris saxelosno, romelmac, vTqvaT, 2 weli aSena da mere 100
gaqra. iq aSkarad Cans im TaobaTa erTgvari kvali, romlebic erTmaneTs garkveul Cvevebs gadascemen. magaliTad, aseTi aris java xeTSi, aseTi aris Sida qarTlis zeda _ qsnis, fciis, mejudas _ xeobebSi. iq es erTiani skolaa, TiTqos maT saTaveebTan aris sadRac am skolis bude da xeobebze iqidan vrceldeba. daaxloebiT, amdagvari suraTi ikveTeba. maTi centri sinamdvileSi sad iyo, ar mgonia, vinmem icodes, me, yovel SemTxvevaSi, ar vici. aseTi skolebi isaxeba dasavleT saqarTveloSic. magaliTad, imereTSi X saukuneSi aSkarad iseTi arqiteqturaa, romelic sxvebs ar hgavs. qarTlSi, kaxeTSic bevri aseTi patar-patara saxelosnoa, romlebic Semdeg tovebs memkvidreobas, aSkara skolebad gadaiqceva da ufro met mravalferovnebas iZleva. es mravalferovneba zogjer siWreledac SeiZleba mogveCvenos. Zalian xSirad, rodesac am epoqaze laparakoben, gamodis kidec, rom es siWrelea. magaliTad, Cven SeiZleba, vnaxoT, erTi mxriv, Zalian rTulad dagegmarebuli Senoba, romelsac uamravi nawili aqvs. amisi erT-erTi uTvalsaCinoesi gamoxatuleba aris gurjaanis yvelawminda, romelic qveda sarTulze bazilikaa, xolo zeda sarTulze _ sameklesiiani bazilika, radgan navebis Tavze derefnebi gadadis, garSemosavlels qmnis da, amasTanave, zemodan ori gumbaTi adgas. aravis azrad ar mosvlia amisTana saocrebis gakeTeba da am adamianma aaSena. Tumca imave kaxeTSi aris, vTqvaT, cota mogviano xanis farcanis eklesia an odnav ufro gviandeli e.w. gumbaTiani saydari. gviandelebia, magram tendecia xom mainc unda iyos?! es eklesiebi amgvari tipsaa: gumbaTi oTx burjs eyrdnoba, aRmosavleTi burjebi ki gauqmebulia, is pirdapir Camoayrdnes afsidis kuTxeebs da ori burji datoves _ Zalian gaamartives gegma. erTma gaarTula, meorem gaamartiva. aris aTasnairi darbazuli eklesia, zogi _ gamartivebuli, SeiZleba sulac sameklesiiani bazilikebia gamartivebuli da darbazuls emsgavseba, SeiZleba darbazuli iyos garTulebuli da sameklesiians emsgavsebodes. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, TiTqos urTierTsawinaaRmdego veqtoriT midian: moculoba 101
an umartivesia, an Zalian rTuli, maTSi elementebi an bevria, an moklebulia. magaliTad, gurjaanis yvelawmindis ostati VIII saukuneSi eklesiis fasadze uzarmazar jvars akeTebs. imave VIII saukuneSi zedaznis eklesiis fasadze, piriqiT, aTavseben jvars, romelsac, Tu saZiebo samuSao ar Caatare, verc ipovi. didxans unda aceco Tvalebi, Tu ginda SeniSno, rom sadRac iqve sarkmlis Tavzea, Tanac pirdapir mis gaswvriv ki ar aris, odnav gverduladaa. am ostatma, piriqiT, Camoaklo da is safasado samkaulad ki ar aqcia, aramed mxolod damcav niSnad datova, Sanad, avgarozad, sxvam ki igive niSani aqtiur dekoratiul elementad gaiazra. ra aris am yvelaferSi? ra xdeba? SeiZleboda, adamians Tavi bevri fiqriT arc Seewuxebina da eTqva, rom amgvari duRilis xanaa, rodesac yovelnairi Senoba iqmneba da amitom aris aseTi areuloba, magram ra vqnaT, rom am nagebobaTa Soris aris mxatvrulad gamarTuli nagebobebi? magaliTad, am xanis meore Sedevrze _ vaCnaZianis yvelawmindis eklesiaze _ giorgi CubinaSvili wers, Cven rom mogviano arqiteqtura ar gvcodnoda, verc vityodiT, rom amas SeiZleba istoriulad rame kidev mosdevdes, imdenad Camoyalibebuli arqiteqturuli koncefcia ariso. asea saerTod, ramdenic unda ilaparakon postmodernistma Teoretikosebma, xelovnebis nawarmoebi mTlianobiT fasdeba. maT ratomRac hgoniaT, rom mTlianoba niSnavs homogenurobas anu erTgvar primitiulobas. ase warmoudgeniaT da hgoniaT, rom, Tu Tqven SegiZliaT raimeSi aRmoaCinoT, davuSvaT, ori sxvadasxva warmomavlobis elementi, es aramTlianobas mowmobs. yuradRebiT Tu waikiTxavdnen TavianT winamorbed filosofosebs, aristotelesTan naxavdnen, rom harmonia aris mravalferovneba erTianobaSi da swored amas gulisxmoben xelovnebis istorikosebi, rodesac mTlianobaze laparakoben. iq SeiZleba sxvadasxva adgilidan motanili milionnairi wvrilmani iyos da Tu isini mTlianobaSi ar moaqcie, miiReb abdaubdas da gamogiva (teqstTan analogia rom moviSvelioT) gramatikulad gaumarTavi teqsti, saidanac Sinaarss ver gamoitan. marTalia, zogjer mgonia, rom dRevandelobis ideali 102
swored es aris _ raRaca davwero da Sen ver gaigo, ra weria. me Tavs nebas mivcem, vifiqro, rom gasagebi teqsti gaugebarze ukeTesia da logikuri xelovnebis nawarmoebi abdaubdasa da aragamomsaxvels unda sjobdes. gaumarTavi xelovnebis nawarmoebi ver axdens mxatvrul zemoqmedebas. man SeiZleba Tqvenze fiziologiuri zemoqmedeba moaxdinos, magaliTad, dagTrgunoT imiT, rom Zalian mZimea, magram Tqven ar mogindebaT misi yureba _ es iqneba Tavi da bolo, zurgs ibrunebT da waxvalT. Tu mxatvruli asaxvaa gindac tragizmis, is aucileblad unda iyos awyobili da Tu auwyobelia, gaugebaria, is qaosia da sxva araferi, qaosi ki SeiZleba damTrgunveli iyos, magram veranair gamokveTil emociur zemoqmedebas ver moaxdens. is TqvenSi verafers gamoiwvevs, ubralod, ar mogewonebaT da damTavrdeba amiT yvelaferi. Tuki arsebobs aseTi sawyisi, is ramenairad unda gamoixatebodes. ar vici, sxvadasxva adamiani amas albaT sxvadasxvanairad axsnis. piradad me mgonia, rom am drois xuroTmoZRvrebas erTi mxatvruli principi aqvs da zogjer momindeba xolme, raRac erTi saxeli davarqva. mas zogjer `moulodnelobis princips“ veZaxi, magram es mTlad zusti ar aris. saqme isaa, rom am drois arqiteqtura, ragind martivi iyos, TiTqosda raRaca saidumlos ginaxavs. sul sami elementia, magram iseTi Sefardebaa, rom rogorc ki Tvals moaridebT, warmosaxvaSi aRdgena gagiWirdebaT. rodesac Tvalebs daxuWav da dainaxav raRac struqturas _ ai, ras niSnavs, gaxsovdes arqiteqtura. amaSi albaT yvela dameTanxmeba. davuSvaT, Tqven gindaT, auxsnaT nacnobs, rogor miagnos Tqvens binas. Tqven mas eubnebiT: Sexval sadarbazoSi, mere gauxvev marjvniv, axval kibeze, gauxvev marcxniv da win dagxvdeba kari. es niSnavs, rom Tqvens warmosaxvaSi arsebobs garkveuli sivrciTi sistema, elementTa garkveuli Sefardeba. aseTi struqtura, romelic, vTqvaT, klasikur xanaSi, VI-VII saukuneebis arqiteqturaSi, Zalian iolad warmoidgineboda, axla Znelad sarekonstruqcioa. SeiZleba raRac warmoidgino, magram uceb xvdebi, rom raRac dagaklda. magaliTad, vaCnaZianis yvelawmindaSi aris 103
gverdiTi oTaxebi. iq uamravjer vyofilvar da rom mkiTxoT, gegmaze maxsovs isini sad aris, magram rodesac Sevdivar, yovel jerze maviwydeba, romlis ukan raa. ramdenjer damixedavs am naxazebisTvis, namyofic var da TiTqos vici, mainc maviwydeba. maviwydeba imitom, rom am elementTa Soris kavSirebi mravalferovania da isini Znelad warmoisaxeba iseT sivrcul formulad, romelsac Sen mere imaxsovreb. es ar aris nakli, es am arqiteqturis gamomsaxvelobis nawilia. es ar gaxlavT foriaqis, uamuri daZabulobis gamomwvevi arqiteqtura, magram aris xelovneba, romelic TiTqos odnav SemarTuls gamyofebs, ar mogadunebs. ar mogasvenebs-meTqi, getyodiT, magram cudi naTqvamia. adamiani mxar-TeZoze wromsa da mcxeTis jvarSic namdvilad ver warmogordeba, magram iqauroba giCens raRac imgvari simSvidis gancdas, romelic mere SeiZleba TvlemaSic gadaizardos. aq amis saSualeba ar aris. aq sul Cndeba raRac iseTi, rac TiTqos ar unda yofiliyo. ratom _ es aq? ai, es kiTxva am arqiteqturaSi Zalian xSirad Cndeba, Tumca es aTasnairad miiRweva. ratom aris gadawyvetaTa aseTi simravle? me mgonia, mizezi Zalian martivia: VI-VII saukuneebis arqiteqturam Seqmna konstruqciuli da mxatvruli xerxebis sakmao raodenoba, mag ram, rodesac adamianebma moindomes maTi saSualebiT raRac kidev gaekeTebinaT, bunebrivi gaxda am xerxebis Sereva. davuSvaT, romeliRac erTi elementi gumbaTovan arqiteqturaSi warmoiSva, romeliRac sxva ki _ ugumbaToSi. modi, SevaerTeb da vnaxoT, ra moxdebao, fiqrobs axla VIII saukunis ostati da, gurjaanis yvelawminda rom vaxsene, adgams bazilikas or gumbaTs. ar ekuTvnis bazilikas gumbaTi, magram man xom erTic icis da meorec. es ar gaxlavT im tipis siaxlis maZiebloba, romelic axasiaTebs bolo saukuneebs, XVI saukunis aqeT mainc _ me axla imisTanas vizam, rom yvelas davaCoqeb. mgoni, vTqvi kidec, rom mosmenili maqvs, rogor Tqva adamianma, iseTi ram unda Sevqmna, rom adamianebi muxlebze daecneno. mas aseTi survili hqonda. im droSi, ra Tqma unda, ase ar aris da, sxvaTa Soris, es Tavs iCens Ziebis tempSi. imis msgavsi Zieba, romelic 104
CvenTan VII saukunis meore naxevridan X saukunis Sua xanebamde grZeldeba, XVI saukunis dasavleT evropaSi 60, sul bevri, 70 weliwadSi Caetia. CvenTan 300 weli dasWirda, iq ki _ 70. swored imitom, rom es muxti _ me axla yvelas unda davumtkico, ra magari var _ qmnis sxva temps. amas, Cvens ostats, ar eCqareba _ moafiqrda da xom kargi, ar moafiqrda da rac icis, imas gaimeorebs. mainc ar imeorebs, mainc sxvas akeTebs, magram ar eCqareba. viRac metad amsgavsebs Zvels, viRac _ naklebad amsgavsebs. imasac hyavs Tavisi momwonebeli, amasac hyavs Tavisi muStari. es Cans, Zeglebs etyoba. Tavad es nimuSebi arqiteqturisa amas gveubneba da Cven vxedavT am nel, Zalian xalisian mudmiv Ziebas. SeiZleba amitom Tanamedrove adamianisTvis, yovel SemTxvevaSi, Cemi Taobis adamianebisaTvis, es TvalsaCino daZabva gonebisa, TvalsaCino amofrqveva warmosaxvis Zalisa, Zalian xibliani aRmoCnda _ Cven es arqiteqtura Zalian SeviyvareT. swored amitom Cven iq Zalian naTlad vxedavT, ras rogor eZeben da pouloben ostatebi. kidev vambob, SeiZleba, Cven ukve mere viwyebT mezRapreobas da mere vigonebT. marTla mgonia xolme, rom am Zeglebis amSenebli kaci amnairi unda yofiliyo. SeiZleba, sul sxvanairi iyo, magram is, rac man arqiteqturaSi aRbeWda aseTia da raRac mxare mainc am adamianisa amis Sesabamisi iqneboda. faqti isaa, rom es adamianebi gamudmebiT eZeben. maS, ra xdeba? imis gamo, rom ostatebi arsebuli xerxebiTa da elementebiT qmnian axals, roca am elementebs sxvanairad Seanawevreben da SeaerTeben, bunebrivia, uwevT maTi Secvla da am cvla-cvlaSi nel-nela xdeba erTi elementis meoriT Canacvleba. ai, magaliTad, CvenTan, uiSviaTesi gamonaklisiT _ da amgvari gamonaklisi ori viciT, Tu kidev gamoCnda, davuSvaT, xuTamde avides, magram ar mgonia, meti iyos _ aSeneben ara wreze, rogorc romaelebi, aramed kvadratze, rogorc sparselebi da Tu Tqven wres daadgamT kvadrats, kuTxeebSi samkuTxa monakveTebi rCeba _ wre ver avsebs kvadrats. es raRaciT unda gadaixuros da Cven, rogorc aRmosavleTi, somxebi, sirielebi da sparselebi, vavsebT amas e.w. trompebiT. es aris Zabriseb105
ri moculobebi, romlebic mcxeTaSic, wromSic da saerTod yvelgan gvaqvs. rodesac kuTxeebSi trompebs daadgamT, sadac trompebia da trompebs Soris gumbaTqveSa TaRebi, TaRis Tavze adis waxnagi, xolo trompebis Tavze adis damatebiTi waxnagebi. amitom Tqven kvadratze iRebT rvawaxnagas. Semdeg sarkmlebis Tavze kidev erT mwkrivs akeTeben trompebisas da iq iqmneba Teqvsmetwaxnaga. mere ukve wrec SeiZleba gaakeTo, magram Zalian natif formas qmnian, iseTs, rogorsac mcxeTis jvris ostati _ kidev erT wres akeTeben, ukve gamodis ocdaTormetwaxnaga da mTlianobaSi, faqtobrivad, wrea. aseTi sistema aqvT da jer kidev VIII saukunis nimuSebSi _ rogorc Cans, ase icnoba VIII saukune _ sruli trompuli sistema SenarCunebulia. Tumca aRar moindoma nekreselma ostatma an, gumbaTiani saydari rom vaxsene, misma xuroTmoZRvarma. aSenebs gumbaTovan eklesias da aRar unda, rom gamoiyenos es rTuli sistema. ras akeTebs? mTeli trompuli sistema Cawnexa, daaxloebiT, metr-naxevris simaRleSi da gaakeTa mrgvali gumbaTis yeli. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom TiTqmis Tanadroulad vaCnaZianis yvelawmindis ostatma gamoiyena e.w. afrebi. es aris samkuTxa, erTgvari sferuli samkuTxedi, sferodan rom amoWraT samkuTxedi, daaxloebiT im formisa. afra pirdapir kvadratis kuTxeebSi Cajda da kvlavac Seiqmna wriuli fuZe gumbaTis yelisa. erTma Tu afra gamoiyena, sxvam trompuli sistema gaamartiva an, Tu gnebavT, gaarTula. rasakvirvelia, patara moculobaSi Cawnexva gamartivebadac SeiZleba ganixilo da garTulebadac, gaaCnia, saidan Sexedav. ase dabada ostatma, rogorc b-ni daviT xoStaria ambobs, wreqmnadi trompuli sistema. es aris gardasaxva, imisda mixedviT, Tu rogori sivrce undaT. da ratom undaT aseTi? saqme is gaxlavT, rom trompi aCerebs Tvals, afra Tvals ar aCerebs. roca Tqven gaqvT trompis erTi rigi, Tqveni Tvali Seyovndeba gumbaTis yelis ZirSi da mere maSinve aiWreba gumbaTis sferoSi. yovel Tqvengans SeuZlia adgilze naxos da gadaamowmos, es namdvilad asea Tu ara. roca ramdenime rigis trompia Tqven dainaxavT pir106
vel rigs, meore rigs, Tu aris _ mesamesac da mxolod mere dainaxavT gumbaTs an, piriqiT, sferos dainaxavT da mere mis gadasvlas kvadratSi, Tu zemodan wamoayolebT Tvals. asec SesaZlebelia. axla kidev undaT sxva, ufro swrafi moZraoba Tvalisa, amitom trompi, trompuli ganviTarebuli sistema, Semaferxebeli xdeba da is gardaisaxeba am axali gemovnebis, axali mxatvruli gancdis kvalad. aris Tu ara es dakavSirebuli raimegvar msoflmxedvelobriv cvlilebasTan? ai, es aris axla sakiTxTa sakiTxi. araviTari safuZveli fiqrisa, rom am dros msoflmxedveloba Secvlilia, ar gvaqvs. piriqiT, aki mogaxseneT, am dros xdeba eklesiis gaZliereba da, Sesabamisad, qristianuli msoflmxedvelobis gamyareba. albaT Seicvala sarwmunoebisadmi emociuri damokidebuleba. me momwons, rogorc liturgistebi amboben, rom arsebobs msoflmxedveloba, arsebobs religiuri msoflmxedveloba, arsebobs mrwamsi da kidev arsebobs RvTismosaobis forma _ rogor xdeba am msoflmxedvelobis gamovlena adamianis emociur da ritualur cxovrebaSi, rogor avlens is mas. rituali, Tu is bunebrivia, swored Sinagan moTxovnilebas mihyveba. magaliTad, Tu gindaT, dayudebiT ilocoT, Tqven aaSenebT garkveuli tipis eklesias, Tu sazeimo wirva gindaT da bevri xalxis Seyra gsiamovnebT, sxvanairs aagebT. Cemi azriT, Cven swored religiuri gancdis erTgvar niuansirebaze unda vifiqroT, Tumca msoflmxedvelobrivad da dogmaturad aq araviTari ciloba, araviTari dapirispireba ar Cans. laparaki mahmadianobis gaZlierebaze, rogorc amas akeTebs ioane sabanisZe, me vfiqrob, Zalian gadaWarbebulia imitom, rom maSin amas kvali unda daetovebina. sad aris misgiTebi? TbilisSi Zveli misgiTi ar aris. marTali giTxraT, verc ki warmomidgenia, is sad unda yofiliyo, radgan misgiTs didi, swori adgili sWirdeba da aseTi monakveTi Zvel TbilisSi ar Cans. nuTu zRudis iqiT dadiodnen mindorSi salocavad? momravlebuli rom yofiliyo, sadme erTi cali mainc darCeboda. ratom ar aris? ki, aris dmanisSi da, rom ara mihrabi, imdenad mokrZalebulia, saerTodac sacxovrebel saxlad CavTvlidiT. 107
sxvaTa Soris, es mihrabi buxris mils hgavs da Tavidan egonaT kidec buxari, oRond sakvamuri ar iyo. bedad, rodesac gaTxra daiwyo, SigniT naZerwobis kvali dainaxes da amiT mixvdnen, rom mihrabia. Semdeg, roca Semowmda, aRmoCnda, rom meqisaken iyureba, rogorc wesi da rigia da amgvarad dadginda misi funqcia, Torem imdenad rigiTi nagebobaa, rom saxlisagan arafriT gansxvavdeba. am qalaqSi mahmadiani namdvilad bevri iyo, magram sad aris mahmadianoba momravlebuli sxvagan? amis araviTari kvali ar Cans. me vfiqrob, rom Cven aq vxedavT xelovnebaSi im tipis cvlilebas, romelic dakavSirebuli aris specifikurad mxatvrul ZiebasTan. xelovnebaSi Zalian bevri faqtori moqmedebs da yvela maTgani SeiZleba iyos mniSvnelovani SemoqmedebiTi Sedegis momtani. Tumca arsebobs, ase vTqvaT, wmindad esTetikuri faqtoric. swored maSin, rodesac Cven gvaqvs formebis, am SemTxvevaSi, arqiteqturuli formebis, Camoyalibebuli sistema _ Tavisi konstruqciebiT, mamkobi elementebiT da a.S. _ da xdeba arsebuli myari sistemis Sida gardasaxva, me vfiqrob, SeiZleba vilaparakoT swored wmindad mxatvrul Ziebaze. Tu rogoria es Zieba, Zalian kargad Cans mosarTavis magaliTze. ukve vTqviT, rom sarkmels adreul xanaSi hqonda TavsarTi _ Tavze gadavlebuli TaRi gakecili boloebiT. axla an misi forma icvleba (magaliTad, TaRi izrdeba da pawawuna gadanakecebi aqvs an, piriqiT, patara TaRia uSvelebeli horizontaluri elementebiT), an masTan erTad CarCo Cndeba, an marto CarCo Cndeba da, sabolood, XI saukunisaTvis iqmneba e.w. sapire _ CarCo, romelic gars uvlis mTlianad sarkmlis Riobs. mere da mere Tavad es sapire sarkmlis Riobze samjer, oTxjer an metjer didi xdeba da mTlianad nTqavs mas. Tumca es Sida ganviTarebaa, amas araviTari gare Semapirobebeli ar hqonda. araviTari aucilebloba, rom sarkmeli yofiliyo viwro an ganieri, ar arsebobda. sarkmelma Suqi unda SeuSvas da rogori iqneba is, paralelurwirTxliani, saidanac Suqi erTian nakadad Sedis Tu gareT daviwroebuli, saidanac ganSladi Suqi, 108
sxivebis kona Sedis, amas funqciurad araviTari mniSvneloba ar aqvs _ eklesia asec ganaTdeba da isec. mTavaria, Sen rogori ganaTeba, STabeWdileba, ganwyobileba ginda, anu ra aris is, rac ginda, Seagebo morwmunes. iqneb ginda, aseT sivrces SeaCvio viRac da sTavazob, rom asec SeiZleba gakeTdes. me vfiqrob, rom gardamavali xana romelime sxvas SemoqmedebiTi ZaliT ar Camouvardeba, ubralod, mas ar gaaCnia Camoyalibebuli arqiteqturuli sityvari. Tuki arqiteqturis istorikoss hkiTxavT, rogori Senobebi arsebobda VII saukuneSi is, daaxloebiT, sam winadadebaSi CamogiTvliT ZiriTad elementebs, magram Tu imaves SeekiTxebiT gardamaval xanaze, mas albaT naxevari gverdis Sevseba dasWirdeba da SeiZleba, isic ar eyos. es aris xana, rodesac xdeba gemovnebiTi cvlilebebi da am cvlilebebis kvalad _ Zvel elementTa gardasxva. oRond es nela xdeba, radgan arsad eCqarebaT. amas sakmaod didi dro dasWirda. iqmneba Zalian saintereso hibriduli formebi. magaliTad, X saukuneSi Seiqmna e.w. afra-trompi. es aris afra, oRond TaRebs Soris kuTxeebi ar emetebaT da maTSi Casmulia brtyeli dekoratiuli trompebi. zogjer trompis TaRebis gakecvac xdeba, yovel SemTxvevaSi, raRac waxnagebi mainc aris, Tumca, realurad, amiT araferi icvleba. Cndeba aseTi ucnauri SenaerTi. es Ziebis Sedegia namdvilad. ukve, daaxloebiT, X saukunis bolosTvis yalibdeba sxva arqiteqturuli sityvari da nebismieri xelovnebis istorikosi sam winadadebaze naklebiT getyviT, Tu ra aris im droisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli. mxolod CuqurTmebis saxeebis CamoTvla gaWirdeba, radgan isini bevria. am sakiTxis Sesaxeb aris Zalian kargi kvlevebi, pirvel yovlisa, q-ni rene Smerlingisa, sxva mecnierebisac _ giorgi CubinaSvilis, vaxtang beriZis da momdevno Taobis araerTi mkvlevris. am sakiTxs ikvlevda mTeli dasi momdevno Taobisa: rusudan mefisaSvili, ina gomelauri, nugzar andRulaZe... rodesac moxdeba am saxeTa saboloo Seswavla da maT amosaval pirvelsaxeebs vnaxavT, isinic dava 10 pirvelsaxemde, romlebidanac mere marTlac gasaognebeli raodenobis saxeoba da variacia Cndeba. Tumca 109
ise, CamoTvlad, vityvi, rom aris foTlovani, yvavilovani da wnuli saxeebi. rogorc xedavT, erTi winadadebac meyo. aris sapire sarkmlis da sapire karis, zogjer maT SeiZleba TaRi axldes _ sul ori arqiteqturuli tipi, romlebic darCeba XI saukunis Sua xanis iqiT. gaTavda daxasiaTeba, Camoyalibebuli arqiteqturuli leqsikonia! SuaSi Cven gvaqvs sakuTari mxatvruli principis, mxatvruli xedvisa da bunebis mqone arqiteqtura, magram iseTi, romelsac amgvari Camoyalibebuli leqsikoni jer ar gaaCnia _ erTi jer ar eTmoba da meore jer ar Seuqmnia. ai, amaSia am epoqis gardamavloba. piradad me vityodi, rom es aris xana, romlis erT-erTi stiluri niSani elementebis cvalebadobaa. misi mxatvruli bunebaa, rom elementebi icvleba. es aris ara nakli, ara Camouyalibebloba, aramed SesaZloa, misi Taviseburi upiratesoba. cxadia, im dasrulebul stilebs Tavisi upiratesobebi aqvT. ai, aseTi aris es rTuli xana. Cven ukve visaubreT qarTuli arqiteqturis mxatvruli bunebis cvlilebebze VIII saukunidan, ufro zustad ki, VII saukunis meore naxevridan moyolebuli da mTeli IX saukunis ganmavlobaSi, X saukunis Sua xanebamde. isic vTqviT, rom Zalian Znelia, ilaparako calkeul elementebze da Tqva, rom 790-ian wlebs, davuSvaT, axasiaTebs aseTi da 820-ian wlebs ki iseTi formebi, radgan SeiZleba naxo erTmaneTisagan Zalian gansxvavebuli konostruqciuli, mamkobi Tu sxva detalebi. mogaxseneT, rom aq am cvlilebebis, moZebnili axal-axali formebis, xerxebis, mxatvruli gadawyvetebis gamaerTianebeli mimarTulebaa. ai, rogoria es mimarTuleba: Tu VI saukunis an VII saukunis arqiteqtura uryevi, urRvevi simSvidis STabeWdilebas tovebs, aq ufro meti aris erTgvari daZabulobis STabeWdileba _ TiTqosda forma moZraobisaken gibiZgebs. Zalian uxeSad da sqematurad rom vTqvaT, es aris gza statikisagan dacilebisa da moZraoba-dinamikisaken svlisa. TavisTavad arqiteqtura dgas _ ase ambobs Cemi erTi kolega da gvijavrdeba xolme, roca vambobT, rom forma moZravi aris. Senobebi dgas, 110
ra Tqma unda. svetebi ar darbis, kamarebi ar dafrinavs da yvelaferi Tavis adgilze aris. Tumca saqme is gaxlavT, rom xelovnebas qmnis ara mxolod fizikuri, akustikuri Tu sxva tipis obieqtebi, aramed am obieqtTa Sexvedra Cvens aRqmasTan. amas aqvs rTuli filosofiuri qveteqstebi, romlebic adamians Seityuebs da, me Tu mkiTxavT, xSirad gvariani sisuleleebiskenac ubiZgebs, magram CvenTvis es mniSvnelovani araa. Cven, ubralod, viciT yovelive es praqtikulad rogor xdeba. vambobT xolme, rom aris droSi ganviTarebadi xelovnebebi _ gansakuTrebiT musika da literatura (literaturac xom droSi arsebobs, kiTxvis procesi xom droSi aris ganvrcobili) da aris sivrceSi arsebuli xelovnebani _ nebismieri saxviTi xelovneba. marTlac, ase gvgonia, rom romelime suraTs, romelime nagebobas Cven erTianad vxedavT. arada, vTqvaT, romelime nawarmoebs, Tundac patara simRerasa an moTxrobas, erTbaSad ver aRiqvamT. Tqven gWirdebaT wuTebisa an zogjer saaTebis garkveuli raodenoba, rom is Tavidan bolomde waikiTxoT. am drois ganmavlobaSi Tqven sxvadasxva raRacas aRiqvamT da boloSi rom CaxvalT, ukve garkveuli STabeWdileba geqmnebaT. ar aris gamoricxuli, is arazusti iyos da mibrunebisas gairkves, rom Tqven raRac gamogrCaT an raRacas is mniSvneloba ar mieciT, romelic mas sinamdvileSi hqonda. sxva mxriv, Cven gvgonia, rom arqiteqturis, mxatvrobis, mqandakeblobis an e.w. mcire xelovnebis nawarmoebebi myisierad aRiqmeba. sinamdvileSi, ase ar aris. rac Seexeba arqiteqturas, aq Cven fizikurad gvixdeba gadaadgileba. am Senobebs sivrce aqvs, es ki niSnavs, rom Tqven jer SenobasTan midixarT, Semdeg masSi SedixarT, erTi bolodan meorisken gadaadgildebiT, xolo zogjer kidev giwevT erTi sadgomidan meoreSi gasvla. amas garkveuli dro sWirdeba. asevea suraTi. ragind patara suraTi iyos, Cveulebrivi melniTa da kalmiT naxati patara furceli, misi aRqmac garkveul dros moiTxovs. Tqven SexedavT mas da TiTqos erTianad aRiqvamT, magram Tuki marTla gindaT ramis aRqma, kidev aTvalierebT da ai, aq xdeba Zalian saintereso ram. magaliTad, Tvali sibrtyeze 111
garkveuli mimarTulebiT moZraobs da garkveuli siCqariTac. maSin, rodesac Tqven gadaadgildebiT realur sivrceSi, Tvals, vTqvaT, marjvnidan marcxniv mimarTavT an qvemodan zemoT waiyvanT. am dros, imisda mixedviT, Tu rogori aris es xelovneba, rogori aris es nawarmoebi, aRqmis sxvadasxvanairi siswrafea da aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac geCvenebaT, rom ukve yvelaferi aRiqviT. sinamdvileSi, Tqven didxans dgaxarT da uyurebT, magram vinaidan mxatvruli mTeli Tqven erTbaSad aRiqviT, misi mTlianoba maSinve cxadad dainaxeT, geCvenebaT, rom mere xdeba im aRqmulis mxolod dazusteba da es, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, marTlac asea. Tumca aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac mTeli uceb ar aRiqmeba da Tundac igive dro dagWirdeT misi aRqmisTvis, Tqveni gancdiT, subieqturi SegrZnebiT, ufro meti energia gexarjebaT, raTa gaerkveT, Tu ra xdeba am mxatvrul nawarmoebSi, rogoraa ganawilebuli maxvilebi da, saboloo jamSi, es mxatvruli STabeWdileba ras geubnebaT. aseT SemTxvevaSi, Tqven giCndebaT moZraobis STabeWdileba. magaliTad, Tu nawarmoebSi aris xazgasmuli centri, xolo aqeT-iqiT ganlagebulia odnav naklebmniSvnelovani da masTan arakontrastuli ori elementi da, vTqvaT, erTic kidev moTavsebulia zeviT, Tqven amas uceb aRiqvamT da Tanac aRiqvamT, rogorc statikurs. ase aris, miT umetes, Tu es gamosaxulebebi, es elementebi, Sekrulia konturiT, magaliTad, rodesac Tqven SegiZliaT CaweroT figura samkuTxedSi, sworkuTxedSi an, vTqvaT, ovalSi (SeiZleba ovaluri xazi darRveuli iyos, magram imdenad umniSvnelod, rom Tqven, ZiriTadad, mainc ovals kiTxulobT). Tu es asea da, miT umetes, masTan erTad ikveTeba SemomsazRvravi xazi fizikurad arsebuli konturis SemovlebiT an ararasebuli, TiTqosda nagulisxmevi konturis moxazviT, maSinac SeCerebul formas xedavT da geCvenebaT, rom araferi mimdinareobs, TavisTavad gamosaxuleba SeCerebulia da Tqven winaSe aris raRac statikuri da stabiluri. sxva SemTxvevaSi, rodesac sxvadasxva adgilas ramdenime maxvilia, vTqvaT, qveda marcxena kuTxeSi, zeda marjvena kuTxeSi 112
an erT marcxena kuTxeSi _ davuSvaT, mifrqveulia kaSkaSa Tu Ria feri, romelic Suqis STabeWdilebas badebas an nakleb mniSvnelovani sxva adgilia, Tundac naxtomisebri moZraoba, romelic erTi kididan meoreze inacvlebs _ Tqven moZraobis STabeWdileba giCndebaT. arqiteqturaSi es ase aris. mgoni, adre kidec vTqvi, rom adrindel eklesiebSi ar aris gamokveTili RerZebi _ grZivi, ganivi, maRlivi _ isini TiTqos Tanabaria. rodesac aanalizebT, mere arkvevT, rom maTSi mTavari vertikalia. da mainc, Tqven ar ganicdiT am sivrceebsa an moculobebs, rogorc zemswrafs, radgan ase aris Sefardebuli es, sinamdvileSi wamyvani, vertikali danarCen or ganzomilebasTan _ ganTan da sigrZesTan. amas garda, calkeuli elementebi, romlebsac xedavT, davuSvaT, Riobebi _ kari an sarkmeli, aseve maTi mamkobi sakmaod mcirericxovani detalebi ikiTxeba, rogorc damoukidebeli da TviTkmari. es imas ar niSnavs, rom es elementebi cal-calkea gafantuli. maT Soris, sinamdvileSi, Zalianac mkacri kavSiri arsebobs, magram Tqven SegiZliaT yovel maTgans SemoavloT Tvali. magaliTad, jer sarkmels waikiTxavT Ziridan wveramde da mxolod Semdeg _ mis damagvirgvinebel warbs an jer warbs dainaxavT da mere CamoayolebT Tvals. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, Tqven SegiZliaT maTi dacalkeveba. modis dro, Tundac XI saukuneSi (da, mgoni, adre esec vaxseneT), rodesac srulebiT sawinaaRmdego ram gvxvdeba. uyureb, magaliTad, sapireSi Casmul sarkmels da ver ambob, ra aris iq mTavari da ra aris meorexarisxovani. am elementebs veranairad ver acalkeveb, radgan sarkmlis Riobis kide, imavdroulad, CarCos dasawyisia anu mamkobi elementisa da sarkmlis boloebi erTmaneTs emTxveva. maS, sad aris iq Riobi, sad ra iwyeba? CarCoa misi nawili Tu is aris CarCos nawili? amas garda, maxvilebi ganlagebulia imnairad, rom Tvalma naxtomiseburad zemoT-qvemoT imoZraos an kidev Tvali pirdapir kididan midis centrisaken da nagebobis (am SemTxvevaSi, fasadis sibrtyis) napirebi TiTqosda saerTod ar iqcevs yuradRebas _ aseTi arqiteqturac arsebobs. 113
rodesac mcxeTis jvarSi, wromSi, samwevrisSi SedixarT, orTogonalur (mgoni adrec vaxsene es cneba) Wrils uyurebT _ xedavT zemodan, gumbaTis wveridan, TiTqos sibrtyeze gaSlil, gaWril nagebobas. aq saqme ar aris absolutur zomebSi. es nagebobebi TxuTmetjer didic rom yofiliyo, sul erTia, ase iqneboda, radgan isea proporcirebuli, rom umaRles da umdables wertils, sivrcis sazRvrebs, maSinve xedavT. ganaTeba iseTia, rom Tqven SegiZliaT Tavidan bolomde cal-calke waikiTxoT yvela elementi _ nebismieri TaRi, nebismieri, Tundac Zalze sada, imposti, romelic moniSnavs kedlis Sverils an burjisa da TaRis sazRvars. rame CrdilSi rom moeqces da ver dainaxoT, aseTi ram ar xdeba. am SemTxvevaSi, Tqven xedavT TiTqosda statikur, TiTqosda umoZrao xuroTmoZRvrul da sivrciT sxeuls, oRond ara gaSeSebuls an, vTqvaT, xists, aramed mSvidad myofsa da ara amoZravebuls da Sesabamisi gaqvT ganwyobilebac. axla ki ukve nel-nela iseTi xerxebi muSavdeba, rom, piriqiT, xedavdeT moZraobas _ Tqveni Tvali swrafad moZraobdes, erTi adgilidan meoreze gadadiodes da, rac mTavaria, is ganicdides am gadasvlis moments. vTqvaT, Tqven TaRs an tromps aTvalierebT. ra Tqma unda, am dros Tvali moZraobs Tavidan bolomde, magram TaRi Tu trompi sul Tanabrad mkafioa, amitom amas ver grZnobT _ ver grZnobT moZraobas, romelsac am dros Tvalis kakali asrulebs. Tqven erTianad xedavT formas, rogorc mTlians da absoluturad mkafios da amitom geCvenebaT, rom Tavadac statikur mdgomareobaSi xarT. Tuki, davuSvebT, rom trompis naxevari CrdilSia da ar Cans, xolo meore naxevars sxivi ecema da gakaSkaSebulia, maSin Tqven aq xedavT gadasvlas erTidan meoreze, am SemTxvevaSi, naxtomisebrs, Tumca is SeiZleba iyos denadic. asea Tu ise, forma Tu formaTa erToblioba yovelTvis gkarnaxobT iseTnair aRqmas, rom Tqven grZnobT da aRiqvamT moZraobas Tqveni mzerisas. Sesabamisad, mere ukve am formebsac, rogorc moZravs, ise xedavT. kidev vambob, kamara ar xtis, TaRic arsad miabijebs, yvelaferi Tavis adgilzea, magram Cvens 114
aRqmaSi aris moZravi, radgan is Cven sakuTar fizikur moZraobebs aRgvaqmevinebs. Tuki sruliad mkafio, sruliad mSvid sivrceSi gare moculoba an sivrce Tavisi umTavresi, ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebiT maSinve aRiqmeba, gardamaval xanaSi, VIII-X saukuneebSi, maT, rogorc ukve mogaxseneT, maSinve ver xedavT da mravalgzisac rom SemouaroT, es nawilebi warmosaxvaSi SeiZleba bolomde mainc ver gadaabaT. mere es ase aRar iqneba. davuSvaT, XI an XII saukunis eklesiaSi rom SexvalT, yovelTvis dainaxavT Sida sivrcis raRac fragments. erTi wertilic ki ar aris iseTi, saidanac SeiZleba dainaxoT, vTqvaT, qvaTaxevis eklesia ise, rogorc xedavT mcxeTis jvars _ gumbaTis wveridan iatakamde. Tu ZirSi dadgebiT da Tavs gadaagdebT, gumbaTs dainaxavT, magram garSemo sxvas _ veRarafers. Tqven yovelTvis xedavT fragments. me mas informaciul fragmentad miviCnev. gansxvavebiT gardamavali xanis arqiteqturisgan, is Tqven giqmniT warmodgenas imaze, Tu rogor ukavSirdeba nawilebi erTmaneTs, Tumca mTlianad ver xedavT TiTqmis verc erTs. verc erTis Tqmisas gadavaWarbe, romelime erTi SeiZleba dainaxoT mTlianad, danarCeni ki yvelaferi iqneba gadaWril-gadmoWrili. es propociebis gamo xdeba da imis gamoc, rom asea ganlagebuli TaRebi da asea SerCeuli simaRle-sigrZe-siganis Sefardebebi, raTa Tqveni aRqma yovelTvis nawilobrivi iyos. swored am sruli sicxadisken, aseTi moZravi arqiteqturisken miemarTeba Zieba qarTveli ostatebisa, ase icvleba gemovneba. Cemi SexedulebiT, Cven aq vxedavT, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, Ziebis Sida mxatvrul Tanmimdevrobas. SeiZleba ganvasxvavoT sxvadasxva tipis Zieba. rogorc sul dasawyisSi iTqva, taZarma Seicvala funqcia _ unda Sekribos mrevli. warmarTulma taZarma es ar icis. axla iwyeba Zebna imisa, rogor Seiqmnas sivrce, sadac mrevli ganlagdeba. es aris Zieba, romelsac gansazRvravs funqcia da es funqcia, Tavis mxriv, gansazRvruli aris garkveuli msoflmxedvelobiT. ase rom, Cven SegviZlia sxvadasxva doneze ganvixiloT am cvlilebis 115
mapirobebeli, magram yvela es mizezi, Tu SeiZleba ase vTqvaT, iqneba TviTon xelovnebis gareT, radgan msoflmxedveloba ar udris xelovnebas, Cemi warmodgena qveynierebaze ar udris mxatvrobas an arqiteqturas. mxatvrobiTa da arqiteqturiT me SeiZleba Tqven mogiTxroT, rogori mgonia qveyniereba, magram, TavisTavad, is mas ver gautoldeba. SeiZleba iyos cvli lebebi, romelTac iwvevs raRac gareSe gavlena. magaliTad, XVI saukuneSi Cven vxedavT, rom Zalian bevria Seisruli formebi da raRac iseTi xerxebi, romlebic aSkarad muslimanuri iranidan aris Semosuli. am SemTxvevaSi, am cvlilebis erT-erTi da sakmarisad Zlieri Tanagampirobebeli mainc is aris, rom Cven kargad gavecaniT im xelovnebas, cota zedmetic mogvivida. aseve aris dResac, rodesac ama Tu im JurnalSi nanaxi formebi gadmogvaqvs. amas winaT, sxvaTa Soris, erTi proeqti vnaxe, mere gadavSale romeliRac wigni da Turme avtors pirdapir gadmouRia. cota unda inamuso. marto Sen xom ara xar dedamiwaze, marto Sen xom ar ici wignebis, albomebisa da Jurnalebis furcvla?! asea Tu ise, yovelTvis arsebobs raRac, rasac apirobebs garedan, Tundac ukve sxva qveynidan an sxva kulturidan Semosuli garkveuli muxti. am SemTxvevaSi, me meCveneba, rom logikuri Tanmimdevroba amgvaria: veZebT qristianuli taZris formas. veZebT mas da vcdilobT, raRac saxe mivceT. am Ziebisas viSveliebT an axlad vqmniT, vTqvaT, garkveul formebs, samSeneblo xerxebs an mamkob elementebs. zogs movisesxebT, gardavqmniT an raime axals gavakeTebT, xolo VI saukunis bolosken yvela is forma da xerxi, romelic am amocanis gadasawyvetad gvWirdeboda, xelT gvaqvs. ganviTarebis logika SeiZleba sxvagvaric iyos, magram, am SemTxvevaSi, is iyo aseTi: raxan maqvs elementebi, modi, Sevqmni maTgan kargad gawonasworebul da cxad mxatvrul mTels. amas mosdevs sirTule, romelic sxva drosac dasturdeba xelovnebis istoriaSi, ara marto am SemTxvevaSi. es ar aris universaluri kanoni xelovnebis ganviTarebisa, ase mgonia, magram, erT-erTi SesaZlo Tanmimdevroba mxatvruli Ziebebisa aseTic aris: jer vqmniT am srulebiT cxads. 116
SevqmniT mas erTxel, orjer, samjer, magram Semdeg irkveva, rom, rodesac gvaqvs formaTa garkveuli raodenoba da gvaqvs amocana, maTgan SevqmnaT raRaca Zalian gawonasworebuli da mkafio, Turme amas Zalian bevr dros ver movandomebT da verc did nairgvarobas miviRebT, aqedan Zalian bevr formas ver CamovayalibebT, ver SevanawevrebT, Turme es sakmaod sasruli raodenobaa. aseTi e.w. klasikuri epoqebi, Cveulebriv, grZeldeba ormocdaaTiode weli. Semdeg nebismieri cvlileba, Tuki Tqven cvlilebas moindomebT, am gawonasworebul da cxad mTelSi Seitans raRac bzars. Tqven SeiZleba es ar mogewonoT, CaebRauWoT im klasikur mTels da erTi xani is xelovnurad amyofoT. xelovnebis istoriaSi amis magaliTebic aris. Tumca, saboloo jamSi, is mainc gaibzareba. mgoni, Cven amaze ukve vilaparakeT, magram kidev erTxel SemiZlia davadasturo: me mainc meCveneba, rom, rodesac iwyeba romelime arsebuli formis gameoreba, Zalian mniSvnelovania davixsomoT, rom es aris forma da ara Rirebuleba. Rirebuleba aris is, rac materialuri ar aris. materialurze _ nagebobis garSemowerilobasa Tu moyvanilobaze, figuris gadmocemis xerxebze, yofis, Cacma-daxurvisa Tu qcevis formebze da a.S. _ msjelobisas RirebulebasTan gaigivebiT mas Zalian cud samsaxurs vuwevT, radgan yvelaferi materialuri aucileblad cvdeba. magaliTad aviRoT zrdilobis formebi. me maTi momxre var, magram isini Cem Tvalwin icvleba. rac srulebiT warmoudgenlad eCveneboda Cems did bebias, Cemi mSoblebisTvis ukve araferic ar iyo. q-ni marika lorTqifaniZe aseT ambavs hyveboda: rodesac bebiamisi mamulidan gamoagdes, misi mTavari gancda is iyo, rom quCaSi uqudod da uxelTaTmanod gamovida. ambobda, ise momixda saxlidan wamosvla, rom qudic ki ar davixureo. Tavdauburavi qalisa Tu kacis quCaSi gamoCena srulebiT warmoudgeneli iyo. da ai, roca me viyavi skolis moswavle, adamianebma, romlebic Tavze Camofxatuli nair-nairi qudebiT dadiodnen, uceb moiSvlipes es yvelaferi da Tavdauburavebma daiwyes siaruli. ra, 117
hava Seicvala? ara, Seicvala damokidebuleba imis mimarT, Tu rogori unda iyos Seni da gare samyaros urTierToba da ratomRac adamianurobis _ am ybadaRebuli adamianuri Tavisuflebis _ erT-erT gamoxatulebad iqca is, rom Tavze qudi ar maqvs. mere ra, rom Tavi meyineba, mere ra, rom Tma 10 wliT adre gamcvivdeba, mainc ar davixurav imitom, rom minda, Tovli, wvima Tu mze Tavisuflad vigrZno. aRarc qalebi ixuravdnen Tavsaburavs, rac bebiaCems pirvel xanebSi, magaliTad, Zalian ukvirda, mgoni, ukve mere zogjer TviTonac Tavdauburavi gadioda. damokidebuleba icvleba. es SeiZleba cudi iyos, magram es bunebrivi aris. es imas niSnavs, rom daikarga azri, gageba imisa, Tu ratom atarebs adamiani Tavsaburavs. ratom aris, davuSvaT, zrdilobis gamoxatuleba, xelis CamorTmeva? me, magaliTad, es ar miyvars, magram amas xom hqonda Sinaarsi?! es odesRac gamoxatavda, rom ori adamiani SeiaraRebuli ar aris da niSnad imisa, rom axla erTmaneTs xmlebiT ar daerevian, xels CamoarTmevdnen. ra Tqma unda, didi xania, es yvelas daaviwyda, magram Tu is mniSvnelobac dakarga, rom amiT Cems keTilganwyobas gamovxatav, maSin gaTavebuli saqmea, amas ukve araviTari azri aRar eqneba da tradicia aucileblad gadavardeba. amitom aris Zalian saxifaTo da sakmaod uimedo, rodesac adamianebi icaven raime formebs (ara aqvs mniSvneloba, risas) da ar ician ratom, ver amboben, Tu ra RirebulebiTi safuZveli aqvs imas, rom maincdamainc es forma undaT. maSin amgvari rameze unda SevTanxmdeT: mgonia, rom es forma gamoxatavs ama da am Rirebulebas da, raki amwuTas sxva forma ar maqvs, dae, es iyos gamomxatveli. nu gvaviwydeba _ ramdenic ginda iyviron da xelebi iqnion yvelanairma memarcxeneebma da progresistebma, gvinda es Cven Tu ar gvinda, adamianebis urTierToba garkveuli pirobiTobebis gareSe ubralod SeuZlebelia. Cven ramenairad unda vaniSnoT erTmaneTs Tundac is, gvinda erTmaneTTan saubari Tu ara. es aucileblad unda gamoixatos raRac formiT da es forma SeiZleba iyos aseTi an iseTi, magram forma unda arsebobdes. amitom, sinamdvileSi, rodesac dRes amqveynad irRveva yovelnairi pi118
robiToba (Tumca sakuTar Tavze amas namdvilad ver vityvi), yovelnairi wesebi, es mxolod imiT damTavrdeba, rom Zalian cudi da xisti sxva wesebi Seiqmneba. amis Sedegi meti araferi iqneba da ukve asecaa. viTomda Zalian Tavisufali adamianebi imdeni wesiT arian Sekrulni, Tu rogor unda Tqvan is, rogor ar unda Tqvan es, ra SeiZleba da ra ar SeiZleba, vin unda mogwondes an ar unda mogwondes... sasaciloa, magram arseboben, magaliTad, viRac konkretuli adamianebi, romlebic Turme aucileblad unda mogwondes, Tu arada, cudi xar. unda mogwondes raRac, rac sul ar aris mosawoni da Senc ici, rom ar aris, magram ase unda. es Zalian cudia, Cemi azriT, magram bunebrivia. roca adamianebi uaryofen imas, rac normaluri, bunebrivad gaCenili da Camoyalibebuli pirobiToba iyo, isini aucileblad Seqmnian pirobiTobis xelovnur da uazro sistemas _ es srulebiT garduvalia. ase rom, TavisTavad formaTa rRvevam Cven arasodes unda SegvaSinos. mxolod imas unda vakvirdebodeT, rom am formebis Secvlam Tan ar waiyolos raRaca iseTi, rac RirebulebiTad mniSvnelovania. es SeiZleba moxdes da ai, aq aris saWiro Tvali da yuri. sul ar aris saRelvebeli, vTqvaT, eklesiaSi Sesuli qali Tavze quds daixuravs Tu Tavsafars, kaba lurjad dakoplili eqneba Tu mwvane koplebiT. amas ar aqvs mniSvneloba, mniSvneloba aqvs imas, rom iyos tanisamosi, romelic viRacas sacdurSi ar Caagdebs. es aris RirebulebiTi sazomi da ara is, vTqvaT, mamakaci grZelTmiania Tu TmaSeWrili, wveriani Tu uwvero. es yvelaferi srulebiT pirobiTia, dakavSirebulia kulturebTan, geografiasTan. mniSvneloba aqvs sxva rames _ rasac adamiani garegnobiT gamoxatavs, aris Tu ara qristianuli (im SemTxvevaSi, Tu qristianobaze vlaparakobT) Rirebulebebis matarebeli, rogor aris dakavSirebuli misi qceva RirebulebiT sistemasTan da a.S. mTavari es aris da formebze mere SevTanxmdebiT. adamiani, romelic RirebulebebiT cxovrobs, imasac mixvdeba, rom, Tuki es yvelas aRelvebs, daTmos is raRac formismieri da im sxva formasac miiRebs, Tu marTla icis, raSia saqme. zogjer es Znelia, 119
es yvelaferi bevr sirTulesTanaa dakavSirebuli, magram Tavi da Tavi mainc es aris. xelovnebaSic asea. Tu imeorebT formebs da am formebma TqvenTvis Sinagani sazrisi dakarga, Tu es aris is, rac ubralod unda gaimeoroT imitom, rom Tqvenma winamorbedma ase gaakeTa, dRes Tu ara mazeg raRacas Tqven garduvalad srulebiT usulgulos gaakeTebT. unda giTxraT, rom qarTul xelovnebas es Tviseba, etyoba, gamZafrebulad aqvs. qarTvels, etyoba, organulad ar SeuZlia, saerTod rame gaakeTos, Tu Sinaganad amis aucilebloba gancdili ar aqvs. aziel ostats, evropels SeuZlia, raRac akeTos guls gareT, gulmodgined, faqizad. qarTvels ar SeuZlia! Tu ver ganicdis, rom es saWiroa, SeiZleba erTi saaTi gaZlos da mere ukve fiqri gaurbis da xeli ras akeTebs, kacma ar icis, yuradRebas veRar ikrebs da verc samuSaosken mimarTavs. aseTebi varT. es kargicaa, me Tu mkiTxavT da, sxva mxriv, wamgebianicaa. unda viswavloT, rom yuradReba ufro met xans SevaCeroT raRacaze, vidre es bunebiT mogvdgams. Tumca arsebrivad, me mgoni, cudi srulebiTac ar aris, rom mindodes, rasac vakeTeb, gancdili da gaazrebuli iyos. asea Tu ise, VI da VII saukuneebSi, rogorc etyoba, mkafiod mowesrigeba maSin xelovanTa xelT arsebuli formebisa aRar moundaT da daiwyes cvlilebebis Setana am principiT _ `modi, vcadoT ase“. rogorc ki scades `ase~, gaCnda raRac, rasac moZraoba-dinamikis elementi Sehqonda. mere kidev scades raRac da raRac da, saboloo jamSi, Cven vxedavT mudmiv cvalebadobas. axlave unda ganvmarto (Zalian mniSvnelovania amis codnac), rom amgvari ganviTareba, ZiriTadad, mainc sataZro xuroTmoZRvrebaSi xdeba. sazogadod, Cven kargad unda gvaxsovdes, rom xelovnebisa da, Cvens SemTxvevaSi, xuroTmoZRvrebis sxvadasxva mimarTulebebi istoriulad yovelTvis Tanabrad rodi viTardeba. magaliTad, Cven vxedavT, rom XV saukunidan dasavleT evropaSi saeklesio da saero arqiteqturis formaTa cvalebadoba paraleluria. manamde es ase iqac ar aris. amasTanave, iyo dargi xuroTmoZRvrebisa, soflis xu120
roTmoZRvreba, glexkacis saxlis xuroTmoZRvreba, romelic imave dasavleT evropaSi merec ar icvleboda. gadaRebulia da SegiZliaT naxoT kidec CrdiloeT safrangeTisa Tu germaniis soflis saxlebi, romlebic wawvetebulia da goTikuri xanis gegonebaT, arada, Turme XVIII saukuneSia aSenebuli. asea imitom, rom xuroTmoZRvrebis am dargSi istoriuli cvalebadoba Senelebulia, TiTqosda aq ar ixarjeba SemoqmedebiTi muxti, is mTlianad uflis saxls xmardeba, sacxovrebeli saxlze ki TiTqos fiqroben, mama-papebs auSenebiaT da modi, Cvenc iseTive avaSenoT, sxva rad gvindao. aseTi ganmeorebadoba, mudmivi, odnavi variaciebiT, imas ar niSnavs, rom cvlileba saerTod ar aris, magram es gacilebiT ufro nela xdeba da Tanac detalebSia. magaliTad aviRoT Cveni qarTuli darbazovani saxli. masSi ZiriTadi siaxle, romelic, rogorc Cans, XVIII saukunis bolos Cndeba, isaa, rom buxari moawyves. yvelafers Zveleburad aSeneben, rogorc manamde da ukeTeben buxars. sinamdvileSi, am buxarma kerasa da SuaSi azidul gvirgvins sanaxevrod azri daukarga, magram, rogorc arqiteqturuli struqtura, is rCeba, ubralod, axla cecxli ara SuaSi, aramed kedelTan anTia. ukve mere da mere amgvarma cvlilebebma moitana kidevac darbazovani struqturis rRveva, magram es nela xdeba. Zvel dros, XV saukunemde, sasaxleTa xuroTmoZRvreba ara mxolod CvenSi, sxvaganac gacilebiT ufro nela icvleba. dasavleTSi aris erTi ram, razedac amgvari ganviTareba moqmedebs. iq TaRebis moxazulobis cvlileba moxda _ romanuli TaRi ufro metad naxevrad wriulia, goTikuri ki XII saukunis meore naxevridan _ Seisruli da Tqven amas atyobT, Torem es rom ara, struqturebi, formebi, daaxloebiT, erTi da igivea, nela icvleba. ase iyo es CvenSic. Tavidanve mogaxseneT, rom saero xuroTmoZRvreba, saeklesiosTan SedarebiT, arc ki vici, raoden naklebi gvaqvs. Zalian araTanabrad aris SemorCenili. saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebac Zalian dazianebuli, Selaxuli da daklebulia, magram saero mainc bevrad naklebia. Tumca is, rac Cven viciT, mainc ufro stabiluri Cans da ai, ra aris saintereso: Cven gvaqvs sasa121
xleebis jgufi, romelic kaxeTSi SemogvrCa. erTi msgavsi sasaxle aris qarTlSic da, rogorc Cans, ufro meti iyo. es orsarTuliani sasaxleebia. qveda sarTuli, ase vTqvaT, aris an yru, an patara sarkmlebiT, xolo meore sarTuli TiTqmis mTlianad TaRebiT aris gaxsnili. gaugebaria, ra xdeboda im darbazebSi an xalxs zamTarSi ratom ar scioda da zafxulSi ratom ar scxeloda. uzarmazari Riobebia, iatakidan iwyeba da, rogorc Cans, TiTqmis WerTan mTavrdeba. Weri Cven ar gvaqvs SemorCenili _ xisa iyo. es ar iyo kamarovani arqiteqtura, rac ukve Zalian ganasxvavebs mas saeklesiosgan. Tumca cxadi aris, Tu sad iyo adgili Werisa _ raRac SemTxvevebSi, SemorCenilia da SegviZlia amis gansazRvra. sainteresoa is, rom, Tumc kaxeTSi ramdenime sasaxlea, maT Soris droiT sxvaobas ver vxedavT. erTaderTi, rac SeiZleba iTqvas isaa, rom nekresSi, magaliTad, naliseburi TaRebia, sxvagan _ ara. amitom SesaZloa, nekresis sasaxle ufro adreulia, magram ramdeniT? ar viciT, ver vxvdebiT. erT-erTma mkvlevarma, q-nma dinara vaCnaZem, scada isini droSi gaenawilebina. Zalian saintereso mosazreba hqonda, magram es masala, samwuxarod, Cvenamde imdenad cudad aris moRweuli da xelmosaWidi imdenad cotaa, rom misi Zalian sagulisxmo mixvedra, romelsac kidev miyola, Cafiqreba unda, jerovnad ver dasabuTda da ara imitom, rom man raRac daaklo, ubralod, araferi aRmoCnda, rasac is CaeWideboda. mas naxevrad intuiciurad mouxda msjeloba. ra Tqma unda, nebismieri azri intuiciurad Cndeba, magram mecnieruli maSin aris, roca misi met-naklebad dasabuTeba da dasaZirkvleba moxerxdeba. aq, samwuxarod, bevri kiTxvis niSani darCa, Tumca ase mitoveba am ideisa, ra Tqma unda, ar Rirs. vTqvaT, q-ni dinara vaCnaZe ar cdeba da Cven marTla SegviZlia es sasaxleebi IX-dan XII saukunemde davanawiloT. modiT, vTqvaT ase da zogjer mgonia kidec, rom marTla asea. ufro sworad, xan mgonia, rom raRac davinaxe, rac amas misabuTebs da mere vxvdebi, rom ki SeiZleba ase viwamo, magram arasdros meqneba amis dasabuTebis saSualeba. 122
Tavi da Tavi is aris, rom cvlilebebi mainc aris, oRond Zalian mcire. amitomacaa ase Zneli raimes mtkiceba. garda amisa, davuSvaT, rom SemorCeniliyo am sasaxleTa xis nawilebi, maSin maTi CuqurTmiT, motiviT mivxvdebodiT rames. namdvilad viciT, rom xis CuqrTma qvisas hgavs. is mogvcemda paralels, raRacas CaveWidebodiT, magram araferia, srulebiT araferi. an naZerwoba yofiliyo, an moxatuloba, an rame mainc _ araferi ar gvaqvs. TviTon forma imdenad statikuria, imdenad naklebad ganviTarebadi, rom raimes garkvevis saSualebas ar gvaZlevs. alaverdSi, magaliTad, dgas sasaxle da srulebiT aSkaraa, rom is, albaT, ar aris X saukunis, magram ver vityvi, rom amas raimenairad dagisabuTebT. Cvenda bedad, iq aris satrapezo, romelic namdvilad XVI saukunisaa. da da narCeni? iqneb aris iq ufro Zveli nawilic? jerjerobiT, amis Tqma Wirs. me mjera, rom nawili im sasaxlisa ufro Zvelia, XV saukunisa mgonia, magram ver mogatyuebT da ver getyviT, rom vici, ratom aris ase. ar vici, es mxolod mosazrebaa. es mxolod imitom aris ase, rom TviTon tempi samoqalaqo xuroTmoZRvrebis Ziebisa, masSi raime siaxlis Setanisa, gacilebiT neli aRmoCnda _ siCqare iq bevrad daklebulia. sxvaTa Soris, qarTvel ostatebs SeeZloT, samoqalaqo xuroTmoZRvrebaSi raRac pirdapirac gadmoetanaT, imaze srulebiT daufiqreblad, rom iq rame sakuTari SeetanaT. aseTi aris Sua saukuneebSi abanoTa xuroTmoZRvreba. magaliTad, dmanisSi, aris cixis abano, daaxloebiT XIII saukunis bolosi an XIV saukunisa, romelSic aris trompebi da, wesiT, X saukunis unda iyos, magram mas qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebasTan araviTari kavSiri ar aqvs. is pirdapir aris gadmotanili islamuri samya rodan da isevea gakeTebuli, rogorc iq akeTebdnen. es merec asea, abanoTa xuroTmoZRvreba sul sadRac iyureba. qarTveli Tavs ar iwuxebs imiT, rom iq sxvanairi struqtura moifiqros. ase aSenebdnen Cveni pitiaxSebi manamde romaul abanoebs da sul ar Relavdnen, rom is CrdiloeT afrikaSi romeliRac abanos Zalian hgavda. wyali modioda da cxeldeboda, adamiani mowesrigebas SeZlebda da danarCens mniSvneloba ar hqonda. 123
aseTi ucnauri damokidebuleba wmindad yofiTi, utilitaruli mSeneblobisadmi dResac ki Cveni kulturis nawilia. dResac ki, me mgonia, Cven SeiZleba ar gvindodes, rom romelime Teatris Senoba zustad iseTive iyos, rogoric avstraliaSia, magram, Tu rkinigzis xidi an romelime gza iseTive teqnologiiT aSendeba, rogoric samxreT afrikaSi gamoiyenes, amaze Cvengan aravin aReldeba. arc ki vikiTxavT, radgan Cven es srulebiT ar gvainteresebs. ai, Tundac anZa, romelzec mavTulebia gabmuli! gana Zalian vwuxvarT imis gamo, rom zustad aseTi anZebia sadRac CrdiloeT polusis siaxloves? vRelavT? ara! Cven es ar gvekareba, arada aris qveynebi, romlebisTvisac es didi ambavia, magaliTad, undaT, hqondeT avtomobili _ Tavisi da sxvanairi. maT es ase undaT! Tu romelime qarTveli avtomobils Seqmnis, ise moxdeba, rom mainc germaniasa an amerikaSi gavakeTebT, radgan Cven saSualeba ar gveqneba da, rasakvirvelia, gagvaxarebs Cvenianis naxelavi, magram avReldebiT ki imiT, rom is sxvagan gakeTda? iyo ori gasaocari aviakonstruqtori, orive _ SeerTebul StatebSi, romlebmac sanaxevrod Seqmnes amerikuli samxedro aviacia da piradad me Zalian mixaria, rom am uzarmazar qveyanaSi qarTvelis gakeTebuli TviTmfrinavi dafrinavs. ra maxarebs, kacma rom Tqvas, magram vici, rom aq amas ver SeZlebdnen da romc gaekeTebinaT, sul erTia, mainc maTTvis unda mieyidaT. SeiZleba amitomaa an SeiZleba imitomac, rom patara qveyana varT, yvelafris mwarmoebel-gamkeTeblebi ver viqnebiT da gvirCevnia, davixarjoT imaze, risi gakeTebac TviTonve SegviZlia da ar vidardoT yofiTad mosaxmarze, romelsac pirdapir sxvisgan gadmoviRebT. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, sagulisxmoa, rom am drois ramdenime aseTi nageboba arsebobs. is sxva ambavia, rom maT movla unda da maT gadasarCenad raRac mosafiqrebelia. ai, erTerTs, nekresis sasaxles, axla gaukeTda gadaxurva, aRdga sarTulSua gadaxurvac da, sxvaTa Soris, amis Taobaze iyo didi azrTa sxvadasxvaoba. piradad me Zalian gamixarda imitom, rom ocnebad mqonda, meore sarTulis fanjridan gadmomexeda. marTalia, veRarasdros gadmovixedav, magram is rom arsebobs 124
da wvima aRar Cadis, Zalian maxarebs, miT umetes, pirvel sarTulze aris Zveli marani, rogorc Cans, IX saukunis droindeli, romelic ar unda gaoxrdes da gafuWdes. axla Seinaxeba da aRaraferi emuqreba. raRac mosafiqrebelia danarCeni amgvari nagebobebisTvisac. es ar iqneba advili, magram, yovel SemTxvevaSi, fiqri zedmeti da mavnebeli arasdros yofila, amitom SeviwuxoT Tavi da egeb rame kargi movifiqroT. mTeli es moZraoba _ Zalian cxoveli moZraoba fiqrisa da gancdisa, romelsac Cvens xuroTmoZRvrebTan VII saukunis Sua xanebidan X saukunis pirvel aTwleulebis CaTvliT vxedavT, X saukunis Sua xanisaTvis dasasrulamde midis. es yvelaze ukeT gamoixateba imiT, rom swored am dros yalibdeba raRac elementebi, romlebic sul iqneba _ es, pirvel yovlisa, isev da isev aris Semkulobis sistema da erTgvari proporciuli sistema, romelic mere, aTwleulebisa da saukuneebis mixedviT, yovelTvis erTnairi araa, magram garkveul farglebSia. Zalian martivad rom vTqvaT, es ukve aris arqiteqtura, sadac vertikali, maRlivoba Senobisa, aSkarad gamoxatuli unda iyos da maSinve unda Candes _ metad an naklebad, magram unda Candes. es ase iqneba mere, ramdenime saukunis ganmavlobaSi. amas garda, yalibdeba morTvis sistema, romelSic agreTve Sedis garkveuli cvlilebebi, magram isini ukve sxva raRacasTan aris dakavSirebuli da, pirvel xanebSi, X saukunis Suidan XI saukunis Sua wlebamde, gamoixateba imiT, rom xdeba SenobaTa TaRebiT Semosaltva. es aris mamkobi TaRebi, romlebic SeiZleba TiTqosda kedelSi iyos Caweuli, CaZiruli anu kedlis sibrtyeebiT Seqmnili an kedelze zemodan dadebuli lilviT moxazuli. SeiZleba, SeTavsebuli iyos erTica da meorec. asea, magaliTad, iSxnis taZris kedlebze, sadac gasaocari plastika gamodis. mgoni, SeiZleba, calke daayeno es lilvovani TaRebi, romlebic imdenad Ronieria, rom albaT arc ki daingreva. sarkmlebsa da karebs am dros ukve ukeTdeba sapire moCarCoeba. kvlavac Sendeba nagebobebi, sadac dekori an sul ar aris, an Zalian mwiria, magram Tu aris (ukve X saukunis meore naxevridan), aseTia da ara sxvanairi. Zalian iSviaTia, 125
rom vinme isev TavsarTs iyenebdes da Tu iyenebs, e.i. Zalian ukan iyureba. mizezi SeiZleba arcodna iyos an warsulisken Segnebulad Tvalis gapareba. yovel SemTxvevaSi, es elementi aucileblad iqneba. am formebisa da elementebis saboloo Camoyalibeba da, amasTanave, Camoyalibeba mxatvruli mTelisa, sadac Cven mudmivad vxedavT moZraobas, sadac formebi Cagvagoneben Tvalis gayolebas da gancdas imisas, rom Cven Tvals vayolebT, gadavadgildebiT, radgan gvinda, davinaxoT SenobaSi kidev raRac _ am yvelafris pirveli dajameba X saukunis Sua xanebSi, ufro zustad ki, 960 wlisTvis xdeba. am dros amgvari sami sakvanZo nageboba igeba _ kumurdos taZari javaxeTSi, oSkis taZari taoSi da moqvis taZari eTnografiul afxazeTSi, anu Crdilo-dasavleT mxareSi Cveni qveynisa. ori maTgani dRes CvenTvis miudgomelia. isini erTmaneTs Zalian naklebad hgvanan, Tqven rom erTmaneTis gverdiT fotoebi dagidon, albaT verc mixvdebiT, maT saerTo ra aqvT, Tumca mxatvruli ganazreba _ mxatvruli xedva da mizani, is zemoqmedeba, romelic Caifiqra xuroTmoZRvarma _ erTi bunebisaa. xuroTmoZRvrebi sxvadasxvani arian, maTi xedva erTnairi araa, magram erTi mimarTulebisaa. SeiZleba, es daxasiaTdes ase: erTi mxriv, es aris wagrZelebuli, SemaRlebuli nagebobebi, romlebSic swrafva zeviT da win Zalian gamoxatulia. es aris nagebobebi, romlebSic Tqven xedavT formis formaSi gadasvlas. Tumca, amave dros, es aris nagebobebi, romlebSic mamkobi elementebi Tu calkeuli formebi garkveul damoukideblobas mainc inarCunebs. es amgvarad SeiZleba warmoidginos adamianma (es saxe, Sedareba, bevri wlis win movigone da mrcxvenia, rom erTsa da imaves vimeoreb, magram ra vqna, ukeTesi ar mafiqrdeba): es zustad isea, rogorc mTis mdinaris Wavli, romelic moedineba da uceb SeCerdeba, Tuki qva daxvdeba. SeCerebebi rom ar iyos, Cven albaT mdinaris siswrafes ver davinaxavdiT, Seyovneba rom ar iyos, siswrafes ver SevafasebdiT an davinaxavdiT, magram moZraobas ver aRviqvamdiT. Cven, am SemTxvevaSi, mas aRviqvamT imitom, rom qvam Seayovna. Semouara qvas 126
wyalma da gaagrZela moZraoba, dineba xom ar Sewyvetila? Tumca Cven davinaxeT, rogor Seayursa man Tavisi energia, raTa daZlios dabrkoleba. CemTvis X saukunis arqiteqturuli forma aseTia. davuSvaT, kumurdos taZarSi SigniT SexvediT. maRali sivrcea, Tvali zeviT wavida da odnav Seyovnda. iq svetis Tavze festonebia, Semdeg svetis Tavia, Semdeg patara elementia gasaRebis gasayreliviT, CuqurTmaa am elementebze da warmoidgineT, isea mozomili am CuqurTmis siRrme Tu zoma, rom maRalzec kargad Cans. Tvali Seyovnda, magram ar gaCerda. forma moZraobs, magram odnavi plastikuri aqcentebi aqvs. formis aseTi gancda CemTvis formulisebr aris gamoxatuli afra-trompiT, romelic ukve vaxseneT. trompi aris zedapiri, romelic Tvals aCerebs imitom, rom patara mRvimesaviTaa. afra is zedapiria, romelic Tvals ar aCerebs. konstruqciulad aSeneben afras da Sig svamen tromps. ratom? etyoba, undaT, rom Tvali Seyovndes, magram ara ise, rogorc mas namdvili trompi gaaCerebda, Seyovndes odnav mainc _ aRiqvas kvanZi, rogorc aseTi, dainaxos, rom es zemswrafi energia marTlac didi energiaa da zeviT rom avides, kidev unda gadalaxos, ai, es elementi. da marTlac, TiTqos ganicdeba Rone, energia, romelic cxovrobs formaSi da romelsac SeuZlia, gaaerTianos es plastikurad gamokveTili elementebi, Tanac, miuxedavad maTi arsebobisa, SeinarCunos erTianoba. gava sul cota xani, naxevari saukune da ostatebs aRar moundebaT aseTi dabrkolebebis Seqmna, maT moundebaT swored erTianad medini forma, magram X saukuneSi amgvari dauSromeli moZraoba Tvalisa jer mainc ar undaT _ maT undaT, gangvacdevinon sxvagvari energiuloba. piradad CemTvis X saukunis xuroTmoZRvreba (da marTali rom vTqva, ar mgonia mTlad subieqturi viyo, Tumca me is Zalian momwons da amitom SeiZleba ufro mZafrad aRviqvam) es aris arqiteqtura, romelic aSkarad gagrZnobinebT masSi Cadebul Zalian did Zalas. es aris arqiteqtura, romelSic uzarmazari energia feTqavs. ufro daxvewil (ara ukeTesobis, aramed Camoqnilobis TvalsazrisiT) XI saukunis arqiteqturaSi es Zala naklebia, 127
SeiZleba, mxolod alaverdis taZars aqvs _ iq imxela moculobebia, rom es moaqvs, X saukunis sruliad rigiT, xuroTmoZRvrulad zogjer arcTu mniSvnelovan nagebobebSi ki Tundac erTmaneTze Sewyobili ucnauri, didi qvebi Tqven am Zalas yovelTvis gagrZnobineben. TiTqos am nagebobebs sxva zomis adamianebi aSeneben, mTlad devebi da goliaTebi ara, magram sxvanairad Ronierebi. TiTqos did qvebs mxarze ase TamaS-TamaS wamoigdeben, mere mivlen da pirdapir kedels daadeben, iqve duRabic gamzadebulia, daadeben da meore didi lodis mosatanad midian. Tanac am yvelaferSi Cans kidev erTi sxva Tviseba. axla rasac vityvi, unda mapatioT, radgan albaT Zalian elitaristulad da cudad JRers. marina cvetaevas aqvs erTi leqsi, romelsac Tavisi gardacvlili nacnobis xsovnas uZRvnis. is moskovis samxatvro akademiaSi msaxiobebs qcevis wesebs aswavlida da Tavadac cnobili iyo imiT, rom Tavis daWera uzadod icoda. 1918 wels gardaicvala. axali momxdari iyo bolSevikuri revolucia da iyo umkacresi zamTari, SimSili, erTi sityviT, yvelaferi is, rac nebismier omsa da gadatrialebas mosdevs. cvetaeva aseT rames ambobs, koJrebiani xelebis bnel samefoSi daikrifa Seni ulamazesi xelebio. Cveni xelovneba da, mgonia, rom saerTod aranairi namdvili xelovneba, iseve, rogorc araferi namdvilad azriani, ar iqmneba koJriani xelebiT. koJriani xeli, Tu is namdvil Semoqmeds ekuTvnis, iseTia, rom koJrs veRar xedavT, koJri am xelis nawili xdeba da Tu amCnevT, rogori gawamebulia adamiani, ramxela jafa CaanTxia Tavis SemoqmedebaSi, e.i. raRac rigze ver aris mis romanSi, filosofiur traqtatSi, simfoniasa Tu nagebobaSi. aseTi kanonzomierebac arsebobs, araabsoluturi _ bevri ram, rac aRiqmeba, rogorc Zalian iolad gakeTebuli, didi wvalebiTaa Seqmnili, magram es ver unda igrZnoT. ramdeni saaTi dasWirda, vTqvaT, meviolines, rom Seesrulebina raRac pasaJi, Cveni saqme ar aris. man me unda momasmeninos musika da masSi ar unda iyos wvaleba. sxvaTa Soris, Sefasebis erT-erTi kriteriumi aseTia: Tuki grZnobT, rom adamiani swrafad ukravs, 128
es niSnavs, rom is mTlad kargad ver ukravs. kargad rodesac ukraven, Tqven es imdenad martivi geCvenebaT, rom sul ver aRiqvamT, raime teqnikuri dabrkoleba Tu arsebobda. Tuki fiqrobT, rogor moaxerxa musikosma amodena akordis aReba, raRac rigze ver aris, raRac daZleuli ar aris. ai, am arqiteqturaSi aris energia, romelsac koJrebi ar uCndeba, romelsac SeuZlia yvelaferi TamaS-TamaS Seqmnas, oRond, es ar aris lazRandaroba. es aris TamaSi im azriT, rogoriTac TamaSi SeiZleba yofiliyo romeliRac, cxadia, araqristianuli, sataZro qmedeba an daviT winaswarmetyvelis rokva kidobanTan. es TamaSia im gagebiT, rom ar aris aucilebeli cxovrebiseulad _ arc muclis amosayorad, arc tkbi li ZilisaTvis da arc gasaTbobad. es raRac sxvisTvis aris saWiro. is TiTqos Tavisufalia yofis borkilebisagan da aris mxolod ise, rogorc Semoqmedeba. ai, am azriTaa TamaS-TamaSi, TamaSi, romelic SeiZleba ufro seriozulia, vidre bevri sxva ram, magaliTad, romelime ormos amoTxra, raTa mere qvemodan wyali amovides. kargi ram aris Wa, magram albaT yvelaze kargi maSin aris, rodesac xedavT imas, rom is lamazia da ara mxolod imas, rom is sasargebloa. am xelovnebaSi, am azriT, mZime, nawvalebi araferi ar aris. es aris didi energia, romelsac ar eZneleba ragind mZime qvis atana, ragind CaxlarTuli formis gakeTeba, ragind rTuli konstruqciis amoyvana. misTvis yvelaferi aris advili. CemTvis aseTia X saukunis arqiteqtura da ase aboloebs is gardamavali xanis xuroTmoZRvrebas. aucileblad unda gaviTvaliswinoT isic, rom am dros, X saukunis meore naxevaSi, qarTul qveynebSi, SemoqmedebiTi TvalsazrisiT, aSkarad winaurdeba samxreTi saqarTvelo, bag rationTa sauflo, sadac xerxdeba erTgvari dajameba yvelafrisa, rac maSin mTel saqarTveloSi xdeboda. es pirveli Sejamebaa, mere, rogorc Cans, kidev iqneba. am SemTxvevaSi, aSkaraa _ is aboloebs dekoratiuli elementebis Camoqnas. swored aq, samxreT saqarTveloSi, Cven pirvelad vxedavT am elementebs Camoyalibebuli saxiT. aq vxedavT Tugind afra-tromps, 129
vxedavT TaRTa amgvar sistemebs. dasrulebuli saxiT isini aq, samxreT saqarTveloSia, Tumca maTi winasaxeebi qarTlSia, kaxeTSia. xdeba bagrationTa saxlis aRzeveba, Tumca, sxvaTa Soris, TavisTavad bagrationebis SigniT am dros didi siamtkbiloba araa da maincdamainc Zlieri Tavad es saxlic ver aris imitom, rom erTmaneTs ebrZvian. mogexsenebaT, Tu Signidan gaiyo ojaxi, es didi ubedurebaa, magram SemoqmedebiTad aq raRac xdeba. axla rac unda vTqva, mistikas hgavs da amitom jobia, axsnas Tavi davanebo, ubralod faqtia, rom es ase moxda. ai, aq, am monastrebSi, romelTagan zogierTi jer kidev TviTon wm. grigolma Seqmna, grigol xanZTelisagan micemuli biZgiT wamovida mZlavri samonastro moZraoba. mis xanZTaSi Sendeba, magaliTad, X saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi taZari, romelic momdevno arqiteqturuli ZiebisaTvis umniSvnelovanesia, erT-erTi sakvanZoa. kidevac viciT misi avtoris saxeli _ amona _ romelic Semogvinaxa giorgi merCulem da mas araCveulebrivi daxasiaTebac aqvs: akurTxos RmerTma amona, yovliTa sibrZniTa ganmasrulebeli xanZTisaÁ. ra Tqma unda, merCulem is gamoarCia da sul 20 welia, rac gairkva, rom srulebiT samarTlianadac gamoarCia. b-nma vaxtang jobaZem aCvena, rom swored xanZTis taZari aris is mijna, romlis Semdegac iwyeba ukve raRac sxva. X saukunis xuroTmoZRvreba aq aris. saboloo saxe mas jer ar miuRia, magram aqedan modis yvelaferi, rac mere Camoyalibdeba. erTgvari Semobrunebis wertili aris aq da Semdeg ukve kvlavac bagrationTagan daarsebul sxva monastrebSic _ oSkSi, xaxulSi, oTxTa eklesiaSi Tu ramdenimegzis gadakeTebul-ganaxlebul iSxanSi _ romlebic agrZeleben samxreT qarTul saeklesio tradicias. samxreTqarTuli taZrebis xuroTmoZRvrebaSi Cndeba is axali, rac Semdeg ukve XI saukuneSi nel-nela mTeli qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebisaTvis wesi Seiqneba. es ar niSnavs imas, rom saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebSi Semoqmedeba ar aris. ra Tqma unda, ara! mxolod, roca raimeze vambobT, rom aris istoriulad progresuli, vgulisxmobT, rom 130
is Semdgom povebs ganviTarebas. sadRac is ufro adre gamoCnda da es aris progresuli. raime regresuli mxatvruli RirsebiT SeiZleba ukeTesic iyos, magram is iqneba istoriulad uperspeqtivo. Tumca SeiZleba iyos perspeqtiuli, oRond ara uSualod Semdgomi aTwleulebisTvis aramed, dauSvaT, 2 saukunis Semdeg. ai, ase aris Tundac XVII saukunisa da XVIII saukunis dasawyisis evropuli musika, romelic Tavis droze daviwyebas mieca da Semdeg, XIX saukunis bolos, iZleva impulss. is impulss aZlevs ara Tavis uSualo memkvidreebs, aramed ufro Soreulebs, romlebic mas pirdapir baZaven. am azriT, swored istoriuli progresulobis TvalsazrisiT, aris Zalian mniSvnelovani am xanis samxreTqarTuli, pirvel yovlisa, taos, arqiteqturuli qmnilebebi. am nagebobaSi (ufro zustad, or nagebobaSi, romelTagan erTi ar viciT da mxolod vvaraudobT, rom aseTi iyo), romelic Tumc Zalian Selaxuli, nakluli, magram mainc SemogvrCa, gasaxierda istoriulad sxvadasxva kuTxobrivi nakadebis Sexvedra da samxreTqarTuli nakadis erTgvari gamarjveba moxda. es is nagebobebia, romlebic bagrat III-is saxels ukavSirdeba. mogexsenebaT, bagrat III is xelmwifea, romlis xelSic, farnavazisa da vaxtang gorgaslis Semdeg, kidev erTxel moxda istoriuli saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela miwis gaerTianeba. TiTqmis yvelasi, radgan darCa Tbilisi _ Tbilisis saamiro _ romelic man ver moipova, xolo danarCeni saqarTvelo raRac dros gaaerTiana. albaT yvela mixvdeba, rom am taZarTagan erT-erTi aris quTaisis e.w. bagratis taZari, sinamdvileSi _ RvTismSoblis miZinebis quTaisis saepiskoposo eklesia. 1990-iani wlebidan araerTxel dadga misi aRgenis sakiTxi da ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom erT-erTi argumenti, erT-erTi gulistkivili iyo swored is, rom ar SeiZleba, dangreuli iyos saqarTvelos erTianobis ganmasaxierebeli taZari. amas pirdapir ambobda, Tu ar vcdebi, b-ni rezo WeiSvili: es aris gansaxiereba erTianobisa, rogor gvinda, gagvierTiandes qveyana, Tuki misi simbolo dangreuli da Tavgadaxdili gvaqvs?! 131
SeiZleba, viRacisTvis es paTetika iyos, magram ase ar aris imitom, rom yvelaferi, rac adamianma Seqmna, sxva adamianebisaTvis istoriis msvlelobisas damatebiT datvirTvas iZens. Cven viciT, rom bagratis gvirgvinqveS gaerTianda saqarTvelo da man es taZari srulebiT sagangebod aaSena. mematiane pirdapir ambobs, yvela kuTxis episkoposi moiyvana da ise akurTxebinao. ratom? man TviTonve Cado es datvirTva, gana Cven movigoneT, gana marto Cven amovikiTxeT. ase dainaxes es mis dros, ase vxedavT Cven dResac da es imas niSnavs, rom misi survili, misi idea marTlac xorcSesxmulia. is agrZelebs arsebobas im formiT, romelic ostatisa Tu ostatTagan Seiqmna. ra da rogor aris aq, amaze ukve Semdgom visaubroT.
132
8. afxazeTis arqiteqtura Cven, erTi SexedviT, davasruleT saubari X saukunis xuroTmoZRvrebaze da kidevac vTqviT, rom XI saukunem erTgvarad daabolova X saukunis ostatebis SemoqmedebiTi Rwva, Zieba, da muSaoba. Tumca dagvrCa, ufro sworad, migvrCa, sakiTxi, romelzec aucileblad unda iTqvas, vinaidan is ukidure sad saWirborotoa. albaT saWiro ar iqneba bevri ganmarteba, Tu vityvi, rom es afxazeTis xuroTmoZRvruli Zeglebis problemaa. afxazeTis, dRevandeli afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis, farglebSi moqceuli arqiteqtura ukve karga xania aris viTom mecnieruli da sinamdvileSi Zalian gamWvirvale politikuri miTqma-moTqmisa da pirdapiri spekulirebis sagani. 1970-ian wlebSi, jer kidev 1960-iani wlebis bolodanac, iwereboda xan wignebi, xan werilebi, romlebic iseT STabeWdilebas qmnida, TiTqos afxazeTi sadRac italiasa da saberZneTs Soris yofiliyo ganlagebuli. yovel SemTxvevaSi, masze raRacnairad mTeli qveyniereba axdenda gavlenas da erTaderTi qveyana, romelsac masTan aranairi kavSiri ar hqonda, saqarTvelo iyo. savsebiT gasagebia, ratomac iwereboda ase, magram faqtia, rom am Zalian saeWvo xarisxis msjelobebma da kvlevebma (e.w. kvlevebma) nayofi moitana. faqtia isic, rom Seiqmna ideologia, romelic afxazeTis dRevandeli mcxovreblebis albaT Zalian didi nawilis TavSi damkvidrebulia da gansazRvravs sakuTari qveynis istoriis imgvar xedvas, rogoric maT aqvT. Zalian uxeSad rom vTqvaT, is gamoiyureba ase: yvelaferi bizantiuri iyo, Semdeg ki, X saukunis bolos an sulac XI saukuneSi, Semovarda aRmosavleTi saqarTvelo, daipyro afxazeTi da iq Tavis gemoze aSenebda eklesiebs. ai, ase gamoiyureba es istoria imitom, rom erTaderTi, rac SeuZliaT daasaxelon afxazeTis Taviseburebad isaa, rom is bizantiuria. magaliTad, xdeba aseTi ambebic: erTi iq mcxovrebi rusi qalbatoni, Zalian naklebad sindisieri mkvlevari, aTariRebs erT-erT 133
filas, romelic ueWvelad X saukunisaa, magram mas unda, rom is V saukunis iyos. rogor aTariRebs? aiRo XX saukunis naqargoba, gakeTebuli gaugebari warmoSobis nimuSiT, romelic namdvilad araa Sesrulebuli V saukunis CanaxatebiT da gamoacxada, rom es aris afxazuri folkloris motivi. saocrad uwignuri daskvnaa, radgan farSevangebis motivs afxazur folklorTan dakavSireba sul ar sWirdeboda. Semdeg ufro seriozulma mkvlevrebma am Taviseburebis ZiebaSi gamoTqves, magaliTad, mosazreba, rom biWvinTis mozaikaze gamosaxuli furi Tu xbo aris romeliRac afxazur leqssa Tu legendaSi. ukiduresad araseriozulia, vifiqroT, rom V saukuneSi viRacam an maincdamainc es legenda gaiTvaliswina, an maincdamainc es leqsi da saerTodac, aris ki es imdroindeli? Tanac furi nuTu dedamiwaze sxvagan arsad yofila da imdenad specifikurad afxazuri movlenaa, rom marto am motiviT SegviZlia rame saerTod davasabuToT? aseT msjelobebs, aseT wiaRsvlebs SeuZlia, moitanos mxolod ziani da, ra Tqma unda, maT es ziani moitanes. kidev erTi Zalian cudi ram, rac amgvar fsevdomecnierebas Wirs, is aris, rom, Semdeg, rodesac mas gaabaTileben da gaamtyuneben, eWvis qveS dgeba saerTod yovelgvari codna da saWiro xdeba imis mtkiceba, rom qva qva aris da aguri aguria. amitom araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda gadavdgaT aseTi daufiqrebeli da politizebuli nabijebi. mecnierebze ver vityvi, magram, samwuxarod, am mxriv, arc garkveuli tipis qarTveli gamomsvlelebi da oratorebi arian mTlad ucodvelni imitom, rom maTac bevri daufiqrebeli da mouzomavi uTqvamT, ramac uamravi ubedureba moitana da kvlavac moaqvs. me mainc vfiqrob, rom jobs, yovelgvar Teorias Tavi davaneboT da ubralod SevxedoT imas, Tu ra aris saqarTvelos am mxareSi SemorCenili. pirvel yovlisa, gavixsenoT misi geografiuli sazRvrebi. Cven xom viciT _ avtonomiuri respublika ar emTxveva eTnografiul afxazeTs. eTnografiuli afxazeTi iwyeboda ufro CrdiloeTiT. kargi, amasac Tavi davaneboT imitom, rom gansaxleba Tavad afxazebisa cvalebadia da SeiZleba raRac dros isini aqeT iyvnen da mere iqiT 134
wavidnen an, piriqiT, jer viwrod iyvnen da mere gansaxldnen. davaneboT amas Tavi da vilaparakoT imaze, rac am dRevandel sazRvrebSi dgas. jer erTi, rac SemorCenilia, bevri ar aris _ aris nagebobebi, romlebic arqeologiuri gaTxrebiTaa gamovlenili, aris Zalian dangreuli taZrebic, aris iseTebic, romlebic dgas, magram amgvari viTarebis SemTxvevaSic ki srulebiT aSkaraa ori movlena. marTlac aris nagebobebi, romlebic bizantiuria. aseTi iyo, magaliTad, gegmiT SemorCenili biWvinTis bazilikebi, romlebic namdvilad mcireaziuri nimuSiT aris aSenebuli. amaSi gasakviri araferia, radgan es qalaqi aris adgilas, romelsac berZnuli saxeli hqvia. iq romauli garnizoni dgas da mosaxleoba berZnulenovania. marTalia, imave bazilikis mozaikuri iatakis warweraSi moxseniebuli saxeli arc romaulia da arc berZnuli da albaT adgilobrivi macxovreblis, mkvidris saxeli unda iyos, magram xom cxadia, rom am qalaqSi wamyvani Zala aris ucxotomeli da ara adgilobrivi kaci, romelic iq dasaxlda da maT gverdiT cxovrobs, magram warweras berZnulad wers. mas ostatebic iseTi hyavs, rom iqneb kidevac iyvnen adgilobrivni, magram maTi xelovneba, yovel SemTxvevaSi, me ase mgonia, ver CaiTvleba raime adgilobriv qarTul movlenad. es aris raRac zogadad aRmosavlurqristianuli _ is hgavs palestinurs, hgavs siriuls. aki vambob, SeiZleba aqauri ostatia an SeiZleba ar aris aqauri ostati _ amas principuli mniSvneloba ar aqvs, radgan, rogorc mxatvruli movlena, is ar warmoadgens arafer specifikurs. gasakviri swored is iqneboda, rom am qalaqebSi uceb sveticxovlebi da mcxeTis jvris taZrebi mdgariyo. es iqneboda Zalian ucnauri, miT umetes, rom, rogorc etyoba, es wminda wylis bizantiuri samSeneblo xelovneba sakmaod Semosulia dasavleT saqarTveloSi da egriseli, berZnuli nomenklaturiT _ lazikis, mefeebis dedaqalaqi noqalaqevi imdagvarivea. iqac mowveuli ostatebi aSeneben. rogorc Cans, adgilobriv xelisufals ase urCevnia da es bunebrivia, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom berZnebi iq, sul cota, Zv.w. V saukunidan mainc saxloben. warmogidgeniaT, 135
1 000 weli iq arian?! Tanac es aris dawinaurebuli kultura, romelic egviptesa da romsac ki moaxvies Tavs da lazikaSi ratom ar moaxdenda gavlenas? ufro ucnauri isaa, rom bevr rameze ver moaxdina zegavlena, Torem qalaqur dasaxlebebSi rom misi kvali Candes da, vTqvaT, berZen ostats epatiJebodnen, mgoni, Zalian gasagebia. aq araferi aris iseTi, rasac adamiani ver mixvdeba da ver warmoidgens. amasTan erTad, aris sxva movlenebic. magaliTad, yovelTvis vambob da SeiZleba vaxsene kidec, rom VI saukuneSi gagraSi gvaqvs eklesia _ sameklesiiani bazilika, dgas cixis gverdiT, romelic aaSenes bizantielebma da imave wyobiT aris aSenebuli qarTuli tipis eklesia. absoluturad gaugebaria, es rogor moxda da ratom aaSenes is ostatebma, romlebic bizantiurma xelisuflebam daiqirava da albaT Tavisi xalxi uTava. ar mgonia, mTaSi wasuliyvnen, svani CamoeyvanaT da eTqvaT, Sen aaSeneo, albaT mainc vinme Tavisas etyodnen. ratom aaSena man qarTuli rigis eklesia? SeiZleba, eklesias adgilobrivi ostati aSenebs da cixes _ sxva. Tu asea, maSin wyoba ratom hgavs ase? SeiZleba, damkveTma uTxra, amisTana amiSene, raki me miSenebo da me Tu mkiTxavT, es ufro ucnauria. Cven aseve gvaqvs drandis taZari. is didi xnis ganmavlobaSi saepiskoposo iyo da piradad me viziareb mis daTariRebas VIII saukuniT. es aris berZnuli arqiteqtura _ nagebi aguriT, aguris imgvari wyobiT, romelic iq iyo miRebuli, Zalian ganieri proporciebiTa da dabali gumbaTiT, rogoric adrebizantiurma xuroTmoZRvrebam icis. SigniT gumbaTi rotondaze dgas, rac Cveni arqiteqturisaTvis agreTve sakmaod ucxoa (Tumca aris erTi rotonda, romelic dmanisTan aRmoCnda, magram is sworedac rom gamonaklisia da ara wesi. iqac, vfiqrob, es erTgvari importia, saidanRac Semovida da albaT mosaZebnia politikuri garemoeba, romelmac es SesaZlebeli gaxada, maSin gavigebT, is iq rogor gaCnda). ucnauri is aris, rom am berZnul xelobasac aqvs detalebi da, rogorc Cans, isinic romeliRac sxva wyarodan modis _ patara TaRukebi, romlebic taZris sam Sveril afsids erTmaneTTan akavSirebs. me sagangebod veZebe 136
es forma da ver vipove _ bizantiurma samyarom aseTi forma ar icis. samagierod, es TaRebi Zalian kargad ebmis mcxeTis jvris taZrebs, sadac sworad asea _ Sua da gverdiT oTaxebs Soris TaRebia gadebuli da warmoiqmneba niSebi. ver warmomidgenia, kidev saidan SeiZleboda es gaCeniliyo, radgan aseT afsidian sakurTxevlebs sxvagan amgvari forma ar axasiaTebs da aqve ki, gverdiT, aseTi ram arsebobs. aki vambob, ucnuri es aris, rom qarTulma elementma SeJona da ara is, rom berZenma aaSena iq, sadac bevri berZeni cxovrobs. miT umetes, iq maSin saepiskoposo saydrebic iyo da namdvilad berZeni episkoposebi isxdnen. daaxloebiT amave dros, cota adre, kidev erTi sameklesiiani bazilika Sendeba _ cixis SigniT dgas cixis eklesiad. es abaanTas cixea. Zalian dangreuli, magram Tlili qviT Zalian kargad nagebi mSvenieri eklesiaa. is ratomRac qarTuli tipisaa da isic ar aris zRvis sanapirodan didad dacilebuli. gadis cota xani da aseve zRvasTan axlos, biWvinTis siaxloves, daaxloebiT IX saukuneSi didebul adgilas (dResac ki tyea) Sendeba mSvenieri eklesia (am adgils ambara hqvia, koncxze dgas, es koncxi miuseraa). dazianebuli, magram Zalian kargi sameklesiiani bazilikaa. samxreTidan aqvs karibWe, rogoric qarTlsa da samxreT saqarTveloSi icodnen, SemaRlebuli frontoniT _ am tipis erT-erTi adreuli gverdiTi moculoba taZrisa. amas garda, SigniT taZars aqvs patronike. dasavleT mxares iq narTeqsia mowyobili, imis Tavze aris patronike da Sua taZrisgan is gaiyofa tixriT, romelSic aris amoRebuli ori TaRi. imis Tavze kidev erTi TaRia, oRond es sarTuli ar aris, iq iataki ar yofila, is wminda wylis dekoria. aseTi patronikes erTaderTi SemTxveva aris gurjaanis yvelawmindaSi. srulebiT aSkaraa, es gurjaanis yvelawmindidan gadmovida da, Cans, moewonaT kidec imitom, rom albaT cota gvian am motivs imeorebs ukve gumbaTiani arqiteqtura lixnis anu zufus taZarSi. iq aris aseTive tixari, kaxeTidan wamosuli. me ar minda vTqva, rom es aRmosavleTqarTuli importia, rom mivida qarTleli an kaxeli, auSena eklesia da ukan dab137
runda. es ase ar aris. iq sxva proporciebia, odnav gansxvavebuli sivrciTi struqturaa. vTqvaT, rogorc kaxeTi gansxvavdeba qarTlisagan, megruli simRera _ gurulisagan, aseTi sxvaobebi namdvilad aris. am kuTxes aqvs Tavisi xuroTmoZRvruli saxe, magram Tavs iCens es ucnauri saerTooba danarCen saqarTvelosTan. is marTla ucnauria, istoriuli garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, roca viciT, rom aq aris dominacia. raRaca dros aq saxelmwifo saerTod ar aris da zis bizantieli xelmwifis warmomadgeneli _ aRmosavleT romis imperatoris xelisufali. ratom Sendeba am tipis qarTuli eklesiebi? es ucnauria, gacilebiT ufro ucnauri, vidre sawinaaRmdego. da mere, ukve IX saukunis bolodan, Cven vxedavT srulebiT kanonzomier suraTs, rogor Sendeba eklesiebi da maTSi Zalian sagulisxmoa Semdegi: erTxel Sexedav da geCveneba _ ara, es albaT bizantielebisaa, mere iwyeb Zebnas, Tu ra aris bizantielebTan amdagvari da ver poulob. ver poulob imitom, rom ar aris. rodesac ufro CauRrmavdebi, aRmoaCen, rom aq qarTuli arqiteqturisaa sworedac rom ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi da aris kidev cal-calke formebi, romlebic bizantiuri arqiteqturidanaa SeTvisebuli. kidev vimeoreb _ savsebiT bunebrivia, Tu ratom. ra aris es taZrebi, pirvel yovlisa? es aris mSveneba am kuTxis xuroTmoZRvrebisa _ ramdenime gumbaTiani taZari. maTgan, rogorc Cans, uadresi, samwuxarod, Zalian dangreulia, magram ZiriTadi elementebi SenarCunebulia. es aris bzifis cixe da misi cixis eklesia. ar vici, ra mouvida _ gumbaTi Cangreulia da misi mklavebi gapobilia. iqneb mizezi mewyeria an miwisZvra. aseTi ngrevis suraTia, magram ar gaZarcula _ yvelaferi, rac Camovarda, iqve aris. ase rom, q-nma rusudan gverdwiTelma am taZris grafikuli rekonstruqcia srulad, udanakargod moaxerxa. yvela formis rekonstruireba iyo SesaZlebeli. rogoria es taZrebi? es aris e.w. Cawerili jvris eklesiebi anu gumbaTi oTx burjs eyrdnoba da Cveni, ase vTqvaT, modaveni gveubnebian, rom aseTi eklesiebi miRebulia bizantiaSi. ra 138
Tqma unda, miRebulia! is iq fexs ikidebs X saukunis dasawyisidan da CvenSi dasturdeba VII saukunidan. logikurad, ra Tqma unda, SeiZleboda iqidan Semosuliyo, magram aranakleb logikuria ivaraudo, rom es Semovida iqidan, sadac ukeTesad aris cnobili. Tumca es varaudad darCeboda, bzifis taZars samkauli rom ar hqonoda. saerTod, afxazeTis skola qvaze kveTil dekors maincdamainc ar swyalobs, Tumca aseTi skolebic viciT. vTqvaT, qarTli da samxreTi saqarTvelo dekoris moyvarulia, magram, gamorCeuli dekoriani Zeglebis gverdiT, aris umkobi Zeglebic. zogadad, saukeTesos Tu moikiTxav, samkauli, rogorc wesi, aqvs. kaxeTSi es ase ar aris, naklebad aris afxazeTSic da naklebad aris, magaliTad, svaneTSic, romelsac bizantiurobas, tyavidanac rom gamoZvre, mainc ver daabraleb, bizantiurTan saerTo sul araferia, magram arc iq aris samkauli, Zalian mwiri da iSviaTia. SeiZleba, es pirdapir davabraloT masalas, magram mainc mgonia, rom, Tu adamians raRac Zalian unda, qvasac iSovis da rasac ginda moitans. roca adamianebs raRac undaT, isini amas axerxeben, Tu ar akeTeben, e.i. amis moTxovnileba ar aqvT. ai, ratom aris ase, es ki albaT ukve saZiebelia. SeiZleba, amas rame axsna moeZebnos. piradad me, amwuTas raime mecnieruli axsna ar meguleba _ ase aris da morCa, unda davadasturoT aseTi viTareba. asea Tu ise, bzifis taZris sarkmlebs aqvs mosarTavebi da dekoratiuli TaRovani CarCo karzec aris Semovlebuli, xolo qvaze kveTiloba _ sami jvari, erTmaneTSi gayrili rgolebi, TavsarTi akecili boloebiT _ Zalian hgavs qarTlis arqiteqturas. rodesac am fragmentebs Sexedav da dainaxav, ramdeni wamoiRes iqidan, mere ukve aRar fiqrob, rom maincdamainc bizantiidan unda moetanaT. miT umetes, roca uyureb, rom taZris samive kars (sami Sesasvleli aqvs samTave mklavSi) win udgas veeberTela karibWeebi, TiTqmis mklavisxela, winpirze didi TaRebiT. aseTi karibWeebi cnobilia aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, kaxeTSi _ meti arsad! aseTebi aqvs iyalTos monastris mTavar taZars (da axla kidev momixdeba iyalTos xseneba), aris sxva eklesiebSic, hqonda barcanas eklesias, magaliTad, 139
saingilos erT eklesias aqvs, qarTlis namonastralia da iqac aris. es aris kaxuri forma. aris kaxuri karibWeebi, qarTluri ornamentebi da ratom unda vifiqroT, rom gegmareba maincdamainc saidanRac aris motanili? gansxvavebuli Tu rame aris, esaa afrebi, romlebic ostatebs SeeZloT drandaSi enaxaT. ufro sworad, afras ver naxavdnen, radgan is rotondas ar sWirdeba, magram es Semrgvalebuli zedapiri, romelzec gumbaTi amodis, SeeZloT iqve enaxaT. ar iyo saWiro Sors wasvla da mixvedra, rogor xdeba misi amoyvana. Tundac samafsidiani sakurTxeveli drandaSic iyo da aqaurobamac icoda. aqvs ganTiadis bazilikasac, am Zalian ucnaur nagebobas, romlis daTariRebac Wirs. Tan samxreTkav kasiuria, Tan TiTqos mcireaziuric, SeiZleba raRac balkanuric hqondes Sereuli, is ki aris rTuli SemTxveva da Cven ar vmalavT, rom es savsebiT gasagebi arqiteqtura araa. ratom unda vTqvaT tyuili? iq aris bevri ram, rac rTulad gasagebia da kidev muSaobas moiTxovs. Cven erTmniSvnelovnad arc ki viciT, kamarovani iyo is Tu xiT gadaxuruli. piradad me viziareb b-ni leo rCeuliSvilis azrs, rom is kamarovani iyo. ase mgonia, radgan b-n leosTan erTad rac vnaxe, amaze miuTiTebda, magram rakiRa viRacas eWvi epareba, kidev da kidev unda SevamowmoT. me, rogorc wesi, am eklesias ar ganvixilav, imitom rom Zalian bevri ram aris iq saTuo da Tanac uanalogo, rac saqmes arTulebs, magram samnawiliani sakurTxeveli iq aris. Sesabamisad, es formac, orive es forma, aq ukve aris, maT es ukve ician. diax, mcire aziidan Semovida, rasakvirvelia, magram aq is ukve kargad aris cnobili. aSkarad bizantiuri elementi aqvs lixnis anu zufus eklesias, romelic axlaxan vaxsene. iq aris Taviseburi forma gumbaTisa, romelic TiTqos lebnebisganaa Sedgenili. warmoidgineT forToxali da misi nawevrebi, romlebic SeRrmavebuli iqneboda. kovziT Tu amoiRebdiT da Semdeg raRacas daaxuravdiT, aseT gumbaTs miiRebdiT. ingliselebma amas `gogrisebri gumbaTi“ daarqves. es specifikurad bizantiuri, konstantinopoluri formaa. viRacas moewona da Camoitana, magram danar140
Cens ra vuyoT? jer erTi, lixnis taZari Zlier wagrZelebulia maSin, roca bzifis taZari sworkuTxa iyo. saqme isaa, rom bzifis taZari ufro Zveli unda iyos anu kvadratuls mosdevs wagrZelebuli. es amdroindeli bizantiisaTvis absoluturad gaugebari ramaa, radgan VII saukunidan bizantiaSi, piriqiT, V da VI saukuneebis droindeli grZivi gegmebis damokleba da dakvadrateba xdeba. Suabizantiur da gvianbizantiur arqiteqturaSi yvela gegma kvadratulia da SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom rihard krauthaimers, arqiteqturis istoriis cnobil mkvlevars, akvirvebs trapezundis aia sofia, romelic odnav wagrZelebulia. ar gaukvirdeboda, rom gaexeda samxreT kavkasiisaken da enaxa, rom iq aris aseTi eklesiebi, sadac Cawerili jvris tipis eklesia wagrZelebuli gegmis mqonea. bizantiam es ar icis, iq amas, ubralod, ver naxavT. Tanac aseTi Tanmimdevroba _ kvadratuli da wagrZelebuli _ bizantiuri arqiteqturis istoriidan gamomdinare, ubralod, absurdulia. iq ase ar SeiZleba, piriqiT unda iyos da Cveni masala ki amis saSualebas ar gvaZlevs. rogorc giTxariT, aq aris gurjaanidan wamosuli patronikes gaformebis sqema. aris Zalian sada kedlebi, romlebSic amoWrilia viwro sarkmlebi da Tqven sul xedavT kedels. esec pirdapir gamomricxvelia bizantiuri esTetikisa. berZnul (mcireazieli berZnebis, kontinetis berZnebisa Tu balkaneTis berZnebis) arqiteqturaSi xdeba aseTi ucnauri ram _ aris erTi sarkmeli, uyurebT fasads, xedavT sarkmels da kedels ver xedavT. marTali giTxraT, me yovelTvis ar SemiZlia avxsna, ratom aris es ase, magram aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac es aSkaraa. ai, magaliTad, dafnis eklesiebs rom SexedoT an hosios-lukasis monastrisas, es aris kedeli, romelSic amoRebulia sammagi sarkmlebi da Zalian cota kedelia darCenili. sul sarkmlebs da am sarkmlebis gamyof svetebs xedavT, sul Riobebia. ase aris konstantinopoluri eklesiebi _ kedlebi sul RiobebiT aris axdili. esTetika Riobzea agebuli, misi dasayrdeni es aris. Cveni gare fasadis esTetika agebulia imgvari sibrtyis aRqmaze, romelSic amoRebulia Riobi. asea ara 141
imitom, rom me minda ase, aramed aseTia es arqiteqtura da amave tradicias emxroba bzifis taZaric da lixnis eklesiac. CemTvis, rogorc istorikosisaTvis, yvelaze saintereso imis gaanalizeba iyo, Tu ra gveucxoeba Cven lixneSi. gveucxoeba is, rom patara gumbaTi aqvs _ grZeli nagebobaa da patara gumbaTi adgas. iqve aris es didi `kaxuri~ karibWeebi. SeiZleba afxazuric davarqvaT, magram es isaa, rac kaxeTsa da afxazeTs saziaro aqvT. aseTive didi karibWeebia, srulebiT abizantiuri da zeviT _ es patara gumbaTi. marTali giTxraT, mec vifiqre, etyoba, iqidan aris-meTqi. es Zalian didi xnis win moxda, 1975 wels viyavi afxazeTSi. Tan vfiqrob, bizantiaSi sad aris aseTi gumbaTebi, TiTqos ar maxsovs, magram aba saidan movida? mgoni, roca Camovedi, raRac damWirda da daviwye Zebna, gadameSala Tu gadavSale wigni iyalTos monasterze, romelic amas winaT vaxsene. iyalTos dRes maRali gumbaTis yeli aqvs da Cvens Tvals es Zalian moswons _ grZeli eklesia, zed maRali gumbaTi adgas, Zalian kargad aris Sewonasworebuli. mTeli saqme is gaxlavT, rom es gumbaTi aris XIX saukunis, Tu maincdamainc _ XVIII saukunis. ufro adre is ver aSendeboda. rom warmovidginoT, rogori gumbaTi SeiZleboda iq yofiliyo adre (arada viciT, rogori proporcia hqonda maSin gumbaTebs), gamova, rom gumbaTis gadaxurvis wveri unda iyos iq, sadac dRes aris gumbaTis yelis karnizi da miviRebT swored iseTive patara gumbaTs, rogoric lixnes aqvs. mere sul vfiqrobdi, rom rac bizantiuri megona, swored is aRmoCnda kaxeTTan saziaro da sadac bizantias veZebdi, iq vipove saqarTvelo. RmerTma icis, aseT rames verc ki warmovidgendi, rom ar menaxa. namdvilad, sadac ucxo vigule, iq aRmoCnda Cemeburi. TavisTavad es xom sagulisxmoa da aris kidev erTi ram Zalian arsebiTi: gumbaTis yeli aq burjebs emyareba da burjis kapiteli pirdapir gumbaTqveSa TaRis qveS aris maSin, roca bizantiur arqiteqturaSi ase araa. iq burjis an svetis kapiteli qvemoT aris, Semdeg kedelia da Semdeg ukve gumbaTi Cndeba. ai, es _ pirdapir burjebze dadgmuli gumbaTi _ iq 142
Zalian iSviaTia, ar aris cnobili. Cvens arqiteqturaSi erTaderTi gamonaklisi arsebobs _ qsnis armazis eklesia, sadac, rogorc Cans, iTamaSa ostatma da ar vici, sad hqonda nanaxi, magram raRac ucxo yaidaze gaakeTa, etyoba, Tavi moiwona, amnairic vici, Tqven rom ar gagigiaT, me amisTanas gagikeTebTo. CvenTan es yvelgan aris. ase iyo bzifSi, magram, radgan bzifi dangreulia, ase TvalsaCino ar aris da lixneSi, romelic dgas, es maSinve TvalSi gxvdeba. lixnesTan aris dakavSirebuli kidev erTi saintereso ambavi. lixnis ukanaskneli safuZvliani restavracia XIV saukuneSi Catarda. Zalian cotaa Cvens qveyanaSi aseTi magaliTi, rodesac mere gadakeTeba aRar momxdara. maSin Seucvales karnizi, am srulebiT qvis eklesias aguris karnizi gaukeTes da moxates. ai, momxatveli SeiZleba saberZneTidan iyos mosuli, yovel SemTxvevaSi, esTetikiT is iqauri aris da, walenjixis mxatvrobisa ar iyos, verc amas ganvixilavT qarTul mxatvrobad. Tumca es, ra Tqma unda, qarTuli kulturis faqtia. qarTvelma damkveTma rom aseTi mxatvroba moindoma, esec raRacas ambobs. moTxovnileba rom ar yofiliyo, risTvis moiyvanda Soridan, sxva Tu araferi, es xom gacilebiT Zviri daujda? Tuki araferi daiSura, e.i. raRac undoda, raRac _ sxva. SesaZloa, mas raime ar akmayofilebda imdroindel qarTul mxatvrobaSi, romelic, mogexsenebaT, bolomde paleologosuri verafriT gaxda. Cvens ostatebs ar SeeZloT, bolomde imdagvarebi yofiliyvnen, rogorebic maTi berZeni Tanamosaqmeni iyvnen. SeiZleba, am damkveTs mounda aseTi _ sul mTlad axali yaidis. iqneb isic imdroindeli progresisti iyo, ifiqra, axalia da rad minda es Tqveni Zvelmanebio da berZens dauZaxa. SeiZleba, vinme gagzavna da ostats SeuTvala, imisTanas damixatav, rogorsac isini akeTeben, Torem ar damenaxo TvaliTo, imanac iswavla da dauxata. amis Semdeg, rogorc Cans, iq icvleboda mxolod saxuravi da meti araferi. ai, ase dgas XIV saukunidan. Tumca erTi ram daekarga da es aris Zalian saintereso detali, romelic afxazur lixnis taZarsa da moqvis taZars amjerad ukve saziaro 143
aqvs wirqolTan. es aris patronikes kibe, romelic CrdiloeT kedelze modgmulia garedan. ratom akeTebdnen amas, ar vici, magram ramdenime SemTxvevaa, rodesac es asea _ ratomRac garedan adian. Tanac wirqolis eklesias ara aqvs narTeqsi, ara aqvs winkari, ara aqvs talani da imaT _ aqvT. ratom ar akeTeben Sida kibes, ar vici. ezodan siaruli miT ufro ucnauria, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom dasavleT saqarTveloSi wvima icis da ratom uxarodaT sakmaod grZel kibeze siaruli, ver getyviT. faqti arsebobs da, aki vambob, analogi mas qarTlSi aqvs. ar mgonia, maT Soris uSualo kavSiri iyos, ubralod, sainteresoa, rom aseTi damTxveva aris. arc is mgonia, rom amas JamiswirvasTan hqondes kavSiri, magram SesaZloa, es dakavSirebuli iyos cxovrebis raime rigTan, raimes CatarebasTan. ar vici, es momavalma unda aCvenos. da, bolos, Cven gvaqvs didi taZari _ ori didi taZari. erTi maTgani zustad TariRdeba. erTaderTi taZari afxazeTSi, romelsac misdauneburad (misdauneburad imitom, rom warwera ar Semogvinaxa) aqvs zusti TariRi, gaxlavT moqvis kaTedrali da afxazTa mefeebis matiane masze ambobs, rom is aaSena leon kaxTa mefem. es cnoba Semdeg Semovida qarTul matianeSic, xolo leon kaxTa mefe, Tavisda Wirad da Cvenda bedad, mefobda sul 10 weli _ 957 wlidan 967 wlamde. ai, am SualedSi unda aSenebuliyo. ar mgonia, rogorc ki gvirgvini daidga, imwamsve gaqceuliyo da taZris mSenebloba daewyo. albaT oriode wlis Semdeg, sadRac 960 wlis axlos, daiwyeboda mSenebloba da 6-7 weliwadSi SeiZleba aSenda kidec. es, samwuxarod, Zalian Selaxuli taZaria. is mitovebuli iyo da, rogorc dasavleT saqarTveloSi xdeba xolme, mieZala xviara mcenareebi. me eWvi maqvs, rom XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi is saerTodac ise gamoiyureboda, rogorc didi buCqi da, sazogadod, ar Canda. yovel SemTxvevaSi, roca ukve XX saukuneSi iq restavracia Catarda, aRmoCnda, rom Sida perangis, interieris perangis, qvebs Soris mcenareebis Zirebia da es mcenareebi ukve SigniTac iyo Sesuli. SegiZliaT, warmoidginoT, ras uzamda gare mopirkeTebas 144
es mcenareuloba, Tan am wvimian, notio havaSi. rogorc Cans, es gareTa qvebi mTlianad daSlili iyo. rodesac afxazeTis ukanasknelma mTavarma, mixeil ServaSiZem, am taZris SekeTeba moindoma (da axla iq ganisveneben kidec TviTon da misi meuRle), man berZen ostatebs dauZaxa da perangi mTlianad gamocvales. Zalian ecadnen _ gumbaTis sarkmlebs TavsarTebi gaukeTes, qveda tanze gaakeTes profilebi, magram uyureb da mkvdari, usicocxlo, raRacnairad unugeSo zedapiria. erTi rom, ar gakeTda da ar aRdga didi TaRovani karibWeebi da dRes rom uyureb, es aris grZeli, usicocxlo fasadi, bevri sarkmliT, maSin ki es ase ver iqneboda imitom, rom fasadebi karibWeebiT iyofoda da srulebiT sxvagvari ritmi iyo, gana iseTi, rogoric dRes aris. es ukve Zalian arsebiTia. amas garda, rogori iyo qvis Tla _ Tu warmoidgenT lixnis qvebs moqvis kedlebze, uceb mixvdebiT, rom TiTqos gansxvaveba ar aris, magram sul sxvaa _ sul sxva ritmi aqvs im wyobas, sul sxva saxe. albaT es profilebic odnav ufro Rrma iyo, reliefuri da esec ukve sul Secvlida kedlis xasiaTs. asea Tu ise, gareTa saxe am taZrisa, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom daRupulia. Cven SegviZlia dRes es bWeebi avaSenoT da, am mxriv, vTqvaT, ritmika aRvudginoT, magram danarCens ras vuzamT? Tan Zveli qvebic ar aris darCenili, srulebiT araferia, rom romelime elementi aRadgino, raRac daubruno. samagierod, TiTqmis mTlianad aris gadarCenili interieri. sxvaTa Soris, aris eWvi, rom gumbaTic Secvlilia, magram aris aRdgenamdeli anazomi da, Tu Secvlilia, zustad ise gaakeTes _ zustad imdeni sarkmliT, iseTive proporciebiT _ rogorc iyo. is srulebiT ar aris gamocvlili. SigniT gadakeTda mxolod Semosasvleli _ iq adre narTeqsi iyo da rom SexvidodiT, Tqven win iyo sammagi mali _ ori sveti da gadayvanili sami TaRi. dRes iq erTiani TaRia da TiTqos pirdapir SedixarT mTavar sivrceSi. sinamdvileSi, es ase ar iyo, am mxriv, es darRveulia. me mgoni, kidevac vTqvi, rom aseve dairRva bagratis taZarSi dasavleTi mklavi da aseve aris Secvlili sveticxovlis dasavleTi mklavi. iqac ase iyo, iqac 145
sammagi Sesasvleli hqonda da Cven, faqtobrivad, narTeqsi gvgonia Sida sivrcis nawili, rac ase ar aris. piradad me, mgonia, rom unda aRdges es, Tundac miniSnebiT, magram rame unda gakeTdes, rom gaimijnos talanis sivrce da sakuTriv taZris sivrce, rogorc es Tavidan iyo mofiqrebuli. Tumca am pirobebSic ki, moqvs aqvs srulebiT araCveulebrivi sivrce _ warmoudgenlad moZravi, monumenturi, araCveulebrivad STambeWdavi. ver vityviT, rom qarTul arqiteqturas zemoqmedebis mqone interierebi ar hqondes, magram es erT-erTi saukeTesoTagania, namdvilad. garda amisa, taZars CrdiloeTidan da samxreTidan garSemouyveba samlocveloebis mwkrivi da maT Tavze aris patronikeebi, romlebic ixsneba taZarSi. Zalian rTuli gegma gamodis. Zalian undaT, rom es gegma bizantiur arqiteqturasTan daakavSiron. SeiZleba, marTlac naxa aseTi derefnebi, romlebic Semovlebulia taZarze, magram, sxva mxriv, aq cnobili iyo patronikes motivic, sameklesiiani bazilikac, yvela danarCeni elementic adgilobrivia da ra aucilebeli iyo? an ki, an ara! rogorc giorgi CubinaSvili ambobs erTgan, es formebi ukve imdenad CarTulia qarTuli arqiteqturis logikaSi, rom maTi warmomavlobis sakiTxs yovelgvari aqtualoba ekargeba. aqac asevea. SeiZleba, romeliRac genetikuri xaziT es, vTqvaT, aia sofias patronikesTan midis, magram ukve imdenma wyalma Caiara, Tanac sammxrivi patronikes motivi Tavad samxreT kavkasiisa da swored saqarTvelos arqiteqturaSi imdenad fexmokidebuli da cnobilia, rom, ubralod, arc aris saWiro, is warmoidgino. Tumca ar gamovricxav, rom naxa. ratomac ara! aseve albaT Tavisic naxa, marto iq xom ar wavidoda?! Tavis qveyanaSic daaTvalierebda, maSin bevrs dadiodnen ostatebi da es cnobilia. rasac SeZlebdnen, ecnobodnen, magram mainc axlodan iwyebdnen da Sors mere midodnen, xom asea? logika, me mgoni, aseTia. Tanac sivrces, Tavisi xasiaTiT, absoluturad araferi aqvs saerTo bizantiur arqiteqturasTan, Tundac isev da isev gamoxatuli, gamokveTili sigrZivobis gamo. iq saocari ram aris _ rom SedixarT, sivrce Tqven wargitacebT 146
erTdroulad aRmosavleTisken sigrZivad da zeviT gumbaTisken. yovelTvis amas vambob imitom, rom sunTqva Semekra, iq rom Sevedi. gumbaTis ZirSi Zalian Sverili karnizia gadmosuli. sruliad fizikuri gancda mqonda, rom oTx burjs Soris raRac apkiviT ikvreboda, mere raRac Zala dasavleTidan daiZra, aRmosavleTiT gaiWra da misi naxevri ki zeviT wavida, gaarRvia es Sesakravad gamzadebuli Tavi da Semdeg amoibuSta im gumbaTad. srulebiT gasaocari sivrcea, araCveulebrivi. dRes yvelaferi politizebulia, amitomac saqarTveloSi dabadebuli da namuSevari nikoloz severovis wignSi moskovelma redaqtorma, cxadia, mis daukiTxavad, sworeba Seitana da dawera, rom moqvis taZari aSenebuli aris kievis wm. sofias taZris mixedviT, romelic 100 wlis Semdeg aigo. aqamde aris yvelaferi dayvanili, samwuxarod, sruliad gaugebar politikur angariSebamde. me gana imas vambob, rom kievis wm. sofias taZari aSenda moqvis mixedviT, sul ar mgonia ase. is sul sxva arqiteqturaa, imas Tavisi gza aqvs da amasTan saerTo araferi gaaCnia, magram ase aris CarTuli raRac gaugebari mosazrebebi da amiT, me Tu mkiTxavT, yvela wagebulia, radgan, movlenebis gamorkvevis magivrad, Cven maT uaresad varTulebT, uaresad vxlarTavT. istoria isedac sakmarisad rTulia, risTvisaa saWiroa kidev raRacis gamogoneba, rom sul veRaraferi gaigon da gza-kvali veRar gaignon? rodis damTavrdeba es, me ar vici. arada, swored afxazeTis xuroTmoZRvrebasTan mimarTebaSi, samwuxarod, viTareba dResac aseTia. kidev gvaqvs sxva Zalian ucnauri taZari, romelsac, rodesac Sexedav, ifiqreb, vai, deda, es albaT bizantiuriao da es aris biWvinTis kaTedrali. pirvel yovlisa, es imitom aris ase, rom is namdvilad bizantiuri wyobiTaa aSenebuli _ aris xolme aseTi zolebiani wyoba qva-aguris monacvleobiT (da leibsa hgavs, ra Tqma unda, qarTvelis ganebivrebuli TvaliT, Torem ise lamazia Taviseburad). gumbaTic raRacnairi mrgvali aqvs, Tumca irkveva, rom gumbaTi, romelic dRes mrgvlad aris gadaxuruli _ pirdapir sferos misdevs saxuravi _ Turme XIX saukunis rusi berebis xelobaa da iq Cveulebrivi, samxreT 147
kavkasiaSi miRebuli konusuri gadaxurva iyo. Turme fasadebi aqac iseTi ki ar iyo, rogoric dResaa _ grZeli, carieli kedlebi _ aramed iyo didi karibWeebi, romlebic aRar aris. xvdebiT, rom Tavdapirveli saxiT sul sxva arqiteqturaa. Sig rom Sexval, araferi amis magvari iq ar aris _ sul sxvanairi sivrcea da, yvelafris damboloeblad, rom axedav gumbaTs, ai, ras xedav _ mis ZirSi aris didi afrebi da Sig Cadgmulia trompebi, rogorc samxreT saqarTveloSi. ki, batono, adamianebi, romlebic aSenebdnen biWvinTis taZars, kargad icnobdnen bizantiur samSeneblo xelobas. diax, icnobdnen da SeiZleba, maTSi berZenic urevia. me, magaliTad, eWvi maqvs, rom safasado samkauli am ostatebisaTvis kargad ver iyo gamorkveuli imitom, rom maT gaakeTes mTavar, sakurTxevlis, afsidze ori jvari, romlebic sarkmlis aqeT-iqiT mis Sua welze iwyeba da qvemoT Cadis. kavkasiuri arqiteqturis TvalsazrisiT, es srulebiT gaugebaria. barakonis eklesiaSia kidev XVIII saukuneSi jvrebi ratomRac lamis cokolTan, magram saerTod es ase ar aris. sul iseTi STabeWdileba maqvs, rom uTxres, jvari gamosaxeo da sadac xeli mouxvda, iq gaakeTa, ar icoda, ra unda gaekeTebina. SeiZleba, viRacas, vinc aq monawileobs, am amqarSi, qarTuli arqiteqtura mTlad kargad gamjdari arc hqondes, magram, ai, vinc im gumbaTs aSenebs, iman es namdvilad icis. iqauri ar icis, aqauri icis. sivrces vinc awyobs, aqauri imanac icis. patronikec ise aris mowyobili, rogorc Cveni _ iqac sammxrivi patronikea da ufro Cveneburi, vidre iqauri. minda, kidev erTxel xazgasmiT vTqva: Cven sul ar uarvyofT. xom xedavT, rom ar uarvyofT, Tuki iq mosesxebuli da Semotanilia? ratom unda uarvyoT, risi unda gveSinodes? movida, vTqvaT, Sah-ismaeli da aaSena misgiTi. idga TbilisSi. rom dagvexuWa Tvalebi da gveTqva, is iq ar dgaso, amiT saqarTvelos istoria Seicvleboda? ratom aris gasakviri, rom mezobeli qveynidan rame Semovides? ra aris gasakviri imaSi, rom viRac adgilobriv xelisufals moewona raRac mezoblisa, dauZaxa iqaur ostats da aaSenebina, rogorc rostom mefem aaSenebina wiTeli xidi. xom iciT, gatexili xidi rom aris? 148
ra Tqma unda, is Tavisi tipologiiT sparsuli aRmSeneblobaa. es sparsuli xidia. albaT adgilobrivi xuroebi iyvnen, ar mgonia, amdeni xalxi saidanme moeyvanaT, magram ise, rogorc arqiteqturuli tipi, ra Tqma unda, iqauria _ qarTuli xidebi aseTi ar aris, isini sxvanairia. Cven es ar unda vaRiaroT da unda davmaloT? ratom, ra gvWirs dasamali? Cveni sakuTari savsebiT sakmarisi gvaqvs. saerTod, es panikuri SiSi, vaida rame xom ar Semogvepara, srulebiT uadgiloa. Tu rame Semovida, es unda aRviqvaT, gavaanalizoT da SevafasoT _ mouxda da gamoadga Cvens qveyanas es nasesxoba Tu ar gamoadga. amerikuli da inglisuri avtomobilebiT yvela kargad dagoravs da ratomRac teqnika Tu saidanRac Semovida, Turme qveynis daqcevaa. me ar mesmis aseTi logika da Zalian mecineba xolme, rodesac iwyeba laparaki Tundac WeSmarit marTlmadideblobaze, rogor ar unda gavikaroT araferi saidanRac Semosuli, rom es forma Turme kaTolikuria da is konstruqcia _ protestantuli. sul minda vikiTxo, SeerTebul StatebSi protestantis gakeTebul kompiuters rom usxedxarT da ebraelis gakeTebuli programiT sazrdoobT, es rogoria? es Tqvens sulze ar moqmedebs, dRe da Rame imas rom misCerebixarT? 24 saaTs asworebT iq xan weriT da xan kiTxviT da es rogoria? ratomRac ar mjera, yovelive es konstantinopolSi iyos Seqmnili VII krebis mamebis dakveTiT, me mgoni, sxva istoria aqvs. ar SeiZleba doneebis, movlenebisa da amqveyanad saerTod yvelafris ase areva. bolos da bolos, unda gavigoT, rom qveyniereba aris cota ufro rTuli, vidre Cveni tvini, iq aris bevri sxvadasxva ram da yoveli istoriuli wamic Sedgeba bevri sxvadasxva Zalisagan, faqtorisagan, zemoqmedebisagan, romlebic ikveTeba da Sen am gadakveTaSi sworad unda ipovo Seni adgili, Torem Senze rom raRac imoqmedebs, es srulebiT cxadia. srulebiT warmoudgeneli is iqneboda, rom sxvagvarad iyos. romc gamorTo Sens saxlSi yvelaferi, mezobeli saxlidan mova rimeliRac eleqtromagnituri talRa, gamosxivebuli raRac avstraliuri xelsawyos mier, dagetakeba da sad waxval? 149
Cven, yovel SemTxvevaSi, qarTuli xelovnebis istorikosebs, yovelTvis gvegona, rom qarTuli kultura sakmarisad Ronieria imisaTvis, rom Seirgos yvelaferi, rac mas dasWirdeba da ukuagdos, rac mas ar sWirdeba. aqamde es ase iyo da namdvilad ase iyo IX da X saukuneebis afxazeTSic. Zalian mniSvnelovani nageboba iyo bediis kaTedrali, romelic, samwuxarod, aRar arsebobs. is Zalian mniSvnelovani iyo imitom, rom viciT misi aSenebis dro da, garda moqvisa, kidev erTi dasayrdeni gveqneboda, rac yovelTvis sasiamovnoa. samagierod, Cven miaxloebiT viciT misi gegma. rogorc Cans, gegmiT is afxazeTis sxva taZrebs hgavda. es Cawerili jvris tipis eklesia unda iyos, aRmosavleTiT sami Sverili afsidiT, aseTia es taZrebi. Cven ar viciT, rogori iyo is, rac am afxazur gegmaze idga. samagierod, SemorCenilia misi ramdenime mosarTavi, qvaze kveTili CuqurTma, umaRlesi xarisxis, saukeTeso maT Soris, rac ki saerTod qvaze kveTilobas SeiZleba hqondes _ ori ulamazesi timpani. Cvens am mxrivac arcTu maincdamainc Rarib xurTmoZRvrebaSi bevrs aseTs Znelad Tu naxav. an ostatebi moiyvanes da gaakeTebines, an isev viRac aqedan gagzavnes, man ki iswavla da Camoitana _ rogor iyo, ar vici, magram srulebiT araCveulebrivi da srulebiT samxreTqarTulia. amgvarad, gamodis, rom es arqiteqtura iyo erTgvari hibridi _ TiTqos erTmaneTs daemyno dasavleTqarTuli tani da samxreTqarTuli mosarTavebi. dRes es ase gamoiyureba. me mainc imedi maqvs, rom Tavis droze, roca idga, es taZari arc aseTi meqanikuri iqneboda da arc komikuri, Tumca dRes amis warmodgena Zalian gviWirs. rodesac Tundac quTaisis e.w. bagratis taZars vuyurebT, ukve cxadi xdeba (Tumca samuSao kidev bevria), rom iqac aseTi ram moxda _ dasavleT- da samxreTqarTuli tradiciebi iqac ikveTeba da warmoiqmneba nageboba, romelsac namdvilad ar eTqmis araorganuli, arabunebrivi, meqanikuri. mgonia, rom am arqiteqturisaTvis es srulebiT Seuferebelia. arada, iqac aseTi, TiTqosda damoukidebelad arsebuli, sawyisebi xvdeba erTmaneTs. es Zalian mniSvnelovani aris imitom, rom Cven 150
vxedavT, rogor amdidrebs erTmaneTs saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxis arqiteqtura. mgoni, kidevac vTqvi, rom amgvari saerTo qarTuli forma XI saukunis dasawyisSi iqmneba da es swored samxreTqarTuli repertuaris wyalobiTa da gamoyenebiT xdeba. pirveli magaliTi amisa, rogorc Cans, iyo bedia. samwuxarod, is xelidan gamogvecala. unda giTxraT, rom srulebiT gaugebaria, ram daangria es taZari. mxolod calkeuli qvebia darCenili, taZari ki ar aris. Tu ra moxda, sad gaqra, gaugebaria, Tumca ukve sxvam ifiqros da sxvam eZios, CvenTvis ki ufro mniSvnelovani es aris: Cven aq vxedavdiT ori tradiciis erTgvar Sejvarebas da, rac kidev ufro sainteresoa, albaT gadasvlasac wmindad specifikur-adgilobrivi skolis Cvevebidan momaval saerToqarTulze. amis saSualebas Cven moklebulni varT. samagierod, SegviZlia dabejiTebiT vTqvaT, rom afxazeTis skola, rogorc mxatvruli movlena, qarTuli arqiteqturis skolaa. unda es vinmes Tu ar unda, moswons Tu ar moswons, xels aZlevs es mis politikur angariSs Tu ar aZlevs _ es obieqturad asea. didi xania ukve (SeiZleba miTqvams kidec saubarisas), CemTvis aseTi xerxi gamovigone _ vambob, rom es arqiteqtura qarTulad laparakobs. Tumca xom SeiZleba, vinme damtvreuli qarTuliT an aqcentiT laparakobdes? sxva mxriv, SeiZleba, Tqven ilaparakoT sxvaTa enaze qarTuli aqcentiT. magaliTad, saukeTeso qarTveli morusuleebi, ZiriTadad, laparakobdnen gaurkveveli aqcentiT, romelic peterburguli namdvilad ar iyo. Zalian cota vinme Tu axerxebda, uaqcentod elaparaka. sxvaTa Soris, me TviTon uaqcentod vlaparakobdi, oRond rusebsac ar esmodaT, es ra aris imitom, rom gamoTqma imaTeburi mainc iyo. xom dagileviaT ugemuri wyali, sufTa, uminarevo, imdagvari gamodioda da mgoni, qarTuladac ise vlaparakob, arc erT kuTxes da arc Tbiliss rom ar sCvevia. saidan aris aseTi qarTuli, TviTonac ar vici. afxazeTis arqiteqtura qarTulad laparakobs berZnuli aqcentiT, Semoepara, rogorc dasavleTis qarTul onomastikons. nuTu arasodes SegidarebiaT kldiaSvilisa da Tundac ilia WavWavaZis personaJebis 151
saxelebi. erTgan gauTavebelad arabuli da sparsuli saxelebia _ qaixosroebi da abdulyafarebi, meoregan ki warmoudgenlad berZnuli _ evpraqsia da misTanani _ iseTebi, TviTon berZnebsac rom aRar axsovT. es gasagebicaaa, axlos iyo erTgan _ is, meoregan _ es, sul es aris. aseTive ambavia iqac _ rogorc onomastikonSi aris berZnuli danaleqi, berZnuli kvali, aqcenti, aseve aris am arqiteqturaSic. is aris qarTuli, oRond berZnuli SenarevebiT laparakobs. kidev minda davadasturo, rom es aris arqiteqturul-istoriuli monacemi da arafers ambobs imaze, am eklesiis amSenebeli ra tomisa an warmomavlobis iyo. mravalTagan gansxvavebiT, ver gavbedav da ver vityvi, rom vici, sad cxovrobda egri da imeri. vici mxolod is, rom visac ginda ecxovra am miwa-wyalze, ekuTvnoda qarTul kulturas, radgan am kuTxeSi yvelaferi amas ambobs. iq araferia iseTi, rac araa qarTuli kulturis nawili. vinmes rom ar ewyinos, kidev vambob _ es ar niSnavs, rom me ver vamCnev, riT gansxvavdeba afxazuri da megruli saxlebi an imas, rom afxazuri da megruli simRera sxvadasxvaa, magram maT Soris iseTive sxvaobaa, rogoric megrulsa da guruls Soris da ara iseTi, rogoric, vTqvaT, gurulsa da Turquls Soris. laparakia imaze, rom es aris erTi kulturuli ojaxi. adamianebi, romlebic arc ki vici, CrdiloeT kavkasiidan romel saukuneSi Camovidnen, am TvalsazrisiT, qarTuli kulturis TanaSemoqmedni aRmoCndnen. genialuri gansazRvreba upovia simon janaSias, romelic wers: `tomiT afxazi, erovnebiT qarTveli“. ai, es aris simarTle _ tomiT SeiZleba afxazia, CrdiloeTkavkasiuri warmomavlobisaa, magram kulturuli kuTvnilebiT is, rac aqamde afxazeTi iyo, aris qarTuli samyaros nawili, am samyaros erT-erTi Semqmneli. afxazuri elementi _ es adgili da is xalxic, romelic CrdiloeT kavkasiidanaa, radgan mwams, rom viRac mTaze cxovrobda _ monawileobda qarTuli saxelmwifos SeqmnaSi da amaSi saTakilo erTi an meore mxarisaTvis araferi aris. afxazma nacionalistebma, e.w. nacionalistebma, daitoves istoria mxo152
lod da mxolod XIX saukunis bolodan, danarCeni istoria sakuTari xeliT moikveTes. arc ki mesmis, rogor SeiZleba, aseTi boroteba Caidino da sakuTar Tavs aseTi ubedureba damarTo. rogorc ki moaSoreb qarTul samyaros, saerTod araferi rCeba, radgan es xalxi am samyaroSi cxovrobda, Zalian didi xnis ganmavlobaSi am samyaros beds iziarebda da ara sxvisas. cxadia, iyo xolme kuTxeebs Soris Sexla-Semoxla da es samwuxaro faqtia, Tumca levan dadiani imerels rom eomeboda, ase ServaSiZesTan arasdros uomia. rac man quTaiss damarTa, aseTi ram afxazeTSi ar Caudenia. maS, ra gamodis, imersa da megrs erTmaneTTan kavSiri ar aqvs, ori sxvadasxva xalxia da axla ase vilaparakoT? Zalian damaxasiaTebelia, rom afxazeTis, swored afxazuri eTnografiuli vinaobis, SenarCunebis mosurneni XIX saukunis miwurulsa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi pirdapir ase ayalibeben: afxazebis gadarCena SesaZlebelia mxolod qarTul ojaxSi! aseT xedvas adasturebs iq SemorCenili arqiteqturuli nawarmoebebi. kvlav da kvlav amis gameoreba am sakiTxSi erTaderTi SesaZlo qarTuli politikaa. afxazeTidan saqarTvelos amogleja daaxloebiT imave tipis movlenaa, rogoric iqneboda britanuli Tanamegobrobidan misive Semqmneli inglisis amoReba da imis mtkiceba, rom britanuli Tanamegobroba erTia da inglisi sxvaa. kidev erTxel SegaxsenebT, rom qarTvel mefeTa titulaturaSi `mefe afxazTa~ uwinares yovlisa ewera, rac niSnavs _ es misi titulaturis amosavalia, es aris am mefobis sawyisi. maS, rogor, qarTuli saxelmwifo arsebobda da damonebuli hyavda TavSi? nuTu gjeraT aseTi istoriis? amaze unda vlaparakobdeT, amaze unda idges yvelaferi, rac samomavlod aris gasakeTebeli. amaze unda vmdgariyaviT Cven 1988-89 wlebSic, magram, samwuxarod, davadeqiT srulebiT sxva gzas gauTavebeli rkvevisa, Tu vin romel wuTas romel quCaze gadasaxlda. mere gairkveoda, rom romeliRac ori megruli ojaxi 1935 wels gadmosaxlda, viRac ki ufro gvian Casaxlda. ase misxal-misxal varkvioT vin rodis saidan movida da sad wavida? ras mogvitans es? 153
ZiriTadi sinamdvile amgvaria: yvela, vinc am miwaze binadrobda, Tugind marselebi yofiliyvnen, qarTul kulturasTan erTad cxovrobda da mis SeqmnaSi monawileobda. mTavari swored es aris _ Cven erTad vqmnidiT am qveyanas. es aris faqti. Tu vinmes ar moswons, misi saqmea, magram maSin Tqvan, rom maTi istoria 1921 wlidan iwyeba da Tqvan isic, rom maT daiviwyes warsuli. daanebon Tavi im warsuls, romelic iyo aseTi da, Tu dascaldebaT, aSenon istoria nulidan. magram merwmuneT _ rodesac is istoria gauqrebaT, is ki ukve xelidan eclebaT, Tu ase gaagrZeles, sul cota xanSi bevri sxva ramec moxdeba. guSin movismine, rom erT-erTi afxazi Jurnalisti ambobda, Cveni sazogadoeba enaze wuxso. rom gadarusdnen, adre ratom ar wuxda? rusulad laparakobdnen da ambobdnen _ gvaqarTvelebeno. vis gaugia, rom gaqarTvelebisas rusulad aalaparako adamiani? gana SeiZleba, aseTi ram xdebodes, ra logikaa aseTi? riT ver mixvdnen, visgan da risTvis iyo amgvari moqmedeba? ratom aviwydebodaT Tavisi ena da ratom axsovdaT maincdamainc rusuli da ara qarTuli? qarTulad rom loculobdnen, sakuTari ena daviwyebuli ar hqondaT, gaixsenon _ maSin daaviwydaT, roca rusulad atiktikdnen. istoria aseTia! kidev vambob, visac ar moswons, daiwyos nulidan da Tqvas, rom 2001 wlis 1 ianvridan an 1993 wlis 28 seqtembridan amgvar istorias iwyeneben, is ki ise ganixilon, rogorc undaT, magram manamdeli istoria iyo sxva da es istoria aRbeWdilia yvelafriT: taZrebiT, romlebzec visaubreT da dResac rom mzaddeba, Tundac im kerZebiT. isini saziaroa qarTul samyarosTan da ara CrdilokavkasiurTan, sadac es samzareulo verc iqneboda, radgan iq srulebiT sxva cxovrebaa. aseTi gaxlavT qvis matianis mowmoba, romelsac ver gaayalbeb. SeiZleba, waSalo sityvebi, magram romc daangrio taZrebi, darCeba ori qva da, sul erTia, amasve ityvis.
154
9. XI saukunis arqiteqtura albaT SeuZlebelic ki aris, dRevandeli Cveni sasaubro vinmem Sesabamisi TvalsaCinoebis gareSe gaigos. ras vizamT, mogvi wevs sakmaod abstraqtulad visaubroT da vinc mowadinebuli iqneba, gadaSalos wigni da Sesabamis suraTebs Sexedos, sxvanairad ar mgonia, rame gamovides. Cven XI saukunis zRurbls gadavabijeT. X-XI saukuneebis mijna sxva TvalsazrisiTac mijna aris. es swored is xanaa, rodesac X saukunis Sua xanaSi yalibdeba erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifo jer cnobierad da amis gamoxatuleba aris yvelasaTvis cnobili formula giorgi merCulisa qarTlze, romelic didi qveyanaa, `sadac Jami qarTuliTa eniTa Seiwirvis~, xolo Semdeg ukve nel-nela _ politikurad. raRac Jams, bagrat III-is mefobis bolos, saqarTvelo, Tbilisis gamoklebiT, marTlac erTiani saxelmwifoa, Tumca mere es ukve ase aRar iqneba. amaze Cven mgoni kidec visaubreT. rogorc ukve vTqviT, kaxeTi giorgi I-is dros isev damoukidebel saxelmwifod gadaiqca da saboloo gaerTianeba xdeba ukve XII saukuneSi, rodesac daviT aRmaSenebelma, wmindanad Seracxulma Cvenma didma xelmwifem, Tbilisi aiRo da mahmadianTa batonobis TiTqmis 400 weli dasrulda. maS, ra xdeba XI saukuneSi? zogadad rom vTqvaT, am dros mTavrdeba, gansruldeba is xangrZlivi Zieba, romelic, IV saukunis dasasrulidan Tu ara, yovel SemTxvevaSi, V saukunis dasawyisidan am dromde qarTul qristianul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi warmoebda. erTgvari damasrulebeli nageboba, romelic 1030 wels marTlac samanis qvasaviT aRimarTeba, gaxlavT samTavisis kaTedrali. ra aris aq miRweuli? Seqmnilia garkveuli tipi xuroTmoZRvruli kompoziciisa da dekorisa, romelic arsebrivad Semdeg ar icvleba. moxda ise, rom es forma, romelic moZebnilia samTavisSi, Semdegi Taobis qarTvelma xuroTmoZRvrebma XI saukunis Sua xanebidan XIX saukunemde savaldebulod CaTvales. mravlis cnobierebaSi es, ase vTqvaT, 155
kanonikuri formaa da amas marTlac xSirad gaigonebT. mgoni, ukve momixda amis xseneba, Tu arada axla vityvi, rom qristianulma xelovnebam araviTari kanonikuri forma ar icis, man icis kanonikuri sazrisi. vTqvaT, eklesia rom uflis saxlia, locvis saxlia, es gaxlavT misi ucvleli sazrisi. es, Tu gnebavT, aris misi kanonikuri mniSvneloba, magram rogori iqneba es uflis saxli, amis Sesaxeb sityvac ar Tqmula odesme da, miT umetes, araferi dawerila. uflis saxlis ieri cvalebadia imisda mixedviT, Tu romel xalxs romel dros rogor urCevnia locva da sad eadvileba ziarebisaTvis, uflis mistikur sxeulTan Seziarebis saswaulisaTvis momzadeba. ai, ra gaakeTa samTavnelma xuroTmoZRvarma, romelic SesaZlebelia iqauri episkoposic yofiliyo _ yanCavel erisTavTa STamomavali ilarioni: is aSenebs gumbaTovan eklesias, romelic axali ram ar aris da VI saukunidan CvenSi bevri aSenebula, irCevs ukve VII saukunidan cnobil erT-erT formas, oTxburjiani Cawerili jvris tipis eklesiis gegmas da qmnis mis SemWidroebul versias. saqme is gaxlavT, rom aq burjebis aRmosavleTi wyvili, faqtobrivad, afsidis kuTxeebs Seerwya. isini jer kidev burjebad aris agebuli, magram afsidis kuTxemde dacileba imdenad mcirea, rom Tvali maT aRiqvams, rogorc erTs. daaxloebiT amave xanaSi mcxeTis samTavros taZarSi, romelic aseve qarTlis mTavarepiskoposis kaTedra iyo, es Serwyma moxda. Tumca Cven viciT, rom aseTi Semoklebuli redaqciebi ufro adrec arsebobda, oRond maSin es marTlac gamartivebuli oTxburjiani taZari iyo. adrindel xanaSi es oTxburjiani kompoziciebia, romlebsac erTi wyvili amoacales. aq es ukve ase ar aris _ es aris kompoziciuri principi, romelsac gegmis asimetriuloba urCevnia. rodesac SuaSi oTx burjze gumbaTi dgas, bunebrivia, es centri ramdenadme avtonomiuria da danarCeni elementebi mis garSemo jgufdeba. rodesac burji oria, Tqven aRar iciT, es afsidis kuTxe ra aris _ sagangebo sabjenia Tu danarCeni sivrcis nawilia, Tan mklavic aris, sabolood, sakurTxeveli iq ukve mklavs uigivdeba da iqmneba asimetriuli kompozicia. 156
ratom aris es upriani? saqme is gaxlavT, rom axla mTavari Sida sivrceSi aris erTi ram: Tqven unda xedavdeT interieris yvela ZiriTad Semadgenels. sxvagvarad iyo gardamaval xanaSi. davuSvaT, rodesac gurjaanis yvelawmindaSi SediodiT, xedavdiT bazilikas, magram meore sarTulze rom sameklesiiani bazilikaa, es ar icodiT. aq ase ar aris, rac ki taZars aqvs, yvelafers xedavT, oRond xedavT yvelafris fragments. ar aris erTi wertilic, saidanac Tqven dainaxavT (rogorc es mcxeTis jvris, wromisa an samwevrisis SemTxvevaSia) taZris naxevars, TiTqos naxazzeao. aseTi wertili ar aris _ Tqven yvela wertilidan xedavT fragments. Tanac rac metia erTmaneTis gadamkveTi forma, am arqiteqturisaTvis ufro mxatvrulia, mas es ufro moswons. bunebrivia, rom erTmaneTze gadasuli bevri formis Semcveli amgvari sivrciTi suraTi gamodis maSin, roca kompozicia asimetriulia. amave dros, Cvens arqiteqtors aRar unda fizikuri zoma, dinamikis misaRebad aRar sWirdeba, vTqvaT, grZeli dasavleTi mklavi. ase Rebulobs, mcire sivrceSic axerxebs amas elementebis simaRleebis, siganeebisa da moyvanilobis gardasaxviT. Tumca saqme is aris, rom samTavro da samTavisi qmnian sivrciT models, romelic TavisTavad aRar Seicvleba. Tuki manamde ramdeni arqiteqtoricaa, ramdeni taZaricaa, imdenive gansxvavebuli sivrciTi warmonaqmnia, aqedan moyolebuli, XVIII saukunis bolomde da, warmoidgineT, XIX saukuneSic, rodesac eklesiebi Zvel yaidazec jer kidev Sendeboda, es ase ukve aRar iqneba. qarTulma arqiteqturam, Cvenma arqiteqturulma azrovnebam miiCnia, rom aq raRac sayovelTao formula naxes. mere amaze kidev mogviwevs saubari da axlave vityvi, rom universaluri forma SeuZlebelia arsebobdes, sazrisi da idea ki universaluri SeiZleba iyos. forma yovelTvis kerZoobiTia, materialuri yovelTvis calkeulia, is verasodes iqneba yovladi _ yovliereba formis maxasiaTebeli ar aris. raki asea, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, XI saukunis am monapovarma _ da samTavisis taZari namdvilad monapovaria _ gawira danarCeni saukuneebi qarTuli saqristiano xuroTmoZRvrebisa, erTgva157
ri mimbaZvelobisa. Tumca axlave unda vTqva, rom erT xans, XIII saukunis daaxloebiT 20-ian wlebamde, am formaSi jer kidev imdeni ram iyo mosaZebni, rom yoveli arqiteqtori raRacas Tavisas ambobs. ukve mere, XIII saukunis Sua xanidan, iwyeba an pirwminda gameoreba, an elementebis cvlileba ise, rom principi ar Seicvalos da rodesac principis datovebisas elementebs, ubralod, anacvlebT, aklebT an umatebT, Tqven qmniT ara axal formas, aramed amosaval formas mxolod amaxinjebT. es ar niSnavs imas, rom XIII saukunidan moyolebuli, XIX-is CaTvliT, mxatvrulad Rirebuli nawarmoebebi ar Seqmnila. ra Tqma unda, iqmneboda, oRond Zalian Znelia, am vrceli epoqidan daasaxelo nageboba, romelsac aqvs im tipis mxatvruli srulyofileba, imgvari mxatvruli sisrule, rogoric Tundac samTaviss an bevr winamorbed nagebobas. XII saukuneSi ramdenime Senoba jer kidev aris. mere, praqtikulad, Tqven yovelTvis raRac gaqvT kargi _ fasadi, fasadis romelime nawili, interieris romeliRac nawili an mTlianad interieri, magram raRac aucileblad naklulia. samwuxarod, asea. maSasadame, Cven SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom daaxloebiT XIII saukuneSi iwyeba krizisi, xangrZlivi krizisi, romelic ar SeiZleba yofiliyo mxolod xuroTmoZRvruli da me mgonia kidevac, rom es msoflmxedvelobiTi sirTuleebis, msoflmxedvelobiTi gasaWiris gamovlineba iyo, im gasaWirisa, romelic, sxvaTa Soris, dRevandlamde ar damTavrebula _ Cven kvlavac im krizisSi vimyofebiT da SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom ganaxlebuli qarTuli saeklesio xuroTmoZRvreba ase xSirad emgvaneba swored im, dacemis xanis, nagebobebs da, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom arasodes _ ufro winandels. marTali giTxraT, yvelaze xSirad rasac vuyureb, XIX saukunisa mgonia xolme _ XIX saukunisa, romelic hbaZavs raRacas, xolo is, rasac, vTqvaT, aweria 2010 weli, Tavisuflad SeiZleba iyos 1892 _ Cven iqve varT sulierad, Cven jer iqidan ver gamovediT. Tu ra unda am gamosvlas... ra vici, albaT yvelam Tavisi icis. me rasac vfiqrob, Tavis droze Sevecdebi, ganvmarto. 158
aseTive damaboloebeli gaxlavT samTavisis taZris gare ieri. erTi, rac yvelaze TvalSisacemia, is aris, rom aq sabolood Camoyalibda safasado TaRnaris sistema. is nel-nela ikvreba. Cven vTqviT, rom oSkSi is mxolod mklavebis pirebze aris da gverdiT kedlebze aRar gvaqvs. Semdeg gadadis gverdiT kedlebze ukve e.w. bagratis taZarSi, sveticxovelSi, magram am or taZarSi Tqven ver naxavT erTmaneTze gadabmul TaRnars _ es aris TaRebis jgufebi, romlebsac, rogorc erTian Tanmimdevrobas, Tvali ki xedavs, magram fizikurad, nivTierad isini SeuRlebulni ar arian. asevea sveticxovelSi da aRar aris alaverdSi. Tumca, ai, ra iyo mTavari sirTule, rodesac alaverdelma xuroTmoZRvarma TaRnari kuTxeebze Sekra: erTi mxridan modis TaRi, misi lilvi svetad Camodis qvemomde, cokolamde da meore kuTxidanac modis. da kuTxe? axla ukve alaverdeli xurTmoZRvari igonebs (da amas Semdeg samTavneli arqiteqtoric agrZelebs) iseT Sefardebas, rodesac lilvebi imdenad axloa mitanili kuTxesTan, rom, faqtobrivad, marto erTi wibo rCeba da is xdeba nawili konisa, romelSic aqeT-iqidan lilvebi Sedis, SuaSi ki Camodis erTi xazi, ufro sworad, wvrili samkuTxa moculoba da Tqven xedavT amas, rogorc erTian formas. samTavnelma ostatma esec ar ikmara, aiRo da zeviT SeaerTa lilvebi _ ori kauWi gadmodis lilvebidan, kuTxeze modis da Semdeg zed am kuTxeze ekideba vazis mtevani. TiTqos pirdapir giTxraT: ai, batono, Tu aris gansxvavebuli, ager Sevkari, RiliviT Sevabnie. amas garda, sarkmelTa sapireebi da sxva elementebi _ vTqvaT, safasado jvari, romelic alaverdis taZars sakurTxevlis fasadze aqvs da alaverdSi jer kidev cal-calkea _ samTavnelma xuroTmoZRvarma aiRo da TaRnars SeaduRa. sarkmlebi ki aq ganier sapireebSia _ aseTi sapire momdevno xanis xuroTmoZRvrebisaTvis, XIII saukunis CaTvliT, garduvali kanoni gaxdeba. mere sapireebi ukve sakmaod Sesustebuli, dauZlurebuli keTdeba, magram TavisTavad sarkmlis moCarCoebaze momdevno xanis arqiteqtura (Tu saerTod amkobs, rasakvirvelia da ar 159
aris mxolod qvis natexi, aseTi eklesiebic arsebobs), uars mainc ar ambobs. samTavneli arqiteqtori sapireebs iseTnairad anawilebs, rom isini TaRnaris lilvebs Soris Tavsdeba da maT zeviT aucileblad aris raRac, rac TaRs bolomde Seavsebs. man sakurTxevlis fasadze jvari da sapire vertikalurad zemoT wasul erT lilvze wamoago da qvemoT amas gamoaba e.w. rombebi, romlebic sinamdvileSi kuTxiT dayenebuli kvadratebia, magram dedamiwaze vinc ki dadis, yvela rombad xedavs da amitom rombs veZaxiT. rogorc Cans, mas rombis simbolikac aqvs Cadebuli. rombi maradisobis erT-erTi niSania da hgavs kidec, rom iq maradisobis, ukvdavebis niSani unda iyos. asea, rakiRa didi jvari, romelic aseve am lilvze aris agebuli, erTi mxriv, aSkarad golgoTis jvaria da, meore mxriv _ xe cxovrebisa, radgan gverdiT gamobmuli aqvs kidev TaRebi, romlebzec mtevnebi hkidia. es namdvilad samoTxis, edemis baRia, misi wiaRi da jvari iq mxolod da mxolod xe cxovrebisas SeiZleba niSnavdes, araviTari sxva sazrisi mas ar SeiZleba gaaCndes. Tumca aq, rogorc Cans, rTuli SeTavsebaa, romlis msgavsi jer kidev bevrad adre garejis erT-erT moxatulobaSia TeTr udabnoSi, sadac aris jvari _ didebiT mosili, Saravandiani jvari _ da aweria zed qristes saxeli, anu golgoTis jvaria, Tumca is namdvilad samoTxea _ kviparosebi aqvs aqeT-iqiT mixatuli. ai, daaxloebiT aseTive ram aris aqac, samTavisis fasadzec. es jvari zeviTac TaRs ebmis _ mTlianad es yvelaferi gadabmulia. mere, sakmaod male, mova dro, rodesac TaRnari aRar iqneba, magram cnobierebaSi formis Sekvra moxda _ formis yvela elementi aris erTiani. es metaforaa, rasakvirvelia, magram amis mere ostatebi TiTqosda ase fiqroben: es elementebi xom movarjuleT, erTianobaSi moviyvaneT da raxan ukve moTvinierebuli gvyavs, modi, axla es gamaerTianebeli elementic movaciloT da isini mainc dalagdebian ise, rom erTmaneTs daukavSirdnen. yvelaze saintereso is aris, rom marTlac ase moxda da XII saukunis Tamaris xanis arqiteqturaSi, garda er160
Ti-ori gamonaklisisa, sruli TaRnari ar aris da Cven vxedavT am TiTqosda gancalkevebul elementebs, rogorc erTmaneTSi Sedinebuls. es, ubralod, zomaTa SefardebiT miiRweva, rasakvirvelia, magram sul mgonia _ Tu ara es TaRnari, Tu ara gamocdileba imisa, rom SeiZleba, yvela elementi erTis nawilad aqcio da srulebiT ganuyofeli erTi miiRo, iqneb es arc gamosuliyo. es TiTqosda Semdegi safexuria amave formis Ziebisa da amave formis gancdisa. erTi elementia mxolod, romelic samTavisSi, momavlis TvalsazrisiT, rogorc Cans, bolomde miyvanili ar iyo. minda, kidev erTxel SegaxsenoT, rom istoriulad win waweuli ar niSnavs aucileblad mxatvrulad ukeTess. samTavisis gumbaTis yeli, istoriuli TvalsazrisiT, ar iyo yvelaze progresuli da ar amzadebda uSualod momdevno etaps, rac sul ar niSnavs imas, rom is rameze uaresi iyo. ubralod, aRmoCnda sxva, sadac Semdgom TaobaTa arqiteqtorebi pirdapir naxaven models, Tu rogori unda iyos gumbaTis yeli, rogor unda iyos is morTuli da Tqven warmoidgineT, rom am gumbaTis yelis morTuloba 16 Tu meti wliT adre gakeTda raWaSi, nikorwmindaSi. marTali giTxraT, ar vici, iqidan rogor gavrcelda _ marTla gadmoiRes Semdeg qarTlis ostatebma Tu paralelurad midioda Zieba, romelic imave Sedegamde mivida. Tumca cota meeWveba, rom am tipis paralelizmi SesaZlebeli iyos. axla ki vTqvaT, ratom meeWveba: rogori aris gumbaTis yeli nikorwmindaSi? erTi, rom nikorwmindis taZari aris yvelaze uxvad Semkuli eklesia saqarTveloSi, meti raRa _ iqac aris lilvovani TaRnari da am TaRebs kidev Signidan Cafenili aqvT CuqurTmiani arSiebi. aseTi ram TavSi azrad sxvas aravis mosvlia. Tumca am uxvadmkul taZarze bevri reliefia _ amdeni arc erT taZars ar hqonia arc manamde, arc mere, magram gansakuTrebuli mainc gumbaTis yelia. ai, ra gaakeTa ostatma: pirveli, rac man moimoqmeda _ sapireebis zoma gazarda da sarkmlis sapireebi imxelaa, rom TaRnars avsebs. TaRnari iseTia, rogoric X saukuneSi dakanonda, magram, realurad, es 161
TaRedi Tqven SegiZliaT iqidan amoxatoT Tavisi kapiteliT, Tavisi fuZiT, magram Tvali mas TaRebad ver xedavs. is xedavs erTian talRovan reliefur formas. es TaRi gadaiqca TiTqosda damatebiT lilvad da ara damoukidebel moculobad, rogorc es X saukuneSi iyo da, rogorc Cans, samTavisis gumbaTsac hqonda (aq sapires mTlianad TiTqos ar unda Seevso). amas garda, gumbaTis yels agvirgvinebs rTuli moxazulobis, rTuli kveTis mTlianad moCuqurTmebuli karnizi (da es Tavdapirvelia, Tumca iq aris mogviano aRdgenebic, romlebic kveTas imeorebs, magram aRar aCuqurTmebs). karnizsa da sarkmlebs Soris moTavsebulia kidev erTi CuqurTmiani arSia da kidev erTi CuqurTmian-profiliani arSia sarkmlebis qveSaa, e.i. gumbaTis yelis sul ZirSi. gumbaTis yeli mTlianad dafarulia am morTulobiT. rac ver gabedes qarTlelma ostatebma, gaakeTa raWvelma xuroTmoZRvarma. raWvels roca vambob, es SeiZleba misi gamomkveTis kuTxobrivi warmomavloba ar iyos, magram tradicia, romelsac Cven nikorwmindaSi vxedavT, mgonia, rom adgilobrivia. yovel SemTxvevaSi, amdagvari CuqurTma Cven jerjerobiT mxolod raWaSi vnaxeT erT naeklesiarze, romelic cota unda uswrebdes nikorwmindas da sxvagan ar aris. raRac sxva buneba aqvs mas _ isic samxreTqarTuli nimuSebidan modis, mas ukavSirdeba, magram sxvanairi sisxo da sizrqe aqvs, gansxvavebuli bunebisaa. rogorc Cans, es aris adgilobrivi skola. amas kidev unda muSaoba, unda vipovoT kriteriumi, romliTac ufro zustad ganvsazRvravT. axla me zogad frazebs vambob, amas ki aso-aso unda naxva _ ra iwvevs gansxvavebulobas am raRac sxvanairi plastikurobisa, romelic ar aris, vTqvaT, qarTlis, imereTis eklesiebSi. kacxSi, magaliTad, gareTa mopirkeTeba mTlianad Secvlilia XIX saukuneSi da Tumca ostatma gaimeora ZiriTadi elementebi _ didi jvrebi, TiTqosda sapireebic, TaRnari _ es uxarisxoa, uRonoa, guls gareTaa gakeTebuli. man, ubralod, icis, rom aq iyo raRac amdagvari. rasakvirvelia, veranair warmodgenas im Tavdapirvelze amiT ver miviRebdiT, rom ara 162
karibWeze SemorCenili imdroindeli ramdenime mosarTavi da imas rom vuyureb, sul mTlad guli mikvdeba imitom, rom warmomidgenia, es rogori iqneboda da axla ra aris. Zalian dasaRonebeli suraTia. Tumca isic, rac SerCa, ase vTqvaT, Zalian mowinave aris da iqiTken mimavali, rasac mere gaakeTeben, XII saukuneSi. aseTive unda yofiliyo aq samkauli. tipi aqac eqvsafsidiania, pirwmindad imeorebs X saukunis taour eklesiebs, isev mravalwaxnags akeTebs, oRond xuroTmoZRvarma rogorRac Tavis Wkuaze gaaerTiana da gaukeTa garSemosavleli, rac iq ar aris. gvyavs kidev erTi gamokveTili, absoluturad genialuri dekoratori. es gaxlavT swored amas winaT naxsenebi samTavros taZris xuroTmoZRvari. axla bevr laparaks ar daviwyeb, visac gnebavT, CadiT, naxeT, oRond moaxerxeT ise, rom jer samTavisSi waxvideT da Semdeg samTavroSic an piriqiT, SeadareT interierebi da naxavT, rom samTavros interieri aseTi STambeWdavi ar aris, arc aseTi mravalferovania. Tumca, samagierod, gansakuTrebiT, samxreT da CrdiloeT fasadebze rogor CuqurTmas akeTebs! iq akeTebs sarkmlebisa da CuqurTmis, dekoratiuli TaRebis kompozicias, romlis msgavsi arc manamde, arc mere, arc sadme sxvagan aravis Seuqmnia. srulebiT warmoudgeneli dekoratiuli fantaziebia, TiTqos kaci xaraCoze damdgara da iqve Txzavs. es namdvili ornamentul-plastikuri fantaziebia da araCveulebrivia srulebiT. ai, asec aris xolme da rodesac uyureb amas, rogorc istorikosi, rogorc analitikosi, kargad xedav, Tu ramdennairi SeiZleba arsebobdes niWiereba. aris aseTi Sexeduleba _ da Zalian Wkviani xalxisganac msme nia _ rom adamiani, romelic raRacaSi niWieria, yvelaferSi niWieria. aha, batono, uniWieresi iyo plastika-dekorSi da sivrciTi ki... ra giTxraT?! cudi ar aris, ra Tqma unda da Tavlas ar hgavs, namdvilad hgavs taZars, magram aRmafrena, romelsac aq xedav, iq ar aris. samTavneli arqiteqtori sxvanairia _ mas srulebiT warmoudgeneli ostatebi hyavs, 163
warmoudgeneli meCuqurTmeebi. roca uyureb, geeWveba, rom saerTod SesaZlebelia, adamianma gaakeTos is, rac iq aris. gegoneba, rom viRac sxva exmareba, TiTqos feriebi dafrinavdnen Tu ra vici, kidev _ vin. Tumca TviTon arqiteqtori erTianad iazrebs amasac da Sida sivrcesac. samTavroSi es ar aris, sxva raRacaa. samagierod, ostati interierSic ki plastikas axerxebs, magaliTad, afsidis kuTxeebs gaakeTebs ise, rogorc burjebs. aseTi profilireba saerTod warmoudgenelia. vinmes azrad rogor unda mosvloda, rom aseTi dasafexurebuli kuTxe gaekeTebina, ase daewvrilebina. Tanac gamosdis, SigniT yvelaferi imdenad plastikuria. sarkmlebsac ki ukeTebs Signidan lilvebs, raTa kidev raRac gamoZerwos _ rogorc moqandake, ise muSaobs. q-ni asmaT oqropiriZe ambobs xolme, qandakeba rad gvindoda, taZrebi gvaqvs plastikurio. es swored is SemTxvevaa, rodesac taZris moculoba, rogorc qandakeba, marTlac ise keTdeba. rodesac yuradReba gavamaxvile kacxsa da nikorwmindaSi raRac elementTa winwasulobasa da sxvaTa ukuSTenaze, erTgvar retrospeqtulobaze, es SemTxveviTi ar gaxlavT, vinaidan aqac Zalian kargad Cans, rom mxatvruli Semoqmedeba martivi ambavi ar aris. sityva `amocana“ Zalian gviyvars xelovnebis istorikosebs da iseTi suraTi isaxeba, TiTqos dajda viRaca da Tqva, axla me goTikur taZars avaSenebo. arada, vinc XII saukuneSi sen-denis sakurTxevels aSenebda, sulac ar fiqrobda, rom goTikur taZars aagebda. is fiqrobda, rogor aeSenebina lamazi, SuqiT savse taZari. aseTi dakveTa hqonda _ unda yofiliyo bevri Suqi, romelic ganasaxierebda RvTaebriv naTels. amaze fiqrobda da rodesac mere sxvebma es forma aitaces da iqidan sakuTari kompoziciebi gaakeTes, isinic fiqrobdnen, Tu rogor aeSenebinaT mjobnis mjobni taZari. amocanebi, im azriT, rogoriTac gvesmis, Cveni abstraqciaa. saubedurod, es TviTon xelovanTac SemoesmaT, dRes isinic amocanebze laparakoben da raRacas iseTs akeTeben, rac xelovneba ar aris. magaliTad, amas winaT wavikiTxe, rom vi164
Racas hqonda amocana, eCvenebina... ra unda aCveno? davuSvaT, unda aCvenos, rom qva aris mZime. es ar aris xelovnebis amocana, ar aris mxatvruli Semoqmedeba, es saerTod araferi ar aris. qvas, minda giTxraT, wona isedac aqvs, TavisTavad da Sen Tu ginda, raRac warmoaCino, raRacisTvis unda gWirdebodes. vTqvaT, Tuki gindaT, SeqmnaT dramatuli kompozicia da iq aCvenebT qvis simZimes, romelic sadRac Sekidula da axla gadmovardeba, es gasagebia, gamomsaxvelobas emsaxureba. TavisTavad, Tuki momindeba mZime da saSiSi kldis Sexedva, waval darialis xeobaSi da gadmokidebul kldes Sevxedav, aseTs adamianis xeli mainc ver Seqmnis da imas xom ver gaejibrebi, rad minda me es Seni simZime?! an vTqvaT aseTi amocana _ vaCvenoT, rom feri arsebobs TavisTavad. feri TavisTavad, unda giTxraT, ar arsebobs. rogorc amboben, is saerTodac ar arsebobs _ es aris zedapiris Tviseba, romelsac Cven vxedavT, rogorc fers. ras niSnavs _ TavisTavad arsebobs? ginaxavT sadme haerSi moriale feradi laqebi? mgoni, aseTi ram jer aravis Sexvedria. es ar aris SemoqmedebiTi amocana. ai, isev sityva `amocana“ wamomcda! ase ar unda fiqrobdes xelovani, es ar aris xelovanis safiqrali, es saerTod ar aris safiqrali! rodesac Cven sityva `amocanas~ vxmarobT, es mxolod imis asaxsnelad gvWirdeba, rom gansxvavebuli formebi SeiZleba Tanabari Rirebulebisa iyos da `amocanas“ mizandasaxulebis nacvlad, mis sinonimad viyenebT, SemoqmedebiT process ramdenadme varacionalurebT. Tumca es Teoriuli ganzogadebaa da ara imis axsna, rogor moqmedebs xelovani. RmerTma daifaros, xelovani aseTi racionaluri iyos. suraTebis, qandakebebis da simfoniebis Seqmna ar gaxlavT orTqlis qvabebis konstruireba an ufro gamZle tafis modelireba _ ar aris es igive. TavisTavad xelovneba Tavisi arsebiT mravali da mravali aTasi wlis ganmavlobaSi erTaderTs emsaxureboda da RvTaebis sadidebeli iyo _ an romelime kerZoobiTi RvTaebis, an CvenTvis, monoTeistebisTvis, erTiani transcendenturi RmerTis. es iyo erTgvari, rogorc xatovnad ity165
vian, Teologia an himnografia, oRond sxvadasxva saSualebiT _ sityvieriT, bgeriTiT, plastikuriT, feriTiT. namdvilad ase iyo! rac undaT, ilaparakon, magram es iyo ase da amas veravin uaryofs. mere es aris xolme sxvadasxvanairad warmosaxuli, gonebaSi sxvadasxvanairad gatarebuli, magram kvlavac raRacisadmi mowiwebis, krZalvis, aRfrTovanebis gamoxatvis saSualebaa. magaliTad, XIX saukunis bevri xelovanis gonebaSi es CamoinakvTa, rogorc aRfrTovaneba xiluli bunebiT. bevri maTgani morwmune iyo _ maTTvis es Sesaqmis kvalia, RvTaebis Semoqmedebis gamovlinebaa, ase xedaven. viRac deisti iyo, viRac _ panTeisti, magram visac saerTod aRaraferi eguleboda iq sulieri, is peizaJs veRar xatavda. SeadareT peizaJi Teist sezanTan, romelsac swamda RmerTi da RvTaebrivi Sesaqme da aTeisti pikasos peizaJi. pikasos peizaJebi, jer erTi, cota aqvs imitom, rom guli ar misdis da, meorec, yvelaferi daWyletili TunuqiviT gamoiyureba. amiT imis Tqmas srulebiT ar vapireb, rom pikasos cudi mxatvroba aqvs. ase SeiZleba Tqvas mxolod Zalian gauTviTcnobierebelma istorikosma da, imedi maqvs, rom aseT zomamde uvici ar var, magram misi damokidebuleba qveynierebisadmi, rasakvirvelia, srulebiT sxvaa, araa iseTi, rogoric wina Taobis xelovanT hqondaT. misTvis sinamdvile, upirveles yovlisa, qaosia da aseTi damokidebulebisas mSveniereba SeuZlebelia, is xdeba mxolod garegnuli, vulgaruli silamaze, rogoric, magaliTad, XX saukunis Zalian bevr kinovarskvlavs aqvs (ar minda, konkretuli saxelebi vTqva). ver gamigia, ratom ukidia vinmes im dedakacTa portretebi, romlebsac rigian ojaxSi, me rom mkiTxoT, sarecxs Tu daarecxinebdnen, Torem samzareuloSic ar SeuSvebdnen. Tumca maSin, X Tu XI saukuneSi, cxadia, ase ar iyo. amocana maSin swored es aris, adamianebi mxolod amaze fiqroben _ isini qmnian RvTis sadidebels. es ar aris advili. arc is aris swori, rom adamianis ganwyobilebam, vTqvaT, misma aRfrTovanebam, SeiZleba pirdapiri gamoxatuleba naxos. 166
Cven xSirad gvaviwydeba _ xelovnebaze Tu ram viciT, es misi nivTieri garsi aris. raRac TvalsazrisiT, bgerac nivTieria, radgan talRebi vrceldeba haerSi. am garsis saSualebiT modis Cvenamde is, risi Tqma da gadmocemac xelovans surs. es, sxvaTa Soris, ar udris xelovanis Sinagan mdgomareobas, Tumca is raRacis keTebas garkveuli ganwyobilebiT iwyebs. davuSvaT, sami dRe xatavs suraTs. Teoriuladac ki SeuZlebelia, is sami dRis ganmavlobaSi sul erTnair xasiaTze iyos. ukve Semdeg, rodesac muSaobas agrZelebs, is Tavisive nakeTebiT xelaxala iqmnis, iRvivebs im ganwyobilebas, Torem sxvanairad mas ver miaRwevs. arqiteqturas Tu warmovidgenT, vin daijerebs, rom SeiZleba ostats 25 wlis ganmavlobaSi erTnairi ganwyobileba hqonoda?! cxadia, ase araa, magram isini gamoxataven raRac erTs, erT emociur damokidebulebas, Cadebuls CanafiqrSi, romelic Semdeg SeiZleba xorcs didxans isxamdes. ase rom, xelovanis subieqturi, emociuri mdgomareoba da is, rac man nawarmoebiT gamoxata erTmaneTSi ar unda avurioT _ nawarmoebi mis ganwyobas pirdapir ar gadmoscems, is maSualebelia da, raki maSualebelia, iq Cndeba Zalian bevri ram da es Cven yvelam viciT. yvelas dagvmarTnia, rom raime Zalian piradi ganacadis (Tundac xelovnebisagan miRebulis STabeWdilebis, raRaciT an viRaciT aRfrTovanebis) sxvisTvis axsnas vcdilobT da ver vpoulobT sityvebs, romlebic zustad gadmoscems, ratom varT ase aRfrTovanebulni. veZebT sityvebs da sanam im zust sityvas vipoviT, vaSvelebT xel-fexs, saxis gamometyvelebas, egebada mosaubre migvixvdes. mere vipoviT im sityvas, magram amas xom dro unda. zustad asevea xelovnebaSic. arian Seumcdari xelovanni, magram, rogorc wesi, es Seumcdaroba am geniosebisTvisac ki uiSviaTesi gamonaklisia. es xdeba gamocdilebis dagrovebis Semdeg. ubralod, ar arsebobs xelovneba, romelic pirdapir, pirveli mosinjviT aris srulyofili. jerjerobiT dedamiwaze ar arsebula xelovani, romlis pirvelive nawarmoebi Sedevri iqneboda. Sedevri yovelTvis iqmneba odesRac mere. Teo167
riulad, roca is ufro uSualoa, misi nawarmoebi ukeTesi unda iyos, magram es uSualoba, rogorc wesi, gamoixateba xolme sxvaTagan gadmoRebuli ukve cnobili da gacveTili formebiT. mere is xvdeba, rom es is ar aris da, ra Tqma unda, im Zveli, wina TaobaTa, gamocdilebis gamoyenebiT, gaTvaliswinebiT, masze dayrdnobiT raRacas Tavisas poulobs. sruli iluziaa imaze fiqri, rom vinmes SeuZlia, rame Seqmnas yvelafris gareT. TviTnaswavl xelovnebaze laparakoben xolme, rogorc srulebiT uSualoze. es xom iluziaa, is ostatebic xom raRacas xedaven?! isini xedaven suraTebs, nivTebs, vTqvaT, Zvelad kedlis mxatvrobas xedavdnen. Zalian kargi magaliTia Tundac firosmani, romelTanac naxavT raRac iseTs, rac mas nanaxi aqvs da Semdeg gadaqceuli Tavis srulebiT individualur xelovnebad. uwanamZRvro arc is aris, imasac aqvs wanamZRvrebi. sxva ambavia, rom firosmanTan ar aris imdeni racionaluri fiqri, ramdenic, davuSvaT, daviT kakabaZesTan. es ukve sxva sakiTxia. Semoqmedeba yovelTvis agrZelebs raRacas, rac winamorbedebma dautoves da Semdeg amas irgebs an mTlianad gardasaxavs, Tu misi saTqmeli principulad gansxvavebulia. amas bevri sirTule aqvs da aqve dgeba xelovanis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi. XVIII saukunidan xelovanma moixsna yovelgvari pasuxismgebloba imaze, rasac akeTebs. davuSvaT, daxatavs, gadaiRebs an Teatris scenaze gaiTamaSebs raime uzneos, uxamss da Semdeg ki xSirad gaigoneb: mere ra, rom Tqven ar mogwonT, rasac me gaCvenebT, aseTia sinamdvile. mniSvnelovania ara is, Tu rogoria sinamdvile, aramed _ Sen ras poulob am sinamdvileSi, asaxvisa da damaxsovrebis Rirsad, CemTvis Cvenebis sakadrisad ras miiCnev da ras gamoiwvev. dRes xelovani fiqrobs, rom is Tavisas ambobs da danarCens ki TavSi qva uxlia. arada, ase ar aris, xelovneba viRacisTvis iqmneba, is ar arsebobs ise, uarvisod. ar mgonia, marTebuli iyos daufiqrebloba imaze, Tu ras gamoiwvevs Seni nawarmoebi. es xSirad gamimeorebia: gardacvalebamde cota xniT adre saxelganTqmulma reJisorma bergmanma Tqva, Cems filmebs ar vuyureb, cud gunebaze maye168
nebso. nuTu zneobrivia, amoiRo gulidan is, rac Sen gawuxebs, sxvebs ki guneba gaufuWo da Tavi moakvlevino, roca TviTon amas aRar uyureb? es ukiduresi upasuxismgeblobaa da ar mgonia, zrdasruli adamianisTvis sakadrisi iyos. aq Cven Zalian rTul zRvars gavdivarT _ rodesac surT, rom imoqmedon idealis saxeliT (da amis uamravi magaliTia, gansakuTrebiT, XVII, XVIII, XIX saukuneebSi), adamianebi sakuTar Tavs aZaleben formebs. iwyeba laparaki imaze, rom romeliRac forma kargia da romeliRac sxva ki _ cudi. arada, saubaria ara formebze, aramed ama Tu im formiT motanil sazrisze. marTalia, me aseTi ar meguleba, magram Tuki TavisTavad forma aris uzneo da saxifaTo, maSin, modiT, am formazec uari vTqvaT. magram gana amazea laparaki?! samwuxarod, yovelTvis ase iyo _ iyo kamaTi, davuSvaT, imaze, rom zneobrivi aris doriuli sveti da uzneoa, vTqvaT, goTikuri TaRi an piriqiT, goTikuri TaRi aris RvTissaTno da naxevarwriuli TaRi _ warmarTuli. yvela es debuleba aris sisulele! nebismier am formas SeuZlia gamoxatos RvTaebrivi an Zalianac araRvTaebrivi, gaaCnia, Sen mas rogor gamoiyeneb da rogor mTlianobaSi, rogor mxatvrul mTelSi moaqcev. vinaidan formebze kamaTobdnen, Semdeg viRac, vinc icavda ideals, daivalebda, rom raRac forma akeTos, Tumca mere irkveoda, rom es forma gulTan ver miaqvs. amisi tragikuli magaliTi aris Jan ogiust dominik engri, romelic uniWieresi mxatvaria da SegiZliaT TvalnaTliv naxoT, Tu rogor araCveulebriv portretebs xatavs. Tumca rogorc ki koncefciuri suraTebis keTebaze gadadis, TiTqos cvilis Tojinebis ugemuri, mosawyeni gamofena gamosdis, radgan iq daiZala raRaca, sxvanairi xazi moswons da ZaliT akeTebs imas, rac misi bunebisa ar aris. ase ar SeiZleba da amaze arc aris laparaki. Tu adamians eTqmevineba maincdamainc Tavisufali leqsi, ar unda movklaT da ZaliT ar unda vawerinoT soneti. es ki ar aris problema, laparakia sxva rameze, rom Tqven SeiZleba daweroT gamarTuli soneti da adamianebs kac169
Ta kvla uqadagoT. marTla aris aseTi leqsi, me axla arafers vigoneb. germanuli leqsia, vinme georg hervegis, sadac pirdapir naTqvamia, axla siZulvili gvsurso. leqsad cudad albaT arc ki aris agebuli, magram nuTu SeiZleba, rom es Sinaarsi mosawonad CaiTvalos? SeiZleba, rom siZulvilisadmi mowodeba raimenairad iyos gamarTlebuli? ai, magaliTad, uniWieresi versifikatori haine, romlis msgavsad germanuli leqsis melodiurobisaTvis Znelad Tu vinmes miuRwevia, mouwodebs, rom gadaaqcion kelnis taZari Tavlad da sicil-kiskisiT gviyveba, tiuilris sasaxleSi TavmokveTil sefeqalTa aCrdilebi rogor dadian. mas es axalisebs, Tavad ecineba, Tumca me mgonia, rom amas mxolod erTmniSvnelovani Sefaseba SeiZleba mieces _ es aris uzneoba! es ar SeiZleba da piradad CemTvis araviTari melodiuroba leqsisa amis gamarTleba ar aris. is, ra Tqma unda, Zalian karg versifikatorad rCeba, magram amgvari leqsebi, rogorc moraluri movlena, Cemi azriT, absoluturad erTmniSvnelovnad fasdeba. amas mxolod imitom vlaparakob, rom Cven unda ganvasxvaoT mxatvruli formebis mier wamoWrili amocanebi (da Cven mogviwevs amaze saubari XII saukunis, gansakuTrebiT ki, XIII saukunis xelovnebasTan dakavSirebiT) da is, rac am formebiT gamoiTqmis. ai, magaliTad, formis uzogadesi tipis TvalsazrisiT, aTenis akropolisi da mcxeTis jvari erTi da igive aris, Tumca konkretuli formebi ar emTxveva. nuTu SesaZlebelia, vinmes azrad mouvides Tundac wamiT, rom sulieri Sinaarsi parTenonisa, romelic mSvenieri xelovnebaa, igive aris, rac jvris sazrisi, romelic agreTve mSvenieri xelovnebaa? maT aqvT srulebiT gansxvavebuli msoflmxedvelobiTi saTqmeli. Tumca, Tu vilaparakebT mxolod da mxolod formis enaze, iq aris saerTo niSnebi, magram es srulebiT sxvadasxva ramaa. samwuxarod Tu sabednierod, amis garCeva arc ise iolia: sabednierod imitom, rom xelovnebis bedniereba es aris _ gveZleva, rogorc mTeli da Tavs Zala unda davatanoT, raTa is komponentebad davyoT. sxva mxriv, ubedureba 170
isaa, rom swored am mTlianobiT vaiTu isargeblos arakeTilsindisierma adamianma, gindac borotma Zalam, lamazi niRabi moirgos da SemogvasaRos mere Sxami da samsala, romelze uaress verc ki warmoidgens kaci. es araerTxel momxdara da, samwuxarod, dResac Zalian xSirad xdeba. sxva ubedureba kidev isaa, rom dRes adamianebi, ar vici ratom, Sxams sakmarisad Seuracxi, arafrad Rirebuli formebiTac siamovnebiT ylapaven. SeiZleba arsebobdes marTlac maRali donis mxatvruli Semoqmedeba, romelsac Zalian arasasurveli da, xSir SemTxvevaSi, ubralod damRupveli ideur-sulieri saTqmeli moaqvs. es gasaTvaliswinebelia _ gasaTvaliswinebelia Sefasebisas da, saerTod, xelovnebis istoriaze fiqrisas. xelovnebis istoria ar aris nagavsayreli, sadac yvelaferi erTi Rirebulebisaa anu Rirebuleba dakargulia. xelovneba adamianebisagan modis, xelovnebaSi adamianebi esaubrebian erTmaneTs da gvesaubrebian Cven. me absoluturad darwmunebuli var, rom Cven, am SemTxvevaSi, sruli ufleba gvaqvs, moviTxovoT rogorc gamonaTqvamis mowesrigebuloba, aseve gamosaTqmelis sulieri simaRle. mgonia, rom dRevandel dRes es, ubralod, aucilebelia, miuxedavad imisa, rom Znelia povna adamianisa, romelic isurvebs, itvirTos maRalsulieri saTqmelis Semosva dRevandeli adamianisTvis misaReb materialur garsSi. es marTlac Zalian rTulia, vinaidan dRevandeli adamiani aris, ase vTqvaT, avadmyofi cxoveli. da mainc, ar SeiZleba, ar vTqvaT is, rac simarTlea. ar SeiZleba, gavagrZeloT laparaki imaze, rom xelovneba aris gasarTobi, romelic adamianebisagan, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, saerTod arafers iTxovs. swored piriqiT, didi xelovneba jer Cvengan iTxovs yuradRebas da Semdeg Cven vivsebiT imiT, rac man mogvca. es SeiZleba amaRorZinebelic iyos da gamanadgurebelic da, sxvaTa Soris, ar aris ganmsazRvreli, moTxrobil ambavs bolo keTili aqvs Tu ara. berZnul TeoriaSi SemTxveviT ar iyo damkvidrebuli cneba kaTarsisisa, ganwmendisa, romelic moaqvs sworedac rom tragediis 171
xilvas, rodesac Tqven xedavT bedisweris aRsrulebas da am saSinel ambebSi damalul uzenaes sazriss. gavixsenoT Tundac antigone. sinamdvileSi antigones tragediaSi, oidiposis ojaxis tragediaSi, mTavrdeba, amoirwyveba is Sxami, romelic daTesa papamisma, rodesac mglebs Cvili Svili sajijgnad miugdo. Tqven xedavT, rom am saSineli tragediiT, udanaSaulo adamianis gawirviT, aRsruldeba bediswera, romelic amyarebs erTgvar wonasworobas qveynierebisa. srulebiT sxva sakiTxia, gvwams Tu ara Cven bedisweris, viziarebT Tu ar viziarebT amas. me, magaliTad, ar mwams aseTi fantomis, fatalisti ar gaxlavarT da, mgonia, rom qristiani fatalisti saerTodac ver iqneba. Tumca TavisTavad is, rom Tqven xedavT raRac dids, badebs marTlac amaRlebul ganwyobilebas, TiTqos raRac Zala geZlevaT da iqidan gamodixarT ara aRnavlebuli, aramed ganaxlebuli. Tumca SeiZleba iyos xelovneba, romelic giCvenebs mxolod abibinebul mdeloebs, magram moaqvs raRac iseTi, ris Semdegac xarT moRuSuli, gejavrebaT yvelaferi da gZulT is lurji cac, is yvavilic da masze damjdari pepelac. esec garkveuli saTqmelia da, Sesrulebis TvalsazrisiT, esec SeiZleba maRali donis nawarmoebi iyos. aseTi nawarmoebebi, kidev vimeoreb, aris. asea Tu ise, me mxolod imis Tqma mindoda, rom XI saukuneSi Cven gvaqvs garkveuli tipis arqiteqturuli Semoqmedeba, romelmac ipova Tavisi saboloo forma. saboloooba, erTi mxriv, aRmafrTovanebelia, Tumca SeiZleba dRevandel adamianamde es uceb pirdapir arc mivides. maxsovs Cemi piradi STabeWdileba, romelic samTavisis pirvelad naxvisas miviRe _ saerTod ver gavige es ra aris da mxolod mere, meored misvlisas, mivxvdi, rom damabnia swored misma zedmiwevniTma srulyofilebam. me ver davinaxe masSi gamomsaxveloba, TiTqos mTeli emociuri muxti gaiyina am srulyofil formaSi. rasakvirvelia, sinamdvileSi, Zalian cocxalia, ubralod, Tvali unda SeaCvio. Cemi maswavlebeli, b-ni leo rCeuliSvili, aseT ambavs miyveboda: roca drezdenidan moskovSi gadmotanili rafaelis `siqstes 172
madona~ unda gamoefinaT (oriode Tve unda yofiliyo da Semdeg germaniaSi abrunebdnen), Cveni xelovnebaTmcodneebi wavidnen. giorgi CubinaSvils uTqvams, icodeT, ar CauaroT, dadeqiT da didxans uyureTo. saimdrood, rodesac b-nma leom es miTxra, me ukve vicodi, rom swored aseTi aris italiuri renesansis xelovneba _ es aris xelovneba, romelsac, Tu ar Seyovndebi, ver aRiqvam. rafaelis xelovnebaSi Tqven unda ganicadoT misi Sewonasworebuloba. siqstes madonas SemTxvevaSi, es aris Sewonasworeba materialuri sxeulisa, romelic Rrubelze dadis. Tqven ar gaqvT gancda, rom is Camovardeba, radgan mas zustad is wona aqvs, ramdenic Rrubels SeuZlia zidos. rogor gaakeTa es rafaelma? ai, es unda SeigrZnos adamianma da amisTvis saWiroa dro. samTavisis arqiteqturac am tipisaa _ cota masac unda acalo, raTa Semovides SenSi da maSin xedav, ramdenad mdidaria is SigniT, rogori datvirTulia, rogori sicxovliT aris gajerebuli. Tumca aris sxva Taviseburebac dasrulebulobaSi _ mogexsenebaT, dasrulebuloba yovelTvis raRacis daboloebaa. daboloeba SemoqmedebaSi SeiZleba gaCereba, SeCereba aRmoCndes. arada, adamianis Semoqmedeba isea mowyobili, rom SeCereba ar SeiZleba. sxvaTa Soris, ase aris mowyobili ara mxolod Semoqmedeba. yvelam viciT, rom adamiani, rogorc ki gaCerdeba, CamorCeba, TiTqos adgils ar icvlis, magram sinamdvileSi iq ki aRaraa, sadac fiqrobs, rom aris, aramed sul sxva adgilas aRmoCndeba. ase xdeba imitom, rom CamorCa _ ase aris mowyobili wuTisofeli da asea mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSic. Tu rogor ganviTarda Cvens saeklesio arqiteqturaSi, ase vTqvaT, dasrulebis mermindeli movlenebi, ra axsna, gindac gamarTleba SeiZleba amas moeZebnos an ra samomavlo gakveTili unda miviRoT, ukve Semdeg saubrebSi mogaxsenebT.
173
10. daviT aRmaSeneblis epoqa XI saukunis arqiteqturis CvenTvis cnobili istoria 1046 wels savanis wm. giorgis eklesiis aSenebiT mTavrdeba. amis Semdeg aSenebuli XI saukunis nageboba Cven ar viciT. amas SeiZleba ramdenime axsna hqondes. erTi is gaxlavT, rom 1060-iani wlebidan iwyeba Turqoba anu seljukebis SemosevaTa wyeba da es marTlac logikuria _ roca Turqi daTareSobs, mSeneblobisTvis TiTqos veravin moiclis, Tumca, sxva mxriv, yofila aranaklebi omianoba da aSenebdnen. amas garda, kidev ufro ucnauri is aris, rom im mcirericxovan ZeglebSi, romlebic XII saukunis dasawyisiT SeiZleba daTariRdes _ ara mxolod arqiteqturaSi, aramed XI-XII saukunis mijnis mxatvrobaSi, XII saukunis dasawyisis WedurobaSi _ aranairad ar Cans ostatobis vardna. bunebrivia, wyvetili rom yofiliyo, naxevari saukune arc eSenebinaT, arc exataT, arc eWedaT da arc minanqari ekeTebinaT, unda vxedavdeT raRacas _ an umweo wambaZvelobas, anda xelaxal mosinjvas. unda iyos erTi an meore, arada erTis niSanwya lic ar Cans. Sesabamisad, raRac sxva xdeboda. maS, raSia saqme? axsna aseTia: nagebobebi albaT Zalian bevri marTlac ar aris. Tumca mTavari isaa, rom Cven jer ar viciT niSnebi, romlebiTac XII saukunis meore naxevars gavmijnavT, erTi mxriv, XI saukunis pirveli naxevrisagan, meore mxriv ki _ XII saukunis dasawyisisagan. es SesaZlebelia _ odesRac (arcTu didi xnis win) Zalian Wirda VIII da IX saukuneebis nagebobebis gansxvaveba da dRes es TiTqmis yovelTvis gamogvdis, yovel SemTxvevaSi, SegviZlia vTqvaT, ratom aris erTi IX saukunis, meore ki _ VIII saukunisa. es Cven axla gamogvdis, Torem 1970-ian wlebSi ar SegveZlo. iqneb aseve mere da mere gamoCndes raRac iseTi Tvisebebi, romlebic swored am droisa unda iyos. drodadro, unda giTxraT, am meore naxevrobis pretendentebic Cndeba. magaliTad, me TviTon maqvs eWvi, rom swored XI saukunis bolo aTwleulebisa unda iyos werovanis wm. samebis eklesia. b-ni nikoloz vaCeiSvili, magaliTad, fi174
qrobs, rom XI saukunis Sua xanebs an meore naxevrs SeiZleba miekuTvnebodes ikvis wm. giorgis eklesia da a.S. magaliTad, gvaqvs boJanos fragmentebi, romlebic XI saukunis bolosia an XII saukunis dasawyisisa. Znelia saTqmelad, vnaxoT. imedia, rom momavali aTwleulebi, am mxriv, wagveSveleba da cotaTi ufro meti gvecodineba, vidre dRes viciT. simarTle giTxraT, arc XII saukunis pirveli naxevris nagebobebi gvayria Tavze. faqtobrivad, Cven SegviZlia davasaxeloT mxolod gelaTis monastris RmrTismSoblis Sobis taZari da SiomRvimis monastris RmrTismSoblis miZinebis mTlianad gadakeTebuli (mxolod fragmentebi aris da gegma) aguris eklesia. orive dakavSirebulia daviT aRmaSeneblis moRvaweobasTan da orive misi anderZebiT aris dadasturebuli: erTi _ SiomRvimisaTvis micemuli anderZiT da meore _ saboloo anderZiT, saidanac Cans, rom 1125 wels gelaTis RmrTismSoblis Sobis taZari dasrulebulia. mSenebloba damTavrda da axla jeri Semkoba-moxatvazea. Tumca iq raRac gadakeTebebic moxda an SesaZloa, vTqvaT, narTeqsi bolomde ar iyo miyvanili da gadaakeTes. XI saukunes, ukve ara aucileblad mis pirvel naxevars, Cveni istoriis erTi xuroTmoZRvruli saidumloc ukavSirdeba. am drois movlenebSi Zalian xSirad aris naxsenebi kldekaris cixe. kldekaris erisTavebi, baRuaSebi (romelTa ZiriTadi sajdomi kacxi unda yofiliyo da ara kldekari, radgan aq aris maTi saZvale da, rogorc Cans, Tavadac iqidan arian, raxan iq imarxebodnen) xan dadebiTad, xan uaryofiTad marTlac xSirad Canan am drois istoriaSi _ bagratovan mefeebs xan eqiSpebian, xan exmarebian, xan maTi mokavSireebi arian, xan mocileebi arian. erTia mxolod, rom maT, mgoni, tyuilad abraleben Zalauflebis mitacebis mcdelobas _ zogjer krTis xolme aseTi eWvi. es ase rom yofiliyo, rodesac baRvaSebma bagrat IV konstantinopolSi TavianTi ZalisxmeviT gaistumres da aRsazrdelad giorgi II, daviT aRmaSeneblis mama, daitoves, araferi iqneboda imaze advili, rom is avad gamxdariyo da momkvdariyo an nadirobisas fexi dascdenoda da mTis qimidan gadmovard175
niliyo. Zalian martivad akeTebdnen amas Tundac dasavleT evropaSi, sadac pantapuntiT ixocebdnen aseTnairad mibarebuli ufliswulebi. ratomRac maT gazardes kaci, romelic, savaraudod, zrdasrulobisas maTi mowinaaRmdege gaxdeboda da, bolos da bolos, daviT aRmaSenebelma gaistumra kidec aqedan baRvaSebi. sxvaTa Soris, Tanamedrove istorikosebs Zalian uyvarT daviT aRmaSeneblis iseTnairad daxatva, rom saerTod ver gaarCev, vin aris _ stalinia, neronia, vin aris da Zalian moswonT is Semzaravi kaci, romelic Tavad gamoigones. aseTi ramec wamikiTxavs: gausworda baRuaSebs. magram saqme isaa, rom baRuaSebi agrZelebdnen arsebobas. maTi STamomavlebi saberZneTSi cxovrobdnen da liparitebi erqvaT. eseni namdvilad baRuaSebi arian, aba, lipariti saidan unda gaCeniliyo saberZneTSi? eqimebi iyvnen, sxvaTa Soris, rac sakmaod sainteresoa imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom mere, ufro gvian, XV saukuneSi, yvelaze cnobili mkurnali saqarTveloSi aris zaza fanaskerteli anu isev didi feodaluri saxlis warmomadgeneli. XIX sukuneSic aris mTeli dasta friad saxelovani qarTuli sagvareuloebidan gamosuli eqimebisa rogorc dasavleT, ise aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi. es sainteresoa im TvalsazrisiT, rom dasavleT evropaSi es srulebiT warmoudgeneli iyo _ aristokratiuli ojaxidan gamosuli eqimi, ubralod, ar arsebobda. ase aris XVII saukuneSi, ase aris XVIII saukuneSi, ase aris XIX saukuneSi. ar vici, SeiZleba, mere vinme gamoeria, magram ase iyo manam, sanam es tradiciuli sazogadoeba arsebobda. ratom gamaxsenda es? kldekaris cixeSi Caiketebian xolme, roca omianoba atydeba da aris erTi ambavi _ xan alyaa, xan ra aris da xan kidev ra aris. es rom moxdes, xom unda iyos Senoba? jer erTi, unda iyos raRaca saTavdacvo nagebobebi, amas garda, unda iyos sacxovrebeli nageboba. baRuaSi marto xom ar aris? mas hyavs col-Svili, cols hyavs Tavisi fareSebi, did erisTavTerisTavs _ Tavisi fareSebi da razmi, am razmelebs _ albaT ojaxebi, unda iyos cixisTavic. bevri xalxi unda iyos. kldekaris cixidan, romlis adgili cnobilia, darCeni176
lia, daaxloebiT, sami qva da absoluturad gaugebaria, cixe sad iyo imitom, rom iq adgili ar aris. srulebiT gaugebaria, es cixe sad iyo aSenebuli. ar vici, iqneb Cven gveSleba da es ki ara, raRac sxvaa kldekari, magram maSin sadme sxvagan es cixe xom unda iyos? Tan es erTaderTi SemTxveva ar aris. magaliTad, kojris cixe, sadac iyo samefo sasaxle, aris pawawuna adgili da sad eteoda iq es yvelaferi, absoluturad gaugebaria. an mecixovneebi sad iyvnen, an es didebulebi sad iyvnen da iq saerTod ra xdeboda? ai, aseTi ucnauri garemoebaa, razec istorikosebs, arqeologebsa da albaT xelovnebis istorikosebsac mogviwevs, pasuxi gavceT, raTa gavarkvioT, Cvens qveya naSi aseTi ucnauri ra xdeba. amave dros, aris sxva cixeebi, romlebic mozrdilia, sadac gaigeb, ra sad aris, rogor aris da aseTi sakvanZo, Zalian mniSvnelovani didi centrebi ki an gamqralia, an iseT mdgomareobaSia, rom ver vxvdebiT, isini Tavdapirvelad rogori SeiZleboda yofiliyo. aseTia patara saidumloebebi da gaugebrobebi Cveni istoriisa. ra SeiZleboda momxdariyo XI-XII saukuneebSi? savaraudod, imdroindeli ostatebi, raRac TvalsazrisiT, gaagrZelebdnen imas, rasac XI saukunis pirveli naxevris CvenTvis cnobili xuroTmoZRvarni akeTebdnen. im nimuSebidan, mcirericxovani magaliTebidan, romlebic Cven XII saukunis dasawyisSi viciT, Cans, rom principuli sxvaoba, vTqvaT, XII saukunis dasawyisis da XI saukunis Sua xanebis CuqurTmas Soris ar aris, Tumca zogierTi saxe aRaraa. magaliTad, X saukunis bolosa da XI saukunis pirvel naxevars Zalian uyvars e.w. kuwubebi _ kbilanebi, SeerTebuli TaRovani rkalebiT. amas rTuli istoria aqvs, foTlovanidan warmodgeba da mere geometriuli saxe miiRo. XII saukuneSi isini aRar aris, XI saukuneSi _ aris, e.i. es gadavarda, raRaca gadarCeva moxda. arada, foTlovani, geometriuli saxeebi, ZiriTadad, TiTqos isev isaa. damuSavebis xasiaTic didad Secvlili ar aris, rasac ver vityviT ukve XII saukunis Sua xanasa da meore naxevarze, rodesac, me vfiqrob, is sakmarisad sxvaa. samwuxarod, am ori nagebobidan, romlebzec 177
Cven ase Tu ise SeiZleba visaubroT, erTi Zalian cudad aris Cvenamde moRweuli da marto gegmiT viciT, meore ki sakmaod Taviseburia da imis dasaxasiaTeblad, Tu met-naklebad ra iyo maSin, ase vTqvaT, modaSi, albaT ar gamodgeba. saqme is gaxlavT, rom, rogorc Cans, daviT aRmaSenebeli im damkveTTagania, romelnic sakmaod erevian mSeneblobaSi, Tumca ara ise, rogorc ukve XIX saukuneSi xdebda, rodesac modis damkveTi da, vTqvaT, ambobs, me am feris farda ar mindao (visac, magaliTad, golsuorsis romani waukiTxavs, mixvdeba). ar mgonia, amdenad Careuliyvnen, magram is, rogorc Cans, raRac pirobebs ayenebs, ufro zustad ki, samSeneblo programas iseTnairad ayalibebs, rom es mxolod funqciuri moTxovna araa, raRac iseTia, rac mxatvrul saxesac gulisxmobs. amas garda, Cven gvaqvs gadmocema, romelSic me, marTali giTxraT, didad eWvi ar mepareba, rom daviT aRmaSenebeli gelaTis mSeneblobaSi lamisaa fizikurad monawileobda. ratom ar mikvirs? saerTod, cnobilia, rom dasavleTSi _ sadac gacilebiT meti wyaroa, vidre CvenTan da Tundac bizantiaSi _ SeiZleboda vinme warCinebuls saRvTo Rvawlad CaeTvala amis msgavsad, vTqvaT, qvebis zidva an raRac sxeulebrivi Tavisi wili mSeneblobaSi. ratom ar unda gaekeTebina es daviT aRmaSenebels?! miT umetes, es aris sruliad sxvanairi pirovneba. ver davdeb Tavs da ver vityvi, rom is aris erTaderTi da sxva aseTi saerTod ar yofila-meTqi, magram es Zalian iSviaTi movlenaa, amgvari mefeebi ase ar eyara. marto Cvens istoriaSi ar aris is sxvanairi. rac ki biografiebi wamikiTxavs, simarTle rom vTqva, msgavsi iq ver vnaxe, Tumca ver gamovricxav, iqneb viRac aris da me ar vici ise, rogorc vinme frangma istorikosma ar icis daviT aRmaSeneblis ambavi. SeiZleba vinme, vTqvaT, norvegiaSi iyo amgvari da me ar msmenia, magram iSviaTi rom aris, cxadia. saqme is gaxlavT, rom daviT aRmaSenebeli cota ufro rTuli pirovnebaa, vidre dRevandel Cvens istorikosebs undaT. es sakiTxi ramdenime mimarTulebiT iSleba, magram albaT 178
umTavresi aris daviT aRmaSeneblis damokidebuleba eklesiasa da sarwmunoebasTan. am mxriv, unda vTqva, XIX saukunisa da XX saukunis damdegis Cveni mweral-moRvaweni da mecnierebic gacilebiT ufro Rrmad ixedebodnen. gaxsovT, albaT, ilia WavWavaZes aqvs araCveulebrivad naTqvami, rom man, rogorc wesia, ori saxeli daagdo, erTi amqveynad dasatovebeli da meore Tan wasaRebio anu saero Rvawlic bevri aqvs da, amave dros, saRvTodac iRvawa, sulisa da zneobrivisTvisac izrunao. misi zneobrivi saxe sakmarisad xazgasmuli aris ivane javaxiSvilis `qarTveli eris istoriaSic~ da mere, aki vambob, iwyeba misi gadaqceva viRac axaldroindel politikosad, iseTad, rogoric iyo bismarki, vTqvaT, napoleoni, am tipis kacad, romelic yvelafers angariSobs, romelsac ara aqvs mrwamsi, romelic wers da laparakobs viRacis dasanaxad da ara imitom, rom ase fiqrobs. Tumca calybad da yasidad `galobani sinanulisani~ da am tipis nawarmoebebi ar iwereba. es, me mgoni, Zalian kargi poeziaa da iq iseTi xma ismis, rom ver miamsgavseb, ase ver gaakeTeb. me Zalian makvirvebs, rom ar aris aqamde jerovnad gaanalizebuli misi anderZebic da meore, bolo, anderZi saerTodac nayalbevadaa miCneuli. jer erTi, absoluturad gaugebaria, vis da risTvis unda gaeyalbebina anderZi da Tan TviTonve amboben, rom es misi gardacvalebis Semdeg Zalian male moxda. rom eTqvaT, viRacam misi redaqtireba moaxdinao, raRac kidev gasagebi iqneboda. roca sulTmobrZavi kaci sarecelze wevs da anderZs karnaxobs, SeiZleba areulad ilaparakos da ori wlis Semdeg, vTqvaT, vinRacam ganmartos. magram nayalbevi xom sxva rames niSnavs? ra weria im anderZSi iseTi, rac vinme sxvas raime politikuri miznisTvis gamoadgeboda? araferi! ubarebs Tavis vaJebs, rogor unda moiqcnen da demetres eubneba, Sens Zmas mimixedeo. ai, es aris da es. vis interesebSi iyo am anderZis ase dawera, miTxariT erTi! vTqvaT, ar dautova, ar daubara mamamisma, arada demetrem moindoma xaxulis xatis moWedva, vinme daayvedrebda, ratom moWedeo, etyoda, ratom daxarje Seni xazina xatisTviso? warmogidge179
niaT Tqven aseTi ram? an ratom unda daewera, vTqvaT, Zmas mimixedeo, es xom valdebulebaa? risTvis undoda es mas? cvatam gaakeTa? neta rogor? rogor moaxerxa da ra miiRo man mere amis fasad, xom araferi?! gaugebaria, absoluturad gaugebaria! amis garda, me meCveneba, rom iq aris iseTi enobrivi qarga, iseTi metyveleba, rogoric, me mgoni, saerTod ar arsebobs da Zalian hgavs SiomRvimis anderZsac da `galobani sinanulisasac~. nuTu yvelaferi SemTxveviT aris? meeWveba! Cven daviT aRmaSenebels arasworad vxedavT imitom, rom gvinda davinaxoT igi, rogorc mxolod racionaluri politikosi, is ki cota metia. is, ra Tqma unda, aris politikosic, mxedarTmTavaric, yvelaferi es aris, magram man kidev icis am yvelafris fasic da ara mxolod saamqveyno fasi, aramed rogor gamoiyureba politikosisa da samxedro pirisTvis saWiro qmedebebi im absoluturi WeSmaritebis naTelSi. iq, im maRal naTelSi rogor fasobs amgvari moqmedeba, daviT aRmaSenebeli imas afasebs. es Zalian iSviaTia. namdvilad ar vici SemTxveva, rom adamians Tavis warmatebul qmedebebSi sakuTari Tavi gaemtyunebinos. me aseTi SemTxveva ar vici! arada yvela es naweri aseTia _ ambobs, beri unda vyofiliyavi, magram imisTana buneba mqonda, rom es ar gavakeTeo. sagaloblebSi wers sxvisi miwa mivitace da mivierTeo, e.i. rac Cven mogvwons, yvelaferSi sakuTar Tavs amtyunebs. ai, aq aris swored es sxvanairi pirovneba! aRarafers vambob XX saukunis istoriografiis im srulebiT gaugebar debulebaze, TiTqos man eklesia daiqvemdebara. es srulebiT gaugebaria da Tanac saerTod ar mesmis, riT sabuTdeba. Cveulebriv, amboben, rom es weria ruis-urbnisis krebis ZeglisweraSi. Tavis droze, me maxsovs, roca gamovida es akademiuri, kargad komentirebuli gamocema, mis winasityvaobaSi ewera, rom daiqvemdebarao. mgoni, samjer wavikiTxe Tavidan bolomde, mere _ bolodan Tavamde, mere _ diagonalurad, rom rame mainc mepova, rac amaze miuTiTebs. amis msgav si saerTod araferi aris. iq aris wminda discip180
linaruli sakiTxebi, romlebic gasagebia, ratom iyo, visTvis iyo da aranairi kvali imisa, rom saxelmwifos unda SeeZlos eklesiaSi Careva, im ZeglisweraSi ar aris. Tu vinmem naxa aseTi muxli, iqneb ganmartos, sad xedavs. sul mTlad komikuria, roca am daqvemdebarebad xedaven imas, rom vazirTupirvelesi unda yofiliyo Wyondideli mTavarepiskoposi. batonebo, vis gaugonia dasaqvemdebareblad viRacis dawinaureba? vis gaugonia, roca gindaT viRac daiqvemdebaroT, imas miagoT kidev damatebiTi pativi? es rogor? Wyondideli xom patriarqi ar aris?! Tanac is, dRevandeli TvalsazrisiT, erTgvari sakasacio sasamarTloa, xom asea? mas xom sxva maincadamainc bevri saqme ar aqvs? yovel SemTxvevaSi, ase Cans, rom misi ZiriTadi saqme es aris, Wyondideli iq amisTvis aris. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, mefes unda, rom am mTavari movaleobis aRmsrulebeli iyos ara mxolod politikuri, aramed zneobrivi avtoritetis mqone piri. axla gamagebineT, es niSnavs, rom aRmaSenebels misi daqvemdebareba unda? rogor? mas xom ormagi Zalaufleba misca _ ara marto saero, aramed kidev saeklesio Zalauflebac. sul piriqiTaa, me Tu mkiTxavT, yvelaferi. gamodis, rom mefem saxelmwifos marTvaSi gaaZliera eklesiis wili. ise, xom yvelas axsovs, rogor undoda Tamar mefes, gadaeyenebina kaTalikosi da amis aranairi saSualeba ar arsebobda? araferi SeeZlo mefes, srulebiT umweo iyo. ityoda kaTalikosi raRacas da gaTavda, mefe ver ereoda. es aris eklesiis daqvemdebareba? raime kanoni rom arsebuliyo, TviTon Tamars SeiZleba is ar gamoeyenebina, magram misi vezirebi xom urCevdnen, amiT da amiT moverioTo? ratom ar urCies? ar arsebobs aseTi gza! ar arsebobs! me mgonia, es yvelaferi aris sruli gaugebroba. daviT aRmaSenebeli aris swored im sakvirvel adamianTagani, romelnic tragikulad gaorebulni arian TavianT survilSi, erTdroulad iyvnen ama qveynisa da im qveynis Tanabrad msaxurni. Zalian kargad Cans, rom macxovari, rogorc yovelTvis, ambobda WeSmaritebas: Zalian Znelia, msaxurebde RmerTsa da mamonas. mTeli saqmec is aris (an yovel SemTxvevaSi, me ase 181
meCveneba), rom pirovnuli movaleobis grZnobam daviT aRmaSenebels ar gaakeTebina arCevani _ daeTmo droiTi da moepovebina saukuno. ver akeTebs amas imitom, rom Tu droiTs daTmobs, maSin im qveyanas Rupavs, romelic masve Caabares. aris kidev erTi gasaocari ambavi. xSirad amboben, rom man Tavisi mama daamxo. mec mTeli sicocxle vici, rom man daamxo Tavisi mama. isev ruis-urbnisis krebis Zeglisweras vkiTxulob da ras vxedav: pirveli xels awers mefeT mefe giorgi anu misi viTomda damxobili mama. gaugia vinmes dedamiwaze, rom adamiani, romelsac waarTves xelisufleba, mefeT mefed iwodebodes da is, visac xelisufleba xelSi uWiravs, rigiTi mefe iyos? gsmeniaT aseTi rame? etyoba, giorgi II-sac mefobis Zalian maRali Segneba hqonda. mixvda, rom TviTon ver ereva am viTarebas da dainaxa patara biWi (is rom maSin 16 wlisaa, esec yvelas aviwydeba), dainaxa iseTi Zala, rom arCia, mefoba mas hqonoda da TviTon ganze gadga. es Svilmac iseTnairad daafasa, rom mis win ar xtis. Tuki boWormis eklesiaSi, rogorc q-ni asmaT oqropiriZe fiqrobs, marTlac daviT aRmaSenebeli xatia, mas acvia saufliswulo kaba. samefo tanisamosic ki ar Caicva. me mgonia, sinas xatzec saufliswulo kaba aqvs, araa es bizantiuri Sesamoseli, romelic ukve gelaTSi aris daxatuli. rogorc etyoba, dRes ase Cans, rom marTlac raRacis mixedviT daxates maT es portreti zemodan _ yovel SemTxvevaSi, gvirgvinis forma da bevri ram amaze metyvelebs. es yvelaferi arcTu Cveulebrivi movlenebia. daviT aRmaSenebeli aris kaci, romlisTvisac zneobrivi, sulieri ganzomileba Zalian bevrs niSnavs, gacilebiT mets, vidre es Cveulebriv saero pirebs, maT Soris, Zalian RvTismosav saero pirebsac, hqondaT xolme gacnobierebuli. Zalian sasaciloa (albaT mainc ufro sasaciloa, vidre sxva ram) misi wignebiani xurjinebic, romlebic Tan dahqonda. jer kidev auRebel da sarkinozebis xelSi myof TbilisTan Casafrebuli ise gaerTo kiTxviT, saerTod daaviwyda, rom omSia da kinaRam daiRupa mTeli laSqari. aseT kacs rom yoveldRe ver gadae182
yrebi quCaSi siarulisas, mgoni, sakmarisad naTelia da es istoriaSic Zalian iSviaTia. bunebrivia, roca aseTi pirovneba aSenebs monasters an taZars, is iq mets Cadebs, vidre sxva, kidev vambob, Tundac Zalian RvTismosavi, Zalian gulanTebuli, magram sxvanairi adamiani. SeiZleba vcdebi, magram isic meCveneba, rom mis cxovrebaSi Zalian didi wili unda hqonoda aucileblad arsebul saojaxo tradicias wm. giorgi mTawmindelis xsovnisas. wm. giorgi mTawmindelis mier jer kidev yrma giorgi II-is dalocva ise sagangebod aris xazgasmuli, rom ar SeiZleba, es umniSvnelo yofiliyo. igi gauTavebeli xvewna-mudariT Camoiyvana bagrat IV-m da weliwadi Tu weliwad-naxevari ar uSvebda ukan. es misTvis Zalian didi ambavia. 10 weli aris gasuli, daviT aRmaSenebeli patara biWia da, rogor warmogidgeniaT, mas ar uyvebian am ambavs? yovel SemTxvevaSi, raRaca aris mis amg var zneobriv momTxovnelobaSi, gamZafrebul gancdaSi simoniis uwesobisa, rac wm. giorgis saqarTveloSi moRvaweobis erT-erTi Temaa _ is aq Camovida, rogorc zneobrivi moZRvari da moZRvravs ierarqiulad bevrad aRmatebul pirebs, swored ise, rogorc sCveodaT did asketebs, romlebic ramdenadme ierarqiis gverdiT arian (TiTqos imave safexurze dganan, magram Tan odnav gverdiTac arian). es yvelaferi aisaxeba ruis-urbnisis ZeglisweraSic. tyuilad ar ambobs ivane javaxiSvili, romelic, me ase vityodi, sferulad xedavda istorias da ara romeliRac erTi Zafis gayolebaze, rom is agrZelebs giorgi mTawmindelis dawyebuls, rac man ver moaswro, areul qveyanaSi bolomde veRar miiyvana. faqtobrivad, suliskveTeba ruis-urbnisis krebisa wm. giorgi mTawmindelis suliskveTebaa. Tu es asea, maSin gasagebi xdeba isic, Tu rogori aris misi aRmSenebloba. b-ni daviT xoStaria fiqrobs, rom missave aRmSeneblobasTan dakavSirebuli unda iyos Tbilisis sionis taZaric, magram im taZridan, faqtobrivad, araferi darCa _ marto gegma. me isic ar vici, qvemoT fenebi rom Cans, es XII saukunis fenebia Tu kidev raRaca mSeneblobisaa, romelic 183
ucnobia, rodis Catarda. gegma marTlac iseTia, rogoric TiTqos marto XII saukuneSi arsebula da manamde ar iyo da ukavSirdeba swored gelaTisa da SiomRvimis RmrTismSoblis miZinebis taZris jgufs, magram, aki vambob, mis arqiteqturaze sul ver vimsjelebT. ra viciT SiomRvimis eklesiaze? viciT misi gegma da kidev viciT, rom agurisa iyo _ rac darCenilia, agurisaa. es ukve cota ucnauria _ daviT aRmaSeneblis tola mefe raRa maincadamainc aguriT aSenebs? ratom aguriT? ra, ar SeeZlo, qvas ver iSovida? ostatebs ver moiyvanda? ukve ucnauria. gelaTSi aSenebs qviT, magram yvelam viciT, rom iq sul ori CuqurTma aris, ori CuqurTmovani fragmentia _ erTi aris girCa sakurTxevlis sarkmlis qveS da meore aris, arc vici, ra davarqva, yvavilisebri ornamenti, romelic amSvenebs sadiakvnis sarkmels. ai, sul es aris. danarCeni _ is uzarmazari sarkmlebi Tavisi sapireebiT, gumbaTi _ yvelaferi uCuqurTmoa. es Zalian ucnaurad Canda da araerT qarTvel xelovnebis istorikoss miaCnda, rom is, ubralod, ver daamTavres. Tumca 1950-60-ian wlebSi gelaTis monastris xuroTmoZRvrebas swavlobda q-ni rusudan mefisaSvili da gamosca wigni, romelsac `gelaTis xuroTmoZRvruli ansambli~ erqva. ra unda ifiqros axla kacma _ ra aris es ansambli, sajiniboebi dgas Tu sacurao auzebi? Tumca, rom naxoT imdroindeli wignebi, mixvdebiT. erTaderTi simon janaSiam gaapara raRacanairad `daviT garejis gamoqvabuli monastrebi“. etyoba, `gamoqvabulma“ `monasteri“ gaaneitrala da es rogorRac gaZvra. danarCen saTaurebSi Tqven ver naxavT, es ra aris. magaliTad, gamodis wigni, aweria `aWis moxatuloba~ da aWi ki sofelia. rogor, sofelSi xeebi an Saragzaa moxatuli? ase iwereboda. ar SeiZleboda dasaxeleba, rac dRes ukve cota sasacilod gamoiyureba. xSirad vuyvebi studentebs, rom erTxel samxatvro akademiaSi erT-erTma axalgazrdam aiRo Temad, Tu ar vcdebi, Txinvalas eklesia da ar unda gamoCeniliyo, rom Tema eklesiaa. misma xelmZRvanelma da kaTedris gamgem b-nma leo rCeuliSvilma da 184
me movigoneT saTauri da am diplomis Sualedur ganxilvaze veRar gavixseneT. dagvaviwyda, raSia saqme da es saTauri ras niSnavs. daaxloebiT 15 wuTi vixsenebdiT. bolos gagvaxsenda, rom es arqiteqturaa, Torem iseTi raRaca gamovigoneT da davxlarTeT, rom mteri ki ara, Cven TviTon veRar vgebulobdiT. es iyo gamouvali mdgomareoba _ axsenebdi eklesias da atydeboda erTi ambavi da Zalian didi iyo albaToba, rom is gaqreboda. SeiZleboda, gagetana omiTa da tankiT, magram Zalian rTuli iyo. sxvaTa Soris, giorgi CubinaSvilis cnobil Sromas `jvris tipis Zeglebi~ Tavdapirvelad erqva `eklesiebi jvaris tipisa~ da ase unda gamosuliyo. etyoba, mere simon janaSiamve CaTvala, rom es wigni am saTauriT aranairad ar gamova, viRaca xom xvdeba, jvari rac aris da kidev axla _ eklesia. gadaakeTa es `Zeglebad“, Torem germaniaSic ase unda dabeWdiliyo da saqarTveloSic. ras vizamT, aseTia is dro, romelzec Cemi Taobis bevri adamiani Turme ambobs, rom iyo samoTxe, netareba da gadmodioda sibrZnisa da sulierebis niaRvrebi da Sadrevnebi. Cems gasagonad amas ver amboben, etyoba xvdebian, rom saSineleba datrialdeba. rodis da sad xdeboda es, me ar minaxavs, ar Semxvedria. Tu sadme iyo, etyoba, kargad mimalavdnen, Zalian rom ar gavzuluqebuliyavi. ras aSenebs daviT aRmaSenebeli? viciT, es saswavlebeli unda yofiliyo, Tumca isic unda vTqvaT, rom pirdapir es naTqvami ar aris. iq weria aseTi ucnauri ram, rom Camoiyvana sibrZniT ganswavluli adamianebi da es unda iyos axali aTina. aba, ras SeiZleba niSnavdes sxvas? amas sagangebod vambob imitom, rom adre Tu gvian viRaca ikiTxavs, sad giweriaT es gelaTis akademiao, Cven ki `qarTlis cxovrebas~ roca davimowmebT, is iq akademiis saxels ver ipovis. marTali giTxraT, me arc sxva matianeebSi maxsendeba sadme, egeb romelime minawerSi iyos. yovel SemTxvevaSi, matianeSi es ar weria. Tumca mTeli es erToblioba winadadebebisa gveubneba, rom iq raRac xdeba. ratom `meore ierusalimi“ da `sxvaÁ aTina“? ratomaa erTad da ratomaa Sejereba am orisa? yvelam icis, rom aTeni 185
warmarTuli sibrZnis simboloa, ierusalimi ki _ qristianuli sibrZnisa da ase aris jer kidev tertulianesTan. Tumca tertulianesTan naTqvamia, ra saqme aqvs aTens ierusalimTano da Cven vwerT pirdapir sawinaaRmdegos. nuTu SeiZleba, es SemTxveviTi iyos? bunebrivia, es unda yofiliyo kera, sadac raRac saxiT saero sibrZnec iyo, araTu Sezavebuli, damyarebuli qristianul WeSmaritebaze. es Zalian mniSvnelovani aris bevri ramisTvis. ar unda warmovidginoT, rom es iyo sasuliero seminaria, rogorc es viRacas unda da arc is unda vifiqroT, rom es mecnierebaTa akademiis winamorbedia, rac ubralod Zalian sasaciloa, radgan akademia niSnavs saswavlebels, sxvas arafers. araviTari sxva movaleoba akademiebs istoriaSi, garda saswavleblisa, ar hqoniaT da cnobili studenturi himni _ Vivat Academia _ universitetzea naTqvami da ara raime sxva dawesebulebaze, ara mecnierTa Tavyrilobaze. gacilebiT gvian gaCnda akademiebi, romlebSic mecnierebi iyvnen gaerTianebuli. Zalian sainteresoa, rom es monasteri Sendeba, erTi mxriv, sibrZnis TavSesayrad da, meore mxriv, samefo saZvaled da is ar Sendeba dedaqalaqSi. es Zalian ucnauria. bizantiis imperatori ase ar akeTebs. ai, dasavleT evropaSi Cven SeiZleba raRac amdagvari vnaxoT _ safrangTis mefeebic sen-denis saabatoSi imarxebodnen, romelic cota moSorebuli iyo parizs, magram saqme isaa, rom iq Zveli tradicia arsebobda, parizis gadedaqalaqebamdeli tradicia, ufro adrindeli. aman ratom moindoma dedaqalaqis gverdiT aSeneba? sul iseTi gancda maqvs, TiTqos qarTvel mefeebs ar undodaT, rom es ori _ saero da sasuliero _ meufeba erT wertilSi yofiliyo Tavmoyrili. ai, rogor martivad Seeguen imas, rom TbilisSi mefe zis da mcxeTaSi _ kaTalikosi. es sul asea, kaTalikoss aqvs sasaxle TbilisSi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, gvian Sua saukuneebSi aqvs da albaT adrec eqneboda, magram is upirvelesad yovlisa mcxeTeli mTavarepiskoposia da mere ukve yvelaferi danarCeni. Tbileli mas saerTodac mxolod XIX saukuneSi daerqva. es imis gamo moxda, rom rusebma daiWires Tbilelis 186
kaTedra da kaTalikosis funqcia, maT es erTgvarad SeaTavses da Semdeg, raRac mosazrebiT, rodesac Cveni eklesia kvl av aRorZinda, aq darCa es SeerTebuli `mcxeTa-Tbilisis~, magram istoriulad es ase ar yofila, piriqiT, ori dedaqalaqi gamijnulia. iqac asea _ sasuliero centri aris calke da mefe kidev aris quTaisSi. didi dacileba ar aris, mas gahyurebs quTaisis sakaTedro taZari da gadaZaxilia erTi goridan meore goraze _ iqidan es Cans, aqedan _ is, Tan, orive RmrTismSoblis saxelobisaa da, ase mgonia, rom albaT RmrTismSoblis Sobisac imitom daarqves, rom is, quTaisSi, miZinebisa iyo da ar moindomes, am mxriv gajibrebodnen. gamovida, ase vTqvaT, RmrTismSoblis cxovrebis Tavi da bolo _ ori taZari, romlebic erTmaneTs uyurebs. ase mgonia, amas hgavs, yovel SemTxvevaSi. miT umetes, rom taZari, rogorc pirdapir weria, aSenda safarvelad yovladwmidisa RmrTismSoblisa da, rogorc Cans, es yovladwminda RmrTismSobeli, am SemTxvevaSi, xaxulis xatia. Cven ar viciT, ratom ergo maincadamainc xaxulis RmrTismSoblis xats aseTi pativi, magram faqtia, rom is aris samefo gvaris mfarveli. Sendeba taZari Zalian Taviseburi ara marto imiT, rom umkobia, aramed sxvanairia, sxvanairad gakeTebuli sivrciT, sadac imdeni Suqia, ramdenic arc erT qarTul taZarSi ar yofila. adre ufro metic iyo imitom, rom dRes gverdiTi sarkmlebi amoSenebulia, maT egvterebi efareba, Tavidan ki yvela kunWulidan Suqi Sedioda. aq proporciebi gansxvavebulia, gegmis agebuleba sxvanairia. erTaderTi, rac mas ase Tu ise enaTesaveba, aris biWvinTis RmrTismSoblis taZari X saukunis bolosi an XI saukunis dasawyisisa, rogorc ukve iTqva. vvaraudob, rom es SemTxveviTi ar aris. biWvinTis taZari RmrTismSoblis saxelobisaa da, rac mTavaria, aris wm. andria mociqulis saydari. Semdgom, yovel SemTxvevaSi, ase eZaxian, gvian saukuneebSi ase amboben. wm. andrias mosaydreo _ ase mimarTaven biWvinTis mTavarepiskoposs. TavisTavad tradicia wm. andrias qadagebisa, sxvaTa Soris, matianeebSi ar iZebneba, magram sxva rameebiT Cans. 187
magaliTad, lixnis taZarze XVII saukunis mogzaurebi yvebian, pirdapir ambobdnen, rom aq wm. andria qadagebdao da adgils aCvenebdnen. iq sveti mdgara, romelic sad aris, ar vici, gamqralia, magram pirdapir miuTiTebdnen _ ai, am adgilze idga da qadagebdao. aq Tu qadagebda, biWvinTaSi ratom aris misi saydari? etyoba, iqac aris tradicia, iseve, rogorc wm. svimeon kananelis saflavs sul anakofiaSi movixseniebT da sinamdvileSi is nikofsiaSia. ar vici, amboben, rom gadmoasveneso. me ver vnaxe es wyaro, Tumca albaT aris. iq wm. svimeonis tradicia, romelic manamdec aSkarad arsebobda, uTuod imasTanaa dakavSirebuli, rom iqac misi qadagebis adgilia da raRac mRvimesac aCveneben, sadac is cxovrobda. es axsovdaT. am mociqulebis myofoba marTlac ar aris XIX saukunis gamonagoni da Zalian mniSvnelovania, rom amas swored araqarTveli avtorebi adastureben, qarTvels xom aravin endoba. es ar aris guSindeli dRe. yovel SemTxvevaSi, XVII saukuneSi, roca eklesia dasustebulia, am tradicias vin Seqmnida? es rom ase iyo, Cven viciT, radgan wm. giorgi mTawmindeli swored andrias qadagebas imowmebs, rogorc saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis safuZvels. misi mTavari argumenti swored wm. andrias da wm. svimeonis qadagebaa. Tumca es arCevani ar aris SemTxveviTi im TvalsazrisiTac, rom wm. mefe daviTi aseTnairad akavSirebs Tavis aSenebul taZars msoflio eklesiis istoriis ganmasaxierebel samociqulo taZarTan, samociqulo xsovnis taZarTan. is xdeba misTvis sanimuSo anu Cven gvaqvs magaliTi imisa, rasac arqiteqturis ikonografias eZaxian, rodesac arqiteqturuli nageboba raRaca sxva nagebobas waagavs imitom, rom misi sazrisia mniSvnelovani. am SemTxvevaSi, mniSvnelovania misi istoria. Zalian bevri iyo nageboba, romelic imeorebda uflis saflavs. dasavleTSi mravlad aris es Senobebi, XI, XII, XIII saukuneebisa, ufro gviandelic, XIX saukuneSic ki auSenebiaT. ruseTSi XVII saukuneSi mTeli monasteri aages, nikon patriarqma aaSenebina, axali ierusalimi erqva. masSi meordeboda ierusalimuri siwmindeebi, 188
maT Soris, uflis saflavis rotondac. im XVII saukunis taZars aseTive karviseburi saxuravi adgas. am SemTxvevaSi, CvenTan xdeba sakuTari samociqulo tradiciis ubralod gadmotana ki ara, ase vTqvaT, axal naSenSi arekvla. gelaTis taZari aranairad ar aris biWvinTis taZris gameoreba. iq aris garkveuli maniSnebi, romlebic maT Soris kavSirs unda qmnides, Torem Tundac masala sul sxva aris. Cven ukve vTqviT, rom iq iyo zolovani bizantiuri wyoba, aq ki Tlili qvaa. gelaTis taZari araCveulebrivad plastikuria. es uCuqurTmo profilebia swored is, ramac aTqmevina q-n rusudan mefisaSvils, rom Canafiqria aseTi, CuqurTma imaze ubralod ver keTdeba. marTlac, Tuki gakeTdeba, imdenad gaWirvebuli da dawvrilmanebuli iqneba, rom Citi bdRvnad ar Rirs. srulebiT Segnebulad akeTeben amas. iq sxvanairi Sefardebaa sapirisa da Riobis. Riobebi aq odnav ufro didia, vidre mTeli am epoqis arqiteqturaSi, imitom, rom mas CuqurTmiani CarCo ar eqneba da sxva gani sWirdeba. aq garkveuli zemoqmedeba unda moexdina bagratis taZars, radganac, rogorc Cans, misi gumbaTis yeli moCuqurTmebuli ar iyo. yovel SemTxvevaSi, dRes arsebuli masaliT, rogorc etyoba, asea. da mainc, ratom maincdamainc uCuqurTmoba, ai, ratom? daviT aRmaSenebeli, rogorc wm. giorgi mTawmindeli fiqrobs, upiratesobas aniWebs cocxal eklesias anu morwmuneTa erTobas da mas, etyoba, ar unda, gaakeTos raime iseTi, rac SeiZleba zedmetobad CaeTvalos. wm. giorgi mTawmindeli amas pirdapir ambobs. misi mokle qadageba gardaTxrobili aqvs misi cxovrebis momTxrobels, giorgi mcires da iq Cans, rom zedmetobas, ase vTqvaT, zedmet Semkobas taZrisas, eklesiis SenobisaTvis zedmeti Tanxebis gaRebas maSin, rodesac SeiZleba upovari miuxedavi darCes, igi arasworad miiCnevs. me vfiqrob, rom aqac es aisaxa. Semdeg Cven vnaxavT, rom marto gelaTiT amis Tqma saZnelo iqneboda, magram kidev gvqavs magaliTi, romelic daviT aRmaSeneblis wres ukavSirdeba da iqac raRaca amdagvari aris. zedmetoba ar unda da zedmetad, rogorc Cans, 189
CuqurTma miiCnia. es ar aris imitom, rom ostati ver naxa. visac unaxavs is ori CuqurTma, isini iseTia, rom uyureb da ginda, iyos kidev, kidev da rac SeiZleba meti aseTi, radgan srulebiT araCveulebrivi xarisxisaa, arc ki vici, ramdenad Rirseuli, Tuki aseTi saerTod SeiZleba iyos ornamenti. da raki es ar aris, e.i. es aris garkveuli msxverplSewirva, Tu gnebavT, raRacaze uaris Tqma, SemiZlia da uars vambob imitom, rom ar mgonia es saWiroo. ai, amaSi, me vfiqrob, Cans daviT aRmaSeneblis Careva. sxvagvarad amis axsna SeuZlebelia. Cven mere da mere vnaxavT, rom es ar aris is gza, romliTac wavida qarTuli arqiteqtura da es CuqurTmac ambobs, rom gverdiT aris viRaca, visac CuqurTma sWirdeba. sxvagvarad, aba, ostati saidan gaCnda? sadRac xom daxelovnda, amgvari sadRac ukve xom akeTa? albaT merec akeTa, iqve xom ar moklavdnen, ara? Tanac, bedad, mas Sexvda ostati, romelmac, am SezRudvis pirobebSi, moaxerxa, formis ufro meti gamomsaxvelobisaTvis mieRwia. is akeTebs raRac saocrebas. akeTebs isev safasado TaRnars, oRond marto mklavebze. mklavebis pirebze es TaRnari miwamde Camodioda. axla, garda sakurTxevlisa, TiTqmis arsad Cans, radgan yvelgan egvterebi aris miSenebuli da TaRnarebis Zirebi SigniT moeqca. mklavebis gverdiT kedlebze gadadis mokle, saxuravebamde Camosuli da iq vxedavT srulebiT gasaocar raRacas. es aris TaRi, romelic TiTqosda wamovida da qvemoT rom unda Camovides, cxvirs ikeTebs, mere ormagdeba da iqiT gadadis _ aseTi ganieri TaRukebia, cxviriani, Setyupebuls veZaxiT da Tanac isini ramdenime sibrtyeSia amoyvanili. sul iseTi gancda maqvs, ra Tqma unda, absoluturad aramecnieruli, rom es aris maqmani, romelic erTmaneTze ase daafines, Seawebes da kedelze daakres. Tan msubuqia, Tan Zalian plastikuri es profilebi. da dgas marTla naqandakevi taZari. rasakvirvelia, amas didi ostatis niWi undoda, Torem ra uSvelida amis meti?! ar vici, Tu esec daviT aRmaSenebelma uTxra, maSin didi xuroTmoZRvaric yofila. samwuxarod, aranairi sabuTi ar maqvs, es rom vTqva, Torem 190
namdvilad momindeboda, ase yofiliyo. me davagegmareo _ TviTon ar Tqva, ar dawera. daviT aRmaSenebelTan dakavSirebiT, Cven viciT, rom CvenTan modelebic keTdeboda. erT-erT SiomRvimur xelnawers aqvs miwerili _ es maSin inusxeboda, roca daviT aRmaSenebeli SiomRvimeSi movida da arsen beri cvilisagan aia sofias akeTebdao. aia sofia ra aris, ar vici, magram, cxadia, rom cvilisgan nagebobas akeTebda, cvilisgan sxva, aba, ra unda gaekeTebina?! etyoba, modelebi aqac iyo da, eWvi maqvs, rom ganxilvebic iyo, kamaTic, cxare davac da bevri sxva ram. Sedegad gvaqvs umagaliTo taZari, romelmac, samagierod, biZgi misca sakuTar tradicias. Semdeg, daaxloebiT 150 wlis ganmavlobaSi, ai, am didi taZris modeliT, Sendeba TviTon gelaTi da mere ukve, momdevno saukuneebSi, xan sad da xan sad gaCndeba gelaTidan mosesxebuli TaRebis naxati, TaRnari, kapitelebi da asea XIX saukunis bolomde. es isea, rogorc bgera, erTxel rom daWeqav da misi naxmevi 8 saukune grZeldeba. aseTi rame gakeTda gelaTis arqiteqturaSi. patara saqme esec ar aris. roca nagebobas amdeni SeuZlia, es bevrs niSnavs.
191
11. XII saukunis arqiteqtura. TiRvis wm. jvris eklesia amjerad minda, TiRvis wm. jvris eklesiaze visaubroT. es gaamyarebs gelaTis mSeneblobaSi daviT aRmaSeneblis monawileobis Taobaze Cvens varauds, romelzec ukve mogaxseneT. gvgonia, rom TiRvis eklesias zusti TariRi aqvs. gvgonia, radgan ornairi minaweri arsebobs da mTlad cxadi ar aris, romeli maTgania sando, magram jerjerobiT mainc miviCnevT, rom ufro swori unda iyos daTariReba 1152 wliT. arsebiTad, gelaTis mere es XII saukunis erTaderi taZaria. vgulisxmob gumbaTovan arqiteqturas, radgan gvaqvs kidev erTi darbazuli eklesia saorbisisa, romelic, bedad, agreTve zustad 1152 wliT aris daTariRebuli. viciT isic, visi aSenebulia igi, viciT matianeSi CanaweriT da vxvdebiT warweriT. vxvdebiT, radgan matianeSi pirdapir weria, rom TiRva aaSena daviT aRmaSeneblis asulma Tamarma, romelic SarvanSas miaTxoves. safiqrebelia, ratom Camovida is aq. ukve daqvrivda? xanSi Sevida? TiTqos ar unda yofiliyo mTlad daberebuli. ra moxda? es istorikosebis saqmea. Cven gvaqvs cnoba da viciT, rom is iq Semonazvnda. isic viciT, rom misi sacxovrebeli iqve iyo. dRes is, ramdenadac mesmis, sul aRar aris, magram jer kidev XIX saukunis bolos, srulebiT aSkarad, eklesiidan sadRac 3,5 metrSi CrdiloeTis mxares idga nangrevi orsarTuliani Senobisa, romelic sasaxle unda yofiliyo. swored sasaxle iqneboda. amaze metyvelebs isic, rom Senobis meore sarTulidan gadadioda xidi da adgeboda CrdiloeT kedelze, warmoidgineT, meore sarTulis simaRleze, gaWril kars. es kari sazeimodaa morTuli da zed aris warwera, romelSic moxseniebulia Tamari. raki es ori monacemi _ matianisa da warwerisa _ erTmaneTs emTxveva, Cven gvesmis, rom es daviT aRmaSeneblis asulia. cxadia, marto saxeli Tamari rom yofiliyo, SeiZleboda, Zalian bevri ram gvevarauda. ra Tqma unda, maSinve ityoda vinme, rom es Tamar mefea, mere gaCndeboda ki192
dev gauTavelebi varaudebi. am SemTxvevaSi, Cven myarad varT da zustad viciT, raSi iyo saqme. rodesac am taZarze vsaubrobT, mniSvnelovania, rom gaviTvaliswinoT Tamaris biografia. warwera dawerilia iambikoTi da es, mogexsenebaT, erTgvari gauriTmavi leqsia. masSi Tamari mimarTavs jvars saSinel samsjavroze meoxebis TxovniT. TavisTavad, es umagaliTo sulac ar aris. Zvel dros, im gardamwyvet Jams, yvela SesTxovda Semweobas xan vis da xan vis. aq gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, rom Tamari daviT aRmaSeneblis qali iyo da, rogorc iTqva, srulebiT gansakuTrebuli religiuri gancdebis adamiani. amasTanave, is mahmadianis colyofili gaxldaT. SegiZliaT, warmoidginoT, Tu ras niSnavda im garemoSi amgvari sarwmunoebrivi gznebiT gazrdili adamianisaTvis, rom mahmadian meuRlesTan cxovrobda da mahmadian Svilebs zrdida. es daaxloebiT igivea, rom adamiani idges da xedavdes, rogor ixrCoba mTeli misi ojaxi, Svela kidev ar SeeZlos _ arc Toki hqondes, arc Zala da verafers Svebodes. Tumca es ubeduri SemTxveva iqneboda, TamarTan ki _ nebayoflobiTia. man windawin icoda, rac moxdeboda, magram, ase vTqvaT, raRac msofliuri mosazrebebiT, aseT gansacdelSi Caigdo Tavi. daviT aRmaSenebels molodini gankiTxvis dRisa Zalian Zlierad aqvs gamoxatuli da, cxadia, es raRacanairad Tamarsac unda gadmohyoloda. rogorc etyoba, amanac, am albaT Zalian mZafrma gacdam, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, gansazRvra xuroTmoZRvrebis saxe. gegmas rom daxedavT, sakmaod Cveulebrivia _ gumbaTiani eklesiaa da odnav wagrZelebuli gegma aqvs, ori burji dgas, e.i. sabjenebis aRmosavleTi wyvili afsidis kuTxeebia. es is gegmaa, romlis mixedviTac XI saukunis Sua xanebidan gumbaTian eklesiaTa umravlesoba Sendeba. ori xelic ar dagWirdebaT, ise cotaa sxva magaliTi, sul ramdenimea. Tumca pirveli, rac yuradRebas miiqcevs, albaT isaa, rom eklesias aqvs narTeqsi. es mTlad Cveulebrivi ar aris da amxels, rom narTeqsi saidanRac movida. saidan? mas SeiZleba ori wyaro hqondes _ es 193
SeiZleba iyos afxazeTis xuroTmoZRvreba, sadac narTeqsebi aris da SeiZleba iyos gelaTi, sadac agreTve aris, Tumca, ukve mogaxseneT, rom Cemi fiqriT, gelaTSi is swored afxazeTidan, biWvinTis taZridan, unda iyos mosuli. kidev SeiZleba wromi iyos. wromidan xom ar movida? ar aris gamoricxuli, rasakvirvelia. samwuxarod, raime ufro dawvrilebiTi niSnebi, romlebic an erT varauds, an meores gaamarTlebda, axla, am wuTs, yovel SemTxvevaSi, ar gvaqvs. irkveva, rom taZars, amas garda, samxreTidan da CrdiloeTidan ori minaSeni hqonda. isini aRar arsebobs da aRarc XIX saukuneSi arsebobda, magram, sabednierod, darCenili iyo fragmentebi da moCuqurTmebuli TaRi, swored TaRi, ara sarkmlis sapire, aramed TaRis piri _ warmoidgineT momrgvaleba, erTi svetidan meoreze rkali rom gamodis, ai, aseTi rkali, erTianad gamoTlili da moCuqurTmebuli. saiT iyo es? CrdiloeTiT. ukve vTqvi, rom meore sarTulze morTuli karia da esec CrdiloeT fasadzea. amas rom Sexedavs adamiani, gulma reCxi unda uyos, rom raRac ise ver aris. ukve mTliani taZris fotos rom SexedavT, sruliad sakvirvel rames aRmoaCenT. ai, rogori suraTia: srulebiT SiSveli waxnagiani gumbaTis yeli; TiTqmis srulebiT SiSveli aRmosavleTis fasadi, sadac mxolod sarkmels Semodevnebuli raRac zolia (rom ar Cans da Zalian Txeli CarCoc rom ar hqvia, iseTi); erTi moCuqurTmebuli sarkmeli samxreT mxares, romelsac ise ara uSavs, magram, XII saukunisa da nikorwmindis mermindeli arqiteqturis pirobaze, sakmarisad susti da gaugebari aqcentia; ori CuqurTmiani aqcenti CrdiloeT mxares; dasavleT mxares narTeqsia, patronike narTeqsze gadadis da Semdeg dasavleTi mklavTaSorisebis Tavze grZeldeba anu dasavleT mklavs Semosdevs sammxrivi patronike, rogorc, wromidan moyolebuli, araerTxel yofila, Tundac biWvinTaSia da unda yofiliyo gelaTSic, Tumca ar ganxorcielda. narTeqsi gaxsnili aris sami TaRiT da es TaRebi profilirebulia _ CuqurTma ar aris, ise ar aris morTuli, rogorc CrdiloeT fasadze, magram profilirebulia. 194
asea Tu ise, ra Tqma unda, rodesac Crdili wveboda, es sami TaRi aqtiuri iyo da Cndeboda iseTi qmediTi elementebi, romlebic kedlis sigluves naklebad aRgaqmevinebdaT. maSasadame, gvaqvs aseTi suraTi, rom yvelaze meti samkauli aris CrdiloeT mxares, Semdeg mas ramdenadme aqtiurobiT Camouvardeba dasavleTi, daaxloebiT toli aris samxreTi, bevrad naklebia aRmosavleTi da sul mTlad umkobia gumbaTi. am drois kvalobaze, es saerTod dauSvebeli unda yofiliyo. saqme isaa, rom, rogorc etyoba, samTavisis Semdeg, yovel SemTxvevaSi, XI saukunis Sua xanebis aqeT erTmniSvnelovnad, Cvens arqiteqturaSi myardeba samkaulis naTeli da erTmniSvnelovani ierarqia _ yvelaze uxvad irTveba gumbaTi, Semdeg mas mosdevs fasadTagan yvelaze datvirTuli aRmosavleTi fasadi, Semdeg samxreTi, Semdeg dasavleTi da CrdiloeTi an sul mourTvelia, an yvelaze mokrZalebulia. ratom aris es ase? saqme is gaxlavT, rom mniSvneloba hqonda, romel mxares uyurebT. simboluri TvalsazrisiT, taZris kedlebi tolfasi ar iyo. gumbaTi simbolurad asocirdeba zecasTan, aRmosavleTi da, odnav masze naklebad, samxreTi _ samoTxesa da edemTan, dasavleTi ukve Crdilis mxarea da CrdiloeTi ki is adgilia, sadac Suqi ar aris, mze arasodes anaTebs. CrdiloeTic xom amitom hqvia?! gasagebia, is rasTanac asocirdeboda. macxovari ityvis erTgan _ `ganved bnelsa mas garesknelsa~ anu iq, sadac Suqi ar aris, RvTaebrivi naTlis brwyinvalebamoklebul sanaxSi, rasac Cven, Cveulebriv, jojoxeTs veZaxiT. jojoxeTi, ra Tqma unda, ar aris raRac ormo, es xom sulieri movlenaa an is adgilia, sadac RmerTis Tanamyofobas, yovel SemTxvevaSi, suli ver grZnobs. cxadia, is yvelgan aris da erTi fsalmuni amas pirdapir ambobs kidec, magram iq misi aRqma adamianis suls da, rogorc Cans, arc angelosur suls ar SeuZlia. unda vTqva, rom ufro adre, VI saukunidan moyolebuli, aseTi erTmniSvnelovani ierarqia ar iyo. maSin aqcenti ufro xSirad Sesasvlelsa an aRmosavleT sarkmelze keTdeboda. 195
gumbaTi jer saerTod ar irTveboda da Semdeg _ naklebad, vidre sxva nawilebi. daaxloebiT, X saukunidan nel-nela myar deba swored aseTi sistema da sabolood Camokristalebuli is aris samTavisSi. yovel SemTxvevaSi, ukve TiRvis aSenebis Jams es srulebiT erTmniSvnelovani ierarqiaa. SexedeT, ra xdeba: Cven gvaqvs ierarqia _ zeda, Semdeg aRmosavleTi, samxreTi, dasavleTi, CrdiloeTi da vxedavT simboluri mniSvnelobis klebas. axlave minda giTxraT, rom es ar aris mxolod CvenTan _ xuroTmoZRvruli an dekoratiuli aqcenti niSnavs raRacis gamoyofas, Sesabamisad, misTvis mometebuli mniSvnelobis miniWebas da, mgoni, es sakmarisad naTelia. ubralod, sxvadasxva dros am simboluri mniSvnelovnebis xarisxi sxvadasxva nawilisaTvis ar aris erTnairi da es gansazRvravs, arsebiTad, damokidebulebas. Tumca, aki vambob, SeuZlebelia, ukve XII saukunis Sua xanaSi ostats ar scodnoda, ra aris mniSvnelovani da ra ara. me mgonia, rom es codna Cans kidevac, Cans swored aseT zust amobrunebaSi. SeiZleboda yofiliyo, davuSvaT, xazgasmuli dasavleTi, Cavardnili samxreTi, Semdeg isev xazgasmuli aRmosavleTi, magram aq daawyves zustad ukuRma da ara ise, rogorc dagviweses samTavisis ostatma da misma Tanamedroveebma. me mainc mgonia, rom es SemTxveviTi ver iqneba. moxda simboluri wesrigis amobruneba da CemTvis Zalian Zneli dasajerebelia, rom es SemTxveviTobaa. rogori SeiZleba iyos amis logika? ra SeiZleba idos aseT ucnaur CanafiqrSi? aris simbolurad mniSvnelovani mxareebi, Cven maT mniSvnelobas varTmevT da, samagierod, vakeTebT aseT Sebrunebul rigs. isev mivyveT logikas: meti samkauli _ meti siwminde. Zalian uxeSad rom vTqvaT, ufro meti siwminde meti mkobiT aRiniSneba. aq kidev gamodis, rom rac naklebia samkauli, miT ufro metia siwminde, rac metia samkauli _ miT ufro naklebia siwminde. SeiZleba Tu ara iyos aseTi logika? principSi, ratomac ara. magaliTad, aris aseTi adgili saRvTo werilSi da is albaT yvelas axsovs, rodesac mose adis sinas mTaze da ufali eubneba, rom xamlni gaiZre, es adgili wminda 196
ariso. ratom unda daabijos adamianma wminda miwas SiSveli fexiT da ara xamliT? rogorc Cans, imitom, rom adamianis Tavdapirveli mdgomareoba aris siSiSvle da ara Cacmuloba. yvelas gvaxsovs _ samosis aucilebloba Cndeba maSin, rodesac Semodis codva, rodesac Semodis uwminduri azri, uwminduri vneba. ai, maSin imoseba adamiani. manamde adami da eva verc ki amCnevdnen, rom maT araferi emosaT, rogorc Cans, siwmindis samoseli hqondaT da esec Zalian kargad Cans SesaqmeSi. aris kidevac aseTi SemTxvevebi xelovnebaSi, magaliTad, renesansul xelovnebaSi, rodesac iq SiSveli figura aRniSnavs swored siwmindes _ imas, rom igi ufro naklebad aris Sexebuli miwier realobasTan, vidre gverdiT mdgomi Semosili piri an romelime moqmedi gmiri ama Tu im suraTis. Tu Cven amas mivyvebiT, maSin Cdeba kiTxva _ marTlacda, samkauli vis sWirdeba? sWirdeba samkauli zecas? cxadia, ara, mosarTavma ra unda akeTos iqiT?! mosarTavi Cven gvWirdeba, Cvens Tvals sWirdeba imisTvis, rom raRacas moeWidos da Tan gaxalisdes, Tan azri waikiTxos. TavisTavad azrs, TavisTavad suls araviTari samkauli ar sWirdeba. rogorc etyoba, logika swored aseTia _ samkauli aq meti miwierebis, RvTaebrivisgan, dawmendilisgan dacilebis niSani xdeba. es Cveulebrivi araa, ar aris is, rac sazogadod iyo miRebuli qristianul xelovnebaSi da, niSandobliv, qarTul qristianul xelovnebaSi. es Cveulebrivi ar aris da ismis kiTxva _ vis SeeZlo xelovanisTvis am ideis miwodeba? TviTon moindoma xelovanma? SeiZleboda, ase gvevarauda, magram mgonia, rom arqiteqtura amas mTlad ar adasturebs. sxvaTa Soris, TiRvis taZars, Tu ar vcdebi, dRes RmrTismSoblis saxeloba aqvs. ar vici, ratom ar miubrunes wminda jvrisa. me vfiqrob, amiT pativs mivagebdiT im dros da TviTon Tamar dedofals, miT umetes, rom jvris saxelze agebuli eklesiebi CvenSi ufro metad Zvelia. am xanaSi erTi vici, XI saukunisa da XII saukuneSi arc meguleba. Zalian klebulobs jvris, rogorc aseTis, Tayvaniscema. cxadia, ar klebulobs 197
jvris niSnis mniSvneloba, ra Tqma unda, mas mniSvneloba dResac aqvs, araTu maSin, magram jvari, rogorc calke ram salocavad misamarTi, TiTqos kargavs Zalas da, am mxriv, mniSvnelovani iqneboda swored es saxeloba SegvenarCunebina. imas mogaxsenebdiT, rom es taZari, Sida sivrcis gadawyvetis TvalsazrisiT, mTel am epoqaSi erT-erTi yvelaze STambeWdavia. mogaxsenebdiT, rom am drois arqiteqturisTvis, rac meti elferi aqvs Suqs kaSkaSidan lamis srul sibnelemde, ukeTesia da ai, aq es aris _ aris sruliad Cabnelebuli adgilebi, Zalian gakaSkaSebuli adgilebi da, rac mTavaria, Suq-Crdilis TamaSi Sexamebulia formebTan. xuroTmoZRvarma patronike gaakeTa, is ki rogorRac unda ixedebodes Sida sivrcisken da ixedeba orTaRedebiT. samive mxares dasavleTi mklavis garSemo, meore sarTulze, aris orTaRedi. qvemoT erTi TaRia da zemoT yvelgan _ orTaRedebi. dasavleT kedelze Cveulebrivad aris, xolo am grZiv kedlebze qveda TaRi odnav gawelilia _ naxevarwreze naklebia, iseTi moyvaniloba aqvs, rom mSvildiviT gamoiyureba. arcTu didi dacilebiT misgan aris orTaRedi, romelsac dabali burji aqvs da roca uyurebT, sruli STabeWdilebaa, rom burjs raRac daawva, simaRle daukarga da Semdeg TaRs zemodan es CabuTqunebuli forma daebjina da gawela. zemodan modis dawola da es TaRi, marTlac rogorc mSvildi, TiTqosda ukuagdebs am dawolas. ase moZebnili naxati _ sakmarisad maRali gumbaTis yeli, maRali proporciebi, afsidis gamoxatuli zeswrafva anu RerZi qvemodan zeviT da zemodan qveviT ki simZimis Zalis gancda, amas damatebuli Suq-Crdilis kontrasti _ qmnis Zalian moZrav sivrces, im gvars, rogoric am arqiteqturas uyvars. sivrce ostats Zalian kargad gamouvida, magram gamouvida Tu ara fasadebi? marTali giTxraT, cota meeWveba. saqme isaa, rom rodesac am taZars uyurebT, me mgoni, mainc aris naklulobis usiamovno gancda. ara mxolod imitom, rom, ikorTa, beTania, fitareTi, qvaTaxevi moCuqurTmebulia, es ki _ cotaTi gviania, magram mainc, farTod rom aviRoT, erTi 198
epoqaa _ ara. aramarto amitom, mas obieqturad aklia raRac. me meCveneba, rom aq Sefardeba Riobebsa da sibrtyeebs Soris ver moiZebna. TiTqos Riobebi odnav didi rom yofiliyo, maSin fasadze Crdilovani laqa gaCndeboda da es sibrtyes daanawevrebda. siganeebi da simaRleebi, romlebic gvaqvs, Cemi fiqriT, am zedapirebs ver ereva da isini, me ase vityodi, sakmaod sustia. ras vizamT, ostats ar gamouvida, magram raki ar gamouvida, Zneli warmosadgenia, rom man es TviTon moindoma. Tuki ver grZnobda, amas rogor gaakeTebda, ratom unda moendomebina? ratom unda wamosuliyo misgan raRac, rasac aSkarad bolomde ver daZlevda? sivrces SesaniSnavs akeTebs, gareT ki raRac bolomde miyvanili ver aqvs. amitomac me mainc vfiqrob, rom amgvari gadawyveta, amgvari idea, ase vTqvaT, dekoratiuli mkobis Rirebulebis maxvilis amgvari Semobruneba unda ekuTvnodes ara ostats, aramed Tamar dedofals. Cven aq vxedavT kidev erT Zalian aSkara SemTxvevas, rodesac damkveTi da Semoqmedi erTmaneTs bolomde ver eTanxmebian. Tumca, Tuki daviT aRmaSeneblis SemTxvevaSi aRmoCnda Zalian Taosnobiani ostati, romelmac SeZlo, SigniT Tu gareT srulebiT Sesabamisi forma moeZebna, axla es ukve ase aRar aris _ ostats CuqurTmis Rone aSkarad daaklda, mas daaklda CuqurTma, rogorc gamomsaxveli SesaZlebloba. aq Zalian kargad Cans kidev erTi kanonzomiereba, rom, rasakvirvelia, normaluri urTierToba xelovnebis qmnisa gulisxmobs urTierTobas damkveTisa, romelsac sWirdeba xelovnebis nawarmoebi da Semqmnelisa, romelic mas qmnis. didi xania ukve ase aRar aris, es urTierToba darRveulia, sul gvian, XIX saukunis Sua wlebidan mainc, Tu XVIII saukunis Sua xanidan ara. Tu Tvals gaadevnebT saukeTeso nawarmoebebs, obieqturad, is, rac Rirebulia mxatvrulad, ufro xSirad, dakveTiT Sesrulebuli ar aris da sul piriqiT aris manamde, roca, umniSvnelovanes nawarmoebTagan yvela dakveTilia. dRevandel xelovanT arc ki esmiT, rom SeiZleba dakveTiT imuSao da gulwrfeli iyo. maT hgoniaT, rom, Tu raRac sTxoves, es maT bunebaze, maT Semoq199
medebiT niWze saSineli Zaladobaa. namdvilad ar aris ase. ai, aq vxedavT, rom unda iyos swored Tanaxmiereba. vfiqrob, rom verc naxavda Tamar dedofali im dros ostats, romelic mis dakveTas Seasrulebda ise, rogorc mas undoda. man aSkarad ar mondoma profili da saerTod araferi. amisaTvis is albaT VI saukuneSi unda dabrunebuliyo. Tumca Semdeg vnaxavT, rom cota gvian erTi aseTi ostati gamoCnda, magram isic ver daexmareboda _ am dros an dabadebuli ar iyo, an sul patara iqneboda. man, ubralod, ver naxa ostati da, rogorc Cans, es iyo kaci, romelsac sxvaze meti SeeZlo, yovel SemTxvevaSi, vinc daTanxmda, rom ase gaekeTebina. didi eWvi maqvs, rom sxvebi ar daTanxmdebodnen an TviTon Tamarma SeaTvaliera da mixvda, rom sxvaze metad es gamoadgeboda. sxvaTa Soris, xelovanTa sayuradRebod unda vTqva, rom damkveTTan urTierTobisas maTi xelobis erT-erTi nawilia, erTi mxriv, daarwmunon damkveTi, rom rasac Tavad sTavazoben, ukeTesia da meore mxriv, yuradRebiT daugdon yuri mas _ damkveTic adamiania, romelic SeiZleba Zalian Wkvianurs da swors gkarnaxobdeT. Tumca, Tuki zustad iciT, rom rogorc gavaleben, ise ar SeiZleba, Tqven unda moaxerxoT misi gadarwmuneba. Tqven amisTvis mzad unda iyoT, sxvagvarad xelovneba ar iqmneba. ar vici, aq ra moxda _ an xelovani aRmoCnda metismetad damyoli, an damkveTi _ metismetad nebisyofiani, an Semoqmedma ubralod raRac ver gaTvala da rac warmoedgina, sxvanairad gamouvida, radgan msgavsi gamocdileba maSin mas ver eqneboda. gamogvivida arqiteqtura, romelic Zalian kargia, magram mainc naklulia. sxva mxriv, es aris umniSvnelovanesi maCvenebeli, umniSvnelovanesi Zegli qarTuli RvTismosaobisa, qarTuli religiuri azrovnebisa. samwuxarod, Cven aseTi nawerebi cota gvaqvs da ai, arqiteqturasac SeZlebia laparaki, SeZlebia gviTxras, im dros ra ifiqres. es ar aris xSiri SemTxveva, magram es swored is magaliTia, romelSic kargad vxedavT azris msvle lobas _ Cven am arqiteqturas kargad vkiTxulobT. im 200
siRaribisas, imdeni Txzulebis dakargvisas, imdeni raRacis verSenarCunebisas, rac qarTul kulturas sWirs, Tundac es erTi mxare sakmarisi iqneboda, rom am taZrisTvis Zalian didi mniSvneloba migveniWebina, mas ki Tan sdevs udavo mxatvruli Rirebulebac da istoriuli mniSvnelobac, radgan dakavSirebulia im umniSvnelovanes ojaxTan, romelmac, sxva Tu araferi, saqarTvelos misca ori poeti _ daviT aRmaSenebeli da demetre mefe. demetre mefe srulebiT gansxvavebul leqsebs wers da didi eWvi maqvs, rom is leqsic _ iambikoc _ Tamar dedoflis SeTxzulia. maSin ukve sami adamiania da Cven gvyavs saocari samefo ojaxi, romelSic poetebi, mgoni, mxedarTmTavrebze aranaklebi raodenobiT arian. amasac ver daikvexnis bevri dinastia am codvil dedamiwaze.
201
12. Tamaris xanis arqiteqtura XII saukunis meore naxevari da, daaxloebiT, XIII saukunis pirveli meoTxedi qarTul cnobierebaSi ukve karga xania Tamaris epoqasTan aris gaigivebuli, rac istoriulad, rasakvirvelia, arazustia, radgan es xana itevs demetre mefis zeobis dasasruls, giorgi III-is mefobas, Tavad Tamarisa da Semdeg _ giorgi-laSas mbrZaneblobas. Tumca aris amaSi simarTlec, radgan es erTiani epoqaa, rodesac qarTuli saxelmwifo gansakuTrebiT Zlieria. ZlierebasTan erTad Tavi iCina Tvisebebmac, romlebic Zlevamosilebis Tanmxlebia da es giorgisa da Tamaris xanis zogierT did moxelesTan gansakuTrebiT SeimCneva. gaCnda dampyrobluri survilebi da iyo viTomda dapyrobiTi omebis warmoebis mcdeloba, Tanac ver ipyrobdnen _ mividiodnen, miarb-moarbevdnen da ukan brundebodnen. erT-erTi mizezi Tundac xvarazmelTa laSqrobisa swored amgvari srulebiT moufiqrebeli, viRacisTvis mosaCvenebeli qmedebebi iyo da es ivane javaxiSvilis Sexedulebaa, Cemi azri ar gegonoT. sxva mxriv, amasTan erTad, ra Tqma unda, igrZnoba ekonomikuri cxovrebis aRmavloba da, Cemi azriT, mxolod garkveuli TvalsazrisiT _ sulierisac. ase vfiqrob, radgan am dros Zalian TvalsaCinoa, ase vTqvaT, msofliuri, saero sawyisis moZaleba. Tumc xSirad ase amboben, magram, cxadia, es renesansi ar gaxlavT. renesanss sxva niSnebi aqvs, romlebic, mgoni, aq ar SeimCneva, miuxedavad imisa, rom marTlac TvalsaCinoa saero sawyisi momZlavreba, erTgvari gamsofliureba. es ufro imas Camohgavs, rac evropaSi goTikur-rainduli idealis, rainduli literaturis aRzevebis xanad iwodeba. msgavsi procesi SesamCnevi iyo bizantiaSic. XI saukunis bolos da XII saukuneSi iqac xdeba saero literaturis moRoniereba. sasaciloc ki aris, rom lamis pirveli gamokvleva bizantiur saraindo romanze qarTvelma mecnierma aleqsandre aleqsiZem gaakeTa. es SemTxveeviTi araa. rasakvirvelia, qarTuli kulturis gadmosaxedidan 202
man ukeT SeniSna is, rac Cveulebrivi bizantinistisaTvis an romelime rusi mkvlevrisaTvis sagulisxmo SeiZleba sulac ar yofiliyo, Cven ki gvaqvs `vefxistyaosani~, genialurad galeqsili saraindo romani da bunebrivia, rom am movlenebs yuradReba mivaqcioT. saero kulturis aRmavlobaSi, mas rom ar axldes sakmaod saxifaTo gamovlinebebic, TavisTavad cudi araferia. odesRac `vefxistyaosanSi~ SemTxveviT TvalSi momxvda sityva `gulmxeci“. es sityva damowmebulia istorikosebTanac da Tan sxvadasxva epoqaSi, oRond dadebiTi mniSvneloba mas mxolod am dros, XII saukuneSi, aqvs. albaT sakamaTo ar aris, rom TavisTavad adamianis gamxecebaSi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, qristianuli msoflxedvelobiT, kargi araferia, magram Tu ideali aris meomari _ ratomac ara?! brZolis velze angelozi veravin iqneba da gasagebia, rom meomris Sinagani isari gadaixreba iqiTken, sadac kargi, wesiT, araferi moiZebneba. amitom, mgonia, rom es rTuli movlenaa da erTmniSvnelovnad amis gmoba iseTive gaumarTlebelia, rogorc misiT aRfrTovaneba. amgvari midgoma araistoriulia da amas dafiqreba unda. piradad me mgonia, rom es epoqa bolomde gaazrebuli ar aris. samwuxarod, ar gagrZelda ivane javaxiSvilis xazi, romelic istorias diferencirebulad afasebs da xedavs rogorc saxelmwifos Zlierebas, aseve amis Tanmdev saxifaTo movlenebsac. 1980-iani wlebisaTvis Cvens istoriul cnobierebaSi mkvidrdeba ondav saxecvlili, TiTqos Coxagadacmuli rusuli imperiuli idea. idealad cxaddeba agresiuli, Semtevi, dampyrobeli saqarTvelo, rasac, cxadia, cudis meti arafris motana SeuZlia, radgan, pirvel rigSi, es ar aris simarTle, amasTanave, saxifaToa da Tanac amgvar miswrafebas mxolod saboloo marcxi mohyveba. asea Tu ise, es rTuli da sagulisxmo epoqaa. Teoriulad, mas unda daetovebina didi qalaqebi, uSvelebeli sasaxleebi da Senobebi, satriumfo TaRebi. Cveulebriv, ase gamoiyureba xolme moZlierebuli saxelmwifoebis aRmSenebloba. Zalian ucnauria, magram ase ar moxda. arsad Cans, rom Tamar mefes, 203
magaliTad, aeSenebinos sasaxle. wyaroebSi am sakiTxze araferi aris, Tumca weria, rom man aaSena varZia. arada, viciT, rom, magaliTad, XVIII saukuneSi axal-axal sasaxleebs lamis yvela mefe iSenebda. rogorc Cans, Tamar mefe sjerdeba imas, rac aSenebulia demetre mefisa Tu giorgi III-s dros TbilisSi, quTaisSi, sadac albaT ufro Zveli sasaxle idgeboda an kidev sadme sxvagan. CamoTvlili aris cixeebi, sadac is Cerdeboda xolme, Tumca misi sakuTari ar Cans. qalaqebSic araferia iseTi, rasac gansakuTrebulad monumenturi ieri iqneboda. marTalia, Cveni qalaqebi Zalian daingra da dairba, magram didi Senobis SemTxvevaSi, amdenadve didia albaToba, rom misi nawili, Tundac erTi TaRi, kedlis naxevari an raime sxva, sadRac mainc SemorCeboda. roca sul araferia, giCndeba eWvi, rom an arc yofila, an iyo raRac erTi, romelic iolad moispo da misi nakvalevi aRar gadarCa. TvalsaCinoebisTvis, gavixsenoT romi, romelic saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi bevrma angria, magram saimperatoro qalaqis fragmenti mainc uamravi gvaqvs. gavixsenoT Tundac samaryandi, sadac sabWoTa dros Zveli qalaqi marTlac mTlianad ganadgurda, magram gadarCenili nagebobebi, gindac veeberTela, kolosaluri misgiTi, romlis msgavssac sxvagan albaT ver ipoviT, gviCvenebs, Tu rogori iyo saxelmwifo, romelmac samaryandi dedaqalaqad gadaaqcia. CvenTan aseTi aRmSenebloba ar Cans. saerTodac, rom daviTvaloT, ra dagvitova Tamaris xanam, gancvifrebiT aRmovaCenT, rom es bevrad naklebi aris, vidre, vTqvaT, X saukunis danatovari. Tumca unda gaviTvaliswinoT isic, rom SesaZlebelia, vxedavdeT mxolod gamorCeul nimuSebs, arada, iyos rigiTi Senobebi, romelTac am xanasTan jerjerobiT ver vaigivebT. aseT eWvs miCens piradad me ramdenime moxatuli eklesia, romelTa mxatvrobac namdvilad XII saukunis meore naxevris an XIII saukunis dasawyisaa, xolo arqiteqtura, SemaSineblad cudi xarisxis, ufro Zvelia, oRond es ar aris gardamavali xana, es X saukune araa. gaugebaria, Tuki am rigis mxatvari gyavs an amgvaris mowvevas apireb, ratom ar wuxxar imaze, rom nageboba mainc raRacas unda hgavdes?! erTaderTi 204
axsna isaa, rom SeiZleba, SenobaTa kedlebi garedanac ixateboda, magram Semdeg gare-Signidan ileseboda an raime imgvari xdeboda, rasac Cven dRes, ubralod, ver vxvdebiT. cxadia, gamoricxuli ar aris, arsebobdes nageboba, oRond cudi xarisxis da Cven Tamaris xanas ver vkadreT, gvefiqra, rom is am drois aRmonaSobia. es samuSaoa, gasarkvevia da SeiZleba, davinaxoT raime sxva movlena, romelic CemTvis iseTive gaugebaria, rogorc XI-XII saukuneebSi gamoqvabul soflebSi mosaxleobis dabruneba. marTlac gaugebaria, vinme sxvis gamoTxril qvabebSi ratom unda Sediodes, iq ratom unda iwyebdes cxovrebas, Tuki qveyana nivTierad Zlierdeba. Tumca aseTi movlena arsebobs da, Sesabamisad, mas unda gaazreba. TavisTavad faqti, rom CvenTvis amdeni ram gaugebaria, maniSnia imisa, rom Cvens istoriul ganazrebas, istoriul cnobierebas mravali ukve Znelad misatevebeli xarvezi aqvs da saWiroa muSaoba, radgan ase aRar SeiZleba. Tumca modiT, mivubrundeT imas, rac Tamaris xanad viciT. erT aTeulze cota meti nageboba Tu iqneba da, ZiriTadad, gumbaTiani eklesiebia. aris ramdenime calnaviani taZaric da maT Soris yvelaze cnobilia marTlac Zalian lamazi, koxta maRalaanT eklesia. yvela es nageboba, daaxloebiT, erTi yaidisaa, erTgvarovania, kompoziciurad mravalferovni ar aris. es ar niSnavs, rom isini erTnairni arian, magram mravalferovani SesaZleblobebi da ostatis arCevani ar Cans. ukve iTqva, magram gavimeoreb, rom gumbaTovani nageboba orburjiani Cawerili jvris tipis eklesiaa. rogorc wesi, mas aqvs egvteri, romelic an marto samxreTiTaa, an samxreTiTa da dasavleTiTaa, Tumca samxreTiT, sadac mTavari Sesasvlelia, egvteri aucileblad aris. mTavari kari qarTul taZarSi, ukve karga xania, swored samxreTidanaa. magaliTad, oSkis taZarSi es pirdapir gacxadebulia _ iq arsadaa karibWe, midgmulia mxolod patara, svetebze Seyenebuli bWe, romelic mTavar kars moniSnavs. axlac asea, Tuki bWe erTia, is aucileblad samxreTiTaa da xSiria, rom mxolod samxreTis karia da sxva ki ar aris. rogorc wesi, es eklesiebi Tlili qviTaa mopirkeTebuli da 205
Zalian mdidruladaa morTuli qvaze kveTilobiT. am nakveTi samkaulis _ sarkmlis sapireebis, karnizebis, karis moCarCoebisa Tu Tavad CuqurTmebis _ motivebi isev isaa, rac XI saukuneSi iyo. araferi maxsendeba iseTi, rac specifikurad am droisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. SeiZleba, gaCndes mxolod umniSvnelo detalebi, vTqvaT, iyos moxrili an Semokecili karis CarCo. axtalis taZarSi, magaliTad, aRmosavleTidan somxeTis gavliT SemoJona seljukurma motivebma da vinaidan somxeTi maSin zed sazRvarTan iyo, amaSi gaugebari araferia. aris aseTi niuansebi, magram is umTavresi, rasac am epoqaSi vxedavT, mainc nacnobia. teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT, Sesrulebis xarisxi yovelTvis Zalian maRalia. rogorc wesi, nagebobebi koxta, daxvewili, sufTad Sesrulebuli da teqnikurad gamarTulia, magram erTi ram aris yuradRebamisaqcevi: am elementebis gamaerTianebeli, Semkvreli sistema aRar arsebobs da misi aucilebloba aRarc aris. marTlac, taZrebi SedarebiT mcire zomisaa da CemTvis vambob xolme, rom am erTiani TaRnariT moTvinierebulma arqiteqturam icis, rogor gaakeTos ornamentuli maxvilebi, raTa, ase vTqvaT, daiWiros kompozicia da Tvals sicarielisa da ukmarisobis gancda ar gauCndes. Tumca aris Senobebi, ufro zustad, SenobaTa fasadebi, sadac es ver moxerxda. Cemi fiqriT, magaliTad, ver moxerxda beTaniis aRmosavleT fasadze an Tundac TbilisSi, luj monasterSi, wm. andria pirvelwodebulis eklesiis sakurTxevlis fasadze. uyurebT da geCvenebaT, rom raRac rigze ver aris, TiTqos naklulia. raSia saqme? mizezi martivia _ ostati, romelic muSaobs da akeTebs beTaniaSi jvars an aq sarkmlis sapires, ar aris STagonebuli imdenad, rom misma naxelavma kedlis mTeli zedapiri moicvas (zemoqmedebis Zalas vgulisxmob, cxadia da ara fizikur ganfenas). ra xdeba aq? ostatebi kargad, sufTad muSaoben, magram uyureb da ostatobis meti araferia. mecnierulad amis damtkiceba gaWirdeba, magram ar meguleba adamiani, visac es kedlebi sxvanairad aReqvas _ vinc amdroindeli xelovneba icis, yvela erTnairad xedavs. 206
aqedan vaskvni, rom amdroindel arqiteqturas swored detalis xarisxis mimarT aqvs gansakuTrebuli mgrZnobeloba. magaliTad, X saukunis parxlis eklesiis fasadze gvaqvs Zalian kargad naxelavi sarkmlis TavsarTebi, oRond oriode iseTi detalia, rom verc ki mixvdebi, vin gaakeTa: zemoT talRovannapiriani CarCoa moxatuli, SigniT urTierTgadamkveTi xazebi faravs da raRac gamosaxulebacaa, oRond imdenad uxarisxo, rom ver gaigeb, es ra aris. Tumca detalis uxarisxoba mainc ar azaralebs mTliani zemoqmedebis Zalas _ fasadis mTliani kompozicia iseTia, rom es swored detalia. Tqven xedavT TavsarTs, cxadia, xvdebiT, rom sxvaze uaresia, sxvas didxans SexedavT, amas ki _ ara, magram aq detals imdeni ar SeuZlia, rom Secvalos mTliani STabeWdileba. axla ase aRar aris, SeiZleba imitom, rom momcro nagebobebia da detalebi TvalTan sakmaod axlosaa, Tumca arc parxalSia sadRac caSi gamokidebuli. faqti isaa, rom am arqiteqturaSi odnav modunebuli CuqurTma niSnavs vergamosul kompozicias, romelic gamocarielebulia. mas dakarguli aqvs gamomsaxvelobac da Zalac. aranakleb mniSvnelovania isic, rom es am erTi modelis SigniT varirebaa. igulisxmeba, rom aRebulia sqema, romelic nikorwmindasa da samTavisSi Seiqmna. es niSnavs, rom ufro xSirad aRmosavleT fasadze SuaSi gvaqvs erTi vertikaluri RerZi, romelzec asxmulia rombebi, e.w. sarkmlis sapire da jvari. SeiZleba, danarCeni elementebi ar iyos, magram eseni, metwilad, aris da warmodgenilia ornamentuli aqcentebis Tanmimdevroba imgvarad, rogorc im taZrebSia: yvelaze uxvad morTulia gumbaTis yeli, Semdeg _ aRmosavleTi, samxreTi, dasavleTi, CrdiloeTi fasadebi. rakiRa gaqra TaRnari, ra darCa? darCa Riobebis moCarCoeba, SeiZleba, gaCndes jvari da kidev raRac, Tundac reliefebi frinvelebisa da cxovelebis simboluri gamosaxulebebiT, rogorc fitareTis fasadze an, vTqvaT, kopi, magram ZiriTadi, rac am arqiteqturas awesrigebs, swored esaa. am droisaTvis arsebobs erTgvari formula, romelic aseve mniSvnelovania: Sewyvilebuli sarkmlebi da maT Soris moqceu207
li jvari, romelic gvxvdeba gverdiT fasadebze, oRond aRmosavleTiT –ara. ra Tqma unda, am gamosaxulebas unda hqondes raRac simboluri sazrisi da mas sxvadasxvanirad xsnian, Tumca piradad me sarwmuno interpretacia ver vnaxe, es sakmaod rTuli gamodga. da mainc, epoqis gamocnoba iolia, Tuki zemoT naxseneb formulas naxavT. am tipis taZrebi qronologiurad XII saukunis Sua wlebidan XIII saukunis Sua xanebamde Tavsdeba da, ai, sad _ es ukve sxva ambavia. am SemTxvevaSi, saqme mTlad martivad ar gvaqvs. Cven gvegona, rom gvaqvs qronologiuri mijnebi. maTi gansazRvris safuZvels gvaZlevda Semdegi garemoeba: gvqonda ikorTis taZari, romelic 1172 wliT TariRdeba. es taZari odnavi saxecvliT pirdapir imeorebs samTavisis mTel morTulobas, mas ki mosdevda beTania, romelic freskiT TariRdeba. yvela danarCeni nageboba am qronologiur sazRvrebSi lagdeboda. Tumca aRmoCnda, rom beTaniis arqiteqtura am drois ar aris. Tuki beTania ikorTaze adrindelia da masSi ikorTaSi ukanve dabrunebuli TaRnari ratomRac ukve moxsnilia, gamodis, rom es Cveulebrivi ambavi araa da raRac sxva xdeba. es raRac sxva piradad CemTvis lagdeba amgvarad: arsebobs XI saukunis modeli da elementebs iqidan irCeven. magaliTad, qvaTaxevis ostati erT-erT fasadze akeTebs TaRs, mets arafers _ mxolod cal TaRs. misTvis es erT-erTi elementia, rogorc sityvebi poetebisTvis, romlebic xSirad ukve arsebuli leqsikiT an saxeebiT ifarglebian. Zvel dros es metad miRebuli iyo. gavixsenoT Tundac yvelasTvis cnobili bulbuli da vardi, TiTqosda gacveTili, magram poetTaTvis kargad mosaxmari saxeebi, romlebic 2 000 wlis ganmavlobaSi sad aRar meordeboda. amdroindeli ostatebisTvis XI saukunis xuroTmoZRvrebaSi moZebnili ornamentuli da sxva mamkobi elementebi aseT saxeebs emsgavseba. amitomac meCveneba, rom am drois arqiteqturuli Semoqmedeba uwindelisagan ramdenadme gansxvavebuli iyo. CemTvis amis asaxsnelad aseT Sedarebas viSvelieb xolme, Tumca es mxolod Sedarebaa da ara zusti analogia: Tuki XI saukunem208
de moRvawe xuroTmoZRvrebi kompozitorebs hgavdnen, am epoqis arqiteqtori ufro Semsrulebeli musikosia. Tumca maT Sorisac SeiZleba iyvnen genialuri da saSualo donis Semsruleblebi, xan erTi gvxvdeba, xanac meore. unda gaviTvaliswinoT isic, rom zogjer Senobebs axal droSi Cvenive RonisZiebebiT vamaxinjebT. magaliTad, qvaTaxevis taZris Sida sivrce dRemde ver Semifasebia. gareTa mxares rac Seexeba, iq araCveulebrivi meCuqurTmeebi muSaoben, SesaniSnavi ostatia, vinc gumbaTis yels aCuqurTmebs. aq yvelaferi gasagebia, gare moculobaTa Sefardebebic koxtaa da moxdenili. SigniT, Cemi azriT, sruli gaugebrobaa, Tumca mere mizezs mivxvdi. amis mizezi Selesvaa _ carcSereuli baTqaSis gamo, Tanabrad areklili Suqi da gamqrali Crdilebi. Crdilebi ar gvaqvs da masTan erTad gamqralia yvelaferi, riTic es arqiteqtura unda metyvelebdes _ Suq-Crdilis mravalferovnebiTa da gadadena-gadmodeniT. es ganadgrebulia da SeuZlebelia, mixvde rogoria interieri. vnatrulob im dros, roca am kedlebs an SevRebavT, an movxatavT, an kidev im sazizRar baTqaSs CamovyriT. ase ar SeiZleba, raRac unda gakeTdes, radgan Cven am arqiteqturas vamaxinjebT, arqiteqtorebs ki saxels vutexT da cils vwamebT. yovel SemTxvevaSi, sxva taZrebSi, sadac mxatvrobis fragmentebi mainc aris SerCenili, interierebi sul sxvanairad gamoiyureba. virtuoz SemsrulebelTa arqiteqtura _ ai, rogoria CemTvis Tamaris xanis ZiriTadi nakadi. kidev erTi ramaa, rac saintereso meCveneba: am epoqaSi ar Cans didi nagebobebi an qalaqis nagebobi, ar Sendeba Tundac sakaTedro taZrebi. TiTqos rac iyo, isic sakmarisad miiCnies, rogorc daxvdaT, iseve toveben da rame rom Sematon, arc imas cdiloben. Tamaris karis didebulebi iSeneben monastrebs da, ufro xSirad, iq maTi gansasveneblebia. yovel SemTxvevaSi, im cnobebis mixedviT, romlebic Cven mogvepoveba, warwerebi ki sakmaod bevria, iq sul samefo karis moxeleebi Canan. es arqiteqtura specifikuria, daxvewili da zogjer imdenad kameruli, rom badebs SegrZnebas, TiTqos esa Tu is eklesia erTi kacis dasadgomadaa aSenebuli. ai, 209
Tundac fitareTSi sul ase mgonia, rom vinc is aaSena, TavisTvis sadRac kuTxeSi myudrodaa mimdgari. zogjer warmoudgenelsac warmovidgen, rom savarZelic iqvea da im savarZelSi mokalaTebuli moxucic. egebada qaCibaisZe miyuJula, romelic moxucebulobaSi iqneb iqve berad Sedga. SeuZlebelia, amgvari gancda gagiCndeT X saukunisa an XI saukunis Tundac yvelaze patara eklesiaSi. iq yovelTvis grZnobT raRacnair aqtivobas. rogorc Cemi kolega b-ni iuza xuskivaZe ambobs, es daRlili adamianebis arqiteqturaa. TiTqos unda Sevidnen, raTa daisvenon, Tvals asiamovnon, Semdeg gamovlen da uyureben, rogor ixlarTeba es lamazi CuqurTmebi. piradad CemTvis sainteresoa isic, SerCaT Tu ara am CuqurTmebs, rogorc calkeul saxeebs, raime semantikuri mniSvneloba. absoluturad darwmunebuli var, rom XI saukunis ostatebisTvis, yovel SemTxvevaSi, maTTvis, vinc samTavissa an ikvSi muSaobs, TiToeul saxes Tavisi semantika aqvs. iq nebismieri foToli, yvavili Tu geometriuli figura imgvarad aris gamoqandakebuli, rom es namdvilad ase unda yofiliyo. SeuZlebelia ase akeTo romeliRac rigiTi arSia, es raRac iseTia, rasac gamkeTeblisaTvis Rrma mniSvneloba aqvs. Tamaris xanaSi ukve iSviaTia, rom CuqurTmovani saxe muSaobdes, rogorc gamosaxuleba _ rodesac TiToeuli foToli, yvavili Tu elementi gelaparakeba da TiTqos geubneba, rom masSi aris raRac sazrisi. raRac msgavsi SeiZleba xdebodes mxolod saorbisis sarkmelze, romelsac srulebiT genialuri ostati akeTebs, oRond es meCuqurTmea, romlis msgavsi, arc ki vici, dedamiwaze rodesme kidev vinme Tu dadioda. saerTodac, saorbisis eklesiis Semxedvare ifiqreb, rom taZari aSenda am erTi sarkmlisTvis, sadac es sruliad wamoudgeneli datalRuli, uSvelebeli foTlebiT daCuqurTmebuli moCarCoeba unda gakeTebuliyo, danarCeni yvelaferi ki ise aris, sasxvaTaSorisod. Zalian STambeWdavia, namdvilad raRacis moubari. jerjerobiT ver davikvexniT, rom misi ena kargad gvesmis, magram cota Tu daviZabebiT, SeiZleba gavigoT, ras ambobs. Tu210
mca sxvagan veranair pasuxs ver miviRebT _ ilaparakeben ara calke saxeebi, aramed mTlianobaSi elementebi. piradad CemTvis, SeiZleba mcdarad, es imis axsnasac iZleva, Tu ratom SeiZleba, CuqurTma modundes. Tuki TqvenTvis is mxolod samkaulia, Tu fiqri sxvagan gaiqca, xeli ki samkauls akeTebs, mxolod arSias qargavs, es arSia mniSvnelovania mTlianobaSi, calkeuli foToli ki arc arSiisTvis da arc misi mkeTeblisTvis maincadamainc sayuradRebo araa. Tumca, Tuki fiqrobT, rom yoveli foToli samoTxis mcenarea da am mcenareSi kidev rame gansxvavebul sazrissac xedavT, SeuZlebelia, an Tqven moeSvaT, an xeli miuSvaT, am procesSi adamiani CarTulia goneba-yuradReba-emociuroba-yvelafrianad. me mainc vfiqrob, rom raRac moxda da es raRac, swored TiRvasa da gelaTTan dakavSirebiT rac mogaxseneT, is unda iyos: albaT daviT aRmaSeneblis karze TavisTavad CuqurTmis saxes damoukidebeli Sinaarsi aRar aqvs, is damoukideblad metyveli aRaraa. ase rom, marTlac, Tamaris xanis eklesiebi daqarguli taZrebia. kidev vambob, yoveli elementi semantikas ar kargavs, magram Semadgenlebi am elementebisa ukve sakuTari saTqmelis uqonelni arian, amitomac zogjer es aris brwyinvaleba, zogjer kidev _ ara uSavs ra, magram naklebad metyvelebs. amas iolad warmoidgens adamiani, romelsac mousmenia, Tu rogor asruleben erTsa da imave nawarmoebs Zalian kargi pianisti da, vTqvaT, mxolod Zalian kargi teqnikis mqone pianisti. erTTan yvelaferi aris musika, meoresTan aris musika da am musikis fragmentebs Soris ki _ TiTqos gamebi, Zalian efeqturi da absoluturad arafris mTqmeli araCveulebrivi akordebis gruxun-griali. TiTqos musika Sewyda da daiwyo imis Cveneba, rom mas es yvelaferi SeuZlia. Tumca, rodesac mxolod vaCvenebT, ramdenad swrafad SegviZlia dakvra an, Cvens SemTxvevaSi, ra sufTad vTliT, es ukve Semoqmedeba aRaraa da Sedegic gansxvavebuli aris. namdvili Semsrulebloba (da amis magaliTebi Cven am dros gvaqvs) is aris, rodesac nawarmoebi, am SemTxvevaSi, ukve arsebuli sqema, am adamianis xelSi Tavidan ibadeba, cocxldeba. rodesac karg Semsrulebel musikoss 211
usmen, ggonia, rom man musika es-esaa Seqmna. ai, aseTi aris am epoqis zogierTi taZari, zogierTi ki, samwuxarod, ar aris. aqedan SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom xuroTmoZRvrebis xelovnebaSi da ara marto aq garkveuli krizisia. krizisi srulebiT aSkarad Cans WedurobaSic, romelic Tamaris epoqaSi TiTqmis srulad ornamentulia da kvlavac brwyinvale, magram zogjer eWvi gepareba, aqvs Tu ara raime datvirTva am brwinvalebas. amas ver ityvi xaxulis xatze, romelic namdvilad samoTxis saxea da Cans, rom es gancdilia. ai, kidev saintereso detali: gare pirzec da SigniTac udavod samoTxea, oRond gareTa pirze TiTqos daWdeuli xeebia, imdenad warmoudgeneli silamazis, rom analogs ver mouZebni, dedamiwaze aseTi araferi ar aris. Tu ram SeiZleba met-naklebad miamsgavso, IV saukunis mozaikebia romis santa-konstancas mavzoleumSi. ar mgonia, xaxuleli ostati im xeebis sanaxavad romSi wasuliyo, raRac sxva aris aq gadamwyveti da, pirvel yovlisa _ Sinagani damokidebuleba. xaxuleli ostati pirdapir samoTxes gamosaxavs. TiTqos samoTxesve saxaven Sida piris ostatebic, romlebic daviT aRmaSeneblisa da demetre mefis Tanamedroveebi arian, magram aq ukve ornamentuli ylortis gauTavebeli xlarTvaa. es ylorti sacnobia, mas aqvs dinamikac, gamomsaxvelobac, magram samoTxis pirdapiri gamosaxvidan igavur miniSnebaze gadasvla Cans. mere da mere Zalian kargi naxelavebic gvxvdeba, magram rodesac uyureb beqa da beSqen opizrebis Tundac oTxTavis ydebs an Zalian kargad Sesrulebul sxva figurul gamosaxulebebs, xvdebi rom kargi namuSevaria, magram aris ki gamomsaxveloba?! Tu aris, mainc ufro naklebia, vidre XI saukunis msgavs gamosaxulebebSi. Zalian STambeWdavia, vTqvaT tbeTis oTxavze gadaqanebuli mociqulebi, magram es mainc ufro ferweris zemoqmedeba mgonia da ara skulputurisa. ufro silueti moqmedebs, gakeTebulia moculobebic, magram es moculobebi naklebad gamomsaxvelia, naklebad gamomTqmelia da metyvelebs is, rac sibrtyiTia. am SemTxvevSic, gaurkvevlobaa _ figurul gamomsaxvelobas TiTqos vinarCunebT, magram mas Zala aRar mosdevs. maS, raSia saqme? es imas niSnavs, 212
rom raRac xdeba, raRacam iklo, modunda ZarRvi. dacemas amas ver vuwodebT, radgan ar gamqrala, magram erTgvari krizisis moaxloeba TiTqos sagrZnobia. Tuki SevxedavT am epoqis TviT ubrwyinvales, erTmniSvnelovnad umaRlesi mxatvruli donis moxatulobebs, imaTac ki aqvT raRac, rac adamians daafiqrebs. niSandobliv ra? rasakvirvelia, es Rrmad religiuri xelovnebaa, magram rogoria es religiuroba _ ai, raSia saqme. rodesac, davuSvaT, XI saukunis Sua xanis atenis freskebs uyurebT, maTSi, pirvel yovlisa, Txrobas xedavT, miuxedavad araCveulebrivi esTetikurobisa, mainc figurisa da ambis gamomsaxvelobas amCnevT. yinwvisis genialuri moxatulobidan yvelaze saxelganTqmulia aRdgomis maxarebeli angelozia da es SemTxveviTi ar aris. jer erTi, es kompoziciis Sua nawilia. TavisTavad kompozicia sarkmlebiT gayves, SuaSi angelozi moaTavses da aqeT-iqiT ki meomrebi da menelsacxebleebi arian. kideebi dazianebulia, magram dauzianebelic rom iyos, viTom adamiani amas ase uceb waikiTxavda? sxva mxriv, rodesac angelozs uyureb, xedav, rom wmindad ferweruli gamomsaxvelobis wili Zalian didia. Tanac rogori gamomsaxvelobaa _ baci mwvane, laJvardisferi, Zalian rbilad dawerili saxe da xelebi, sadac arc Crdili Cans, arc aTinaTi, romelic, vTqvaT, atenSi Zalian TvalsaCinoa. Tqven pirdapir miyvebiT siluets, xazis denadobas da TiTqos marTlac gesmiT Cumi melodia. Tumca ratom unda usmino am melodias, kacma rom Tqvas? Semodis saocari lirizmi, mxatvrul saSualebaTa TviTkmaroba da es, kvlavac vityvi, ZiriTad saTqmels ar arRvevs, mxolod amCnev, rom maxvilebma gadainacvla da ara Tavad moxatulobaSi, aramed am gadanacvlebaSi aris xifaTi. Tu Cven warmovidgenT amis gagrZelebas, SeiZleba wminda formalizmi miviRoT da Znelia, adamianma es erTgvar gamsofliurebas marTlac ar daukavSiros. me cota gadaWarbebuli meCveneba, roca am moxatulobebSi pirdapir saero sawyisze laparakoben da, Cveulebriv, berTubnis moxatulobaze giorgi CubinaSvilis naTqvams imowmeben. giorgi CubinaSvils ar uTqvams, rom berTubnis moxatuloba renesansulia. 213
rogorc yovelTvis, igi frTxilad da mozomilad mxolod imas ambobs, rom aq Cans raRac iseTi, rasac SeiZleba raime italiuri duCentos msgavsi moetanao. vfiqrob, rom es ufro sworia. es marTlac tendenciaa, romelsac SeeZlo moetana, magram ar moutania. Tu ratom ar moutania, es ukve sxva sakiTxia. mxolod imis Tqma mindoda, rom am xelovnebaSi aris erTgvari moRla (Tumca SeiZleba, es gadaWarbebuli naTqvamia), survili, ufro xmadabla wamikiTxon oTxTavis ambavi, daindon Cemi yuri da TiTqos Tavze xeli gadamisvan. es ar aris xelovneba, romelic Sengan raRacas moiTxovs. is did saidumloebebze TiTqos dayvavebiT gelaparakeba. es lirikuloba piradad CemTvis kvlavac imis maniSnebelia, rom raRac xdeba. es aris xelovneba, romlis gagrZeleba Zalian rTulia da am gagrZelebiT Cven SeiZleba arcTu sasurveli movlenebic miviRoT. raRac unda moxdes. ra? ai, amaSia mTeli ambavi. Cven viciT, rom es raRac ar momxdara, viciT, rom mere aris erTgvari SeCereba, TiTqos Seyovneba, arqiteqturaSi _ sruliad erTmniSvnelovani, mxatvrobaSi ki pirvelad Cveni qristianuli xelovnebis istoriaSi moxda bizantiuri modelis pirdapiri gadmotana. rasakvirvelia, siaxle adrec yovelTvis Cndeboda da qarTveli ostati brma ar iyo, gadmohqonda xolme Tavisi mosawoni xerxebi, magram aseTi SemTxveva, rom pirdapir gadmoetanaT mTeli mxatvruli sistema, TiTqos ar aris. SeiZleba naxoT romelime erTi xelnaweri, romelic konstantinopolSi gadaiwera an sulac berZens moaxatines, SeiZleba minanqari ipovoT da mixvdeT, rom Zalian moindomes gakonstantinopolureba, magram es yovelTvis calkeuli SemTxvevaa xolme da mainc aris raRac sxvaoba. aseTi ram ki, roca mxatvruli Semoqmedebis mTel sivrces saidanRac pirdapir gadmotanili modeli ikavebs, Cvenma qristianulma Sua saukuneebma ar icis. es pirvelad XIII saukunis bolos moxda. ras niSnavs es? piradad CemTvis es mainc imas niSnavs, rom aris krizisi, raRac gamoilia, raRacas ganaxleba sWirdeba, rogorc fsalmunSia naTqvami: `ganaxldes, viTarca orbisa, siWabuke Seni~. rogorc Cans, orbsac ki sWirdeba ga214
naxleba. raRac unda momxdariyo. ra? SeiZleboda Tu ara, rom ar gvqonoda erTgvari daqveiTeba? is saboloo katastrofa, romelzec xSirad laparakoben, CvenTan arasdros momxdara, amgvari sulieri wyvetili Cvens istoriaSi ar aris, mxolod aRmaval-daRmavali ganviTarebaa. cxadia, kulturul cxovrebas vgulisxmob da ara politikurs. maS, SeiZleboda es daRmasvla rogorme agveridebina? amboben xolme, rom istoriasTan mimarTebaSi aseTi SekiTxvebi uazrobaa. ra Tqma unda, rac moxda, moxda imitom, rom ase unda yofiliyo da sxvagvarad raRacam albaT Cven gza ar mogvca, magram SesaZlebloba Tu arsebobda, ai, es aris sakiTxavi. piradad me meCveneba, rom aseTi SesaZlebloba namdviladac iyo da Tu ra iyo es, amazec mogaxsenebT. Cven ukve visaubreT, Tu raoden Taviseburi viTareba Seiqmna qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi epoqaSi, romelsac xan rusTavelis xanas uwodeben, xan Tamarisas da, zogadad, XII saukunis meore naxevarsa da XIII saukunis pirvel meoTxeds moicavs. sirTule am droisa is gaxlavT, rom is paradoqsulia. siZlieris mwvervalisa da morWma-simdidris xanaSi arqiteqtura araTu monumentalizdeba, zomiT izrdeba, aramed, piriqiT, pataravdeba. epoqis gemovneba Cans mxolod mdidar daCuqurTmebaSi, magram iqac Tavs iCens ucnauri movlena _ erTsa da imave nagebobaze Tqven SeiZleba naxoT Zalze artistuli, Zalze STambeWdavi da iqve ucnaurad duned Sesrulebuli saxeebi. es gansakuTrebiT TvalSisacemia iseT eklesiaze, rogoric beTaniaa, sadac erTi xani SeiZleba marTlac mogeCvenos, rom iq sxvadasxva droa. ar mgonia, es ase iyos, magram aseTi STabeWdileba rom SeiZleba gaCndes, namdvilia. ra SeiZleboda yofiliyo am movlenis mizezi? erTi-erTi mizezi, vfiqrob, ase vTqvaT, Sidamxatvruli xasiaTisaa. is ena, is mxatvruli saSualebebi, romlebsac imdroindel xuroTmoZRvrebi floben, ukve didi xnisaa, daaxloebiT, V saukunidan modis. misi Sida SesaZleblobebi _ gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebaTa amgvari zRvruli maragi ki yvela mxatvrul enas aqvs _ rogorc etyoba, iwureboda, Tumca 215
bolomde daSretili ar iyo da, rogorc Semdeg gamoCndeba, misi potenciis monarCenebi sakmaod didxans kvlavac asazrdoebs qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebas. Tumca ZiriTadi, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, gadmosaRvreli ukve gamoyenebuli iyo _ winamorbed Taobebs, rac ki SeiZleboda epovaT am mxatvrul metyvelebaSi, rogorc Cans, ukve aemetyvelebinaT kidec. Cven davinaxavT, rom es mdgomareoba arc mere icvleba. piriqiT, XIII saukunis Sua xanebsa da meore naxevarSi is srulad gamovlindeba da Semdeg, rac kidev ufro ucnauria, arsebiTad, mTeli 500 weli qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis winaSe sul dgas sirTule mxatvruli enis ganaxlebisa da iseTi saSualebebis mopovebisa, romlebiTac mas SeeZleba, Tavisi saTqmeli sxvanairad gamoTqvas. es sxvanairoba TviTmizani ar gaxlavT. es aris mxolod gamovlineba imisa, rom erTisa da imaves gameoreba Zalian male xdeba meqanikuri da meqanikuroba ki xelovnebaSi yovelTvis iZleva met-nakleb usicocxlobasa da met-nakleb uxarisxobas. ratom SeiZleboda ase momxdariyo? aq, rasakvirvelia, TiTqmis SeuZlebelia zusti diagnozis dasma da imis Tqma, Tu rasTan gvaqvs saqme. yovelTvis iqneba varaudi da interpretacia, romelic mosalodnelia, rom nawilobrivi iyos. vfiqrob, rom saqme msoflmxedvelobiT sirTuleebSia. yovel SemTxvevaSi, bevri wlis ganmavlobaSi sxva axsna me ver mipovia. Tvals Tu gadavavlebT am epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebel zogad viTarebas, yvelgan erTnairi suraTia. yovel SemTxvevaSi, saqristianoSi _ konstantinopolSi, berZnulenovan qveynebSi, laTinur dasavleTSi Tu CvenTan _ yvelgan erTi da igive problemebi Cndeba. amboben, rom asevea samahmadianoSic, oRond amaze msjeloba me ar xelmewifeba. am movlenas Tavis droze Salva nucubiZem, Cvenma uniWieresma moazrovnem da mkvle varma, `aRmosavluri renesansi~ daarqva da masSi daaxloebiT XIV-XV saukuneebis italiaSi arsebuli viTarebis analogi dainaxa. Tumca me vfiqrob, rom simarTlesTan ufro axlos aris sxva formulireba da, miuxedavad b-ni Salvas brwyinvale naazrevisa, SesaZlebelia dazustdes saboloo definicia imis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu ras ambobdnen giorgi CubinaSvili, 216
ivane javaxiSvili da Tundac niko mari, romelic am sakiTxze mxolod gakvriT saubrobda. isini yuradRebas aqcevdnen msgavsebas ufro goTikuri xanis suliskveTebasTan, ara goTikur xelovnebasTan, aramed laTinur dasavleTSi arsebul zogad viTarebasTan, romelsac agreTve mivyavdiT im movlenamde, Semdeg aRorZineba da renesansi rom daerqva. es gaxlavT gamsofliureba _ ara warmarTobis aRorZineba, romlis elementi (ra Tqma unda, mxolod elementi) italiur xelovnebaSi, XIV saukunidan moyolebuli, marTlac aris, aramed kulturaSi msofliuri elementis moZliereba da moWarbeba. dasavleTSi es kargad Cans imiT, Tu raoden didi wili daiWira saero poeziam, saraindo romanebma. igive xdeba bizantiaSi. iqac Cans, rom iwereba saraindo romanebi, romlebic xan elinistur Targzea aWrili, xan kidev raRac sxva ieris mqonea, magram mainc saero aris. filosofiis istoriisaTvis cnobilia iqauri ambebi, ucnauri platonisturi mimdinareoba, romelic gaCnda da, marTalia, maleve gaqra, magram danarCen kulturaze es movlenebi aisaxa. magaliTad, XIV saukunis bizantiaSi warmarTuli religiis ganaxlebas moiTxovda filosofosi gemistos pleToni, romelsac platonis `saxelmwifos~ modeli hqonda momarjvebuli, qristianobisaTvis warmarTobis Canacvlebaze laparakobda da iseT rameebs amobda, rogorsac, mgoni, romsa da florenciaSic ki aravin qadagebda. CvenTan saqme aqamde ar misula, magram ukve ramdeni welia sul erTi da igive SekiTxva miCndeba _ ratom aris, rom, erTi mxriv, X saukunis yvelaze didi prozaikosi hagiografosi giorgi merCulea da yvelaze didi poeti ki himnografosi ioane zosime, XI saukuneSi yvelaze didi movlena wm. giorgi mTawmindelis prozaa da wm. efTvime aTonelis Targmanebi anda Targamanebi wm. giorgi aTonelisa, romelsac sruliad araCveulebrivi sakuTari prozac aqvs, Tundac wm. giorgi aTonelis hagiografosi giorgi mcire da misi SesaniSnavi Txzuleba, sxva mxriv ki, XII saukuneSi ra gvaqvs? dasawyisSi kidev aris wm. mefe daviT aRmaSeneblis `sinanulis galobani~ da misi ori anderZi, romlebic, me Tu mkiTxavT, agreTve literaturaa da 217
mere ukve, meore naxevrisken, win modis saero sakiTxebi. ra Tqma unda, saeklesio literatura agrZelebs arsebobas, magram is aRar aris warmmarTveli, rac ioane SavTelis Semoqmedebis magaliTze Zalian TvalsaCinod Cans. roca ioane SavTels axseneben, yvelas Tamar mefisa da daviT soslanis `xotbani~ axsendeba, xolo misi sxva, agreTve vrceli, nawarmoebi `galobani varZiisa RmrTismSobelisani~ oriode filologma Tu icis. sad aris es yvelaferi? ratom gaxda umniSvnelo, Tuki 100 wlis win sxvanairad iqneboda? da marTlac, am epoqis e.w. Tavi Txzuleba `vefxistyaosani~ aris. ar mgonia, kvlav sadavo iyos, rom `vefxistyaosani~ qristianobaze dgas. es, ra Tqma unda, asea, bolos da bolos, iq winaTqmaSi pirdapir samebazea laparaki, Tanac Zalian mkafiod, magram es mainc saero Txzulebaa. Zalian xSirad davobdnen xolme, sad aris iq qristianoba da kiTxuloben, gana avTandilisa da tarielis morali qristianuliao. gaaCnia, ras vadarebT _ Tu meudabnoeebs vadarebT, cxadia _ ara, magram Tu dasavlel raindebs gavixsenebT, marTlac avTandilisa da tarielis morali ufro qristianulia. magaliTad, iq, dasavlur literaturaSi, mijnuroba, TumcaRa platonuri xasiaTis, gulisxmobs raindis gamijnurebas, rogorc wesi, gaTxovil qalze. CvenTan sul sxva suraTia, aris mijnuroba, romelsac garkveuli mizani aqvs, ase vTqvaT, moraluri mizani. Tuki mizans miaRweven iq, dasavlur literaturaSi, moxdeba is, rac qristianul moralTan srulebiT Seusabamoa. qorwineba qristianul zneobas ar ewinaaRmdegeba, magram is, rasac rusTaveli Caadeninebs Tundac avTandils, cxadia, uzenaes qristianul moralTan Sexmatkbilebuli ar aris. am epoqaSi, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, saero cxovrebis legitimacia xdeba sxvagvarad da ara ise, rogorc uwin iyo. saero cxovreba arc TviT macxovars uaruyvia da, miT umetes, arc eklesias. Tundac wm. ioane oqropiri jer kidev rodis wers darigebas qristiani meomrisaTvis, anu meomroba, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, kaciskvla, daSvebulia, oRond garkveul zomamde. Tumca, ra Tqma unda, es ar gulisxmobs imas, rac aRwerilia rusTavelTan an sxva Txzu218
lebebSi am drois mTel saqristianoSi. rodesac amboben, rusTavelis epoqa ver ganviTardao, es marTlac asea. diax, man ver pova iseTive uSualo gagrZeleba, rogorc dasavleTSi an Tundac aRmosavleT saqristianoSi, magram ar mgonia, swori iyo imis Tqma, rom zogadad gamsofliureba, rogorc movlena, xvarazmelTa SemoseviTa da monRolebis mosvliT Sewyda. am SemTxvevaSi, Zalian niSandoblivia Cveni mwerlobis gza. gana XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi warmmarTveli isev saero mwerloba ar aris?! xolo Tuki is religiuria, vTqvaT, Tundac daviT guramiSvilTan, xom subieqturi religiuri lirikaa da araviTar SemTxvevaSi _ himnografia. araCveulebrivad sainteresoa gviani xanis hagiografia. am drois arcTu mcirericxovani hagiografiuli TxzulebebiT zogjer verc ki mixvdebiT, ras kiTxulobT da romeliRac omebis qronika gegonebaT. aseTia Tundac `qeTevan wamebulis cxovreba~. Tuki naxavT, rogor weren kaTalikosi besarion orbeliSvili da anton kaTalikosic ki, faqtobrivad, aRmoCndeba, rom mTeli teqsti, garda Teologiuri boloTqma-winaTqmisa, saero prozaa. zogjer marTla ver amoicnob, saero nawarmoebia Tu sasuliero Txzulebaa. mifiqria kidec, rom amomeRo romelime monakveTi da `qarTlis cxovrebis~ teqstSi sadme Camesva, radgan darwmunebuli var, veravin gaarCevda. yovelive es ar aris SemTxveviTi, aramed zogadi movlenaa, romelic aRmosavleT da dasavaleT saqristianoSi, ubralod, sxvadasxva siswrafiT ganviTarda. dasavleTi swrafad wavida win, aRmosavleTi _ ufro Senelebulad, magram TviTon gza erTia. TavisTavad gamsofliureba an, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, saamqveynos codnis mopovebis ufro meti survili, vidre XI saukuneSia, ubedureba araa. magaliTad, Tu viRacam Seityo, rom kompasi Seiqmna an mineralTa Tvisebebi Seiswavla da imaze meti gaigo, vidre antikurma mecnierebam icoda, amiT araferi daSavdeba. manamde, faqtobrivad, mTeli Sua saukuneebis ganswavluloba antikuri codnas emyareboda. es iyo antikurobidan miRebuli maragi cnobebisa bunebaze, astronomiaze, botanikaze, zoologiaze, anatomiaze, romelsac drodadro xan sparsi, xanac arabi Seavsebda. da mainc, 219
codna samyaroze, misi zogadi suraTi XIII saukuneSi jer kidev iseTivea, rogoric ax. w. IV saukuneSi. Semdeg ukve nel-nela iwyeba Sevseba sxvagvari monacemebiT, romelTa msgavsi berZnebsa an laTinebs manamde ar gaaCndaT. kidev vambob, amaSi TavisTavad cudi araferi ar aris, magram moxda ise, rom qristianul msoflxatSi axlad mopovebuli warmodgenebi ver Caewera da ara imitom, rom es, zogadad, SeuZlebeli iyo, ubralod amis gamkeTebeli arvin aRmoCnda. ar gamoCndnen iseTi mamebi, rogorebic iyvnen didi kapadokielebi. ra Tqma unda, iyvnen mniSvnelovani moRvaweebi, oRond maTi satkivari sxva iyo. aseTi iyo Tundac wm. grigol palama, romelsac srulebiT sxva safiqrali hqonda, axali xedvis marTlmadidebluri sinTezi ki amocanad arc mas da arc sxva vinmes dausaxavs. Tu xdeboda raime SeTanadeba, iqve Cndeboda dapirispireba. aman Zalian reliefuri saxe miiRo, rodesac qristefore kolumbma moindoma, indoeTisken axali gza epova. mogexsenebaT, igi sul sxva adgilas mivida, magram mniSvnelovani iyo TavisTavad idea, rom dedamiwa mrgvalia da mas SeiZleba Semouaro. mis sawinaaRmdegod netar avgustines imowmebdnen. netari avgustine ambobda, rom ar SeiZleba, ase iyos, Tumca is werda TeologiasTan mimarTebaSi da ar saubrobda geografiaze, romelsac raime religiuri datvirTva ar aqvs. Cemi azriT, moxda amgvari ram: kolumbma daadastura raRac iseTi, rac ar uTqvams netar avgustines, Tanac ar uTqvams geografiaze, romelsac raime religiuri datvirTva ar gaaCnia da ara Teologiaze, aman ki gaaCina gancda, TiTqos simarTlis Tqmas eklesia abrkolebs. aseTive konfliqti iyo jer kidev marko polosTan da saerTodac xSiri iyo kamaTi religiurad absoluturad neitralur sakiTxebze, magaliTad, iseTze, Tu rogor brunavs romelime cdomili. ra religiuri mniSvneloba aqvs amas? cxadia, araviTari, religiurad mniSvnelovani mxolod erTi ramaa _ qveyniereba TviTmarTia Tu Semoqmedis Seqmnili. ai, es aris Tavi da bolo, rac SeiZleba sakamaTo iyos. danarCens, rasac Cven qveynierebis Sesaxeb SevityobT, religiur msoflmxedvelobasTan araviTa220
ri kavSiri ar aqvs. Cven SeiZleba mxolod vTqvaT, rom uflis, ase vTqvaT, SemoqmedebiT samzareuloze ufro meti gavigeT, vidre aqamde vicodiT. es aris da es, meti araferi. Tumca, samwuxarod, sul sxvagvarad moxda. XIII-XVII saukuneebSi msgavs dapirispirebas bolo ar uCanda da, saboloo jamSi, rakiRa TavisTavad es monacemebi tyuili ar iyo, maTi aRmofxvra, ra Tqma unda, ver moxerxda da aRmoCnda, rom eklesia, swori codnis sapirispirod, araswor codnas icavs. unda vTqva, rom sabolood daZleuli es dResac ki ar aris. me Tu mkiTxavT, dRevandeli marTlmadidebeli Teologiis win kvlavac mwvaved dgas sakiTxi, Tu rogor SeiZleba moxdes saboloo SeTanadeba, radgan is gzebi, romlebic zogjer iZebneba xolme, bolomde damajerebeli ar aris. kidev vimeoreb, ase xdeba ara imitom, rom raRac mosazrebebi ver Tanxmdeba, aramed imitom, rom Cven ver vaTanxmebT _ es Cveni azrovnebis naklia da ara Sesaqmis, miT ufro, eklesiuri an religiuri swavlebis xarvezi. kidev vambob, miwier mecnierebasTan mas kavSiri ar gaaCnia, is sul sxva rames qadagebs. amgvari msoflmxedvelobrivi cvlileba, pirvel yovlisa, aisaxa aRmosavleT qristianul xelovnebaze. rogorc iTqva, poeziaSi, literaturaSi gamsofliureba grZeldeba. Tuki mwerlobaSi SeyovnebasaviT rame mainc SeimCneva, es gamowveulia gareSe movlenebiTa da, rac mTavaria, Zalian didi danakargebiT. realurad, Cven ar viciT, Tu ra iwereboda XIV saukuneSi. iqneb Cven ar gvipovia, Torem kidec daiwera romelime SesaniSnavi poema?! am periodSi bevri ram amovardnilia, ubralod, daRupulia. vin icis ra daiwva da daibuga Temur-lengis SemosevaTagan aklebul da aoxrebul qveyanaSi. Tundac mere, rodesac osmalebma 1510 Tu 1512 wels quTaisi gadawves, iq mefeTa wignsacavSi ra daiwva, Cven amis Sesaxeb araferi viciT. ukve Semdeg, XVII saukunidan, sakmaod bevri literaturuli Zegli gvaqvs SenarCunebuli. ase moxda imitom, rom isini amdenad aRarc nadgurdeboda da Tanac viRacasTan kidec inaxeboda. Tundac qarTvel emigrantebs, romlebic ruseTSi iyvnen wasulni, Tan hqondaT waRebuli wignebi. `arCiliani~ rom 221
ar waeRoT, vin icis, gadarCeboda?! ra garantia gvaqvs, rom ar ganadgurdeboda iseve, rogorc sxva Txzulebebi, romelTa mxolod saxelebiRa viciT. ai, magaliTad, sargis Tmogvelis `dilargeTiani~ _ saxelwodeba viciT da vxvdebiT rom mas viRac dilargeTze leqsi hqonia. es wigni rusTavels gvian gamgrZelebels jer kidev xelSi uWiravs, Cven ki ukve aRar gvaqvs. amitomac vfiqrob, rom maSinac, XIV-XVI saukuneebSi, rodesac marTla urTulesi viTareba iyo, cxadia, naklebi, magram raRac ueWvelad iqneboda. rac Seexeba saxviT xelovnebas, aq Cven vxedavT erTgvar Seyovnebas, Zalian did SemoqmedebiT sirTuleebs da aseTia viTareba ara marto CvenTan, aramed yvelgan. oRond xdeba ise, rom saxviTi xelovneba CvenTan da bizantiuri saxviTi xelovnebac gaCerdeba SedarebiT gvian, daaxloebiT, XV saukunidan, arqiteqtura ki _ gacilebiT adre. Tundac paleologosuri arqiteqtura, romelic mTlad Rirsebas moklebuli ar aris, didwilad, ukve gakeTebulisa da Suabizantiur xanaSi miRweulis gameorebaa. ase ar aris slavur qveynebSi, magram ar unda gvaviwydebodes, rom slavuri qveynebi (RmerTma icis, rom damakninebels amaSi arafers vdeb) qristianul nawarmoebTa Seqmnas ufro gvian Seudgnen. Cven da Tundac berZnebma qristianuli xelovnebis qmna V saukuneSi daviwyeT, imaT _ X-XI saukuneebSi, es ki Zalian didi sxvaobaa. erTgvari gaxleCa iqac xdeba, oRond _ XVII saukuneSi, rodesac msofliuri xedva Zalian momZlavrda da ruseTSi srulebiT katastrofuli saxe miiRo. sxvagan, imave saberZneTSi, bulgareTSi, es procesi ufro TandaTanobiT midis da iq ver vxedavT iseT mZime Sedegebs, rogoric rusul kulturas petre didis cnobilma reformebma moutana. marTlac, am reformebiT ruseTi or sxvadasxva erad daiyo _ qalaqSi mcxovreb, evropulad moazrovne adamianebad da xalxad, romelic soflad cxovrobda da TiTqos Sua saukuneebSi CarCa. didxans, XIX saukunis Sua xanebamde, maT Soris enobrivi sxvaobac ki iyo. marTlac, XVIII saukunesa da XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi ganaTlebuli rusi frangulad laparakobda, radgan, ase vTqvaT, ganaTlebis ena franguli 222
iyo. viRac SeiZleba rusulad maSinac werda, magram faqtia, rom rodesac 1812 wels napoleoni ruseTSi Sevida, rusi aristokratebi mSobliuri enis swavlas axlidan Seudgnen, radgan erTmaneTs sakuTar enaze veRarc ki esaubrebodnen, araTu werilebs werdnen. vTqvaT, bulgareTSi an kidev CvenTan aseTi ram ar momxdara, magram saxviT SemoqmedebaSi viTareba yvelgan msgavsia _ raRac dros xdeba erTi da imave formebis gayinva. gavrcelebulia mosazreba, rom arsebobs raRac e.w. kanonikuri xelovneba da, am SemTxvevSi, sxva gza ar maqvs, es Tvalsazrisi unda uarvyo. iqneb adrec miTqvams, magram es imdenad saWirboroto sakiTxia, rom yvelam unda CamovayaliboT, Tu ras vfiqrobT amis Sesaxeb. kanonikuri xelovnebis cneba, romelic manamde ar arsebobda, mxolod XX saukuneSi Cndeba da es avangardistuli SexedulebaTa Camoyalibebis process droSi ucnaurad emTxveva. faqtobrivad, es kanonikuri marTlmadidebeli xelovneba, romelic ruseTSi, saberZneTSi Tu sxvagan 1910-iani wlebidan ikrefs Zalas, aris iseTive pasuxi renesansuli msoflmxedvelobis krizisze, rogorc avangardi, oRond es aris konservatiuli gamovlineba da renesansis uaryofa raRacisken dabrunebiT, xolo avangardi renesanss srulad uaryofs sxva gzaze wasvliT. saqme isaa, rom religiuri cxovrebis gadasarCenad istoriul formaTa momarjveba ukve momxdari faqtia _ kaTolikur samyaroSi es ukve moxda. iq ubrundebodnen xan goTikas, xan adre renesanss, magram es XIX saukuneSi iyo da es procesi, sxvaTa Soris, kidec gaCerda. Tuki naxavT kaTolikur eklesiebSi ra dgas da ra ixateba, mixvdebiT, rom es aris XV saukunisa da XVII saukunis erTgvari nazavi, romelic XVII, XVIII, XIX da XX saukuneebSi stabilurad meordeba _ rasac saxelosnoebSi awarmoeben sul erTi da igivea. Semdeg es procesi ukve samarTlmadidebloSic iwyeba. ra aris amis Sinagani mizezi? me mgonia, rom viTareba iyo amgvari: vinaidan aRmosavleTqristianuli xelovneba ufro metad, vidre dasavleTis saeklesio xelovneba, atarebda sakralurobis niSans, misi gamsofliureba ufro Zneli iyo. ratom? 223
nu dagvaviwydeba, rom dasavleTis saeklesio xelovneba ambavs hyveba. es Teologiurad ase aris _ misi erTaderTi movaleobaa, mohyves, Tu rogor moxda is ambebi, romlebsac Zveli da axali aRTqmis wignebi an wmindanTa cxovrebebi mogviTxrobs. es xelovneba am ambebs hyveba da monaTxrobi unda JRerdes damajereblad. ase rom, rodesac amgvari gamsofliureba iwyeba, adamianebi ufro metad uyureben xilul, nivTier samyaros. Sesabamisad, albaT gaCnda moTxovnileba, rom esa Tu is ambavi, davuSvaT, moses saswauli, daixatos da gamoqandakdes ara ise, rogorc X an XI saukuneebSi, aramed ufro mimsgavsebulad imasTan, rasac SemTxveviT iq Cavlili dainaxavda. meti damajerebloba bunebasTan met siaxloves niSnavs. Tuki XI saukuneSi mose upirveles yovlisa anu Tavis adamianur gamovlinebamde iyo winaswarmetyveli da es gaxldaT mTavari, axla, adamiani ukeT ixsenebs, rom is iyo realuri adamianic. axla ukve win modis adamianoba, yvelaferi adamianismieri. es Zalian kargad Cans axali aRTqmis ambebis gadmocemisas, rodesac, magaliTad, macxovris vnebebSi yuradReba maxvildeba swored vnebul sxeulze. es asea ara imitom, rom maT aRar swamT qriste, rogorc RmerTi, ubralod, imisaTvis, rom es namdvili iyos maT gancdaSi, igi unda warmoCindes mTeli Tavisi adamianur-nivTieri sisruliTa da Tundac simZafriT. garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, aRorZinebis xelovneba ufro pirobiTia, vidre goTikuri. CrdiloeT evropaSi gansakuTrebiT xSirad SegxvdebaT jvarcma an datireba, romelic iseTia, rom SegaSinebs. es SeRebili qandakebebia da Tqven xedavT, rogor Camosdis sisxlis wveTebi daseril sxeuls. erT-erT jvarcmaSi eklebic ki aris Casobili. germanuli naxelavia. sxvaTa Soris, STambeWdavia, magram mZimea sayureblad da sxeulebriv tkivils warmoaCens. kidev vimeoreb, es ar niSnavs, rom aviwydebaT srulad Tanayofna RvTaebis, magram emociurad mainc win modis adamianuri. aRmosavlur qristianul samyaroSi, sadac qristianuli xelovneba, ra Tqma unda, aris mTxrobeli, Semaxsenebeli, magram 224
amas garda kidev _ makavSirebeli, is unda iyos imgvari Tvisebriobis, rom ar gagiZneloT misvla pirvelarsTan, pirvelxatTan, sulier arsTan, romelic samoTxis wiaR aris. es xatovani gmoTqma mama pavle florenskis ekuTvnis da XX saukunisaa, magram me vfiqrob, kargia: is unda iyos sarkmeli, romliTac Tqven xedavT samoTxeSi damkvidrebul wmindanT. amitomac aq msofliuri ase martivad ver Semovidoda. aRmosavleT qristianuli samyaros adamiani grZnobs, rom am sakralurs ase iolad ver miekareba. es fsiqologiurad aRmosavleTs gacilebiT ufro eZneleba, vidre dasavleTs. maSinac ki, roca dasavluri xelovneba pirdapir Semodis XVI saukuneSi saberZneTSi, XVII saukuneSi ruseTSi, XVIII saukuneSi sxva slavur qveynebSi, vTqvaT, bulgareTSi da Semodis CvenTanac, is Zalian didxans inarCunebs raRac sxva iers. bevri xati, romelzec dRes vambobT, rom dasavluria da aRaraferia masSi kanonikuri, Tuki Sedardeba mis dasavlur nimuSs, aRmoCndeba srulebiT Suasaukuneobrivi. aseTi ram marTlac moxda, rodesac Cemma kolegam, q-nma mzia janjaliam bodbis mxatvroba Seiswavla. pirvelad, rodesac SevxedeT, vifiqreT rom aSkarad dasavluri graviurebia. rodesac man ipova dasavluri naxatebi, romlis mixedviTac bodbeli ostati qmnis Zveli da axali aRTqmis siuJetebs, uceb davinaxeT, rom mas es graviura Turme xatad gadauqcevia. amitomac, Tu aTvlis wertili, vTqvaT, yinwvisis moxatulobaa da am gadmosaxedidan uyureb, is marTlac Zalian realisturia, magram Tuki TviTon im dasavluridan Sexedav, absoluturad pirobiTia da gaugebari. es nimuSebi holandiuri graviuris damxatavs an italiel mxatvars rom enaxa, gaogndeboda, saerTod ver icnobda Tavis naxelavs, ifiqrebda, rom saSinelebaa da ver mixvdeboda, saidan movida es Maniera Graeca, srulebiT autaneli, gayinuli, mkvdari xelovneba. saidan uyureb, mniSvnelovani marTlac es aris. sxvaTa Soris, CvenTan es grZeldeba XIX saukunis Sua xanebamde grZeldeba da asevea bulgareTSic, sadac dasavleTi evropa fizikurad ufro axlos iyo. Cvensa da evropas Soris 225
mainc iyo ruseTi, is ki uSualod emezobleboda dasavlur samyaros, yovel SemTxvevaSi, mimosvla mas pirdapiri hqonda. miT umetes, rom osmaleTSi, romelSic maSin bulgareTi Sedioda, dasavluri xelovneba XVIII saukuneSi niaRvrad Semovarda da srulebiT waleka yvelaferi islamuri. Tqven rom naxoT, rogori arqiteqtura aqvT XVIII saukuneSi konstantinopolSi, stambolSi, es rom aRmosavleTia, uceb verc mixvdebiT. me, magaliTad, pirvelad vifiqre, rom raRac ameria, radgan Zneli warmosadgenia Tundac aseTi baroko, absoluturad dasavluri, naxo aRmosavleTSi. marTali giTxraT, asociacia gamiCnda Sua evropis barokosTan germaniaSi, CexeTSi, iq cota meti siWarbea, vidre, vTqvaT, safrangeTsa an italiaSi ician. asea Tu ise, aRmosavleT saqristianos gauWirda, gadaedga nabiji xiluli samyarosken ise Tamamad, rogorc es dasavleTma gaakeTa. rogorc Cans, gaCnda SegrZneba, TiTqos xelovani movalea, daxatos, aaSenos raRac saeklesio da, misi gancdiT, xiluli qveyniereba mis sakuTar samyaroSi, Sinagan me-Si iseT zomamdea ukve Semosuli, rom man SeiZleba am saRvTo nagebobas Tu saRvTo gamosaxulebas metismeti msofliuroba SesZinos. amitomac RuzasaviT aris es Zveli formebi. imdroindeli ostati da mxatvari, rogorc etyoba, maT mimarTavs imisTvis, rom darwmunebuli iyos _ rasac is akeTebs, sworia. mas aRar aqvs imedi, romelic XI saukunis ostats hqonda, XII saukunis Suaxanis ostats jer kidev hqonda da gelaTis mSenebelsac hqonda. mas dakarguli aqvs gancda imisa, rom rasac ginda akeTebdes, is WeSmaritebaSi myofobs da veraviTari CuqurTma, veraviTari misi monafiqri am WeSmaritebas ver SebRalavs. ai, es Sinagani rwmena, rogorc Cans, dakargulia. yovel SemTxvevaSi, sxvanairad SeuZlebelia, gaigo es vermocileba formebisa, romlebic am adamianebs srulebiT aSkarad aRar moswonT. es Cans imaSi, Tu rogori cvlilebebi SemoaqvT maT. Tumca isini cvlian imas, rac ar SeiZleba amgvarad Seicvalos. rogorc ki Tqven am arqiteqturas, XII saukuneSi Camoyalibebul arqiteqturul saxes, waiyvanT gasadavebisken da datovebT iq 226
mTavar nakvTebs, ubralod, moacilebT, vTqvaT, CuqurTmas da datovebT im amoburcul sapires, araferi gamogivaT. es sapire unda iyos morTuli, is amisTvisaa Seqmnili, amisTvis aqvs mas es momrgvalebuli zedapiri, rom iq intensiuri CuqurTma kidev ufro plastikuri da STambeWdavi Candes, metad moiyaros Tavi Suqma da Crdilma da ufro TvalsaCinod daupirispirdes erTmaneTs. Tuki gindaT, rom es iyos sada, tovebT fuZes da, ubralod, aSorebT zedapirs, ra Tqma unda, mxatvrul Sedegs ver miiRebT da Tqven xedavT sul gaRaribebul formas an SeuTavsebeli elementebiT Sedgenils. es ar niSnavs imas, rom mTeli am 500 wlis ganmavlobaSi niWieri xelovani ar arsebula Cvens qveyanaSi. ra Tqma unda arsebobda, oRond, es niWieri adamiani Tavis qmedebaSi Tavisufali ver aris. amitom Cven sul vxedavT, rom ostats gamosdis raRac da sxva ram _ ara. davuSvaT, mSvenivrad akeTebs interieris nawils, magram garedan Sexedav da SegeSindeba. ai, TiTqos mSvenieri silueti gaukeTa, SigniT ki Seusabamo sivrcea. aris erTmaneTTan Seusabamo formebi _ vTqvaT, Zalian daxvewili da uceb ratomRac gamsxvilebul-gadidebuli. am yvelaferze Cven kidev mogviwevs saubari. es ar gaxlavT dawunebis safuZveli. Cven araviTari ufleba ar gvaqvs, ar davinaxoT is, rasac XV-XVIII saukuneebis ostatebma SemoqmedebiTad miaRwies, rac maTi monapovari aris. Tumca, samwuxarod, veRar vnaxavT imgvari dasrulebulobis, Sinagani logikurobis mqone xelovnebis nimuSs, rogorsac SeveCvieT V saukunidan da XIII saukunis pirveli aTwleulebis eklesiebSi jer kidev vxedavT. miuxedavad amisa, me vfiqrob, rom aRmosavleTqristianul xelovnebas sxva gza hqonda. istoriasTan mimarTebaSi uazrobaa sakiTxis amgvarad dasma: ra iqneboda, Tuki... rac moxda, moxda da raki moxda ase, albaT, sxvanairad ver moxdeboda. Tumca xandaxan SeiZleba sakiTxi amgvaradac ganvixiloT, rodesac aris gzagasayari da sazogadoebas an romelime erT adamians SeeZlo, ori gzidan erTi aerCia. ai, magaliTad, nikoloz II-s, 227
ruseTis imperators, SeeZlo, I msoflio omSi monawileoba ar mieRo, amis aucilebloba ar arsebobda. es misi karis, ministrebis aCemeba iyo, romlebsac undodaT daemtkicebinaT, rom mZleTamZleni arian. albaT, undodaT poloneTis meore naxevari da kidev ram mopovebinaT, magram, realurad, omi am qveynis interesebSi ar iyo. ruseTi I msoflio omSi rom ar Cabmuliyo, Zalian didi albaTobiT ar iqneboda oqtombris revolucia, Tu ar iqneboda oqtombris revolucia, yovel SemTxvevaSi, ar iqneboda nacizmi da Tu raRac mainc moxdeboda, II msoflio omi iqneboda sruliad sxvagvari. yvelaferi sxvanairad warimarTeboda da gansxvavebuli iqneboda Cveni qveynis bedic. 1918 wels Cven albaT damoukideblobas ver movipovebdiT, albaT mas mainc movipovebdiT oRond 1940-ian wlebSi da ise, rom avcdebodiT am saSinel katastrofebs. ruseTis imperia albaT ufro nela, vidre, vTqvaT, britaneTis imperia, magram aucileblad mividoda im martiv WeSmaritebamde, rom imperiis Senaxva ufro Znelia, vidre erTguli da Sendami kargad ganwyobili mravalricxovani mokavSireebis yola Senive sazRvarze. iqac Seiqmneboda raRac msgavsi britaneTis Tanamegobrobisa, sadac kanadur da avstraliur markebs, mgoni, dResac dedoflis portreti amSvenebs, Tumca isini damoukidebeli qveynebia. TviTon britaneTs (inglis-Sotlandias) srulebiT araferi daukargavs, roca ar ioma, ar atexa erTi ambavi da am qveynebs damoukidebloba, zogjer daxanebiT, magram SedarebiT martivad misca, radgan mas gasavali aRar aqvs da Semosavali ki meti gauxda, vidre im koloniebidan hqonda. raRac amdagvari moxdeboda, aseTi arCevani arsebobda. me vfiqrob, rom garkveuli arCevani arsebobda qristianuli Semoqmedebis winaSec, oRond, aq ukve Zalian Zneli saTqmelia, ratom ver gadaidga es nabiji. es niSnavs, rom rac mas ewinaaRmdegeboda, metismetad mniSvnelovani iyo. amis safuZvels me maZlevs yinwvisis wm. nikolozis taZris xuroTmoZRvreba, romlis Sesaxebac bevri sxvadasxva azri arsebobs. piradad me mgonia, rom es Zalian kargi arqiteqturaa. aris sxva Sexedu228
leba. pirvel yovlisa, Zalze mosawoni mgonia is, Tu rogor moaxerxa ostatma, sruliad mwiri saSualebebiT mieRo sxvanairi STambeWdaoba, magram aranaklebi imaze, rasac aRwevdnen misi meCuqurTme Tanamedroveni. ar vici, iqneb Tavad yinwvisis ostatma an iqneb sulac misma damkveTma anton glonisTaviZem airCia aguri. aguriT garkveuli dekoris Seqmna SeiZleba da man gumbaTze kidevac gaakeTa TaRnari, CuqurTmian zedapirsa da amoburcul sapireebsac raRacanairad miiRebT, magram es im Rirsebisa ver iqneba, aucileblad meqanikuri da tlanqi gamova. amitomac yinwviselma ostatma sxva gza airCia. man sxvanairad gardasaxa sivrce _ ori gumbaTqveSa burji odnav ufro dabali da viwro TaRebiT, vidre sxva eklesiebSia, kedlebs gadaaba, xolo mklavTaSorisebSi gaakeTa ara paraleluri, aramed perpendikularuli kamarebi. amitom gamovida, rom es mklavTaSorisebi ki ar aris, aramed dasavleTi mklavis ubeebia da miiRo gumbaTovani darbazis, e.w. kupelhales da Cawerili jvris tipis sivrcis nazavi. Sedegad isic miiRo, rom dasavleTi mklavi aris sul sxva bunebis, vidre danarCeni sami mklavi. es TiTqos winkaria, romelSic Tqven SedixarT. iq sxvanairi formebia, yvelaferi mrgvalia, xolo roca zeviT aixedavT, dasavleTi mklavis kamara waisrulia, aRmosavleT nawilSi ki ukve yvelaferi waisrulia. amitom kamaris doneze dasavleTi mklavi erTvis sivrciT jvars, xolo qveda nawili, sadac yvelaferi ganieria da, rac ki rkaluri unda iyos, naxevarwriulia, proporciebiT modabloa, TaRebs kidev SemaRlebuli proporciebi aqvs. amgvarad, man erT sivrceSi ori kontrastuli sivrce miiRo da, Sesabamisad, srulebiT gansxvavebuli gamomsaxvelobac. aRmosavleTi nawili, romelic SeiZleboda sxva SemTxvevaSi kargad nawyobi, magram sruliad Cveulebrivi yofiliyo, axla gamoiyureba Zalian msubuqad, Zalian haerovnad, Zalian zeswrafulad da sruliad sxvagvarad swored imitom, rom mas dasavleTi mklavis sivrce upirispirdeba. garedan ostatma umartivesi ram gaakeTa: sarkmlebis 229
Riobebi siganesa da, gansakuTrebiT, simaRleSi odnav gazarda da fasadze gaSala. gverdiT mklavebze sami sarkmlis motivi gamoiyena da Tuki, Cveulebriv, sarkmlebi aris xolme axloaxlo, man isini mklavis mTel sibrtyeze gaanawila. es Riobebi zedapirs ukve imdenad anawevrebs, rom aRarafris damateba aRaraa saWiro da xedavT dinamikurad danawevrebul sibrtyeebs, romlebic sruliad sadaa. rogorc etyoba, arsebobda aseTi gza _ gza kvlav namdvili arqiteqturisaken, wmindad arqiteqturuli formebiT metyvelebisaken, romelic raRac xnis Semdeg kvlavac srulebiT gansxvavebul samkaulsa da dekors dabadebda, Tumca masze warmodgena ver gveqneba, radganac am mxares qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebas aRarasdros Cauvlia. swored am bilikze Sedga fexi am Zalze Tamamma da niWierma xelovanma, sxvam ki veRaravin gabeda an SeiZleba verc SeniSna. Cemma kolegam, b-nma nikoloz vaCeiSvilma, XIII saukuneSi daadastura sxva SemTxvevebic, rodesac arqiteqturuli formis meSveobiT raRac cvlilebebi, erTgvari sxvanirobisa da axleburi emociurobis Semotana aris nacadi. amis magaliTad gamodgeba Tundac e.w. ruispiris wm. Sios monasteri. sinamdvileSi, es artozanis wm. Sio aris, radgan is adgili artozans ekuTvnis. kidev aris ramdenime momcro eklesia, magram TiToeuli maTgani mainc calkeuli Zalisxmevaa, romelic arasdros gadazrdila mravalTa erTian, mizanswraful Ziebad, es mainc calkeuli adamianebis gabedulebaa da sxva araferi. cota ufro gvian, XIV saukuneSi, mxatvrobac aseve SeCerda. Tumca, rogorc Cans, qarTul mxatvrobas XIII saukuneSic gauWirda. yovel SemTxvevaSi, adre Cveni saxviTi xelovneba bizantiidan raRacas rom Semoitanda (vgulisxmob sakuTriv bizantias anu konstantinopols, saberZneTsa da mcire aziis berZnulenovan nawils), sxva formad misi gardasaxva umal xdeboda. swored amisi formulaa oSkis taZris samxreT fasadze gamosaxuli vedreba _ RmrTismSoblis aw ukve dakarguli an, ufro zustad, gatacebuli gamosaxuleba. istoriuli kuTxiT 230
Tu Sexedav, maSinve mixvdebi, rom misi Semqmneli bizantiuri spilos Zvlis figuras uyurebda. Tumca es figurebi bizantiaSi pawawinaa, sul raRac 5 santimetri, aq kidev TiTqmis adamianisxela, 80-ode santimetri simaRlis gamosaxuleba gvaqvs. am pawawina gamosaxulebis monumentalizeba imdenad ucabedad xdeba, rom Tqven araviTari uxerxulobis gancda ar giCndebaT. wesiT gamosaxuleba unda dawvrilmanebuliyo, daSliliyo, Tqven ki uyurebT absoluturad mTlian, monumentur formas, romelic spilos Zvlis figuris yurebisas daibada. es ufro meti sakvirveleba mgonia, vidre ostats naturidan rom gadmoeRo TvaliT nanaxi qsovilis nakecebi. gasaocari gardasaxvaa. Cvens mxatvrobaSic ase iyo _ Semodioda raRac da myisve sxva xdeboda. Tumca XIII saukunis Sua xanebidan kedlis mxatvrobaSi ukve sruliad pirdapiri citirebis magaliTebi gvaqvs. magaliTad, SiomRvimis jvarTamaRlebis eklesiis mxatvrobaSi bizantiuri nimuSebis imgvari zegavlenaa, romlis msgavssac verc yinwvisSi ixilavT da verc berTubanSi. Tuki adre amgvari ram iSviaTad xdeboda, isic mxolod mokrZalebulobisa an moSiSobis mizeziT, radgan zogjer damoukideblad mignebuli forma afrTxobdaT, axla ukve es movlena epoqalur mniSvnelobas iZens. es yvelaferi sruldeba imiT, rom, Cemi fiqriT, pirvelad qarTuli qristianuli xelovnebis istoriaSi qarTuli mxatvroba mTlianad aris gadasuli bizantiur enaze _ is axla ukve pirdapir berZnulad laparakobs. rogorc Cans, aq berZeni ostatebic muSaoben. danamdvilebiTaa cnobili, rom walenjixaSi XIV saukunis bolos konstantinopolidan mxatvari moiwvies. albaT aris ramdenime sxva SemTxvevac, rodesac viTareba amgvaria, Tumca gvaqvs namdvilad qarTveli ostatebis xelidan gamosuli moxatulobebi da bizantiuri berZnuloba maTSic mkafiod Cans. mgoni, amgvari magaliTi adrec moviyvane, magram es movlena SeiZleba enas Sedardes. Tuki adre gakrTeboda xolme qarTuli, romelSic berZnuli sityvebi Warbobda (vTqvaT, XI saukunis romelime minanqarSi), axla ukve damtvreuli berZnuliT vlaparakobT. da 231
Tu `damtvreuli~ gvexamuSa, radgan am moxatulobaTa mxatvrul Rirsebaze sxvadasxva azri arsebobs, es aris berZnuli moxatuloba, romelic qarTuli aqcentiT laparakobs berZnulad. es kvlav qarTuli xelovnebaa, rasakvirvelia, aqcenti Cvenia, magram Sinagani Tavisuflebis is xarisxi, romelic WeSmaritebis ziarebas moaqvs, aq gacilebiT naklebia. es is xvedria, romelic wilad xvda Cvens saeklesio xelovnebas da asevea, faqtobrivad, dRevandlamde. XX saukunis damdegs SeimCneoda erTgvari Zvra da TiTqos raRac unda dabadebuliyo, magram kvlavac gareSe garemoebebi Caeria da es SesaZleblobac gaqra. Tu rogor xdeboda es niSandobliv, amaze ukve Semdeg visaubrebT.
232
13. XIII saukunis meore naxevrisa da XIV saukunis arqiteqtura rogorc adreve mogaxseneT, XIII saukunis pirveli meoTxedis miwuruls, zustad 1225 wels, daiwyo, Cemi azriT, principulad axali epoqa ara mxolod qarTuli xelovnebis, aramed mTlianad saqarTvelos istoriaSi. gaTavda aswliani mSvidobis xana da amis Semdeg XIX saukunis karamde Cveni qveynis xvedri gamudmebuli omianoba Seiqna. ra Tqma unda, ama Tu im mxares Cveni qveynisas hqonda xolme met-naklebad mSvidobiani periodebi, magram mTlianobaSi SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qveyana mosvenebuli aRarasodes yofila. Tu ra iyo mosveneba, romelic mogvitana XIX-XX saukuneebma, kidev sxva sakiTxia da es cneba am SemTxvevaSic friad pirobiTia. asa Tu ise, xvarazmelebis gamoCena saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze, Tbilisis aReba da rusudan mefis quTaisSi gadasvla is movlenebia, romlebmac Cveni qveynis cxovrebis wesi arsebiTad Secvala. amas mohyva monRoloba, romelic TiTqmis 100 weli gagrZelda. mere iyo giorgi brwyinvalisa da misi memkvidreebis mefobis TiTqosda met-naklebad warmatebuli xana, magram, saboloo jamSi, esec saSineli omianobiT moTavda. Temur lengma, koWlma samaryandelma xelmwifem, mTeli azia yiraze daayena da Cvenc mogvwvda. saqarTveloSi man ramdenjerme ilaSqra. Semosavebi aRar gaTavda da, bolos da bolos, rodesac is gardaicvala, lixs aqeT saqarTvelo gaoxrebuli da aklebuli darCa, magram es ar iyo mTavari. swored Temur lengis laSqrobebi fsiqologiurad da moralurad ratomRac gansakuTrebiT mZime aRmoCnda da, ramdenadac vxvdebi, es sakiTxi jerjerobiT ar gaanalizebula. ver vityviT, rom amis msgavsi manamde araferi gvenaxa. manamdec iyvnen murvan yru, sparseTis Sahebi, Tundac TiTqosda qristiani mokavSire herakle keisari, romlis laSqrobac Cvens qveyanas Zvirad daujda. da mainc, Tuki termins fsiqologebs davesesxebiT, Cvens istoriis travma aris Temur lengi _ sa233
qarTvelos mouSuSebeli iara. me Tu mkiTxavT, elda, romelic qarTvelobam maSin ganicada, bolomde gamonelebuli dResac ar aris. sakuTari Tavis undobloba, bedsSeguebuloba, erTgvari uimedoba _ Temur lengis Semosevebma moitana raRac iseTi, rac Semdeg qveynis moSlaSi gamoixata. iqneb saqarTvelo xelmeored aRarc daSliliyo, rom ara udidesi dartyma, romelmac, cxadia, saxeli mefesac gautexa da mis xelisuflebasac. mudmivad gaqceul-gaxiznuli xelmwife sruliad uZluri aRmoCnda _ ver sakuTars qveSevrdomebs icavda da verc qveyanas. Tanac amas bolo ar uCanda. yvelaferi es, aki vambob, Seetyo nebismier sferos da, maT Soris, xelovnebasac. XV saukune, Temur lengis laSqrobaTa Semdgomi periodi, mgoni, erTaderTi aswleulia, rodesac qarTul xelovnebaSi katastroful dacemas vxedavT. es gansakuTrebiT SesamCnevia arqiteqturaSi, TiTqmis asevea WedurobaSi, Tumca mxatvrobaSi mTlad aseTi savalalo viTareba albaT mainc araa. XVI saukuneSi TiTqos ostati aRar darCa, adamianebs daaviwydaT, rac icodnen da axla yvelaferi Tavidan unda eswavlaT. ra Tqma unda, sinamdvileSi ase rom yofiliyo, oqromWedloba XVI saukuneSi am saxiT ver aRdgeboda. Tumca arqiteqturuli Zeglebi, romlebic XV saukunem dagvitova, wmindad teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT, uaRresad dabali donisaa da Zalauneburad gafiqrebinebs, rom mcodne xalxi an sul aRar darCa, an imdenad cota iyo, rom amden uswavlelsa da uxelTurs veRar ereoda. Temur lengamdel istoriaSi aseTi ram marTlac ar meguleba. manamde ki, 1225 wlis Semdeg, ai, ra xdeboda: mogaxseneT, rom xuroTmoZRvrebaSi krizisis niSani, erTgvari gaxleCa, ukve Tamaris mefobisas da giorgi-laSas zeobis xanaSic SeiniSneboda. arqiteqturas surda axali, magram formebs CaebRauWa. minda, Zalian naTlad vTqva: msoflmxedvelobriv krizisze saubrisas ar vgulisxmob, rom TavisTavad qristianul msoflxedvas sWirdeboda gaumjobeseba. bevri ase fiqrobs, me ki _ ara. saqme isaa, rom warmarTuli religiebisgan, iudaizmisgan, islamisgan gansxvavebiT, qristianoba Tavisi 234
bunebiTa da raobiT is sarwmunoebaa, romelic saero sferos ganwmends, magram gzas uTmobs da, vTqvaT, medicinasa an kanonmdeblobaSi ar ereva. magaliTad, Tuki iudevelTaTvis aTi mcneba kanonmdeblobaa, qristianobaSi es sxvagvaradaa. WeSmaritebisa da zneobis kriteriumebs, cxadia, is gansazRvravs, magram adamianis Semdgom cxovrebaSi aRar ereva. warmarTobisagan gansxvavebiT, qristianoba is religiaa, romelsac arc sakuTari kosmogonia gaaCnia da arc uSualo kavSiri meurneobasTan. amitomac umniSvnelovanesi iyo am msoflmxedvelobisTvis adgilis sworad miCena. rogorc ki irRveva odindeli (ara absoluturi) wonasworoba, adamianis yuradReba nivTierisaken, amsofliurisaken inacvlebs da veRar xerxdeba xelaxali wonaworobis damyareba. axlad mopovebul codnas, gansxvavebul saamsoflo gamocdilebas Tavis etalonad da mzomad kvlavac qristianuli msoflxati da xedva eguleboda da saamqveynos qristianuli TvalsazrisiT Sefasebis survilic ar neldeboda. absoluturi es yvelaferi arasdros yofila, qristianebs xom svimon mogvica da anania qrTamisamRebic jer kidev mociqulTa xanaSi SeeparaT da vnebebs ayolili, beci adamiani, cxadia, qristianobisTvis Seufereblad xSirad moqmedebda. da mainc, sarwmunoeba iyo is, rac, Teoriulad mainc, jerac mTavar sazomad rCeboda. axla es sayrdeni iryeva da dRevandlamde, faqtobrivad, darRveuli wonasworoba ver aRdga. dResac Zalian Wirs am msofliuri siWrelis erT sazomamde miyvana da es mzomi, qristianuli TvalsazrisiT, unda iyos qristianuli xedva. qristianobasac rom Tavi davaneboT da ufro farTod vTqvaT, saamsoflom dakarga absoluturi safuZveli, axla is araferze dgas, sicariele ki isev mxolod sicarieles daamkvidrebs. am procesebis Sedegia dRevandeloba _ dafaruli an daufaravi sasowarkveTa. viRac pirdapir ambobs, rom qveyniereba qaosia, romelsac araferi eSveleba, viRac sxva amas ucnauri lozungebiT alamazebs, TiTqos magrebi varT da mainc yvelaferi gamogviva, magram safaneli amgvari isteriuli silaRisa maleve ileva. 235
saqme isaa, rom, Cvens SemTxvevaSi, qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi da, zogadad, aRmosavleT qristianuli samyaros formamqmnel xelovnebaSi ver moiZebna iseTi sawyisi, romelic sarwmunoebis waruval ganzomilebebs axal enas Seufardebda. sityvieri ena xom mudmivad axldeba da icvleba, gana SesaZlebeli iqneboda XVIII saukunis qarTuliT qadageba, Tundac imitom, rom adamianebi, Tuki rames gaigebdnen, daiZabebodnen, azrs veRar mihyvebodnen da wavidodnen?! zustad asevea saxviTi xelovnebac, radgan isic enaa. Tuki dRevandeli adamiani Tanamedrove eklesiis danaxvisas, amjobinebs, zurgi ibrunos da ZvelSi wavides, aman ukve unda migvaxvedros _ saqme Zalian cudadaa, radgan normaluri ar aris, rom 15 saukunis winandeli upirobod gverCios. aseTi ram arasodes yofila da Tuki rame iqmneboda, mxolod imitom _ rom adamianebs es moswondaT. xelovneba, romelic dRes iqmneba, momxmarebels, rogorc wesi, sul araferSi sWirdeba an yvelaferze naklebad sWirdeba. amgvari gaoreba swored im epoqaSi iwyeba. cxadia, ar mgonia, rom XIII saukunis adamianebi wuxdnen, Tuki CuqurTma 50 wlis winandelze uaresi iyo, magram Tvali ratomRac Zvelisaken gaurbodaT, rac mafiqrebinebs, rom raRacaSia saqme. swored XIII saukuneSi jer kidev laSa-giorgis droindel xuroTmoZRvrebaSi fitareTis mSvenier taZarze uceb Cndeba samkauli, romelic X saukunis taour mosarTavebs Zalian hgavs. aq uceb gamoCnda raRac iseTi, rac manamde sxvagan ar aris _ X saukunis elementi ar SegxvdebaT XI saukuneSi anda XII saukuneSi. mere es ukve xdeba xolme da Cemma kolegam, b-nma nikoloz vaCeiSvilma, daajgufa kidec XIII saukunis iseTi Zeglebi, romlebic ratomRac jiutad baZaven swored X saukunes da ara romelime sxvas. aris SemTxvevebi, roca wyobis suraTs imeoreben, magram gviandeloba icnoba imiT, rom X saukuneSi didi qva sisqiTac didia, aq kidev TiTqosda uSvelebel qvas xedav, arada irkveva, rom mxolod filaa. es 300 wlis winandeli monumenturi wyoba ki ar aris, mxolod TvalisaT236
vis dasanaxi vizualuri minabaZia, rac SemTxveviTi ver iqneba, rasakvirvelia. ai, kidev erTi ram da Tanac umTavresi, radgan es Tviseba Semdgom saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebaSi, swored saeklesioSi, XVI-XVIII saukuneebSic da TviT XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSic ki mudam gveqneba: arsebobs sruliad aSkara miswrafeba, gamovlenili romeliRac elementSi da iqve, gverdiT, ostati akeTebs raRac iseTs, rac am miswrafebas ewinaaRmdegeba. Zalian sagrZnobia erTgvari gaoreba da amitomac, Tumc amdroindel xelovnebas verc uvargiss vuwodebT da verc xelaRebiT movisvriT, aSkaraa, rom mTlianoba, uwin miRweuli ara mxolod genialur, aramed Zalian karg nawarmoebSi, axla ukve ar aris. genialurze arc vlaparakobT, amgvari srulmqmnileba am droSi ar gvaqvs, magram im Zalian karg nimuSebSic sul Sinagani winaaRmdegoba da bzaria. mTliani forma rom gangacdevinebT, es is winaaRmdegobrioba ar aris. arada, SeiZleba arsebobdes aseTi xelovnebac, romelic yofnis dramatulobas giCvenebT, TviTon ki mxatvrulad mTliania. ara, saqmec isaa, rom swored mxatvrulobaSia aq bzari, romelic gaCnda msoflxedvaSi da vlindeba gamoxatvis formebSic. magaliTad, gavixsenoT Tundac bosxi, romelsac amqveynad sikeTis gamarjvebis ar sjera da keTilisa da borotis mudmiv Widils xedavs. Tumca forma, romliTac is amqveyniuri arsebobis dualizms gviCvenebs, mxatvrulobis TvalsazrisiT, srulebiT mTliania. Cvens arqiteqturas XIII saukunis Sua xanebidan swored amgvari mTlianoba aklia. isic unda iTqvas, rom pirvel xanebSi, XIII saukunis bolomde da SeiZleba cota iqiTac (ramdenime naostatari XIV saukunis dasawyisSic gvxvdeba), es uSualod Sesrulebis xarisxze naklebad aisaxeba _ Zalian kargad kveTen CuqurTmas, kargad Tlian qvas, magram ase mxolod erTi SexedviTaa. rogorc ki Tvals axlos miitan, aRmoaCen Zalian dawvrilmanebul naxats, romelic cota mocilebiT, ubralod, ar Cans. amas advilad SeamowmebT, Tu Tbilisis metexTan, XIII saukunis 80-iani wlebis nagebobasTan, mibrZandebiT da sakurTxevlis sarkmlebis sapi237
reebs naxavT. aTi nabijis daSorebidan Tu SexedavT, marto Sav wertilebs dainaxavT da qvaze krazanis bude gegonebaT. axlos misuli CuqurTmas gaarCevT, magram Zalian dawvrilmanebuli iqneba da imasac SeniSnavT, rom ostats raRac epareba _ xan gadabrica, xan gadmobrica, xan rigianad ver gadaaba. xdeba xolme aseTi ram _ davuSvaT, Camovida vertikali, amyols Camohyva, axla ki unda gauyves Zirs Tarazulad, saxe unda moabrunos da ver moifiqra, amitom raRac miWylita da moWylita. XI-XII saukuneebis ostatebi ase ar muSaoben, isini yovelTvis raime xerxs agneben da gardamaval elements igoneben. axla es ukve iSviaTaia da rakiRa laparakia mxolod zogad STabeWdilebaze, rogorc Cans, moTxovnilebac gamqralia. zogjer saerTodac geeWveba, saWiro aris Tu ara CuqurTma. maxsovs, mravali wlis win zarzmis taZars vuyurebdiT, XIII saukunis meore naxevrisas. samxreT fasadis CuqurTmiani sarkmlis Tvalierebisas q-nma asmaT oqropiriZem Tqva, ase mgonia, suls Tu Sevuberav, es CuqurTma mtveriviT gaqrebao. marTlac ase gegoneba, imdenad uRonoa. arada, Sexedav zarzmas _ koxtac aris, kargi Sefardebacaa, samxreTidan orTaRediT gaxsnili karibWe aqvs da, XI saukunis dasawyisis mere rom aRaraa, esec imgvari arqauli motivia. uceb 200 wlis mere gaixsenes. Tumca iq Zveli taZari namdvilad idga da SeiZleba, misi bWe gaimeores, aseTi arqeologiuri kvleva iq ar Catarebula. samreklosa da eklesiis Tanafardoba udavod kargad aris moZebnili da mTlian garemoSic araCveulebrivad ewereba. es sul ase iqneba merec, XIV saukuneSi, roca ukve Sesrulebis xarisxi gagviWirda. es Zalian kargad emCneva gergetis samebas. gagikvirdebaT, zogjer iseT raRacas naxavT da es mxolod CuqurTmas ar Seexeba. gumbaTiani taZaria, mogexsenebaT. erTi naxviT, TiTqos yvelaferi gamarTulia, magram, SexedavT gare da Siga saxes da ras xedavT _ garedan sakmaod dabali gumbaTis yeli Signidan Zalian maRalia. kamarebs raRac daSenebuli sadgomebi hqonia da maTma simaRlem gumbaTis yeli ise CamoagrZela, rom zemodan Camomxobil Was daamsgavsa. ganaTeba, romelic sarkmlebSi Semodis, samyofi araa da bnela. amitom interieri 238
srulebiT areulia, TiTqos zemodan didi simZime awveba. arada, misma ostatma taZarica da samrekloc garemoSi ise araCveulebrivad dadga, rom zomiT bevrad ufro patara myinvar wversac ki epaeqreba. Tumca es araswori sityvaa, aq ar aris gamowvevis an damarcxebis mcdeloba, magram taZari mwvervalTan SepirispirebiT Cans da amitomac maxvils emsgavseba. qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis principia, rom arqiteqtura ar unda ewinaaRmdegebodes bunebas. xuroTmoZRvarma, erTi mxriv, am principis SenarCunebac moaxerxa da, amave dros, kavkasionis qedebis fonze taZris gamoCenac. es ioli amocana ar iyo da gergetis taZari, am mxriv, uzadoa. amitom aris, rom, mcxeTis jvrisa ar iyos, gergetis samebis Sori xedic lamis saqarTvelos erT-erTi simboloa. gamoqveynebuls roca naxav, marTlac araCveulebrivia, axlos mixval da gagikvirdeba, ramdeni ram ver moisazres, ver gaakeTes an sulac SeeSalaT. ras vxedavT aq mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT? sruliad mkafio suraTia, romelic gamokveTilad Cans samcxeSi, sadac eklesiaTa sakmaod mozrdili jgufia, Tumca saqarTvelos sxva nawilebSic asevea. imdroindel xuroTmoZRvars aSkarad moyirWda bevri samkauli da mobezrda isic, rom Tvali sul samkauls miaqvs. es marTlac aSkaraa: amcireben samkaulis odenobas; TiTqmis aRar akeTeben xveul, grexil an cremlebian, wveTebian lilvebs; cdiloben, rom sqeli lilvi sada iyos; sapireTa SemTxvevaSi, ormxriv lilvebs Sua CuqurTmian zolsac xSirad apataraveben. Tumca, amave dros, akeTeben burcvil profils da es marTlac gasaocaria. risTvis? risTvis akeTeben, Tuki ar undaT Suq-Crdili da, piriqiT, cdiloben, is maqsimalurad daacxron? Tuki izrdeba lilvi, raTa burcvili zedapiri mcire iyos, raRa saWiroa? ratom akeTeben mosarTavs, romelic aSkarad aRar undaT da xels uSliT? ai, kidev sxva magaliTi, romelic meordeba XVIII saukunemde: gaakeTeben burcvil profils da kedlis sibrtyeSi CakveTaven. saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, es burcvili kedlis zedapirs uswordeba da misi plastika ki ar Cans. is srulebiT zedmetia, mainc aRar aRiqmeba. risTvis akeTebs mas ostati? an kidev: aSkarad undaT, rom propor239
ciebi daacxron. amitom amcireben gumbaTis simaRles, arada akeTeben isev orburjian gumbaTian kompozicias (Tuki saubari gumbaTian eklesiebs Seexeba), romelic asimetriulia da gaTvaliswinebulia ara zomieri, damSvidebuli formisTvis, aramed sul sxva ramisTvis. cdiloben, Suq-Crdilis kontrasti daacxron, magram TavisTavad kontrastuli Suq-Crdilis princips, romelic garkveulma mxatvrulma gemovnebam moitana, ver elevian da sruli gaugebroba gamodis. saboloo Sedegi ra aris? kontrasti dacxra, magram, principSi, mainc darCa. amitomac viRebT umetyvelo Suq-Crdils, romelic arc zomieria, arc Tanabaria, arc kontrastulia, aramed uRono kontrastia anu naklia. me mainc mgonia, amgvarad imitom xdeba, rom yovelive es _ ori burji, sapire, romelic konkretuli formis unda iyos, kari, romelsac unda hqondes, ai, aseTi moCarCoeba _ erTgvari receptia da ostats hgonia, Tu mas ar misdia, marTlmorwmuneobas dakargavs da vaiTu, veRarc taZari aaSenos. etyoba, igi veRar grZnobs sakuTar TavSi sarwmunoebis simyaresa da simtkices, romelic mas Semoqmedebis Tavisuflebas miscems. Tvali sul warsulisken epareba, xavsi mosaWidad iq eguleba. TiTqos wuTisoflis nakadi es-esaa gaitacebs da iq ipova raRac xelis CasaWidi. unda iTqvas, rom myari aRmoCnda mosaWidebeli, karga xans eyoT, magram Cven mainc sul am umweobas vxedavT. samcxe vaxsene. samcxis xuroTmoZRvruli Zeglebi marTlac erT did jgufs qmnis da gagania monRolobaSi, XIII saukunis meore naxevarSi, amgvar gacxovelebul aRmSeneblobas imiT xsnidnen, rom jayelebma, samcxis aTabagebma, monRolebisgan Seuvaloba miiRes, sxvagvarad Tu vityviT, sakuTar miwa-wyal ze monRolTaTvis xarks TviTon krefdnen da ara monRolebi. Tumca amgvari mSenebloba sxvaganac aris. Tuki gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos xanaSi kaxeTic da dasavleTi saqarTveloc TiTqmis dadumebulia, axla mSenebloba yvelganaa da Tanac sakmaod intensiuria. es uaRresad saintereso movlenaa. rogorc Cans, amgvar Cagvras, zewolas, mudmiv Semotevas, yofiT da cxovrebiseul gasaWirs, Tundac imas, rom yovel qarTul ojaxs 240
monRolebis laSqarSi axalgazrda vaJi unda gaeSva, qarTveloba SemoqmedebiTi mxneobiT, mSeneblobis gamravalkecebiT upasuxebs. amgvari Zalian ucnauri logika aqvs am movlenas. uamravi ram Sendeba. imdenia XIII-XIV saukuneebis eklesia da imdenia kidev, romelsac myarad ver vaTariRebT, Tumca, savaraudod, am epoqas unda miekuTvnebodes, rom marTlac paradoqsad gamoiyureba. amgvaria Cveni istoriis morigi paradoqsi _ Tuki arabobas SemoqmedebiTi aRmavlobiT vupasuxeT, monRolobas vexmianebiT ara SemoqmedebiT, aramed qmedebis gamravalkecebiT, energiis gamovlinebiT, aRmSeneblobis matebiT. rogori iyo amgvari aRmSeneblobis zoma-wona, advili warmosadgenia iqneba, Tuki gavixsenebT, Tundac rodis aSenda metexi. metexis taZari demetre mefis dros igeboda, demetre II ki, romelic mowameobrivad aResrula, is mefea, romelsac gamudmebiT Tavs dastrialebs jalaTi. mefobisas mis zurgs ukan sul landad dgas romeliRac monRoli mxedarTmTavari, romelic yovel wams SeiZleba Semovides da qveyanaSi ubedureba daatrialos. misi armoSveba, am safrTxis SeCereba aris demetre II-is mudmivi safiqrali da am dros erT eklesias xom aSenebs da mopirdapired, nariyalaSi, Sendeba kidev sxva sakmaod mozrdili eklesia. erTdrouli mSeneblobaa, SeiZleba erTi da igive ostatebic ki arian. Tundac miyolebiT yofiliyo mSenebloba da ara erTdroulad, es mainc imis niSania, rom SeZleba ar ileva maSinac ki, roca monRolTa batonoba mZime tvirTad awevT. am TvalsazrisiT, es Zalian mniSvnelovania. rodesac Sexedav, vTqvaT, safaras, Sexedav imave zarzmas, Tundac imereTSi mRvimevis eklesias, romelic albaT cota axirebulis STabeWdilebasac tovebs, magram cal-calke Tu daaTvaliere elementebi, ostats xelgawafulobas rom ver dauwuneb, iseTia. aris moZebnili saintereso gadawyvetebi. mRvimevis eklesia, mogexsenebaT, mRvimeSi dgas da mis verc erT fasads ver dainaxavT erTianad, Tqven maT aTvalierebT svlisas. amitom srulebiT sxvadasxva suraTia, roca mas aRiqvamT TvaliT da rodesac uyurebT naxazs. naxazze ayiravebuli, gaugebari kompoziciebia da roca iq xarT, ase ar aris. 241
midixarT da, ubralod, xedavT erTs, meores, mesames _ Tqven maTi erTad ganxilva ar SegiZliaT. amgvari TandaTanobiTi gamoCena elementebisa, ver vityvi, rom Zalian cudad iyos mofiqrebuli. dasavleT fasadze, magaliTad, moCuqurTmebuli ori badroa cal mxares gagorebuli. Zalianac kargia, me Tu mkiTxavT da sakmarisad saxalisod aris es yvelaferi moxerxebuli. mTlianobaSi, ra Tqma unda, es uwindels ver Seedreba, magram, aki vambob, es SenarCunebuli done mainc Tavisas Sveba. erTi mxriv, giorgi brwyinvalem marTlac paradoqsulad gaamyara sakuTari xelisuflebac da saerTaSoriso asparezze qarTuli saxelmwifos poziciebic. mogexsenebaT, qarTvelebi ierusalimSi gaSlili droSebiT Sediodnen da Tu egvipteli sulTnebi amas sxvas yvelas ukrZalavdnen, isini ase mamlayinwobdnen. sxva mxriv, arqiteqturaSi Zalian mZime mdgomareobaa. Tu, vTqvaT, 1333 wels aSenebuli dabas eklesia an cota mogviano xanis bieTi, samcxis eklesiebi, gindac amas win naxsenebi gergetis sameba xelosnurad kargia, iq Semawuxebeli donea. gagikvirdeba, es yvelaferi rogor moxda. aRarc proporciebi varga da aRarc mosarTavebi. ukve XV saukuneSi xdeba xolme, rom pirdapir da aSkarad SemoiWreba xalxuri xeloba da, sxvaTa Soris, zogjer es saqmes Svelis kidec. TiTqos adamiani dedaboZs akeTebda an romeliRac skivrs aCuqurTmebda, axla ki aSenebs likanisa an CiTaxevis monastris samreklos da aseTive gamosaxulebebsa da ornamentebs qmnis. sakmarisad saxaliso sayurebelia, magram Tu seriozul arqiteqturul sazomebs miuyeneb, gagiWirdeba imis Tqma, rom nagebobaze aseTi ram SeiZleba iyos. ver vityvi, rom es cudi aris, piradad me gulze kargad mxvdeba, magram mkacri kriteriumebiT Tu vimsjelebT, es, cxadia, Zalian didi ukusvlaa. ase vTqvaT, am ostatebis didi babua im Zveli taZrebis gverdiT araviTar SemTxvevaSi amisTanas arafers dauSvebda. magaliTad, likanSic da CiTaxevSic IX saukunis Zveli taZari dgas da bavSvuri saTamaSos msgavs aseT gamosaxulebas eklesiis sxeulTan zaris Camosakideblad isini albaT ar gaakeTebdnen. 242
Tumca niSandoblivia, rom swored am dros, XIII saukuneSi, iqmneba samreklo, rogorc arqiteqturuli tipi. ver getyviT, am samrekloebze ra ekida. samreklo rekvas gulisxmobs, magram saqme isaa, rom adre Zels rekavdnen. es iyo sqeli Camokidebuli ficari, romelsac CaquCisnair sarekelas urtyamdnen xolme. dResac SeiZleba naxoT saberZneTSi, zogierTi SemTxvevisaTvis aseTive mowyobilobebi jer kidev aqvT. ar vici, iqneb am samrekloebSic ekida aseTi didi dafebi, Tumca, sxva mxriv, im dafis Camokideba aranakleb advilia _ raRac patara xarixa unda da eklesiis karTan SeiZleba daayeno. arsebrivad, imas nageboba maincdamainc ar sWirdeba. ase rom, SesaZlebelia, am dros zari ukve Semosulia. ubralod, yvela is zari, romlebic viciT an me romlebic meguleba, mxolod XVI saukunisa unda iyos, ufro adreuli ar aris. asea Tu ise, samreklos tipi, daaxloebiT, XIII saukunis meore naxevarSi Cndeba. Cndeba raRac iseTi, risi mza nimuSic ostats ar gaaCnia da ver ifiqrebs, axla imas gavimeoreb, Tu arada daviRupeo. ra qnas ostatma, Tuki samreklo ar arsebobs da araviTari magaliTi amisa mas ar aqvs? aseTi gamosavali ipoves: nimuSad samreklos fanCaturisTvis, sadac ficari Tu zari unda Cakidon, iReben gumbaTs Tavisi morTulobianad, magram aq xom TaRebia da ara sarkmlebi, ar arsebobs sapireebisa Tu CuqurTmebis valdebuleba, amitomac irjebian gacilebiT ufro Tavisuflad da am fanCaturs, rogorc undaT, ise akeTeben. sabolood, rCeba daaxloebiT imgvarive forma, daaxloebiT imdenive TaRi, ramdeni sarkmelic hqondaT (Tumca aq ufro xSirad 8 aris xolme) da kvlav konusuri gadaxurva, rac kargad esityveba gverdiT mdgom gumbaTur taZars, xolo Tu gverdiT calnaviani eklesiaa, imasac arafers ufuWebs, piriqiT, vertikalur maxvils uCens. zogadad ki, mTel am epoqaSi bazilikebi da sameklesiiani bazilikebi sul raRac xuTi an eqvsi calia. es samrekloebi, romlebic gvaqvs, erTi meoreze sainteresoa yvela. zogadad Tu vityviT, zemoT fanCaturia da qvemoT raRac sxeuli unda iyos. Tumca ostats mosafiqrebeli aqvs es sxeuli ranairi iqneba, rogori iqneba fanCaturTan 243
Sefardeba an sulac misi Semadgenloba. zogjer erTi sarTulia da, ubralod, gasasvlelia, zogjer gasasvlelsa da fanCaturs Soris Sualeduri sarTuli rCeba (pirvel samrekloSi, gudarexis monastrisaSi, romelsac TariRi aqvs, aseTi mowyobilobaa). vTqvaT, karibWea, SeiZleba gverdiT hqondes didi da mcire sibrtye, xandaxan aris ori Tanabari sibrtye, SeiZleba, is daZruli iyos simetriis RerZze, mniSvnelovania, kibe rogoraa moTavsebuli, meore sarTulze asasvleli kedelSia Tu garedan moyudebuli. es yvelaferi Zalian nairgvaria da ase gagrZeldeba. XVI-XVII saukuneebSi da, mgoni, XIX saukuneSic ki SeiZleba vnaxoT Zalian koxta samrekloebi, gansakuTrebiT, dasavleT saqarTveloSi. SeiZleba, ugemovnobad CamiTvalon, magram me Zalian mekoxtaveba, magaliTad, nikorwmindis samreklo. momwons da mgonia, rom kargad aris mofiqrebuli, raRac yelyela, msubuqi nagebobaa. sxva tipis nagebobebi Cven cota gvaqvs. aris xidebi, magram ver gaigeb, XII saukunisaa Tu XIII saukunisa. me ratomRac meeWveba, rom xidebi sagangebod eSenebinaT, raTa monRolebi masze ukeTesad gadmosuliyvnen. SeiZleba, ukve arsebuls ar angrevdnen, magram maTTvis gaemzadebinaT, ar mgonia. vTqvaT, aris qarvaslebi, magram isinic TiTqos ufro gviandelia. aris iseTebic, romlebSic Cans am epoqis, XII-XIII saukunis, fragmentebi, magram mTlianobaSi isini mainc ufro gviani periodisaa. kidev aris erTi saxli gudarexSi, magram saxlia da Tanac erTaderTi. rac SeiZleba vTqvaT, isaa, rom am saxlis amSenebelma SesaZleblad CaTvala, saxisa Tu Sesrulebis TvalsazrisiT, sacxovreblis karisaTvis daaxloebiT iseTive CuqurTmovani arSia gaekeTebina, rogorsac eklesias gaukeTebda. amis meti bevri veraferi iTqmis. Tumca samrekloTa xuroTmoZRvreba erTmniSvnelovnad gveubneba, rom SemoqmedebiTi energia ar daSretila da es, rac ukve CamovTvale, imaTSic SeiZleba vipovoT. bevri saintereso ram scades, magaliTad, kaxeTSi. iq axlac bevrs aSeneben Sirimis qviT Semosils da, vinaidan aseTi Semosili arqiteqtura maT adre ar hqondaT, erTgvar eqsperimentebs atareben da sakmaod sainteresoc gamodis. magaliTad, 244
wm. marines eklesia aris matanTan (aseTi monasteria). sakmaod saintereso nagebobaa. SigniT maicadamainc didi veraferia, magram garedan Zalian sagulisxmoa. aseve Zalian sainteresoa artozanis (dRes ruispiri hqvia im ubans, Zvelad ki artozani erqva) wm. Sios monasteri, romelic XIII saukunis Sua xanisaa da zustad TariRdeba. rogorc b-nma giorgi leJavam daadgina, daviT ulu iq daviT narinTan erTad xatia, ase rom, dazustebiT 1240-50-iani wlebia. sakmaod sainteresoa abelia, squri, aris kidev sxvebic, sadac aSkarad Cans azris feTqva. Tumca, samwuxarod, is ver aRwevs srul mxatvrul sisavses, srul mxatvrul dasrulebulobas, rac srulebiT ar niSnavs, rom am dros zurgi unda vaqcioT, yuradReba movakloT da ar movindomoT masze fiqri an, miT umetes, zrunva. Cvens sazogadoebaSi krTeba xolme aseTi azri, rom raRac XIX saukunis Tu aris, gviandelia da maSin raRad gvinda. imad gvinda, rom oTxi saukunis Semdeg XIX saukunis nimuSi ukve 500 wlis iqneba da ratom ar unda davutovoT Tavisi warsuli momavals?! ase rom, Tuki raRac TvalSi naklebad mogvdis, es imas ar niSnavs, rom mas ar vupatronoT da pativi ar mivagoT. albaT, piriqiTac, SemoqmedebiTobis naperwlebi msoflmxedvelobrivi da garegnuli gasaWiris epoqaSi ar unda davafasoT ufro naklebad, vidre yovelnairad xelsayrel garemoSi didi niWis gabrwyineba _ ara metad, magram arc naklebad. iqneb es aranaklebia? axla rasac mogiyvebiT, es ambavi Zalian miyvars da amiT minda davamTavro. es gaxlavT qarTuli xelovnebis istoriis institutis folklori. diax, mxolod 70 welia, rac varsebobT, magram ukve sakuTari gadmocemebi gvaqvs. 1960-ian wlebSi Zalian cnobilma qarTvelma mecnierma, q-nma rene Smerlingma, raWaSi eqspedicia waasxa. ase mihyavda xolme bevri xalxi, ara marto institutis TanamSromlebi _ nacnobebi, studentebi, peterburgidan Tu sxva adgilebidan Camosuli stumrebi. axlac, rogorc yovelTvis, amaliT wavida. q-ni rene arasodes yofila pedagogi, arc leqtori, magram gamoirCeoda imiT, rom codnis gaziarebis survili hqonda. sadac ki dainaxavda 245
dangreul eklesias an CuqurTmian karnizs, dadgeboda da mohyveboda yvelafers, rac ki am CuqurTmas saqarTveloSi gadaxdenia. mere meore qvasTan gadainacvlebda da ase agrZelebda xolme. erTi sityviT, raWaSi arian da mividnen barakonSi. am eqspediciaSi monawileobda, samwuxarod, Zalian adre wasuli da Zalian niWieri xelovnebaTmcodne q-ni jilda iosebiZe, Cemi Taobis xelovnebaTmcodneebis ufrosi megobari, maSin institutSi sul axlad mosuli. etyoba, manamde sadRac ukve iyvnen namyofi, amitomac eklesia daaTvaliera da daRlili dasasveneblad ratomRac eklesiisaken zurgiT Camojda. q-nma renem dainaxa da dainteresda, zurgSeqceviT damjdarxarT, ratom ar uyurebTo. jildamac ar daayovna _ bolos da bolos es xom gvianiao. gvianiao?! dasWyavla q-nma renem, romelic miuxedavad germanuli gvarisa, emociuri adamiani iyo bunebiT da Seudga CamoTvlas yvela im ubedurebis, romelic dasavleT saqarTvelos am eklesiis aSenebis xanaSi daatyda, mohyva yvela SimSilobas, avadmyofobas, oms da vin icis, ras aRar. mere ki piriT miiqca, rusuli wesiT miwas xeli dahkra, eklesias Tayvani sca da warmoTqva: Кланяюсь тебе, Баракон!* me vfiqrob, rom is sruliad marTali iyo. yvelgan da yovelTvis Semoqmedebis, Tavdadebis, erTgulebis dafasebis da ara mxolod esTetikuris, aramed eTikuris danaxvis unari Zalian mniSvnelovani ram aris. es isaa, rac samwuxarod, xSirad minavlulia da rac ar unda davTmoT, raTa mis gareSe garegnuli zizil-pipiloebis zerele damfaseblebad ar gadaviqceT, Torem mere, didi albaTobiT, gemovnebac male gvimtyunebs.
* Tayvans gcem Sen, barakono!
246
14. gviani Sua saukuneebis arqiteqtura Cven ukve, arsebiTad, mimovixileT is xana, romlis Sesaxebac axla SedarebiT dawvrilebiT unda mogaxsenoT. es periodi, romelsac, Cveulebriv, gvian Sua saukuneebs uwodeben moicavs, XV-XVII saukuneebs, Tumca XV saukunes mainc naklebad, radgan es ufro moSuSebis dro iyo. axali damTavrebuli iyo Temur lengis gamanadgurebeli Semosevebi, romlebic, rogorc vTqviT, darCa, rogorc mouSuSebeli iara. gaukacrielebul qalaqebsa da soflebs, romlebic im droidan modis, dResac ki naxavT. ase rom, mTeli es 100 weli, arsebiTad, dasWirda met-naklebad imis aRdgenas, rac Temur lengma da misma jarma daaqcia. Tumca es, ZiriTadad, mainc, aRmosavleT da samxreT saqarTvelos exeba, dasavleTs ki _ naklebad. Tumca, XV saukuneSi aqtivoba maincdamainc arc iq Cans. rakiRa Tavidan es erTiani qveyana iyo, etyoba, gasaWiri erTi naxevrisa meorezec vrceldeboda, XV saukunis mTeli meore naxevari ki ama Tu im ufliswulis taxtisTvis brZolam daikava, rac saqarTvelos xelmeore daqucmacebiT damTavrda. Tumca, yovelTvis unda gvaxsovdes, rom cnobierebaSi saqarTvelo kvlavac erTiani rCeboda. rasakvirvelia, partikularizmi da Sen-Cemoba Cveulebriv movlenad iqca da faqti isaa, rom yvela qarTuli samefos xelmwife cdilobda saqarTvelos mefis titulis morgebas. isini erTmaneTs ar scnobdnen. es Zalian kargad etyoba Cvens saistorio Txzulebebs, romlebic, faqtobrivad, qarTlis poziciebidan iwereba. aseTia XVIII saukunis damdegis `qarTlis cxovrebis“ gagrZelebebi, XVIII saukunis istorikosTa _ vaxuSti batoniSvilis, papuna orbelianis, oman xerxeuliZis _ Txzulebebi da farsadan gorgijaniZis, XVII saukunis istorikosis, cnobebi. erTi sityviT, am yvelafrs ise weren, TiTqos danaxulia Tbilisidan Tu mcxeTidan. Zalian sainteresoa is faqti, rom es wyaroebi arc kaxT batons da arc imereTis mefes mefeebad ar moixseniebs. maT uwodeben mmarTvels, xelisufals, mTavars, erTi 247
sityviT, yvelafers, garda mefisa, radgan qarTlis mefesac, kaxTa mefesac da imereTis mefesac miaCniaT, rom sinamdvileSi kanonieri xelmwifeebi isini arian. Tuki Zalian mkacrad vimsjelebT, albaT kaxT batonebs amis yvelaze meti safuZveli hqondaT, radgan kaxeTis pirveli mefe gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos ukanaskneli mefea. Tumca, rogorc Cans, im epoqaSi yvelas Tavisi simarTle alaparakebda. XV saukuneSi vxedavT movlenas, romelic Zalian mniSvnelovania arqiteqturis ara rogorc xelovnebis, aramed rogorc mSeneblobis istoriis gasaazreblad da Zalze sayuradReboa, ase vTqvaT, socialuri da zneobrivi istoriis Sesaswavlad. vgulisxmob aleqsandre I-s, romelsac didi Seerqva da mis moqmedebas. man SemoiRo sagangebo gadasaxadi, romelzec Cven, mgoni, ar gvilaparakia. mogvepoveba sabuTi, romlis Tanaxmadac, saqarTvelos macxovrebelT daqceuli Senobebis, gansakuTrebiT, taZrebis aRsadgenad garkveuli xnis ganmavlobaSi damatebiTi gadasaxadi ekisrebodaT. es SeiZleba gasagebi, magram arcTu mTlad Cveulebrivi ambavia, romelic, Cemi azriT, Zalian maRali Segnebisa da zneobis maCvenebelia. Tanac, daaxloebiT, 35-40 wlis Semdeg, rodesac aleqsandre mefem miiCnia, rom mizani miRweulia, man gadasaxadi gaauqma. kacobriobis istoriaSi arcTu bevria xelisufali, romelic ase sindisierad iqceva. Cveulebriv, roca gadasaxds SemoiReben, aviwydebT, rom es droebiTia da yvelaferi mudmivi xdeba. Turme sxvanairadac SeiZleba, Turme SeiZleba, xelmwife usindiso ar iyos da Cven amis Zalian kargi magaliTi gvaqvs. es albaT sasacilod JRers, magram amgvari xelisufaliT arcTu ganebivrebulebi varT. rogorc mogaxseneT, aleqsandre mefe aRdgenas Seudga _ aRadgina sveticxoveli, ruisi, kidev bevri sxvac. eseni, rac CamovTvale, ubralod, dokumentebiT dasturdeba: sveticxovelze sigel-gujrebi mogvepoveba, ruisis warwera SemogvrCa da es ori didi samefo mSenebloba matianeebSic moixsenieba. cxadia, aRdga sxva eklesiebic. magaliTad, XV saukunis bolos ukve gayofil saqarTveloSi aRadgines alaverdi, romelsac, 248
kargad ar mesmis, ra daemarTa, radgan mizezi werilobiT ar dasturdeba, mxolod naTqvamia, rom daiqca. Tumca, aRdgenilis mixedviT, aSkaraa, rom sakmaod didi ngreva iyo, oRond esec Temur lengis naxelavia Tu miwa iZra, es dazustebuli aRaraa. albaT cixeebica da sasaxleebic aRadgines, sxvanairad ar iqneboda. cxadia, ganaaxles qalaqebi da soflebi, romlebic gaukacrielebuli ar iyo. yvelaferi Tavidan Sendeba da, rogorc ukve mogaxseneT, Cans Cveni istoriisaTvis umagaliTod dabali done xelobisa. amas albaT mxolod XX saukunis meore naxevari da XXI saukunis dasawyisi SeiZleba Seedaros, rodesac uamravi adamiani yovlad upasuxismgeblod raRacas TiTxnis, radgan amas aSeneba ar hqvia da Cven ki varqmevT xolme arqiteqturas. aseTi samwuxaro magaliTi masobrivi da, sxvaTa Soris, individualuri mSeneblobisac, Zalian bevri gvaqvs. minaxavs erTi Zalian gapranWuli, gamosaCeni Senoba, romelsac mopirkeTebis qvebi, mgoni, dasrulebidan weliwad-naxevarSi momZvrali hqonda da iqve eyara. cxadia, rom es, uaRresad cudi Sesrulebis garda, saqmisadmi mSeneblis upatiosno damokidebulebasac gulisxmobs. XV saukuneSi mizezi sxva iyo. Cven rasac vuyurebT, rogorc adrec vTqviT, imis mauwyebelia, rom ostatebi, Cans, marTlac ar arian an imdenad cotani arian, rom am saqmis gaqanebas maTi Zalisxmeva ar hyofnis. amitomac sxva gza ar aqvT da iZulebulebi xdebian, dayabuldnen naklebad gamocdil, gauwafav an sulac damwyeb xelosans. Cans, rom mizezi es aris. es gaxlavT Rone uRonobisa, sxva araferi SemiZlia da amas mainc gavakeTeb _ aseTi aris logika im droisa. viRac imasac ityvis, rom jobda daecadaT da ostatebi gamoezardaT, magram adamiani ase ver gaTvlis da Tanac maSindeli saqarTvelos xelisufalni zrunavdnen, memkvidreebisTvis daqceuli qveyana ar daetovebinaT, maT es sakuTar movaleobad miaCndaT. amitom am droSi raime siaxleze, Ziebaze, mxatvrul tendenciebze ver vilaparakebT, radgan es aris sruli katastrofidan gamosvlis mcdeloba da Tanac sakmaod dabal doneze. eklesiaTagan, romlebic me minaxavs, erTaderTia bugeulis taZari raWaSi, 249
sadac mixvdebiT, rom adamianebs raRac axsovT da CuqurTmis keTeba ician. laSxiSvilebma, romlebmac es taZari aaSenebines, moipoves aseTi ostatebi, aleqsandre mefem ki ruisis taZris aRsadgenad verc rigiani meCuqurTme naxa da verc profilis gamomTleli. Tavisi uxarisxobiT marTlac Tavzardamcemia, rac iq aris gakeTebuli. amasTan erTad, isic Cans, rom adamianebi Zalian indomeben da, ubralod, araferi gamosdiT _ xeli ar mosdevT, ver akeTeben, ver axerxeben. TiTqos raRac mofiqrebulic aqvT, oRond am Canafiqris gansaxorcieleblad gamocdileba akliaT da, rogorc dRes ityvian, unar-Cvevebi ar hyofniT. XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi ukve mSenebloba ician da aseTi unugeSoba ar aris, oRond viTareba sakmaod Taviseburia. am dros mTlian saqarTveloze veRar vlaparakobT. marTlac, gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi, gviWirs davasaxeloT mizezi, Tu ratom aris eklesiaTa mSenebloba maincdamainc qarTlSi. aq am dros, rogorc iTqva, sxva mxareebSi dumilia da Tu dumili ar aris, imdenad umniSvnelo aRmSeneblobaa, rom mas movlenad ver aRviqvamT. axla ki, XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi, Cven viciT mizezi _ mSeneblobis gacxoveleba an misi Canavleba uSualod politikur movlenebTan aris dakavSirebuli. xandaxan imasac gaifiqreb, rom amgvari daqucmaceba sasikeToc SeiZleba yofiliyo. cxadia, sasikeTo ver iqneboda, magram raRac gamorCena mainc iyo. rodesac, magaliTad, imereTs Zalian uWirda, kaxeTSi mSenebloba iyo da gaWirvebul adamians aq gaqceva SeeZlo. Sah-abasis Semosevis Semdeg kaxeTi daicala da iq aRaraferi xdeboda, samagierod, qarTlSi gacxovelda mSenebloba rostom mefisa da misi memkvidreebis dros. XVI saukuneSi sakmaod intensiuri mSeneblobaa dasavleT saqarTveloSic, Tumca amis Sesaxeb Cven mainc naklebi viciT, radgan XVII-XVIII saukuneebis Tbilisze gacilebiT xSirad werdnen da meti gvaqvs xelmosaWidi TvalsaCino masala. cxadia, iZebneba cnobebi, magram isini mainc ar kmara. vTqvaT, XVII saukunis quTaisisTvis Sardenisebri (iyo aseTi mogzauri XVII saukunis bolos) Canaxati ar gvaqvs. cnobil italiel misioners, kastelis, quTaisi Caxatuli aqvs, magram adgil-adgil da sruli 250
panoramuli suraTi, Tu rogori iyo es qalaqi, ar Cans. goris Sesaxeb viciT da quTaisze _ ara. yovel SemTxvevaSi, im naxatSi me ver vxedav qalaqs. quTaiss ver vxedav da Tbiliss ki vxedav, miuxedavad imisa, rom Sardenis Canaxati idealuri sulac ar aris. aseve dawinaurda samegrelo levan II-is xelSi. sxva sakiTxia, Tu ra meTodebiTa da xerxebiT miaRwia man amas, magram sinamdvile isaa, rom igi aSenebs zugdids. ra aaSena man iq da rogori iyo es yvelaferi, amis Tqma Zalian Wirs. yovel SemTxvevaSi, CemTvis es bolomde cxadi ar aris, magram viciT, rom samegreloSi aqtivoba SeimCneva. ra SeiZleba amaze iTqvas, mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT?! ukve mogaxseneT, rom is, rac Cven XIII saukunis Sua xanebs Semdeg vnaxeT, am drosac ZalaSi rCeba. ZalaSi rCeba Tundac is, rom didi sataZro mSeneblobisas srulyofil mxatvrul Se degs ver viRebT. marTla ar aris Senoba, romelzec ityvi, rom masSi Tavidan bolomde yvelaferi Sinaganad logikuria. rasakvirvelia, gamoricxuli araa, rom Cven iseTi sazomiTa da kriteriumiT vudgebiT, romelic, am SemTxvevSi, marTebuli arcaa. iqneb momdevno Taobam aRmoaCons iq raRac Tvisebebi, romelTac Cven am mizeziT ver vxedavT. Tumca Sinagani winaaRmdegobrioba arsebobs da es srulebiT aSkarad Cans. amis pirdapiri gamoxatuleba aris Tundac kaxeTis xuroTmoZRvreba XVI saukunis Sua xanebSi, amave saukunis meore naxevrSi da XVII saukunis sul dasawyisSi. am periodSi vaWrobiT gamdidrebulma kaxeTma, rogorc Cans, Zalian swrafad aaSena dedaqalaqi gremi. es mdidari savaWro qalaqia da xelosnobis kerac aris. XVII saukunis dasawyisSi, 1616 wels, is ganadgurda da veRar aRdga. mis adgilas sofeli gaCnda, magram qalaqi veRar gacocxlda. Sendeba monastrebi, cixeebi, soflis eklesiebi. bevri ram Sendeba da, xelosnuri TvalsazrisiT, Zalian maRal donezec keTdeba. am SenobaTa umravlesobas aqvs raRac xibli. magaliTad, srulebiT warmoudgenelia, adamiani ar moxiblos axali SuamTis siluetma. rodesac Sexedav am yelmoRerebul, Zalian maRal gumbaTian eklesias, koxtaa. lamisaa alaverdisebr STambeWda251
via gremis taZari, gansakuTrebiT, alaznis vels Tu mouyvebi, roca Soridan modixar. serze Semomdgari, rogorc xomaldi, micuravs gremio _ Zalian kargad da moswrebulad ambobs simon Ciqovani. marTlac asea. saocaria es uzarmazari sivrce. ukan mTebi aris, magram win didi vakea da serze ki _ es Semocurebuli eklesia. Tumca, axlos rom mixvalT da daakvirdebiT, araerT ucnaurobas aRmoaCenT. gumbaTis yeli maRalia, aSkarad Zalian SemaRlebulia proporciebi. Tu es asea, ras unda gausvas xazi danarCenma yvelaferma? albaT amasve _ raki gavakeTe aseTi maRali moculoba, minda, rom misi aswrafuloba gamovaCino. nuras ukacravad! iq aris gauTavebeli sartylebi, gauTavebeli horizontaluri danawevrebiT dayofili vertikalebi da axlodan Tu uyurebT, xedavT gaugebrad daqucmacebul zedapirs, romelsac es maRlivoba srulebiTac ar sWirdeba. igive ambavia SigniTac _ maRali gumbaTi da dabla Camotanili sarkmlebi. SigniT rodesac SedixarT, gumbaTis simaRles ver aRiqvamT imitom, rom zeviT aris raRac gaurkveveli bundi, TvaliT ver zomavT, rogori aris misi aswrafuloba da gaxleCil sivrces xedavT. es gaxleCiloba, sxvaTa Soris, ar iyo mxolod kaxuri movlena. daaxloebiT, XVII saukunis bolomde is aris qarTlSic da dasavleT saqarTveloSic. is aqac rCeba, magram aris gamonaklisebi. magaliTad, ananuris taZari, XVII saukunis meore naxevrisa da XVII saukunis Sua xanaSi aRdgenili sioni, romelic dangreuli iyo, aseTi ar aris. iq sarkmlebi Cveulebriv simaRlezea. samagierod, sxva rames vxedavT. dRevandel taZars rac Seexeba, gumbaTisa da zeda nawilis mopirkeTeba 1710 wlisaa. vaxtang VI-is dakveTaa, xelosnuri TvalsazrisiT, kargad Sesrulebulia, magram Zalian ucnauria. gumbaTze gakeTebuli aris amoburculi sapireebi, magram burcviloba iseTia, rom reliefurobas maincdamainc kargad ver xedavT, xolo CuqurTma imdenad wvrilia, rom Tu kibe ar miadgi an durbindi ar moimarjve, ar Cans. Tqven xedavT, rom qseliviT raRac aris, magram amas aranairi gamomsaxveloba ar gaaCnia. ver vityvi, rom sionis gumbaTi lamazi ar aris. aris, ratomac 252
ar aris, feric lamazi aqvs. Zalian momwons gogla leoniZis `komSisferi sioni~, marTlac kargi naTqvami mgonia. lamazia es yvelaferi mTlianobaSi, sakmaod koxtaa, magram bevri ram aris umizno. ar aris saWiro amgvari danawevreba, is ar muSaobs. iqneb rame sxva gaekeTebina da is ukeTesi yofiliyo?! ras izam, imiTac bednierebi unda viyoT, rom aseT doneze gakeTda, miT umetes, rom, rogorc Cans, Tanamedroveebs Tbilisis sioni Zalian moewonaT. gumbaTis sistemebze roca vmuSaobdi, Cemda gasaocrad, aRmovaCine, rom XVIII saukunis ganmavlobaSi Tbilisis yvela eklesia, erTi-oris garda, sionis sqemiT Sendeba. sxvaTa Soris, ase aris ara marto TbilisSi, Sendeba Tundac largvisis taZari qsnis xeobaSi da barakoni raWaSi. ra Tqma unda, barakons aSeneben gardasaxulad, gardaqmnilad, magram amosavali kvlavac sionis sqemaa. Sesabamisad, is Zalian mosawoni iyo. Tbileli mTavarepiskoposis saydaric aqaa, mag ram saamisod es ar ikmarebda, miT umetes, rom Tbileli mTavarepiskoposi eklesiis Tavi ar aris. isic unda vicodeT, rom mcxeTa-Tbilisis mTavarepiskoposi XIX saukuneSi Cndeba, es am drois movlenaa. manamde Tbileli mTavarepiskoposi calke aris da kaTalikosi _ calke, amas garda, kidev aris qarTlis mTavarepiskoposi, romelic mcxeTaSive zis. XVII saukuneSi xdeba Semdegi ram: gansakuTrebiT, kaxeTSi, magram qarTlSic XVI saukune ufro aguriT mSeneblobis xanaa da cota merec ase aris. Tundac sioni rom vaxseneT, romelic XVII saukuneSi aRadgina elise Tbilelma, saginaSvilis gvarisam, isic aguriT aris aRdgenili. XVII saukunis meore naxevridan ananurisa da kidev ramdenime eklesiis mSeneblobiT qviT mSenebloba mobrunda. dasavleT saqarTveloSi isedac sul qviT aSenebdnen XVI saukuneSic, XVII saukuneSic da XVIII saukuneSic. Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom iq maincdamainc xarisxiani arqiteqtura ar aris. ar mesmis, ratom. yovel SemTxvevaSi, faqtia, rom iqaur damkveTs, roca raime gamosaCenis aSeneba unda, ostatebi garedan mohyavda. mgoni, kidevac vaxsene avTandil Sulavreli, XVIII saukunis Sua xanaSi barakonis taZris amSenebeli da nasyida qarTleli, romelic aSenebda leCxumis mcxe253
TaSi. Tavisi ostatebi dasavleTSic hyavT, magram isini ratomRac bevrs verafers axerxeben. ai, iq, magaliTad, CuqurTmis kveTis ostatoba mTlianad daikarga. es gansakuTrebiT ucnauria, radgan XIX saukuneSi piriqiT xdeba. am periodSi swored dasavleT saqarTveloSia SenarCunebuli qarTvel ostatTa dasebi. magaliTad, XIX saukunis Sua xanidan 1921 wlamde Cans xelosanTa mTeli gvarebi. magaliTad, berikaSvilebis gvaria aseTi, XIX saukuneSi ki qarTlSi yofilan, qvis mTleli kasraZeebi, jobaZeebi. da mainc, XIX saukunis qarTveli ostatebis xeloba ufro metad dasavleT saqarTveloSi Cans. srulebiT sxva suraTia aqeT. rac adgilobrivi ostatebis mier aris aSenebuli, magaliTad, korcxelis eklesia an Tundac levan dadianis aSenebuli rokiTis eklesia, sakmaod saeWvo xarisxisaa. ar aris iseTi, rogoric, vTqvaT, ananuria. ananurSi da mere ukve qviT mopirkeTebul an qviT naSen sxva nagebobebSi Cans ori ram _ erTi mxriv, Zalian cdiloben aaRorZinon Zveli CuqurTma da, teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT, amas axerxeben. sxva mxriv, is aRar aris bunebrivi, xan ucnaur adgilas Cndeba, xanac raRac ucnauris gakeTeba moundebaT xolme. magaliTad, barakonis ostatma sapiris raRac nawils, rogorc landi, Semoayola pirdapir zed kedelze amoWrili CuqurTma. ratomac ara?! Tumca maSin amas xom unda hqondes gagrZeleba? rodesac or adgilas asea gakeTebuli da sxvagan amas mxars araferi ubams, gaugebari xdeba. es xerxia, romelic ver iZens mxatvruli principis mniSvnelobas, miT umetes, rom iq Zalian Warbad Cans carieli sibrtyec, romelic dautvirTavia da kvlavac gaugebaria. Tu amas akeTebda, maSin gagegrZelebina, raime xaliCiseburi samkauli moefiqrebina. es aSkarad ar unda, maSin is CuqurTma ratom moindoma? amgvari kiTxvebi mogviano arqiteqturasTan dakavSirebiTac xSirad Cndeba, Tumca iq teqnikurad maRali donea. Zalian niSandoblivi aris Zveli motivebis gameoreba. q-nma rene Smerlingma ananurSi aRmoaCina mTeli tye saxeebisa, romlebic pirdapir aris gadmoRebuli sveticxovlidan. maTi warmomavloba imdenad aSkaraa, rom amas mkiTxaoba ar sWirde254
ba. Sexedav da ukve zustad ici, saidanaa gadmotanili. magaliTad, iq aris gamoqandakebuli sicocxlis xeebi, romlebsac sveticxovelzec naxavT. zogadad, Zalian cdiloben, zustad misdion nimuSs, magram, samwuxarod, rogorc nebismieri aslis keTebisas, es xeloba, didwilad, meqanikuri bunebisaa. es ar aris iseTi meqanikuroba, rogoric XIX saukuneSi gveqneba, magram Sinagani Tavisufleba, romelic aqvT Zveli drois ostatebs Tundac XIII saukunis meore naxevarSi, rodesac gauWirdaT, aq namdvilad aRar SeimCneva. Tumca kidev erTxel unda davadasturo, rom isini, teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT, kargad muSaoben. aguriT mSenebloba, sxvaTa Soris, SemoqmedebiTi TvalsazrisiT, ufro Tavisufalia. Tumca, am SemTxvevaSic, yvelafrisaTvis XI-XII saukunis modelebi aqvT. ubralod, rakiRa qvis arqiteqturas aguris enaze Targmnian, neba-uneburad isini ufro SemoqmedebiTni, ufro Tamamni unda iyvnen. unda iTqvas, rom XVI saukunis kaxel ostatebs, am mxriv, ufro gaumarTlaT. iq marTlac ufro xSirad waawydebi amgvar Ziebas. magaliTad, akeTeben uSvelebel, kedelSi aguris amoRebiT miRebul jvrebs, romlebic manamde ar iyo da es motivi imdenad xibliani aRmoCnda, rom man, daaxloebiT, XVIII saukunis dasawyisidan mTeli qarTli daipyro. mere am kaxur golgoTis jvrebs aq eklesiebze, koSkebze akeTeben. Zalian sainteresoa, ra semantika hqonda, radgan es uSvelebeli jvrebi sam an sulac oTx kedelze meordeba. aseTi tavtologiuri gameoreba aSkarad raRacaze miuTiTebs. SeiZleba, vifiqroT, rom es mcveli aris da, ase vTqvaT, borots Zalas iridebs, magram XI saukuneSi erTi jvari hyofnidaT da axla meti gaxda saWiro, es ki raRacas mowmobs. Tu msoflmxedvelobaSi ara, msoflgancdaSi albaT raRac Seicvala. es raRacaze metyvelebs, magram jer ver getyviT _ raze. SeiZleba, raRac movigono, varaudi vTqva, magram es srulebiT uniadago iqneba da raime safuZveli ki am wams ar gamaCnia. iyo kidev sxva ram mniSvnelovani, raRac iseTi, rac sruliad paradoqsulad erTdroulad aRmoCnda Zalisa da sisus255
tis maCvenebeli _ iranuli arqiteqturidan Semosuli motivebi. jer erTi, Semovida Seisruli TaRi. Tumca, giorgi CubinaSvilisa ar iyos, romelmac es jer kidev rodis Tqva, faqtobrivad, es Seisruli TaRis kidev erTi variantia, vinaidan Cven waisruli TaRi X saukunis Semdeg, XIII saukunis CaTvliT, ukve gvaqvs. axla iq meti Seisvra naxes da imnairad Seisres. principSi, es mTlad sesxebac ar gamodis, ubralod, kidev erTi nairsaxeoba mogvinda da movsinjeT. ufro sainteresoa sxva ram: aRmosavleTSi am TaRebs sworkuTxa CarCoebSi svamen xolme da es ar aris mxolod kedlis damanawevrebeli brtyeli dekoratiuli TaRi, Torem ase Seisruli konstruqciuli TaRebic da kamarebic Sendeba. yvelaze sainteresoa, rom es CarCoSi Casmuli Seisruli TaRi karTan Cndeba. saqme isaa, rom iranul arqiteqturaSi es motivi Zalian didi zomisaa. es aris xolme portali, uzarmazari, aTeuli metris simaRlis da didi TaRia, romelic aris Zalian Rrma TaRi-lojia. Tqven masSi SedixarT da is zis sworkuTxa moculobaSi. CvenTan es yvelaferi dapataravebulia da monumenturi iranuli kompozicia gadaqceulia portalis kidev erT versiad. Tan ise ki ar moxda, rom jer iranuli mosinjes da mere iqidan portalis gakeTeba gadawyvites, aramed, Semovida Tu ara, imwamsve gardaqmnes ise, rogorc qarTvel arqiteqtors undoda. vinme amas albaT nacionalizmad CamiTvlis, magram mainc unda vTqva, rom iseve, rogorc mTeli Sua saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi, raRacis brma da monur gadmoRebaze Cven axlac ver vilaparakebT. es ufro raRacis mosinjvaa principiT _ `modi, vcado, iqneb esec gamomadges~. es me sruliad marTebuli meCveneba. Tu rame kargi naxe, ratom ar unda moisesxo, ratom ar unda iswavlo?! sxva ambavia, rom araa saWiro, ece da maimuniviT yvelaferi gaimeoro marto imitom, rom viRac sadRac amas akeTebs. dRes xSirad ismis xolme argumentad, rom dasavleTSi asea an isea. Tu dasavleTSi aris, magram araferi sikeTe moutania an es sikeTe saeWvoa, ratom unda gadmoviRoT, CemTvis gaugebaria. Cven rom imave logikas mivyolodiT, romliTac is ostatebi xelmZRvanelobdnen, albaT bevr sisuleles gadavrCebodiT. 256
magaliTad, rogor daviwyeT mSenebloba Seminuli Senobebis da srulebiT ar gaviTvaliswineT, rom Cveni cxel qveyanaSi vcxovrobT?! Tu maincdamainc, qveynebSi, sadac cxela, akeTeben cxaurebs, erTgvar safars an am Seminul zedapirs SigniT Seweven xolme, rom adamians mze pirdapir Tavze ar daadges. mere viswavleT amis gakeTeba, magram manamde aSenda uamravi suleluri Senoba, romlebSic ar daidgomeba. yovelive es imitom moxda, rom Crdilouri arqiteqturidan pirdapir iyo gadmoRebuli. fineTSi SeiZleba mze enatrebaT, Cven kidev zafxulSi sicxe gvawuxebs. usindisobaa albaT amis Tqma, magram asea. rom gavarvardeba minis zedapiri da veRar sunTqav, es ganaTebuli oTaxi aRar ginda. Tu mainc ar dagedgomeba da sakuWnaoSi unda gaiqce an saabazanoSi daemalo, aseTi mze raRad ginda?! me mainc mgonia, rom im dros am tipis Secdomebi ar iyo, Tumca, rasakvirvelia, iranuli modiT zedmet gatacebas TviTon Tanamedrovenic amCnevdnen. ai, magaliTad, maSin iswavles qarTvelebma fexmorTxmiT jdoma, manamde ki skamebi hqondaT. fexmorTxmiT mjdomi qarTveli XVII saukunis meore naxevarSi gaCnda, manamde ar iyo. Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom amasTan erTad skamebic da sakarcxulebic SeinarCunes. XIX saukunis dasawyisSi, rogorc Cans, sakmarisad sasacilo iyo, rom erTsa da imave saxlSi dabali taxtic idga, sadac adamianebi ase Caikecebodnen da Cveulebrivi evropuli skamebic, xan imaze isxdnen, xan amaze. sxvaTa Soris, analogiuri ram xdeba WedurobaSi swored gremis skolaSi. am sakiTxs jer kidev rodis ikvlevda q-ni rene Smerlingi, mere giorgi CubinaSvili da, gansakuTrebiT, bolo dros vrclad _ b-ni Teimuraz sayvareliZe. gremSi gadmoiRes sxvanairi liTonis kveTis teqnika _ winidan saWreTliT raRacanairad amuSaveben, zemodan qvemoT Cadian da CakveTiT, ufro sworad, zeda fenis mocliT foTlovani ornamenti keTdeba. Zalian lamazia, magram am ornamentis gamoyeneba, ra Tqma unda, iranuli ar aris, iq mas sul sxvanairad iyeneben. maSinac ki, rodesac es ornamenti fons faravs, misi xaliCiseburoba mainc ar aris imdenad najeri, Warbi, rom zedapiri mTlianad 257
waSalos da erTian sifrifana foTlebis naxlarTad gadaaqcios. gadmoiRes patiosani Tvlebi, romlebic iranisa moewonaT, Tundac firuzi manamde ase uxvad ar ixmareboda. iyo, ra Tqma unda, magram ase Warbad _ ara. is mainc sxvanairad aris naxmari, ar agereva aRmosavlur nakeTobebSi. indoelebs filmebSi rom acviaT gasaocari tanisamosi, romelzec qsovili ar Cans, imdeni Tvalia _ es ar gaakeTes. sakmarisad didi monakveTebia fonis, Cans moCarCoeba da sxvanairia. am SemTxvevaSic, raRac motivi moisesxes, magram TavianT saWiroebasa da gemovnebas moarges. gavimeoreb da vityvi, rom Cemi azriT, miT umetes, im saSinel gasaWirSi esec SemoqmedobiTobis formaa. Cven xSirad ver warmogvidgenia, Tu rogori iyo imdroindeli cxovreba da rogor ucnaurad upasuxebda mas qarTveli. ukve ramdeni welia, Cems studentebs vekiTxebi, ra suraTi udgebaT Tvalwin besikis leqsebis wakiTxvisas. nuTu warmoidgen, rom es yvelaferi dawera adamianma, romelic, jer erTi, qarTlidan imereTSi gaaZeves da Tanac xan omSia da xan diplomatiur samsaxurSi? leqsebSi aris laparaki mxolod sevdis baRze, yvavilebsa da mijnurobaze. TiTqos iseTi dalxenili yofaa, rom vaJi da qali marto imaze fiqrobs, TvalSi vin mouvida, guli vin mouwyla da samijnuro ambebis gamo sul xvneSa-tirilSi arian. arada, am dros yofa iseTi iyo, rom diliT erT adgilas Semovardeboda lekis marbieli razmi da saRamos kidev _ meore adgilas, xan saiT gaiqceoda mefis razmi mosagerieblad da xanac saiT. mudmivad ase xdeboda. adamiani saxlidan rom gadioda, ar icoda, dabrundeboda Tu ara, radgan SeiZleboda, romelime sxva razms gzaSi moetacebina. saidan da rogor Semodiodnen es moTareSeebi, marTali giTxraT, verc vxvdebi, iseT gasaocar adgilebSi Cndebian da iseTi siswrafiT uCinardebian. aman sxvagvari nagebobebi gaaCina. Senoba, romelSic SeTavsebulia sameurneo, sacxovrebeli da saTavdacvo funqcia, XVIII saukuneSi Cndeba. Cemma maswavlebelma, b-nma leo rCeuliSvilma, es Senobebi Zalian kargad gaaanaliza. iseTi koxtebia, imdenad kargadaa mofiqrebuli, dagegmarebuli, magram 258
gaWirvebisaa. adamians, romelic vazs krefda da Rvinos wuravda, imaze ratomRa unda efiqra, rom saTofuric iqve hqonda? magram sxva gza ar iyo da es gasaWirma gaaCina. aseve gaCnda qarTlsa da kaxeTSi e.w. galavnebi, ai, sveticxovlis taZars rom aqvs an muxranSi rom cixea. es aris didi, moRobili adgili, sadac SigniT maincdamainc naSenoba araa _ erTi an ori Senoba dgas. mTavaria, iq iyos didi mokavebuli adgili, sadac, Tu marbieli movida, soflebi, zogjer ramdenimec, Tavis bargian-naxirianad Seafarebs Tavs. esec, kacma rom Tqvas, SemoqmedebiTi pasuxia da sainteresoa, rogor amkoben isini amgvari galavnebis Sesasvlelebs. zogjer meCveneba, rom, etyoba, marto amaze fiqrobdnen, rogorme monumenturi gaekeTebinaT. esec raRacis maniSnebelia, rom am ukiduresi gaWirvebisasac ki, rodesac yvelaferi ukiduresad funqciuri unda iyos, cdiloben, Tvalic gaaxaron, mTlad unugeSo, SiSveli da quSi ar iyos maTi garemo. es mxatvrul-SemoqmedebiTi muxti maSinac ki rCeba. kidev vambob, SeiZleba raRaca meCveneba, magram mainc mgonia, rom es erTgvar Sinagan udrekobasac mowmobs da Semoqmedebis Wiasac, romelic aucileblad unda gaaxaro, Torem ar mogasvenebs. rogorc iliam Tqva _ gulidan gareT unda gamoitano Seni nagrZnob-nafiqri da es, xelovnebaSi gacxadebuli swrafva adamianisa, aqac ki iCens Tavs. aris dargebi, sadac Cveni arqiteqtura am droSic savsebiT SemoqmedebiTia. me vambobdi, rom taZris arqiteqturaSi gauWirdaT, radgan srulyofili modeli hqondaT da am models ver eleodnen, vinaidan, Cemi azriT, msoflmxedvelobas bzari gauCnda. Tumca imave saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebaSi sadac aseTi, srulebiT aSkara, nimuSi ar aqvT, Cven vxedavT sruliad araCveulebriv samreklos arqiteqturas. es adre vaxseneT da mxolod magaliTebs davasaxeleb. maTgan ori namdvili Sedevria, erTmaneTze ukeTesi: XVI saukunis ninowmindis samreklo da XVII saukunis anCisxatis samreklo. yvelas SegiZliaT, SeamowmoT, rogor aris agebuli anCisxatis samreklo. Tqven midixarT nebismieri mxridan, ginda erekles moednidan da ginda sanapirodan, miyvebiT SavTelis 259
quCas da xedavT, rom dgas bWe, zemodan ki _ fanCaturi. is Tan SuaSi dgas da Tan SuaSi srulebiTac ar aris, marjvena kidiskenaa Caweuli, Tuki rusTavelis gamziridan midixarT. ras niSnavs es? saqme is gaxlavT, rom quCebis qseli, Cvenda bedad, iq ar Secvlila. aseTi Zalian cota gvaqvs. es erT-erTia im adgilTagan, sadac garemo struqturulad iseTive aris. Tqven rom SuaSi dayenebuli fanCaturi dagenaxaT, is marcxniv gadmovardeboda, mas pirdapir kideze dainaxavdiT da mogeCvenebodaT, rom es-esaa TavSi dagecemaT. ostatma es gaTvala, magram marto es ar ikmara. man aiRo swored sworkuTxa CarCoSi Casmuli TaRis motivi, aqeT-iqidan orive _ ezosa da quCis _ fasadze gaukeTa kidev or-ori niSi erTmaneTis zemoT, oRond, quCis mxridan es motivi brtyelia da proporciebSi ganieri, xolo ezos mxridan es maRalia da gakeTebuli aris lojia. amgvarad, Tqven uyurebT erTi da imave motividan gakeTebul or sxvadasxva fasads, romlebic morgebulia niadagis sxvadasxva simaRles, quCisas da ezosas. erT SemTxvevaSi, absoluturad dasrulebul kompozicias vxedavT, gacocxlebuls feriTac _ tani agurisaa da CarTuli aqvs yviTeli qva kaTalikos domentis warweriT. zemoT aris mwvane qvis fanCaturi da amiTac gacocxlebulia. srulebiT araCveulebrivia. ostatma imdenic moaxerxa, rom am SenobaSi sacxovrebeli oTaxic moaTavsa da gareTa niSebSi ki, rogorc Cans, xatebi idga. amdeni ram aris mofiqrebuli. sxvaTa Soris, sacxovrebeli oTaxebi ninowmindaSic aris, magram iq adgilic cotaa da Tanac, etyoba, galavani ukve idga da taZaric sxvanairia. maSin ninowmindis taZars jer kidev gumbaTi hqonda da maRali iyo. amitom arqiteqtorma koSkiviT samreklo gaakeTa da gaawyo aguris amoRebiT miRebuli jvrebiT, rombebiT, CarCoebiT. vinaidan is Tavis fantazias misdevs da SemzRudavi araferi aqvs, es yvelaferi zustad aris morgebuli. nageboba sarTulebad aris dayofili, fanCaturi ki viTomda gumbaTicaa, magram aq Zalian maRal moculobasa da masze horizontalur danawevrebas Soris winaaRmdegoba ar aris. srulebiT araCveulebrivi fasadebia da interierierebic 260
_ aranaklebi. yvela sarTuli sxvanairia _ sxvanairi kamara, sxvanairi gumbaTi, sxvanairad gawyobili kedlebi. yvelaferi funqciuria da Tan kidev, esTetikursac ki ver ityvi _ esTeturi. amasTanave es yvelaferi nakeTebia umartivesi masaliT _ aguriT. gana agurze martivi ra unda iyos? moWiqulsac ki ar xmarobs. SeiZleba odesRac moWiquli saxuravi ki hqonda, magram TviTon tani ar aris feradi. marto amiT akeTebs ulamazess da gaTvlils natifi adamianisTvis, romelic mas moewoneba. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom giorgi CubinaSvils kaxeTis amgvari arqiteqtura evropul rokokos axsenebda, sadac, mogexsenebaT, Zalian uxvi xSiri, foTlovani ornamenti modebulia kedlebsa da Werze an kamaraze. aq es ase ar aris. Tumca iqac msubuqia, ar aris msxvili moculobebi, wvrili naxatia. aqac wvrili naxatia, Zalian natifi da daxvewili. aseTive rame aris alaverdis taZris gadarCenil satrapezoze. iq, bedad, episkoposis sasaxleSi gadarCa dauzianebelad satrapezo Tavisi kamariT. kamara iqac aseTi aris _ damuSavebuli aguris naxati, romelsac gegoneba, xaliCa Seafineso. amas rom uyureb, ra Tqma unda, Zalian genaneba, rom ar darCa sasaxleebi, ar darCa saxlebi. imitom ara, rom Tavi moiwono, ra sra-sasaxle midgaso, ara, ubralod, es iqneboda saintereso sanaxaoba. Tumca rac gvaqvs, imasac verafers vSveliT. me mainc mgonia, rom rame unda vifiqroT. Zalian medardeba da meZvirfaseba e.w. avTentikuri yvelaferi. Tumca, rodesac viciT, rom arqiteqtura (Telavis sasaxle aris amis magaliTi) misdevs mdidruli sparsuli sasaxleebis nimuSs da Cven vxedavT aguris fasads... ar mjera, rom iq aguri iyo. absoluturad darwmunebuli var, rom Selesili iqneboda, SeiZleba _ moxatulic. SigniT rom moxatuli iyo, zustad vici. vfiqrob, rom sarkeebic iqneboda. amitom nu movatyuebT momsvlels, rom es is aris, rom es XVII saukunea, magram rame unda viRonoT. es TeTri kedlebi simaxinjea, ar SeiZleba, ase iyos, es aris arqiteqturuli tyuili. amis Zalian saintereso analogebi arsebobs. magaliTad, liubekSi, germaniaSi, goTikuri eklesia dgas, mgoni, XV sau261
kunisa da iq iyo niSebi, sadac unda mdgariyo qandakebebi. am qandakebebis Sesruleba ver moeswro. amitomac 1930-ian wlebSi daukveTes erns barlaxs, SesaniSnav moqandakes, romelmac ramdenime gaakeTa, magram mere nacistebi mouvidnen da mas muSaoba aekrZala. omis Semdeg es saqme agreTve Zalian kargma moqandakem gerhard marqsma gaagrZela. gana vinme malavs, rom es qandakebebi XX saukunisaa?! Tqven dainaxavT, rom es ar aris goTikuri qandakebebi, magram arqiteqturulad es simarTlea _ niSebi carieli ar unda iyos. ase rom, Tqven dRes aSkarad xedavT ori epoqis TanamSromlobas, magram ise, rom mxatvruli saxe im odindeli Canafiqrisa, ubralod, aSkarad sxva dros aris ganxorcielebuli. aseve gaakeTes vavelSi, krakovSi, poloneTSi. iq renesansuli sasaxle aqvT. Weri kesonebiT iyo da kesonebSi unda yofiliyo Tavebi. mgoni, ramdenime gadarCa, magram, ZiriTadad, Tavebi aRar iyo Casmuli. amitom XX saukuneSi Zalian niWierma polonelma moqandakem, qsaveri dunikovskim, gaakeTa, Seavso da es Cans. Tqven maSinve dainaxavT da gamoarCevT renesansuli nakeTobisgan, magram iq arqiteqturuli simarTlea. me meCveneba, rom raRac, am mxriv, mosafiqrebeli aris, oRond, swored rom _ mosafiqrebeli. veceT pirdapir da rac TavSi mogviva, is gavakeToT, ar aris saWiro. CavataroT 38 konkursi an 138, Tu es saWiro iqneba, magram nu vawvalebT am arqiteqturas. nu migvyavs adamianebi raRac sivrceebSi, romlebic Tavis Tavs srulebiT aRar hgavs. TeTr kedlebs rom vuyurebT, es ciliswamebaa im mSeneblebisa, romlebsac aseTi araferi CaufiqrebiaT. samwuxarod, aki vambob, rac Cven SegvrCa esaa: erTi gabdRvnili, srulebiT gaveranebuli darbazi quTaisSi, erTic ganadgurebuli, kamaraCaqceuli Senoba, erTgvari saqeifo darbazi alvanSi da srulebiT gaCanagebuli nasasaxlari gremis Semdeg, kidev erTi _ alvanSi. magram, rac SemogvrCa, imas mainc xom unda mivxedoT, rame xom unda gavakeToT? aris kidev sasaxleebis nangrevebi da maTzec unda vifiqroT, Torem isinic ganadgurdeba. iq TiTo-TiTo kedeli dgas da moispoba. Cven unda vifiqroT, rogor avaSenoT. axla da262
savleTSi amas akeTeben da SeiZleba, es zogjer sakamaTo iyos, zogjer ki ubralod cudia, magram TavisTavad xerxi, rom Zveli fragmenti moaqcio raRac iseTSi, rac masac gadaarCens da, rac mTavaria, sicocxles miscems, me vfiqrob, srulebiT aucilebelia. kargia, Tu is aRar iqneba ubralod kedeli, romelic ratomRac Sua mindorSi dgas, Tu funqcias SeiZens da viRacis cxovrebis nawilad iqceva. aris aseTi sasaxleebi ZaRinaSi, nulSi, kodiswyaroSi. Zalian araswori mgonia maTi ase gawirva. viTomda vufrTxildebiT da, sinamdvileSi, vwiravT. isini namdvilad daifSvneba, agur-agur daiSleba. gadasadgmeli aris Tamami da, amave dros, Zalian kargad mofiqrebuli, asi aTasjer awonil-dawonili nabiji. SeuZlebeli es ar aris da verc imas vityviT, rom Cven amas ver gavakeTebT. SegviZlia, es gavakeToT, oRond unda mivxvdeT, rom am SeZlebas gamovlena unda. amisTvis saWiro aris pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba, romelic dRes sazogadoebaSi iseT donezea, rom SeiZleba nuls qvemoT iyos, Torem, zeviT rom gadmosuli ar aris, mgoni, sakmarisad aSkaraa. XVIII saukunis movlenaTagan yvelaze saintereso albaT is aris, rom saukunis bolosken Cven jer kidev damoukidebel saqarTveloSi vadasturebT dasavlur arqiteqturasTan erTgvar miaxloebas da, warmoidgineT, motivebis sesxebasac ki. jer kidev XVIII saukunis sul dasawyisSi (es aRmoCena q-n maia manias ekuTvnis) Tbilelma Tavisi qarvaslis fasadze sarkmlebs frontonebi gaukeTa. ar vici, SeiZleba is klasicizmidan ar amodioda, magram klasicistur motivebs metismetad waagavs. saidan movida, saidan moafiqrda, ver getyviT, magram faqtia. amas garda, Cven manavSi gvaqvs XVIII saukunis bolos RmrTismSoblis Sobis taZari, romelic giorgi XII-is megobarma, daviT garejis udabnos wm. ioane naTlismcemlis monastris winamZRvarma, eqvTimem 1794 wels aaSena. iq karis moCarCoebebsa da gumbaTis morTulobebSi Zveli sqema namdvilad SenarCunebulia, magram Sevsebuli aris evropuli brtyeli pilastrebiT, sadac cxadia, gardasaxuli, magram evropuli elementebi Zalian aSkarad ikiTxeba. es araa gasakviri, vinaidan im os263
tatma SeiZleba mTlad zustad ar icodes is orderi, radgan arc panTeoni Seuswavlia da arc parTenoni. XIX saukunis sul dasawyisSi Cemma mogvareebma xelTubanSi eklesia aaSenes da araCveulebrivad saintereso ram gaakeTes: aiRes Cveneburi kupelhale da oTxkuTxa yelze evropuli gumbaTi daadges, sarkmlebs raRac ucnauri sapireebi gaukeTes, iqve dasves es kaxuri jvrebic da kidev _ moWiquli saxuravi, romelic axla aRar aris, magram iyo. me fragmentebs jer kidev Seveswari _ mwvane Wiquri iyo. aSkarad eZeben raRacas. aseTive Zieba iyo, rogorc Cans, qvaSveTSi, romelic axla aRar aris. givi amilaxvris mier aSenebul XVIII saukunis qvaSveTSi ZiriTad daniSnulebasTan Zalian sainteresod iyo misadagebuli TavdacviTi funqcia, romelic eklesias ukve unda hqondes, radgan qveyana usafrTxo aRar aris, yoveldRe omia. maSin qvaSveTi qalaqis galavnis gareT idga, gareubanSi, baRebSi. amitom oTxi afsidi hqonda, martivi tetrakonqi iyo. zemodan, konqebis zemoT, iyo sivrce patara sarkmlebiT. is sacxovrebladac vargoda, Tu Zalian gaWirdeboda da Tavdasacavadac. aris magaliTebi. viciT, rom iq ojaxebic cxovrobdnen. misi asli, Tumca asli araswori sityvaa, misi erTgvari analogi aSenda XIX saukunis dasawyisSi. andronikaSvilebma aaSenes sofel qodaloSi, gare kaxeTSi. dgas es eklesia, dResac arsebobs. iq kidev xedav, rogor gardasaxes is, rac givi amilaxvris eklesiaSi iyo, ra daamates, ra moakles. ase rom, es SemoqmedebiTi damokidebuleba gamoleuli ar aris, potencia arsebobs. me yuradRebas vamaxvileb dasavluri elementebis Semosvlaze da, ai, ratom: TavisTavad es tendencia SeiZleba moviwonoT an ar moviwonoT. dasavluri elementebi Semodis imitomve, ratomac aRmosavluri Semodioda _ saxsrad uRonobisa. ganwyoba daaxloebiT amgvaria: ver vqmni im sqemiT, romelic XII saukunidan sul minda gavimeoro, mas veRarafers vmateb, amitom, modi, vcdi da iqneb, im gareSem miSvelos. raRac TvalsazrisiT, Svelis, radgan SemoqmedebiTia, Tumca, cxadia, es problemis gadawyveta ar aris, mxolod morigi mcdelobaa da rogorc mcdeloba, sworedac rom Rirebuli da dasafasebe264
lia. miT umetes, nu dagvaviwydeba, rom maSindeli evropa CvenTvis Zalian Soria. Tumca, imavdroulad, anton I kaTalikosi da mis gverdiT myofi adamianebi gamalebiT Targmnian saxelmZRvaneloebs da cdiloben, rusi avtorebisa ki ar Targmnon, aramed evropelebis _ germanelis, frangis, ingliselis. ratom Targmnian maincdamainc evropelebisas? rusebsac xom aqvT es saxelmZRvaneloebi? Tu Zalian gaWirda da, miT umetes, Tu sarwmunoebas exeba, ra Tqma unda, rusul wigns aiReben, magram istoria, fizika, maTematika sul evropuli enebidan aqvT naTargmni. maT Tvali iqiT uWiravT. es aris Cveni istoriis ucnauri paradoqsi. XIII saukunis Sua xanidan, rusudan dedofliT dawyebuli, mokavSires jer sadRac espaneTsa da safrangeTSi veZebT da roca iq araferi gamogviva, mereRa mivmarTavT gverdiT myof ruseTs. ver getyviT, ratom aris ase, ar vici. veraviTar racionalur mizezs ver vxedav. yovel SemTxvevaSi, me ar mesmis, ratom unda mivmarTo cxra mTas iqiT myofs daxmarebisaTvis, Tuki gverdiT vinme meguleba. TiTqos Tanamorwmunea da mas unda mivakiTxo, magram georgievskis traqtatis winac ki erekle II-m kidev erTxel scada da daxmarebisaTvis prusiis mefes, fridrix II-s, mimarTa. gaigo, rom is yvelaze Zlevamosili xelmwifea, samxedro TvalsazrisiT, warmatebuli da pirvelad imas hkiTxa. roca araferi gamovida, maSinRa wavida peterburgSi. ar vici, ratom. ar ganvixilav, me mxolod vambob, rom es ase iyo. am konteqstSi arqiteqturaSi amgvari evropuli elementebis gaCena imas niSnavs, rom es mTliani kulturaa. saxviT xelovnebaSi sasacilomdec ki midis saqme, ise cdiloben evropuli graviurebis gadmoxatvas swored XVIII saukuneSi. Tumca ukve saukunis bolosken Tundac besik gabaSvilis mama, mama zaqaria, romelic gelaTSi ikonostasebs xatavs, am graviurebs ise gardasaxavs, rom maT amosacnobad specialisti aris saWiro. Zalian sainteresoa, rom, roca Cveulebrivi adamiani amas xedavs, fiqrobs, raoden evropuli gaukeTebiao. arada, rodesac Cemma kolegam, q-nma mzia janjaliam, es da sxva amdroindeli xatebi da 1823 wlis bodbis moxatuloba 265
evropul nimuSebs Seadara, saocari Sedegi miiRo. imas rom daudeb gverdiT, axedav da Turme mTlad klasikuri xatwera giWiravs. TiTqos sadRac Sua gzazea. Zalian saintereso analogiuri movlenebi aris, magaliTad, bulgareTSi. XVIII saukunis bolos iqac msgavsi ram xdeba, magram bulgareTs evropa gverdiT hyavda da Cven xom Sors varT, yovelnairad Sors, ratom veZebT amas?! Tan rusuli graviurebidan ki ar iReben, aramed _ holandiuridan, germanulidan. neta sad Soulobdnen am wignebs, es xom advili ar iyo?! etyoba, kaTolike misionrebs gamoarTves. ar vici, saidan, magram faqtia, rom moaqvT. xandaxan graviurebi amoWrilia evropuli wignebidan da qarTul xelnawerebSia Cakruli. arsebobs es xelnawerebi. iseTi undaT. undaT, radgan iqneb es iyos is sarkmeli, saidanac sufTa haeri Semova da gzas gavagrZelebT. erT-erTi bolo, rac damoukidebel saqarTveloSi gakeTda, iyo giorgi XII-is an, rogorc mas eZaxdnen, giorgi ukanasknelis vaJis, ioane batoniSvilis, gegma, rogor unda gardaiqmnas qarTl-kaxeTis samefo, sadac ra aRar aris _ universitetic, muzeumic, stambac. iq yvelaferi gaTvaliswinebulia. aris regularuli jaric, romelic me Zalian ar momwons, magram maSin yvelaze sicocxlisunarianad es Canda. es isev da isev dasavluri modeli iyo. aqeT, aRmosavleTSi, aseTi ram maincdamainc ar yofila. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, es e.w. evropulic, romelsac xSirad rusebs vCuqniT, roca vambobT, rom maTTan erTad Semovida, sinamdvileSi, sulac ar gvaqvs viRacisTvis samadlobeli. es Cven TviTon gvindoda da Tu ara Zaldataneba, romelzedac ukve Semdeg mogaxsenebT, me vfiqrob, rom Cveni kulturuli cxovreba gacilebiT ufro Tanmimdevrulad, organulad warimarTeboda da ase mgonia, is mkveTri texilebi da Cavardnebic _ wyvetebs ver davarqmev _ ar iqneboda. politikurad qveyana ukiduresad mZime mdgomareobaSi iyo da aseve aris dRes, rodesac aRarc ki vici, ra hqvia im mdgomareobas, romelSic vimyofebiT, magram es arc maSin niSnavda da arc dRes niSnavs TviTon qarTveli eris SemoqmedebiTi energiis gamofitvas. 266
araviTar SemTxvevaSi! potenciali maSinac didi iyo da dResac Zalian didia. vinc aswavlis qarTul saswavleblebSi (me ukve TiTqmis 40 welia vaswavli), SeuZlebelia ar daadasturos, rom ar arsebobs aseTi weli, rodesac Cvens auditoriebSi am Tu im konkretuli xelobisTvis vargisi da Zalian niWieri ori-sami adamiani mainc ar mova. es Zalian bevria, batonebo, amaze meti arc erT qveyanaSi ar aris. iq rom as studentSi zis ori niWieri da me kidev TxuTmet kacSi ori myavs, es Zalian maRali maCvenebelia. Cven, raodenobrivi simciris gamo, es gvecotaveba da sinamdvileSi ki Zalian bevria. danarCenebSic, romlebic SeiZleba am xelobas didad ar gamoadgenen, yovelTvis aris raRac. yvelaSi raRac niWia, raRac unaria _ vin ras akeTebs da vin ras. magaliTad, zogierT Cvens students, romelic, Cemi azriT, maincdamainc ar brwyinavda, saocari monacemebi aRmoaCnda _ zogs finansistis, zogs kidev menejeris. mokled, gasakviri ambavia. erT-erTi Zalian niWieri kursdamTavrebuli, romelmac Cvens dargs, samwuxarod, Tavi daaneba, imisTana saqmeebs akeTebs, rom verc warmomidgenia, amis keTeba rogor SeiZleba. es xom unaria, es xom adamians unda SeeZlos?! axla sxva qveyanaSi akeTebs saerTod raRac sagmiro saqmeebs, CemTvis lamisaa mosasmenadac daujerebels, magram asea. piriqiT, Cven unda gvesmodes _ raxan es SemoqmedebiTi unari arsebobs, swored amitom aris saWiro am qveynis SenarCuneba. is rom gamoleuli iyos, maSin ra azri eqneboda Cvens yofnas?! leSebiviT Tu daveyrebiT, ra mniSvneloba aqvs, damoukideblebi viqnebiT Tu sxvis monobaSi? Tu arafris maqnisi xar, aRaraferi SegiZlia, saTqmeli da gamosaxatavi aRar gaqvs, ra mniSvneloba aqvs, vin moiyvans yanaSi xorbals _ koreeli, marseli Tu sxva galaqtikidan mofrenili rvafexa?! amas araviTari mniSvneloba ar aqvs. maSinac iyo es SemoqmedebiTi muxti da swored imitom gadadges Cvenma xelmwifeebma, rogorc gairkva, mTlad sabediswero Tu ara, Zalian mZime nabiji ruseTTan nair-nairi xelSekrulebebis dadebisas. swored imitom, rom amas xedavdnen! isini xedavdnen qveyanas, romelsac SeuZlia 267
arseboba, amitom saWiro iyo misi gadarCena, Torem sxva ra _ mokvdeboda da mokvdeboda. axlac zustad igive xdeba. oRond erTia _ imaT sazogadoeba mainc datoves, myari sazogadoeba. Cven sazogadoebac aRar gvaqvs da Zalian didi Zalisxmevaa saWiro. samwuxarod, unda vTqva, rom es, upirveles yovlisa, sakuTar Tavze ukve qarTvelma axalgazrdobam unda aiRos. mesmis, rom advili ar aris sxvis mier dakavebul asparezze Semosvla, magram, vfiqrob, rom studenturi asakis adamianebma an studentobidan axlad gamosulebma Zalian daJinebiT unda ifiqron imaze, ra SeuZliaT, gaakeTon gindac dRevandel pirobebSi, gindac 10, 15 an 20 wlis Semdeg, rodesac, madloba ufals, es asparezi ukve maTi iqneba. maT aqedanve unda daiwyon fiqri, darazmva _ ara politikuri partiebis Seqmna, rac srulebiT umaqnisia, Tu Sen idea ar gagaCnia. swored, ideebis, gegmebis momwifebaa saWiro. saWiroa ideebsa da idealebze fiqri. Cven vlaparakobT Rirebulebebze da es carieli sityvebia, maT miRma Sinaarsi ar aris. evropuli Rirebulebebi... aba, hkiTxeT, vinc amas qadagebs, ras gulisxmobs da imisTanas getyviT, rom neta gaCumebuliyo. maT sulac ar ician, es ra aris. pirovneba Rirebuliao, rom gaiZaxian, esmiT pirovneba ra aris? pirovnebaSi ra aris Rirebuli, esmiT? pirovnebis Tavisufleba ra aris, esmiT? maT esmiT es dasavleTSi yvelaze arafrismaqnisi, myvirala fenisgan da ara namdvili dasavleTisgan, romelic samoTxe ar aris, arc idealia, arc srulyofilia. modiT, rac saRia, is mainc viswavloT da ara raRac sisulele! es yvelaferi ukve axalgazrda Taobam unda gaakeTos iseve, rogorc XIX saukuneSi. maSinac axalgazrdobam ikisra sruli politikuri katastrofis Semdeg qveynis gaZRola, misi gadarCena da gzaze dayeneba. rogor gamovida es da ranairad aisaxa Tundac Cvens samSeneblo kulturaze, amaze ukve Semdeg visaubrebT.
268
15. XIX saukunis arqiteqtura dRevandeli saubris Tema, XIX saukunisa da XX saukunis pirveli 15-16 wlis arqiteqtura, sakmaod rTuli da mZimea. rTulia, radgan ara mxolod arqiteqturaze, aramed mTlianad XIX saukuneze, sazogadod, am epoqaze Cveni dRevandeli codna, rbilad rom vTqvaT, naklulia da, naklulobis garda _ araCveulebrivad calmxrivic, Tumca es epoqa qronologiurad Cvengan arcTu Sorsaa. esa Tu is avtori, istorikosi, mwerali am drois sazogadoebriv, politikur, kulturul da a.S. cxovrebas SesaZloa mravali kuTxiT kidec ganixilavs, magram ganxilva yovelTvis imdenad calsaxaa, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, brtyelia, rom sxvadasxva waxnagis SeerTeba raime mTlianobad Zalze Wirs. amas obieqturi mizezi aqvs _ is winaaRmdegobrivia, marTlac, ar aris calsaxa da ar aris erTmniSvnelovani. SeiZleba, amdenad urTierTgamomricxavi movlenebiT aRsavse xana Cvens istoriaSi sxva arc ki iyos. simZime arc wina saukuneebs aklda, mZime iyo XVIII saukunec, XVII saukunec, XV saukunec, gindac arabobis xana da bevri sxvac. Tumca XIX saukunis winaaRmdegobebi ufro TvalsaCinoa da, me vityodi, sxvagvari simZafriTac Cans albaT imitomac, rom masala metia da mowadinebuls SeuZlia metis naxva, metis mosinjva, ufro axlos misvla XIX saukunis adamianTan da misi cxovrebis wesTan Tu TavgadasvlebTan. rodesac epoqas ecnobiT, kiTxulobT istorias qarTvelobis erTian daqveiTebaze, gadagvarebaze, gansakuTrebiT, saukunis pirvel naxevarSi an, piriqiT _ mudam SemarTebiT mebrZol saqarTveloze. asevea calkeuli adamianebis SemTxvevaSic. magaliTad, dimitri yifiani viRacisTvis susti da damyolia, sxvisTvis ki _ rusul reJimTan sal kldesaviT mebrZoli. es viRacisTvis mxolod erovnuli brZolis epoqaa, viRacisTvis ki isev mxolod _ socialuri brZolis epoqa. viRacisTvis yvelafers ucxo Zala _ Tundac rusuli xiSti da somxuri fuli _ gansazRvravs, viRacisTvis es faqtori saerTod gam269
qralia. magaliTad, kiTxulob qarTuli mwerlobis istorias da saerTod ar Cans, rom gverdiT arsebobda vinme sxvac, davuSvaT, Tundac daviT erisTavi, Tumc gadmokeTebuli, magram Cveni Teatris istoriisTvis esoden mniSvnelovani piesis, `samSoblos~, avtori, romelic TanamSromlobda rusul presasTan da wlebis ganmavlobaSi iyo ara mxolod Jurnalisti, aramed karikaturistic. simarTle giTxraT, ver movixelTe, ver vnaxe, rogor karikaturebs xatavda, magram faqtia, rom rusul presaSi aqveynebda. iyo, magaliTad, daviT kezelic da isic rusul presaSi ibeWdeboda, Tundac niko nikolaZe, romelic qarTuladac werda, magram raRac xani ufro metad – rusulad. arada, es yvelaferi TiTqos ar iyo. me vfiqrob, mTeli saqme isaa, rom aseT viTarebaSi verc klasebs gamijnav, verc wodebebs, verc adamianebs dahyof banakebad da verc am banakebs daapirispireb. dramatulad winaaRmdegobrivia es xana da dramatulad winaaRmdegobrivia adamianic. erTma da imave ilia WavWavaZem Tavis lelT Runias isic aTqmevina, rom Cveni Tavi Cvenadve unda gveyudnodes da dadebiTi movlenaao, saqarTveloSi rusuli jaris Semosvlis asi wlisTavze esec dawera _ gana imitom, rom man lelT Runia daiviwya, aramed imitom, rom hqonda am movlenas sxva mxarec. TviTon rusuli mmarTvelobis Sefasebac ase martivad ar xerxdeba. vTqvaT, Cven vambobT, TiTqos mas araferi gaukeTebia da maSinve ismis pasuxad, rom rkinigzac gaiyvana, gzebic moawesriga, avazakobac mospo da lekianobac Sewyvita meore naxevarSi mainc saukunisa. qalaqebic xom gaSenda? amis uaryofa sisulele iqneba iseve, rogorc Tqma imisa, rom dRevandeli axalgazrdobis sasaxle TbilisSi rusi mTavarmarTeblis sasaxle arasodes yofila. misgan vimemkvidreveT, faqtia. rogor vTqvaT, rom saqarTvelos muzeumi gagrZeleba ar aris rusuli xelisuflebis mier daarsebuli kavkasiis muzeumisa? Tundac ukanasknel magaliTSi Zalian mkafiod Cans araTu orsaxovneba, aramed mravalsaxovneba am movlenebisa. sinamdvileSi, kavkasiuri muzeumis arsebobis dasawyisi unda veZeboT ori qarTvelis _ yvelasTvis cnobili poetis, 270
rafiel erisTavisa da erT-erTi qobulaSvilis _ kerZo koleq ciebSi. maT rafiel erisTavis saxlSi, aleqsandre WavWavaZisa da griboedovis quCebis gadakveTaze, gamofena moawyves an namuSevrebs Tavi mouyares. es ambavi, ramdenadac vici, dazustebiT cnobili ar aris. Semdeg es namuSevrebi kavkasiis muzeumis koleqciaSi Sevida, oRond ise, rom amis Sesaxeb piradad me marto kote ColoyaSvilisagan msmenia. arada, rogorc wesi, dResac ise iwereba da iTqmis, TiTqos es marto gustav radem gaakeTa. cxadia, gustav rade Zalian mniSvnelovani moRvawe iyo, Tumca esec ar aris erTmniSvnelovani. magaliTad, mis mier aRmoCenili yvelaze efeqturi eqsponati _ qarTveli meomris sruli aRWurviloba raxtian-muzaradian-yvelafrianad, romlis Sesaxebac ambad vici, Torem TvaliT is me arasodes minaxavs, radem Tavis samSobloSi, berlinSi gaagzavna, ruseTSic ki ara. SeiZleba, sruliad gulwrfelad fiqrobda, modi, gamoCndes kavkasia germaniis muzeumSi, sadac bevri xalxi dadis da iqneb vinme kidec dainteresdeso. SeiZleba asec iyo, magram man xom berlinis muzeumi gaamdidra da ara Tbilisisa. rade saqarTveloSi rusuli xelisuflebis mier iyo dapatiJebuli. is aq atarebda rusul politikas, romelic Zalian saintersoa TavisTavad. 1918 wlamde kavkasiis muzeums qarTveli TanamSromeli ar hyolia, somexi ki, mgoni, erTi hyavda. wesdebaSi albaT mTlad sityvebiT ar dawerdnen, magram gansazRvruli iyo, rom adgilobrivi, rogorc administratorebi ityodnen, `tuzemeci~ aq ar unda hyolodaT. da mainc, gana kavkasiis muzeumma dadebiTi araferi moitana? moitana, magram arsebobs sxva mxarec _ is koloniuri dawesebuleba gaxldaT. gavixsenoT Tundac didebis taZari, sadac 1920 wlidan erovnuli galereaa. albaT, es iyo kidev erTi saintereso muzeumi sakmarisad mdidari koleqciiT da am SenobaSi gamofenebi imarTeboda. es kavkasiis dapyrobis muzeumi iyo, magram iq gigo gabaSvilis gamofenebi ewyoboda. sxvac ifineboda, sagamofeno sivrce iyo da, am mxriv _ dadebiTi movlena. Tumca, amave dros, es Senoba da mis mopirdapired mdgomi, aw ukve didi xania ararsebuli, 271
wm. aleqsandre nevelis taZari iyo simbolo imisa, rom rusuli Zalaufleba movida da wasvlas ar apirebs. sainteresoa isic, rom taZaris saxelwodeba amgvarad JRerda _ samxedro taZari kavkasiis dapyrobis xsovnaze. rogoria, eklesia viRacis dapyrobis aRsaniSnavad Sendebodes, magram es taZari aseTi iyo. sxvaTa Soris, SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom 19902000-ian wlebamde am taZris dangrevas sinanuliT aravin ixsenebda. Cemi bebia da papa, romelic samxedro iyo, am taZarSi daqorwindnen, jvari iq daiweres. miuxedavad amisa, bebiaCems srulebiTac ar anaRvlebda misi dangreva. Tu dardobda, mxolod im saflavebs, romlebic iq iyo, pirvel yovlisa ki, 1921 wlis brZolaSi daRupuli qarTveli samxedroebisas. iq iyo ara mxolod iunkrebis cxedrebi, rogorc momabezreblad laparakobs Cveni media, aramed, zogadad, qarTveli samxedroebis _ jariskacebisa da oficrebis neStebic. nuTu imaT xsovnas rame daakldeba, Tuki gavigebT, rom iqve samiode rigiTi da ramednime oficeric marxia. Tumca Cven xom ar SegviZlia, vilaparakoT is, rac sinamdvilea. virCevT raRac ambavs, vaqcevT mas srulebiT uazro lozungad da mere amiT vamaxinjebT movlenebis realur mimdinareobas. saqme is gaxlavT, rom, Tu gvinda, sworad davinaxoT, rac Cvens qveyanaSi xdeboda, unda gaviTvaliswinoT vaxtang kotetiSvilis araCveulebrivi fraza. vaxtang kotetiSvili XIX saukunis saqarTveloze ambobda, rom es iyo ruseTis ori gubernia, romlebsac qarTveli mwerlebi saqarTvelod moixseniebdnen. es Zalian zustad asaxavs namdvil viTarebas _ saqarTvelo ar gamqarala, magram aRar Canda rukaze, aRar iyo administraciulad, aRar arsebobda mmarTvelobiTad, gindac iuridiulad da socialuradac mxolod nawilobriv rCeboda imitom, rom imdroindel saqarTveloSi arsebuli wesrigi arc is iyo, rac saqarTvelos manamde hqonda da arc is, rac winandeli sazogadoebis bunebriv ganviTarebas Sedegad mohyva. arada, amgvari ganviTareba, rogorc Cans, isaxeboda. simarTle giTxraT, ar vici, es mosazreba ramdenad dasabuTebulia, magram arsebobda istorikosebis mTeli jgufi _ 272
b-ni irakli anTelava da misi mowafeebis mTeli dasi, eTer orjonikiZe, ediSer xoStaria da albaT kidev sxvanic _ romelic muSaobis dawyebisas Tvlida, rom XVIII saukuneSi saqarTvelo erTgvar kapitalizmze bunebrivad gadadioda. isini, magaliTad, ambobdnen, rom Tavdaxsna anu memamulisagan sakuTari Tavisa da ojaxis gamosyidva XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi metad gavrcelebuli movlena iyo da Tuki ase gagrZeldeboda, daaxloebiT, XIX saukunis Sua xanisaTvis yma aRar iqneboda an iarsebebda viRac bogano da umiwawylo, romelic memamules msaxurad eyoleboda. kidev vambob, me ar vici, es simarTlea Tu ara, magram aseTi Tvalsazrisi arsebobs. eseni ar iyvnen fuqsavati mkvlevrebi da raki ambobdnen, saamiso argumentebic hqondaT. es mosazrebebi albaT kvlavac gadasaxedia, magram maTi arseboba ukve migviTiTebs, rom XVIII saukune martivi periodi ar aris, am dros sxvadasxva tipis movlenebi xdeba. mxolod imaze ver visaubrebT, rom lekianobaa, mosaxleoba katastrofulad iklebs da marTlia, dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesiac da xelisuflebac devnis, magram mainc ver moviSoreT tyveTa syidva, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSic mudmivi wiokia. marto es ar aris is, rac xdeba, xdeba kidev raRac sxva. rogorc mogaxseneT, piradad CemTvis suraTi naTeli ar aris, Tumca srulebiT araswori mgonia, rodesac Zalian kargi istorikosebi acxadeben, rom aq movlenebi ise ar warimarTa, rogorc dasavleT evropaSi. ra savaldebuloa, Cvens qveyanaSi yvelaferi ise xdebodes, rogorc safrangeTSi? CvenTan monarqia imgvarad, rogorc prusiaSi iyo, ar arsebobda da sociumi ratom unda ganviTarebuliyo maTi TargiT? gana ar SeiZleboda, gardasaxva migveRo, oRond gansxvavebulad da sxva gziT? CemTvis amgvari logika gaugebaria. gegoneba, arsebobs raime savaldebulo modeli. Tuki, magaliTad, SvedeTi im models sul ar misdevs, maSin ra vTqvaT? iqneb is qveyana ar aris an Tundac evropis erT-erTi umdidresi saxelmwifo? aseTi primitiuli sqemebiT msjeloba ar SeiZleba. dResac gamoudmebiT ismis amgvari laparaki. amas winaT movismine, saqarTveloSi Teatris esa da is formebi ar gan273
viTardao. ratomaa savaldebulo, rom ganviTardes? gana ar SeiZleba, CvenTan raRac sxva ganviTardes? ratom aravin ikvirvebs, rom indoneziaSi, davuSvaT, marionetebis Teatri ar aris, feradi Crdilebis Teatri ki aris? maS, es naklia? ar aqvs ufleba, rame sxva hqondes? CemTvis sruliad gaugebari survilia, iyo an raRac sruliad sxva, rac imTaviTve SeuZlebelia, radgan nebismier adamians aqvs ori fexi, ori xeli da erTi Tavi, an iyo zustad iseTi, rogoric... vin? erTs ingliseli moswons, meores _ germaneli, mesames _ amerikeli da vis emsgavsos es ubeduri qarTveli, vis? xan erTi niRabi unda movirgoT, xanac meore, imis mixedviT, Tu gulze vis ra exateba? ar vici, rodis damTavrdeba msgavsi sisuleleebi, magram jerjerobiT amas piri ar uCans, piriqiT, ufro Rrmad mivtopavT. am SemTxvevaSi, vgulisxmob sazogadoebas da ara politikas. amas winaT b-nma giorgi niJaraZem Zalian kargad Tqva, rom politika mxolod asaxavs imas, rasac warmoadgens sazogadoeba. roca rame ar mogvwons xelisuflebis, CavixedoT sarkeSi da davinaxavT, rom TviTonve varT yovelive imis mSobeli, rac CvenTvis amdenad miuRebelia. veraviTari mteri ver gvizams imas, rasac sakuTar Tavs vuSvebiT Tundac imiT, rom Cvenive sisuleleebiT avis mosurnes vaxeirebT. XIX saukune aris aseTi: aris saqarTvelo da qarTuli sazogadoeba. axla ki warmoidgineT Cinuri spilos Zvlis burTebi, rodesac did burTSi Cadebulia erTmaneTSi Calagebuli patara burTebi. amis msgavsad, qarTul sazogadoebas gars artyia rusuli administracia, sxvaTa Soris eTnikurad, didwilad, ararusuli. am rusis CinovnikebSi marTlac uamravia germaneli da poloneli. maTgan viRac, rogorc Cans, qarTvels TanaugrZnobs, viRac – ara, viRac sxva ki, ubralod, Wkviania da esmis, rom qarTvelobis amoZirkviT saqme ar gakeTdeba. magaliTad, evgeni vaidenbaumi werda, rom samxreT-aRmosavleT saqarTvelos TurqTagan CamorTmeul provinciebSi qarTuli elementi unda gaaZliero, Tu imperiis sikeTe ginda. arada, rusuli administracia sulac sawinaaRmdegos akeTebs _ cdilobs, es elementi yovelnairad Seasustos, radgan am274
jobinebs, rom mteri sazRvarze hyavdes, oRondac nair-nairi qarTuli kuTxeebisa da tomebis konsolidireba ar moxdes. ar vici, vaidenbaums ra alaparakebda, ubralod, gamWriaxoba Tu adamianoba. iqneb marTlac adamianurad ar esmoda, Tu ratom unda daqsaqso eri, romelic isedac Sens morCilebaSia, ratom ar unda Seuwyo mas xeli da ratom unda gaacamtvero is. SeiZleba, is ase gansjida, magram iyo iseTic, vinc rusuli xelisuflebis Zalian xist kolonialur direqtivebs sruliad brmad asrulebda. aseTi iyo, magaliTad, nikolai Sopeni, saxelganTqmuli poloneli kompozitoris Zma, warmoudgeneli Savrazmeli, iseTi, rogoric TviTon rusebSic ki ar meguleba. sxvaTa Soris, ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom qarTul cnobierebaSi aseT ucnaur, saorWofo figurad darCa mixeil voroncovi. rasakvirvelia, is zrunavda ruseTze, magram, obieqturad rom vTqvaT, qarTuli Teatri misi xelSewyobiT Seiqmna. marTalia, dasi Semdeg daiSala, magram mainc voroncovis daxmarebiT gamarTuli speqtaklebi iyo is, razec hqondaT sworeba da ramac bolos profesiuli qarTuli Teatri kidec Camoayaliba. voroncovma daaarsebina aseve qarTuli Jurnali. sxvaTa Soris, dimitri yifiani aseT ambavs hyveba: rusul samsaxurSi axlad gadmoyvanili germaneli baroni, vinme fon rozeni, voroncovTan misula da SeuCivlia, Cemi qaliSvilebi keTilSobil qalTa saswavlebelSi swavloben, iq ki qarTuli iswavleba, iqneb gaaTavisuflon, rakiRa sxva qveynidan Camovidnen, qarTuli raSi sWirdebaTo. marTali giTxraT, me aqedan pirvelad gavige, rom am dros qarTuli swavleba jer kidev aris da saintereso aris voroncovis pasuxic: am qveyanaSi xom cxovroben da sanam aq arian, keTili inebon da iswavlono. am saubars dimitri yifiani Seeswro. ar gamovricxav, rom es erTgvari Jesti yofiliyo mis dasanaxad. Tumca voroncovs is mainc esmoda, rom aseTi Jesti saWiro iyo da qarTuli sazogadoeba, yovel SemTxvevaSi, misi ufro gamWriaxi da windaxeduli nawili, amas sasikeTod gamoyenebda. isic ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom, magaliTad, akaki wereTlisTvis mixeil voroncovi bolomde aseT pozitiur figurad darCa. iyvnen istorikosebic, romle275
bic bolomde ase fiqrobdnen. giorgi CubinaSvili, magaliTad, daaxloebiT, 1930 wlamde ase fiqrobda. rogorc Cans, papamisisgan, daviT CubinaSvilisgan, gagonili ambebisda mixedviT, aseTi warmodgena hqonda. mere Tvalsazrisi mkveTrad Seicvala, magram raRac xani aman mainc gastana da, savaraudod, aseTive ram sxvebisganac esmoda, Torem ase ar ifiqrebda. amaT garda, saqarTveloSi iyvnen Camosaxlebuli ucxotomelebic. srulebiT aSkaraa, rom rusuli administracia yovelnairad xels uwyobda am Camosuli elementis gaZlierebas, wmindad raodenobrivi TvalsazrisiT. arsebobs statistikis monacemebi: rogorc ki TbilisSi qarTuli mosaxleoba mTliani macxovreblebis naxevars Seadgenda (es orjer moxda _ daaxloebiT 1828 wlisTvis da, mgoni, 1860-ian wlebSi), imwamsve Camoiyvandnen TurqeTidan iqaur somxobas. amasTanave isic unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom axlad Camosuli adgilobriv pirobebs srulebiT ar iyo SeTvisebuli. aq, vTqvaT, Tbilissa Tu gorSi XVI-XVII saukunidan mosaxle somxebis didi nawili asimilirebuli iyo, xolo nawili somxobas Tu inarCunebda, aqaurobas imdenad iyo Seguebuli, rom sasaubrod da saurTierTod, magaliTad, mimowerisa da sabuTebis enad, qarTuli hqonda da ara somxuri. maT somxuri saerTod ar ician. gorSi es asec darCa, magram TbilisSi ase ukve aRar iyo. aq daiwyo erTgvari rehaizacia imaTic ki, vinc Tavs qarTvelad miiCnevda. iyo, magaliTad, vinme arRuTaSvili, romelmac 1830 wels Tbilisis erT-erTi gimnaziis JurnalSi fsevdonimad aiRo `qarTveli~, xazgasmulad _ `qarTveli~. viRac albaT wamoaZaxebda xolme, somexi xaro da aman `qarTveli~ dairqva. XIX saukunis bolosken arRuTaSvilebi ukve arRuTinski-dolgorukovebi gaxdnen da marto Tavisi somxoba axsovdaT. es ar Seexo yvela grigorians, magram iyvnen aseTebic. TurqeTidan Camosulebi osmalebisagan daCagrulni arian da aq maT upiratesobas aniWeben, yovelnairad xels uwyoben da uRviveben imis gancdas, rom isini unda iyvnen amierkavkasiaSi umTavresni. rusuli politika dResac aseTia. Cvens samxreTel mezoblebs ar esmiT, rom rusuli saxelmwifo maT sasikeTod arafers akeTebs, maT qarTvelisa da 276
azerbaijanelis winaaRmdeg iaraRad iyeneben, meti araferi: javaxeTSi _ qarTvelis winaaRmdeg (TbilisSi, jerjerobiT, ar gamosdiT, magram SeiZleba aqac scadon) da yarabaRSi _ azerbaijanelis winaaRmdeg. sxva ambavia, rom yarabaRis problema Zalian rTulia, gacilebiT ufro rTuli, vidre javaxeTis, radgan iq somxuri elementi yovelTvis iyo da, yovel SemTxvevaSi, nivTieri Zeglebis mixedviT, sakmaod Zlieric. javaxeTSi aris XIX saukunis somxuri eklesiebi da Tanac, rogorc axla gairkva, berZeni ostatebis aSenebuli. es aris da es! Tuki manamde iq saerTod rame iyo, iqneboda Zalian susti, yarabaRi ki sxvaa. ubralod, politikuri TvalsazrisiT, iq somxuri avtonomiis Seqmna ruseTis interesia da ara somxeTis. somxeTisaTvis es mxolod imis sawindaria, rom gadamterebuli hyavdes ori Zalian Zlieri mezobeli _ azerbaijaneli da Turqi. Tu ra sikeTes moutans es somxeTs, rogorc saxelmwifos, srulebiT gaugebaria. saqarTveloSi iyvnen germanelebic, romlebsac agreTve aZlierebdnen, magram rogorRac ise moxda, rom germanelebsa da qarTvelebs Soris urTierToba kargad aewyo. sxvaTa Soris, es gansakuTrebiT kargad gamoCnda saqarTvelos sam wliani damoukideblobisas, rodesac germanelebi qarTvelebs yovelnairad mxarSi edgnen, imdenad, rom germanuli nawilebi Seqmnes, viTomda germanuli jaris danayofebi. sinamdvileSi, es aqauri germanelebi iyvnen, aleqsanderhilfidan da elizabetTalidan mosuli macxovreblebi. saqarTvelos dacvas maT veravin daavalebda, TviTon moindomes amis gakeTeba, TviTon isurves, yofiliyvnen damoukidebeli saqarTvelos maSenebelni. mgoni, Zalian madlierni unda viyoT am xalxisa. magaliTad, barbare jorjaZis siZe iyo fon gehtmani. misi Svili da SviliSvili qarTvelebi iyvnen, maT yvela qarTvelebad icnobda. leila gehtmani, bunebrivia, qarTul skolaSi, mgoni, mamaCemis klasSic ki swavlobda. aravin fiqrobda, rom maT sxvanairi gvari aqvT. es yvelaferi Zalian rTul suraTs qmnis: mimdinareobs qarTuli kulturuli cxovreba, paralelurad _ rusuli da 277
paralelurad kidev _ somxuri, imavdroulad, gamodis germanuli gazeTic. Tanac es yvelaferi erTmaneTisgan kedlebiT gamoyofili xom ar aris?! yvelam, vinc aq cxovrobs, icis rusuli. yvela rusul saswavlebelSi swavlobs. maT Soris inaskveba megobruli urTierToba da es mere sxvadasxvanairad iCens Tavs. ai, magaliTad, iyo cnobili smirnovebis ojaxi. erT-erTi maTgani, Tu ar vcdebi, giorgi smirnovi, ivane javaxiSvilis klasSi swavlobda da masTan megobrobda, bebiis bebia ki qarTveli hyavda. sxvaTa Soris, garegnobiT es smirnovebi sul kavkasielebs hgvanan. ratom rCebian saqarTveloSi? ratom utoveben Tavis qonebas saqarTvelos da ara ruseTs, romelic mTel maT avejs, wignebsa da suraTebsac namdvilad iyidda? ratom akeTeben amas? srulebiT gaugebaria, magram ratomRac aq aseTi kavSiri gaiba. aris sxva aseTi rusuli ojaxebic. me naTesavebi myavda aseTi (myavs axlac, ubralod, im gvarisa aRaravin darCa), nikitinebi. yvelaze didi Seuracxyofa maTTvis is iqneboda, Tuki etyodi, rusi xaro. arc minda warmovidgino, amis mTqmels ra mouvidoda, albaT cocxali ver gaaswrebda. es rom Cemi molandeba araa, amis mowmobad `iveriaSi~ rac wavikiTxe, isic gamodgeba: quTaisis gimnazia ama da am wels daamTavra aman, aman da aman _ Satilovi, rusi. vkiTxulob amas da vfiqrob, Satilovi rusis meti aba vin iqneba-meTqi. uceb striqongamoSvebiT isev Satilovia, oRond _ qarTveli. warmogidgeniaT, erTi gvaris ori adamiani, savaraudod, biZaSvilebi _ erTi rusia, meore qarTvelia. aseTi ucnaurobaa. es Zalian ucnauria imitom, rom yovelnairi logikiT, yvelafris mixedviT, imas, rac maSin Cvens qveyanaSi trialebda, qarTvelebis erTmniSvnelovani asimilireba unda mohyoloda da es ki sulac ar moxda. ufro sworad, aseTi SemTxvevebi Zalian iSviaTi iyo da isic, umTavresad, imaT Tavs, vinc ruseTSi gadasaxlda. Tumca, sumbaTov-iuJini, XIX saukunis bolosa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi rusuli Teatris erT-erTi yvelaze saxelganTqmuli warmomadgeneli, sicocxlis bolomde qarTvelobda, qarTuli saTvistomos Tavmjdomare iyo. me TviTon vicnobdi da vici, rom iyvnen enobrivad srulebiT garusebu278
lebic. maTi rusoba daujerebeli gaxldaT, magram vinme Tu agrZnobinebda, rom maTi rusuli ar moswons da Tavisianad ar Tvlis, Seuracxyofa iqneboda. am dros borjomis xeobasa da guriaSi xdeba ukrainuli da kazakuri mTeli soflebis gaqarTveleba, qalaqSi _ rusuli ojaxebis gaqarTvelebac. aseve, grZeldeba, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, adgilobrivi somxobis qarTul kulturaSi Semosvla da zogjer sulieri gaqarTvelebac. es solJenicinis terminia, romelic Zalian momwons. magaliTad, aseTi iyo artem axnazarovi. misi polemikuri werilebi nacionalisturi somxuri burJuaziis mimarT, romelic TbilisSi iyo da, faqtobrivad, Tbilisi Tavisad undoda, iseTi simZafrisaa, rogoric me qarTvel mwerlebTan ar meguleba, saerTodac qarTuli gvaris mqone arc erT avtorTan ar minaxavs. SeiZleba, baCanasTanaa, Tumca ar mgonia. imis Tqma minda, rom es aris araCveulebrivad rTuli qsovili, sadac yoveli movlena, yoveli nabiji, yoveli naweri, yoveli naTqvami _ yvelaferi unda iyos ganxiluli Zalian mravalmxrivad da yovelTvis unda miakvlio imas, Tu ratom iTqva esa da es, ratom gakeTda esa Tu is. am SemTxvevaSi, Cven ufro farTod unda SevxedoT TiTqosda aSkara rameebsac. yvelas, vinc ase Tu ise dainteresebulia XIX saukunis saqarTveloTi, axsovs ilia WavWavaZis `gamocanebi“, romlebiTac man miwasTan gaaswora lamisaa yvela, vinc ki imdroindel qarTul sazogadoebaSi rames warmoadgenda. Zalian xSirad hgoniaT, rom es iyo ise, ubralod, dawerili epigramebi an sulac, me mgoni, 1860-ian wlebSi mis enobriv polemikas ukavSireben. arada, aq aris erTi Zalian konkretuli ambavi da me arc var darwmunebuli, rom ilia bolomde marTali iyo. misi survili gasagebia da gamarTlebuli, magram ucnobia, eqneboda Tu ara keTili dasasruli mis mondomebas. ambavi iyo aseTi: Camodioda aleqsandre II da misTvis rame unda eTxovaT. ilia da misi momxreebi fiqrobdnen, rom qarTvelma Tavadaznaurobam TbilisSi universitetis gaxsna unda iTxovos. gasagebia, ratomac _ raTa qarTveli axalgazrdebi ar wasuliyvnen ruseTSi, sadac, garda yvelafrisa, siciveebs 279
ver uZlebdnen da xSirad avaddebodnen, Wleqi emarTebodaT. amisi ara erTi, ori da sami SemTxveva iyo da srulebiT axalgazrda, saR-salamaTi adamianebi iRupebodnen. sxva arasasurveli SemTxvevebic iyo. amaze TiTqos SeTanxmden kidec, magram bolo wams Tbilisis guberniis qarTvelma Tavadaznaurobam TbilisSi kadetTa korpusis gaxsnis Suamdgomloba Seitana da es korpusi gaixsna kidec. amas mohyva ilias aRSfoTeba da `gamocanebi“ daiwera. kidev vambob, es gasagebia, magram erTi wuTiT SevxedoT movlenebs im Tavadaznaurobis TvaliT. qarTveli Tavadaznauroba, ZiriTadad, xelmoklea. skolebSi, sadac gadasaxadia Sesatani, isini TavianT Svilebs Znelad abareben, Rarib moswavleTa Semwe sazogadoeba ki, romelic jer kidev ar aris Zlieri, fuls ver uxdis. sxvaTa Soris, yvelas merec ver uxdida. kadetTa korpusi aris saswavlebeli, sadac maT Svilebs ufasod aswavlidnen. isini isedac iZulebulni arian, vaJebi iq miabaron da abareben ruseTis saswavleblebSi. TbilisSi kadetTa korpusi, darwmunebuli var, maT mxolod imitom undodaT, rom vaJebi Sors ar gaestumrebinaT. ai, es iyo am ambis Tavi da bolo da is CemTvis absoluturad gasagebia. marTalia, aman ar uSvela da viRacas ruseTSi mainc waiyvandnen xolme, magram aq darCenis SesaZleblobac gaCnda. viRac gadarCa voroneJSi, vladikavkazSi Tu kidev sadRac gaSvebas. sxva mxriv, warmovidginoT, rom aq universiteti gaixsneboda, is ki rusuli iqneboda. rogor unda momxdariyo 1918 wels am universitetis gaqarTuleba? iqneb ufro advili iyo, qarTuli universitetis gaxsna mere, Tundac 30-40 wliani dagvianebiT, vidre ukve arsebuli da Camoyalibebuli rusuli saswavleblis gadakeTeba. es ras gamoiwvevda, rogor dapirispirebas, Zalian Zneli saTqmelia. sainteresoa, magaliTad, rogor warimarTa tartus universitetSi igive procesi, Tumca tartus universitets is Sveloda, rom germanuli winaistoria hqonda _ dorpatis universiteti iyo, misi Ziri germanuli mecniereba gaxldaT da rusuli iyo mxolod Txeli zeda fena. CvenTan ki, sadac Ziri rusuli iqneboda, ras vizamdiT? ra 280
vici, rogorc xedavT, pasuxi ar maqvs. me mxolod vambob, rom es movlena aqedanac unda ganvixiloT da iqedanac da ase unda SevxedoT saerTod yvelafers, rac im dros xdeba. dimitri yifiani vaxsene. dimitri yifiani fiqrobs, rom rusuli saxelmwifo saqarTvelosTvis sikeTis momtania. Tumca, amave dros, cdilobs rusuli xelisuflebis gacurebas, raTa dadianebs, fulis sanacvlod, mamulebi ar CamoarTvan. ekaterine dadianis memkvidreebs, arasrulwlovan bavSvebs, amas sTavazoben, dimitri yifiani ki afrTxilebs maT, rom ar daTanxmdnen, radgan maTi meurvea. am dros is jer kidev rusul samsaxurSia, Tumca Semdeg, rodesac aseT moRvaweobas Seudga, samsaxuris datoveba mouxda. arada, igi srulebiT gulwrfelad uWers mxars rusul xelisuflebas, radgan imJamad ver xedavs saqarTvelos politikuri arsebobisTvis sxva gamosavals, sxva gzas, romelic saqarTvelos arsebobis gagrZelebas uzrunvelyofda. vin aris is _ ruseTis msaxuria Tu saqarTvelosi? saqarTvelos msaxuria, ra Tqma unda! ruseTis msaxureba aris Seqmnil viTarebaSi misi swori Tu araswori taqtika. me meCveneba, rom arasworia, magram Tavad sxvanairad fiqrobda. man jer ar icoda Zalian bevri ram, rac Cven dRes viciT, rasac dRes vxedavT, rac mere moxda. yvelaferi es aisaxeba imdroindel xuroTmoZRvrebaSic. qarTulma xuroTmoZRvrebam TiTqmis mTliand dakarga sazogadoebrivi asparezi. yovelgvari sazogadoebrivi nageboba, albaT qarTuli Teatris Senobis garda _ sasamarTlos Senobebi, Teatrebi, klubebi, sxvadasxva sauwyebo nageboba _ Sendeba ruseTis xelisuflebis mier ise, rogorc mas unda. es yvelaferi Sendeba ise, rogorc rusi romelime Tavis sagubernio qalaqSi aaSenebda. faqtobrivad, qalaqebSi saeklesio mSeneblobac rusebis xelSia. Tumca aq yovelTvis mTlad ise ar gamodis, rogorc maT undaT. magaliTad, Sendeba mama-daviTis eklesia, raRac ucnauri hibridi qarTuli Sua saukuneebis arqiteqturisa. roca axlos mixval, TiTqos fsevdogoTikuric aris da slavuric. saboloo jamSi, risi nazavi iyo ar vici, qarTveli 281
qtitorebi ki hyavda _ mRvdlebi da levan meliqiSvilis ojaxi. asevea Tundac wm. nikolozis eklesia CuRureTSi, wm. samebis eklesia, e.w. patara sameba erovnuli biblioTekis ukan, romelic mTlad qarTul yaidaze Sendeba. aqac qarTveli qtitorebi arian _ mRvdlebi, vaWrebi da aznaurebi. TiTqosda Cveni sazogadoebis asparezi sabinao xuroTmoZRvrebaa, magram qalaqebSi aseTi suraTia: uamravi saxli ekuTvnis sxvas _ russ, germanels, somexs. yvelaze saintereso aq swored amis gamo xdeba. ara marto qarTveli iSenebes saxls, romelic rusuls mTlad ar hgavs, aramed, magaliTad, guSin saidanRac Camosaxlebuli germaneli generali an rusi moxele iSenebs saxls, romelsac quCisken da, ukve srulebiT aucileblad, ezosken aivnebi aqvs. ratom? es srulebiT ar aris bunebrivi maTi Cveuli yofisTvis, magram uceb iTviseben amas da es Zalian sainteresoa. fotoa aseTi, Cveneburi mxatvris, klara kveesis, estonur-germanuli ojaxis sasadilo oTaxis, sadac dgas evropuli aveji da kedelze iseTi kavkasiuri fardagi hkidia, nebismier qarTul ojaxSi rom naxavdiT. ras niSnavs es? faqtobrivad, yvela saxlSi, albaT iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda da amgvari gamonaklisi qarTul ojaxebSic iqneboda, Tqven naxavdiT ara erTmniSvnelovnad aRmosavlur, erTmniSvnelovnad evropul an, vTqvaT, erTmniSvnelovnad Suasaukunovan qarTul nivTebs, aramed raRacanair nazavs nivTebisas _ iranuls, adgilobrivs, evropidan Camotanils, iqve rusul samovarsac da yvelaferi es iyo erTi da qmnida erTian yofas. rom ar viyo tendenciuri, davimowmeb somexi poetis, hovanes Tumanianis, naTqvams, romelic Cemi megobrisgan, giorgi marjaniSvilisgan, msmenia. ar vici saidan aris, albaT miTxra kidec, sad waikiTxa, magram am xnis manZilze damaviwyda. hovanes Tumaniani Tbilisze ambobs, es erTi sufraa, romelsac bevri tomis xalxi Semosxdomia, magram Tamadad qarTveli ziso. swored es iyo qarTvelis gancdaSi. riT iyo gamowveuli mdidari somxebis mudmivi survili, xelSi CaegdoT Tbilisis qalaqis mmarTveloba? swored imiT, rom isini aq Tavs bolomde laRad mainc ver grZnobdnen. maT hqondaT samasi saxli, 282
qarTvels ki _ mxolod sami. da mainc, am sam saxlSi qarTveli grZnobda Tavs qalaqis patronad, romelic Seviwroebulia, magram patroni mainc TviTonaa da ara viRac sxva, vinc mdidaric aris, mravalricxovanic, magram mainc mosulia. ai, aseTi ucnauri viTarebaa. daaxloebiT, 1920-iani wlebis bolodan 1960-iani wlebis Sua xanamde TbilisSi kidevac arsebobs saxlis tipi, romelic dedamiwaze sxvagan marTlac arsad aris. es aris aivnebiani saxli, romelic aq Seiqmna rusebisgan SemoTavazebuli evropuli fasadebis elementebisa da lojia-aivnebis SeTavsebiT. srulebiT sxvanairi ram aris. aseTive sruliad Taviseburi da arcTu Tbilisis msgavsi saxlebi Seiqmna TelavSi, siRnaRSi da naklebad _ quTaisSi. quTaisSi amgvari tipuri evropuli yaidis qalaquri saxlebi cota ufro gvian Sendeba, magram am saxlebis is mxare, romelic rionisa da ezoebisken iyureba, iqac srulebiT sxvanairia. XIX saukunis meore naxevridan xdeba aseTi ram: aq ukve Canan kargi evropuli ganswavlis arqiteqtorebi, ufro metad _ polonelebi da germanelebi, ramdenime rusic (magaliTad, ozerovi), romlebic aq muSaoben da Tanac kargad muSaoben, profesionalebi arian. aSeneben kargi donis ekleqtikas, gemovnebiansac da, rac mTavaria, isini TiTqosda profesiulad iTvaliswineben qarTul garemos, ar vici imitom, rom zogi maTgani aq aris dabadebuli an imitom, rom es garemo Zalian Zlieri zemoqmedebis mqonea, is sazogadoeba mainc, romlidanac ver gamotoveb manana orbelians. tolstoimac ki, romelic Zalian cdilobs, Tavis `haji muratSi“ saqarTveloSi qarTveli ar dainaxos, manana orbeliani ver gamotova imitom, rom es qali Tundac voroncovis gverdiT metismetad Cans. marTalia, tolstoi masze wers, pirferiao, magram es ukve misi sindisis saqmea. Zalian didi mwerali iyo, magram, erovnul sakiTxs rac Seexeba, zustad iseTive Sovinistia, rogorc uamravi sxva Zalian kargi rusi mwerali, dawyebuli puSkiniT da damTavrebuli visiTac ginda, albaT eseniniT an ara rusi, magram mainc didi Savrazmeli mandelStamiT. Zalian kargad Cans mis nawerebSi amgvari kolonialistoba. 283
es garemo, sadac qarTveli mainc pirvel adgilzea, etyoba, moqmedebs. aseTi ram ar aris umagaliTo. aseTi ram Cans, Cemi azriT, poloneTSi, magaliTad, XVI-XVII saukuneebSi. raRac amdagvari unda yofiliyo saerTod Sua evropaSi, Tundac serbeTSi, xorvatiaSi. ucnauri ram xdeba iq, ucnauri xelovneba iqmneba. arada, xSirad es Camosuli adamianebis nakeTebia. gavlenas axdens raRac, oRond yvelgan _ ara. magaliTad, praRis arqiteqturaSi me amas ver vxedav. me meCveneba, rom iq italieli, germaneli Tu frangi rogoric Camovida, iseTi rCeboda. poloneTsa da albaT ungreTSi ase ar aris, iq raRac sxvanairia. ar vici, ratom. amas sxva kvleva unda. sxvaTa Soris, es SeiZleba racionalurad verc aixsnas. ubralod, unda davadasturoT, rom es asea da ratom da rogor _ ar viciT, romeliRac faqtorebis Tanxvdenis gamo. XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi Telavsa da siRnaRSi ucnauri, Zalian sada arqiteqturaa, romelsac evropul ekleqtikasac ver daarqmev, sada aguris fasadebia da ezosken isev aivnebia. Tumca Tbilissa da quTaisSi Cven vxedavT evropul fasadebs da ezosken ki raRacas, srulebiT gansxvavebuls. yvelaze saintereso isaa, rom TbilisSi dabadebulma germanelma albert zalcmanma es aivani (sxvaTa Soris, quCiskenac) Tavis sakuTar saxls gaukeTa. namdvilad ver ityvi, damkveTma uTxrao, Tavad aiSena, TavisTvis da sakuTari SvilebisTvis aseTi saxli moindoma. quTaisSi, sxvaTa Soris, fasadebic ucnauria. Cemma kolegebma _ q-nma marine buliam, q-nma mzia janjaliam, b-nma daviT xoStariam da b-nma daviT cxadaZem _ quTaisze wigni gamosces da masSi aseTi saintereso ram aris: SemorCenilia naxati da gverdiT ki fotoa. zustad ise, rogorc `araCveulebriv gamofenaSi~ yvela elementi erTmaneTs hgavs, mTlianobaSi Sexedav da _ araferi msgavsi. xdeba aseTi ram: vTqvaT, raRaca elementi gadiddeba an, piriqiT, dapataravdeba, carieli areebi, vTqvaT, sarkmlebis sapireebs Soris, gaizrdeba an daviwrovdeba da gamodis absoluturad sxva plastika, sul sxva kveTa. adgilobrivi ostatebi muSaoben da Tanac qvaze. TbilisSi mainc ufro metad naZerwobaa, iq ki fasadebze qva 284
aris da am kveTaSi, gamoTlaSi, iseTi cvlilebebi Semodis, rom verafriT veRar ityvi, es isaa, rac naxazze iyoo. arada, im ostatma yvelaferi Seasrula, oRond Tavis gemoze Seasrula da fasadebic ucnauria. ar vici, vis TvalSi rogoraa. viRacisTvis es albaT ubralod provincializmi iqneba, me kidev meCveneba, rom es aris im SemoqmedebiTi ZarRvis feTqva, romelsac veraferi ereva da romelmac SeiZleba Zalian ucnaur adgilebSi iCinos Tavi. magaliTad, e.w. zeda beTlemis eklesiisaken kibe adis da misi proeqti SemorCenilia. saSinlad xisti geometriuli konstruqciaa, romelsac svetnari misdevs. cnobilia, rom mere mSenebelTa hamqarma gaakeTa. proeqts gadauxvies da gaakeTes araCveulebrivi mixveul-moxveuli kibe. gamoiyenes Zveli galavnis naSTebi, Zveli wyaro. me meCveneba, rom is Zvelia an SeiZleba Zvelis mibaZviT TviTonve aaSenes, ar vici. arc ki gagaxsendeba is proeqti da, miT umetes, misi sakmaod uniWo avtori. azradac ar mogiva, rom es misia da namdvilad arc aris, im ostatebma Tavis gemoze gaakeTes ise, rogorc TviTon moindomes. igive aris quTaisSic _ es aris ara raRacis gatlanqeba, aramed sakuTar Wkuaze gakeTeba. sxvaTa Soris, aseTi ram aris CrdiloeT ruseTSi XVIII saukuneSi – iq samoqalaqo arqiteqturaSi xalxuri xeze kveTilobis mexsierebiT akeTeben evropuli barokos elementebs. es iseTi saocari sanaxaobaa, iseTi sxvanairobaa, sulac ar aris tlanqi da primitiuli, ubralod, gadasxvaferebulia. ase moindoma im kacma da organulad gaakeTa, Tavidan bolomde gaakeTa, romeliRac calkeuli elementebi ki ar gaafuWa, axali mTlianoba Seqmna. me vfiqrob, rom es, yvelgan ara, magram quTaisSic aris. iqve araCveulebrivi xarisxis, srulebiT evropuli nagebobebicaa. erT-erTia gimnaziis Senoba. saocari neoklasicizmia. TbilisSi, dRevandel mayaSvilis quCaze kidev ori amdagvari saxlia. aRmoCnda, rom es peterburgidan Camosuli arqiteqtor leontievis saxlebia. gasakviri, Zalze maRalxarisxovani neoklasicizmia. sadac ginda, waiRe. momwons, Tumca is, magaliTad, ufro meaxlobleba. es Zalian kargia da unda iyos, 285
rasakvirvelia, unda SevinarCunoT, rom vaCvenoT _ esec SegviZlia, roca movindomebT, amasac miviRebT, amasac Cvens qalaqs SevuxamebT, Tu gamkeTebeli rigiani iqneba. es leontievi, Cvenda bedad, kargi profesionali gamodga. imavdroulad, xdeba aseTi ram _ soflis mSeneblobaSi saeklesio Senobebic inarCunebs erTgvar tradiciul iers, Tumca maTi didi raodenoba, romelic XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi Sendeboda, sakmaod ulazaTo da ugemuria, TiTqos standartizebuls hgavs, Zalian usicocxloa. ufro metad aguris Senobebia. samwuxarod, albaT umniSvnelovanesi am nagebobaTagan _ Cveni saxelganTqmuli gabriel episkoposis mier baxvSi aSenebuli taZari _ ganadgurebulia. aseve ganadgurebulia quTaisis soboro, romelic agreTve qarTul Targze aSenebuli nagebobis Zalian adreuli magaliTia, Tumca rusi avtori hyavs. Cemi kolega b-ni valeri kalandaZe fiqrobs, rom es SeiZleba e.w. qarTuli stilis pirveli mercxali iyos, marTalia, Semdgom gunds cota daSorebuli, magram mainc. SeiZleba asec iyos, ar vici, dafiqreba sWirdeba. asea Tu ise, Cven isev yuradRebiT unda SevxedoT da vifiqroT. zogi maTgani iseTi usiamovnoa, magaliTad, atocis eklesia, rom ar vici, ra unda gavakeToT. Tumca eseni, romlebic rusul yaidazea aSenebuli, albaT unda darCes. sxvebsac dakvirveba unda. romeliRaca mniSvnelovania, romeliRaca _ umniSvnelo. magaliTad, sainteresoa qarTveli ostatebis _ berekaSvilebisa da fxalaZeebis _ naxelavi. qarTlSic unda vnaxoT. b-ni vaxtang jobaZe ambobs, rom suramis erT-erTi eklesia jobaZeebis aSenebulia. unda inaxos, romelia, ranairia. eseni unda SevinaxoT, Tundac imisTvis, rom gaverkveT, qarTveli ostati axal viTarebaSi ras akeTebs. Tumca vfiqrob, rom iqneba iseTebic, romlebic SeiZleba gadasakeTeblad, iersacvlelad davTmoT. ratomac ara, Tu mas mxatvruli Rirebuleba ar gaaCnia da Tanac Cveni peizaJisTvis, im garemosTvis ucxoa? me ar mgonia, is xelSeuxebeli iyos mxolod imitom, rom eklesiaa. Cveni winaprebi, roca raRac ar moewonebodaT, moSlidnen da axals aSenebdnen. me vfiqrob, rom unda viqceodeT ise, rogorc bunebrivia. 286
SegviZlia, dRes ukeTesi taZari avaSenoT? avaSenoT! Tu ar varT amaSi darwmunebuli, maSin, gindac ugvani, Zveli idges. me vfiqrob, ase unda vimoqmedoT. rodesac davrwmundebiT, rom Cvens dRevandel xuroTmoZRvars SeuZlia, margaliti Seqmnas, davuTmoT adgili margalits. davafiqsiroT, SevinaxoT _ es momavalma gadawyvitos, es Cemi saqme ar aris. amas garda, Zalian mniSvnelovania soflis binaTmSenebloba dasavleT saqarTveloSi, sadac XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi odasaxli yalibdeba. amasTanave, qalaquri arqiteqturisa da aristokratiuli saxlis elementebis SerTviT Cndeba yvela wodebisa da socialuri fenisTvis misaRebi da mosargebi saxlis tipi, romelic, mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT, araCveulebrivia. rogorc Cans, sabolood is raWaSi yalibdeba, Semdeg mTel dasavleT saqarTveloSi vrceldeba da misi adgilobrivi nairsaxeobebi iqmneba imereTSi, aWaraSi (aWaraSi Zalian Zlieri lazuri mSeneblobacaa da odaSic Cans lazi ostatebisgan mosesxebuli elementebi) da, gansakuTrebiT, samegrelosa da afzaxeTSi. swored es saxli aris erT-erTi mowmoba imisa, rom CvenTvis viTomda srulebiT ucxo afxazeTi, `im~ afxazebiT dasaxlebuli soflebic ki, qarTuli kulturuli sivrcis nawilia da araviTari siucxove ar aris. ar vici, rodis Camosaxldnen X saukuneSi, Zv.w. XXXII saukuneSi Tu saerTodac ax.w. XIX saukuneSi. ar aqvs amas mniSvneloba. es mosuli XIX saukunis Sua xanisTvis gaxda qarTuli kulturuli sivrcis nawili da giorgi SarvaSiZe, afxazeTis patrioti da qarTveli poeti, SemTxveviTi movlena ar aris. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom afxazTa mTeli aristokratia Tavis tomobriv TavmoyvareobasTan qarTul patriotizms aTavsebda, ufro sworad, maTTvis es erTi da igive iyo. es ase aris kulturul-istoriulad. Tavi davaneboT ucnaur kvlevas, TiTqos cxenebis jiSebze vlaparakobdeT. Cven vlaparakobT adamianebze, adamianebs kidev suli aqvT da es suli, mgoni, adrec vTqviT, ufro Zlieria, vidre yvelaferi sxva _ mas yvelaferi SeuZlia, im jiSis gardasaxvac SeuZlia. SemTxveviT ar ambobs grigol robaqiZe Zalian Wkvianurad _ jiSi mxolod mocemulobaa da mere imis wvrTna ariso. 287
es wvrTna gonebisa da sulisgan modis da ara sxva ramisgan. is qmnis adamians da ara biologiuri monacemi, romelic sakmaod susti ramea. aris, ra Tqma unda da Tavisas akeTebs, magram ver Seedreba im sxvas, yovel SemTxvevaSi, ver unda edrebodes. odasaxlis mniSvneloba marto is araa, rom man Seqmna dRes arsebuli ulamazesi dasavleTqarTuli soflebi, sadac jer kidev dgas es saxlebi. rogorc Cans, raWveli ostatebis monawileobiT nel-nela xdeba aRmosavleTqarTuli soflis gardasaxva da midis manamde arsebuli darbazi. es procesi, savaraudod, XIX saukunis miwuruls daiwyo da XX saukunis pirvel aTwleulebSi gagrZelda. darbazis gaqrobas bevri sxvadasxva mizezi aqvs _ socialuri, kulturuli, bevrnairi, magram is midis da misi wasvliT qarTuli soflis ieris damaxinjeba jer ar xdeba. Zalian dasanania, rom Zalian bevri lamazi darbazi albaT ise davkargeT, rom arc viciT. da mainc, is, rac aSenda Tundac 1930-ian wlebSi jer kidev ar aris simaxinje. gaubedureba qarTuli soflisa, Cemi azriT, 1950-iani wlebis bolodan iwyeba. yovel SemTxvevaSi, me rac vici, asea. manamde swored am dasavleTqarTulma formulam, romelic saxes icvlis qarTlSi, kaxeTSi, TuSeTamde aaRwia. iq aris aivnebi, namdvilad uSualod raWveli ostatebis gamoTlili. is minabaZic ar aris, ubralod, raWvelma gaakeTa. es dasavleT saqarTveloSi SemuSavebuli saxe saxlisa, yvelgan morgebuli garemos, axal saxes qmnis, oRond, jer kidev qarTuli soflis axal saxes da ara raRac gaurkvevlobis, rogorc es bolo dros, samwuxarod, xSirad aris xolme. es, rasakvirvelia, agreTve SemoqmedebiTi potenciis maCvenebelia da Zalian damaxasiaTebelia, rom man amoxeTqa soflad, sadac wnexi rusuli administraciisa naklebad iyo. es qarTuli sacxovreblebi rusi axalmoSeneebis saxlebze axdens zegavlenas da isinic iSeneben iseT aivnebs, rogoric odas aqvs. eWvi maqvs, rom germanul axalSenebSic aris es elementi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, ase Cans da albaT ufro Rrma kvleva aCvenebs, iq rame sxva Tu xdeba. me vfiqrob, yvelaferi, rac mogaxseneT, imis dasturia, rom, miuxedavad ukiduresad araxelsayreli viTarebisa, qar288
Tuli kultura marto iq ki ar aris cocxali, sadac es cxadad Cans, vTqvaT, mwerlobaSi, sadac es nakleb aSkaraa, magram dadasturebulia, rogorc saxviT xelovnebaSi (mas Zalian gauWirda, magram Tavi mainc gaitana da XIX saukunis bolosa da XX saukunis damdegisTvis Cven ukve Zalian mniSvnelovani movlenebis momswreni varT), aramed iqac, sadac saxelmwifo- da eklesiadakargul qveyanas TiTqosda yvelaze naklebad SeeZlo, rame eRona. Tqven gaxsovT, rom saqarTvelos eklesiam avtokefaliac dakarga, is ruseTis eklesiis nawili gaxda. idevneboda qarTuli ena, uuxeSesi formebiT idevneboda qarTuli galoba. imereTSi galobis viTarebas amowmebdnen da rusi Semmowmebeli romeliRac dokumentSi wers, erT-erTi lotbari uvicia da aba, ra gasakviria, imaTi Txebis kikinis msgavsi galoba sxvas ras iTxovso. es laparakSi ki ar wamocda, oficialur dokumentSi weria. amis daweras rom ikadreb da amas Sebedav, sul cota, aTaswlovani tradiciis mqone mgaloblebs, ubralod uzrdelobaa, sxva Tu araferi. sxva forma mainc naxe, is mainc Tqvi, rom moZvelebulia da dRes raRac sxva ufro kargia. am viTarebaSi, arqiteqturas TiTqos yvelaze metad unda gaWirveboda da gauWirda kidec, magram im Zalian Zlierma kulturulma muxtma mainc naxa Tavisi gamosavali, Tavis Wkuaze atara Camosuli arqiteqtori, rasakvirvelia, is, visac guli, Tvali da Wkua mosdevda. adgilobrivadac, sakuTar ostatebSic, xan ra saxiT da xanac ra saxiT iCenda Tavs da namdvili SemoqmedebiTi monapovrebic dagvitova rogorc am ucxoelebis Seqmnili, iseve adgilobrivi soflis maSeneblis naxelavi. amitomac aris, rom miuxedavad yvelafrisa, miuxedavad imisa, rom XIX saukune pauzaa Cveni saxelmwifoebrivi arsebobis istoriaSi, Cveni kulturis istoriaSi is rCeba, rogorc dramatuli, magram lamazi furceli qarTveli eris, qarTuli sazogadoebis Semoqmedebisa.
289
16. XX saukunis arqiteqtura epoqa, romelsac Cveni Sexvedrebis ciklis damasrulebeli saubari Seexeba, mZimea. mZimea imitom, rom rTuli, araerTmniSvelovani da, sxva Tu araferi, tragikuli iyo mTeli is xana, romelic 1921 wels daiwyo da TiTqos 1991 wels dasrulda, Tumca, didwilad, kvlavac mouboloebelia. faqtobrivad, Cven dResac postsabWoTa xanaSi vcxovrobT _ ara raRac sxvaSi, rac mere daiwyo, aramed imis gamogrZelebaze. 1921 wlis TebervalSi ruseTidan Cvens qveyanaSi Semosul laSqars, mogexsnebaT, ZiriTadad, qarTvelebi mouZRvodnen. ra iyo srulebiT axali im cxovrebSi, romelic man moitana? es iyo sakvirveli saxelmwifo, sadac sityva da saqme erTmaneTs srulebiT acdenili iyo _ qaRaldze erTi ewera, sinamdvileSi ki sul sxva iyo. garkveuli gansxvaveba ganacxadsa da ganxorcielebas Soris Cveulebrivi ambavia. ar arsebobs saxelmwifo, romelic imas asrulebdes, rasac adamianebs hpirdeba. ukve salaRoboc ki gaxda, rom winasaarCevno dapirebebi imisTvisaa, raTa ar Sesruldes. bevri sxvadasxva mizezia, rasakvirvelia da, pirvel yovlisa _ idealisa da sinamdvilis mudmivi ardamTxveva, rac miwieris arsebobis pirobaTagania. Tumca sabWoTa struqtura sxvanairi iyo. is marTlac agebuli iyo sicrueze, romelic aSkarad gacxadda 1936 wels, rodesac sayovelTao arCevnebi daiwyo. dRevandel axalgazrdebs ar sjeraT, magram namdvilad ase iyo, amorCeva xdeboda erTi adamianidan. Tumc ase erqva, sinamdvileSi, aranairi arCevnebi ar tardeboda, es iyo, ubralod, daniSvna. romeliRac pirebi amoirCevdnen adamianebs, arsebiTad, ukve daniSnavdnen, mosaxleobas ki unda Caeyara qaRaldebi, romlebsac aranairi Zala ar hqonda. saarCevno ubnebze romc aravin misuliyo, sul erTia, mainc es xalxi gavidoda. Tavidan amdens ver bedavdnen, radgan amxanagi stalinisTvis forma ratomRac mniSvnelovani iyo, magram ukve mere saxlidan da zogjer ubnidan erTi adamiani midioda xolme da urnaSi aTobiT biuletens agdebda. 290
yovel SemTxvevaSi, Cems mexsierebaSi asea. erTxel asec moxda, rom qronikaSi gaeparaT an specialurad gaapares kadrebi, rodesac kaci idga da misi xelidan konvertebi, mgoni, 5 wuTi fantelebiviT cvioda. es srulebiT Cveulebrivi ambavi iyo. sabWoTa dros arCevnebze me arasdros mivsulvar. erTxel mivedi, sul bolos, raTa 1989 wels yvela wameSala. manamde fexi ar mimidgams da arc vicodi, es saarCevno ubnebi sad mdebareobda da es srulebiT normalur movlenad miiCneoda. uamravi ram xdeboda amis msgavsi. iyo Sesrulebuli gegmebi, Tumca, sinamdvileSi, ver gaigebdi, ra Sesrulda. Cveulebrivi iyo ardamTxveva, erTi mxriv, dawerilisa an naTqvamisa da, sxva mxriv, realobisa. es qmnida Zalze specifikur da mZime viTarebas, vinaidan adamianebi eCveodnen iluziaSi cxovrebas. es isaa, rac dResac ver movicileT, adamianebs dResac hgoniaT, rom mTavaria Tqvan da amas mere ra mohyveba, TiTqosda mniSvneloba ar aqvs. es ar niSnavs imas, rom saerTod araferi keTdeboda. im umZimes drosac iyvnen cocxali adamianebi da bevri iyo iseTic, visac ar SeeZlo uqmad jdoma da miaCnda, rom raime sasikeTos gakeTeba misi movaleobaa. arsebobda garkveuli saxelmwifo strategiac. Tumca rusul saxelmwifos, gansakuTrebiT, rusul sabWoTa saxelmwifos sCvevia, rom arsebobdes erTgvari umizno saxelmwifo TavisTavad. Cveulebriv, saxelmwifos mizani aris moqalaqeTa keTildReoba, yovel SemTxvevSi, ase unda iyos. sabWoeTi ki keTildReobas saerTod ar iTvaliswinebda. iyo garkveuli Sre, romelic, sinamdvileSi, sruliad sxvanairad cxovrobda, Tumca es keTildReoba ukanono iyo, mas is ar unda hqonoda. es damaluli iyo sanaxevrod, radgan sinamdvileSi, yvelam yvelaferi icoda. asea Tu ise, moqalaqeebze zrunva ar yofila, es marto plakatebze cxaddeboda. SegiZliaT, Tundac masobrivi mSenebloba naxoT, ra xarisxis binebi Sendeboda da rogori iyo, xSir SemTxvevaSi, dagegmareba, rodesac adamiani, rogorc ityvian, kudsac ver moiqnevda. minaxavs binebi, sadac ar iyo, magaliTad, sakuWnao an adgili, sadac adamiani sarecxs gaaSrobda. es iyo araf291
risTvis gankuTvnili saxli, mxolod adgili, sadac Tavi unda Segeyo, dageZina da gageRviZa. arqiteqtura, am SemTxvevaSi, masobrivi sabWouri mSenebloba da usaxuri ubnebi, romlebSic, me Tu mkiTxavT, veravin gaCerdeba, saukeTesod asaxavs am qveynis raobas. sxva sakiTxia, rom XX saukunis masobrivi mSenebloba, garkveulwilad, yvelgan aseTia, Tumca mainc aris sxvaoba da, pirvel yovlisa, gansxvaveba xarisxSia. rac dro gadioda, mSeneblobis xarisxi sul ufro uaresdeboda. amas Zalian martivi mizezi aqvs _ kargad muSaoba ufro da ufro naklebma icoda. xarisxze moTxovna ar arseboda da rogors gaakeTebdi, aranairi mniSvneloba ar hqonda. samagierod, kargad keTdeboda saeqsporto saqoneli, romelsac adgilobrivTagan Tu vinme xedavda, is, rogorc wesi, mmarTveli fenis warmomadgeneli iyo. vidre Tavad sabWoTa xelisufleba idga, es saxelmwifoc idga iluziaze, rom mmarTvel fenaSi Tavis Seyofa yvelas SeuZlia. Tumca, sinamdvileSi, es maleve ase aRar iyo. iyo masSi CarCenili erTgvari aristokratia, Tumca am sityvis Tqmac ki menaneba. marTlac, iqmneboda garekveuli fena, romelic aristokratuli unda yofiliyo, Tumca, Cemi dakvirvebiT, sxvagan arasdros arsebula aristokratia, romelic meore TaobaSi galoTebuli, gadagvarebuli da saxedakarguli iqneboda, aq ki swored ase xdeboda. saSineli ambebi trialebda partiuli beladebis Svilebis Tavs, am sruliad gausaqmurebul, moraldakargul, areul adamianebTan. cxadia, yovelTvis ase ar xdeboda, magram, umetes SemTxvevaSi, ase iyo. SesaZloa, es swored imitom xdeboda, rom isini viTomda sadad, martivad cxovrobdnen, Tumca sinamdvileSi, vTqvaT, afrikaSi dadiodnen sanadirod da es urTierTSeuTavsebeli iyo. magaliTad, arsebobs amgvari plastikuri metafora _ amxanagi stalini Tavisi nacrisferi frenCiT. romeliRac filmi vnaxe da aRmoCnda, rom amgvari frenCebiT gavsebuli mTeli karada arsebobda, anu es iyo ara askeza, aramed mxolod Tavis moCveneba, viTomda is berulad cxovrobda. iyo aseTi SemTxvevac, rom gamoqveynda dayudebul, TavSewirul 292
adamianad cnobili feliqs derJinkis dRiuri racioni. aseTi kerZebi, nandirevi da sxva sakvirvelebebi, romlebic iq iyo CamoTvlili, mgoni neronsac ar hqonia. sad Soulobda, esec ki gaugebaria. yvelaferi tyuilze iyo agebuli. SeiZleba, bevri ar dameTanxmos, magram piradad me meCveneba, rom kanonierad gacxadebuli uflebrivi uTanasworoba ukeTesia, vidre gacxadebuli Tanasworoba, romlis miRma SesaZleblobaTa amgvari gansxvavebaa. me vfiqrob, rom es ukanaskneli gacilebiT Sxamiania, Tumca es wyoba aman asuldgmula da adRegrZela. ukve bolos, farTo masebisTvis naTeli gaxda, rom is ufro maRal safexurze ver adis, misi mdgomareoba ar umjobesdeba da Tumca amas didi dro dasWirda, sabWoTa kavSiri daemxo swored maSin, rodesac es gulacrueba moxda. faqtia isic, rom, Tuki rame keTdeboda, ZiriTadad, keTdeboda imaTi meSveobiT, visac sabWoTa xelisufleba aqtiurad an pasiurad ar uyvarda. saqmes akeTebda is, vinc, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, am xelisuflebas ar eTanxmeboda. arsebobda mravalgvari iluzia da iyo araerTi adamiani, romelic socialistur ideebs iziarebda. amgvar Sexedulebebs dResac iziareben da Zalian makvirvebs, rom aseTebi axalgazrdebSic arian, radgan, wesiT, maT Tvali unda mimoavlon da mixvdebian, saubari razea. Tumca maSin, rodesac es iyo mxolod Teoria, sruliad ganyenebuli moZRvreba, Zalze advili iyo, adamians erwmuna, rom TavisTavad qonebriv-socialuri Tanasworoba bednierebis pirobaa. sinamdvileSi, aRmoCnda, rom is, rac sazogadoebrivi sakuTreba unda iyos, saxelmwifos xelSia anu moxeleTa sakuTrebaa. es niSnavs saxelmwifo aparatis absolutur diqtats adamianze, romelsac ar aqvs aqedan TavdaRwevis aranairi saSualeba. Tuki arsebobs kerZo sakuTreba, Tqven SegiZliaT, waxvideT, sxva ram gaakeToT da ar iTanamSromloT saxelmwifosTan. im viTarebaSi es srulebiT gamoricxuli iyo. SeZlebdi, yofiliyavi mewaRe an mesaaTe, Tumca, kooperativebSi gaerTianebis Semdeg, faqtobrivad, esec saxelmwifo samsaxuri xdeboda da maTi Tavisuflebac izRudeboda. es iyo saxelmwifos mxridan adamianTa sruli damoneba. bunebrivicaa, 293
sxvagvarad SeuZlebelia, vinaidan qveyana, Tundac yvelaze sazogadoebrivi, viRacam unda marTos. es romeliRac mmarTveli Zala mere yalibdeba biurokratiad, biurokratia ki _ daxSul kastad, romelic Tavis wevrebs ratomRac ara niWierebis, aramed uniWobisa da verafrismaqnisobis niSniT irCevs. ratomaa ase, Zneli saTqmelia, magram ase xdeboda yvelgan, sadac amgvari wyoba iyo. gaixseneT, TiTqosda sruliad sxvanair nacisturi germaniaSic ra xalxi dawinaurda, mmarTvel fenaSi vin iyo _ SemoqmedebiTad uunaro adamianebi. miuxedavad yvelafrisa, qveyanas sWirdeboda gzebi, mas esaWiroeboda samxedro warmoeba. saxelmwifos, romelic unda yofiliyo Zlieri _ mxolod da mxolod fizikurad Zlevamosili _ esaWiroeboda, vTqvaT, eleqtrosadguri, radgan sxvanairad verc samxedro qarxanas an misTvis aucilebel romelime sxva dawesebulebas aamuSavebda da verc im e.w. Txel fenas acxovrebda, romelic am kolosalur qveyanas marTavda. amas garda, iyo kidev erTi faqtori _ sabWoTa kavSirma ver moaxerxa, srulebiT unitaruli saxelmwifo Seeqmna. rogorc etyoba, gaTvales, rom Tuki ruseTTan axlad SemoerTebuli patara erovnul saxelmwifoebi srulad gauqmdeboda, es saxelmwifo rasac warmoadgens, zedmetad aSkara gaxdeboda, es ki maT ar undodaT. erCivnaT, yofiliyo viTomda mokavSire saxelmwifoebi. sinamdvileSi, Zalian xisti RerZi iyo, magram, Tqven warmoidgineT, es sruliad formaluri, mxolod furcelze arsebuli damoukidebloba, raRac SesaZleblobebs iZleoda. pirvel yovlisa, iZleoda uflebas, swavleba mSobliur enaze gqonoda, Tumca es yvelam ver gamoiyena. magaliTad, rogorc amboben, es SesaZlebloba xelidan gauSva moldaveTma, sadac ganaTlebulma Srem dedaena dakarga da moldavuri ena 1988-89 wlebSi axlidan iswavla. qalaqebSi moldavurad, ubralod, veRar laparakobdnen, ena aRar icodnen. ase iyo belarusSic, Tumca sxva qveynebSi ase ar moxda. magaliTad, mogexsenebaT, rom qarTul skolaSi Zveli qarTuli mwerloba, wesiT, ar unda eswavlebinaT, magram xan enobrivi aucileblobis, xanac sxva ramis momizezebiT, es xerxdeboda da amgvarad, 294
SesaZlebeli xdeboda garkveuli informaciis gapareba, codnis miwodeba, raTa adamians sakuTar kulturul tradiciasTan kavSiri bolomde ar daekarga. rasakvirvelia, amas konkretuli adamianebi akeTebdnen da maT es sakmaod Zvirad ujdebodaT ara marto imis gamo, rom SeiZleboda romelimesTvis xeli etacaT, daepatimrebinaT, gaegdoT an SeeviwroebinaT. es SeiZleba arc momxdariyo, magram Zneli iyo mudmivi kompromisi, rodesac viRacas mxolod imitom unda gauRimo, rom raRac gasakeTebeli gaqvs. amasTanave, kompromiss aqvs saSineli Tviseba _ gamoxdeba xolme xani da adamiani TviTonac veRar sazRvravs, kompromisze didi ideisaTvis midis Tu mxolod sakuTari keTildReobis, wvrilmani yofiTi miznis misaRwevad. gverdiT myofisTvis es, miT umetes, sruliad SeumCneveli xdeba. amitomac, rac meti dro gadioda, Semdgomi Taobebi miT ufro naklebad xedavdnen did miznebs da moCvenebiTi yofiTi keTildReobis namdvil WaobSi eflobodnen. es namdvili keTildReobac ar iyo da amitomac iyo momwamvleli. magaliTad, adamianebs ecvaT tanisamosi, romelsac isini ver iyiddnen. es nivTebi gadamyidvelebs an saidanRac unda CamoetanaT, an im zeda fenis sawyobidan moepovebinaT. adamianebs es ar unda hqonodaT, magram hqondaT da yvelam icoda, rom kanondarRveviT iyo SeZenili. gamodioda, rom yvela monawileobs ukanonobaSi, yvela danaSaulis monawilea. mTeli mosaxleoba danaSaulis moziare xdeboda, radgan sxvanairad cxovreba SeuZlebeli iyo. adgilobrivi nawarmi ufro xSirad ulamazo iyo da ulazaTo, Tanac Caicvamdi da or dReSi SemogefliTeboda. Tumca, kidev vambob, iyo gamonaklisebi, vTqvaT, arsebobda qarxnebi, sadac amzadebdnen gemriel kanfetebs. erTob sainteresoa, rom Turme uwindeli Sveicariuli firma `einemi~ nacionalizaciis Semdeg gardaiqmna yvelaze saxelganTqmuli moskovur qarxanad, romelic Sveicaruli receptebiT amzadebda gemriel Sokoladsa da sxva kanfetebs. romeliRac sawarmosa Tu qarxanaSi, ubralod, ijda kargi teqnologi, romelic zrunavda xarisxze, magram mis garSemo ukuRmarToba, uwesoba da ukanonoba xdeboda. 295
amas garda, sabWoTa viTareba xels uwyobda araspecialistisa da namdvili specialistis uflebriv gaTanabrebas. viRacas gamosdioda, rom amisTvis winaaRmdegoba gaewia, magram ar arsebobda dawesebuleba, romelic Tavisufali iqneboda e.w. balastisagan. gansxvaveba mxolod is iyo, rom, iSviaT SemTxvevaSi, balasti 10% iyo, metwilad ki _ 90%. warmoidgineT, rodesac balastiTaa savse ara marto qarxnebi, aramed kvleviTi dawesebulebebi, muzeumebi, organizaciebi, sadac yvelaferi sakuTari saqmiT gulanTebul muSakTa keTilsindisierebas emyareba, Sen ki gyavs uamravi arafris gamkeTebeli. Semdeg viRac umaqnisTagani saTaveSi moeqceva da yvelaferi uaresad ukuRmarTdeba, radgan gamkeTebelsac saqme ufuWdeba da xeli eSleba. isec xdeboda, rom viRac ZaliT rame karg saqmes gaakeTebda da xelmZRvaneli, romelic mxolod xels uSlida, mis gakeTebuls Tavisad miiwerda. sxvaTa Soris, aseTi saqme mere maleve fuWdeboda xolme, radgan adamians aRar aclidnen, gaegrZelebina misi keTeba, gaCerebuli saqme ki ukan-ukan midis, mogexsenebaT. erTi sityviT, yovelgvari xelSewyoba hqonda cuds da gacilebiT naklebi _ kargs, magram kargi mainc arsebobda. rogor da ratom? mizezi aris Zalian martivi _ am uzarmazar qveyanas, garda yvelafrisa, sWirdeboda vitrina. namdvil ambavs mogiyvebiT: magaliTad, TbilisSi Camovida safrangeTis prezidenti b-ni Jiskar d’esteni meuRliTurT. cxadia, unda daaxvedro vinme iseTi, vinc Tavs ar mogWris, franguladac daelaparakeba da Tanac bevri icis, radgan Semdeg, roca ukan dabrundeba, is ityvis, amisTana xalxs Sevxvdio. aseTi xalxi saWiro iyo da hyavdaT kidec. maTac sakmaod mZime dReSi amyofebdnen, magram ase Tu ise mainc acdidnen saqmis keTebas da Semdeg, roca dasWirdebodaT, ityodnen, ai, Tu ar gvaqvs mecniereba, ager arian mecnierebi, romlebic dadian msoflio kongresebze da Tavi ar eWrebTo. es marTlac ase iyo. xelovneba ar gvaqvs? ai, batono, mxatvari, ager kidev moqandake da musikosi, gvyavs, rogor ar gvyavs?! aRarafers vambob imaze, rom xelovnebis dargTagan zogierTi, ubralod, Semosavlis 296
wyaro iyo. am mxriv, gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeodnen musikosebi, sabaleto dasebi, qoreografiuli ansamblebi, romelTa Sesaxebac pirdapir ambobdnen, begaraze dadiano. isini ucxoeTSi daiarebodnen, Semdeg ki maT honoraris or mesameds arTmevdnen. iyo aseTi SemTxvevac, rom qarTveli pianisti, marine mdivani, venis aeroportSi, rodesac frena gadaido, sruliad ufulod aRmoCnda. ase cariel-tarieli darCa am ucxo qalaqSi da mere samadlod viRacam uSvela. ase iyo, maT CamohqondaT fuli da amitom sadRac wasvlac SeeZloT. iyo leqso ToraZis SemTxvevac. absoluturad darwmunebuli var, rom ara raRac Zalian mniSvnelovani, Rrma mizezi, samSoblosa da ojaxs igi arasodes miatovebda. arasdros mikiTxavs, Tu ratom miiRo es gadawyvetileba, magram raRac gaukeTes iseTi, rom aiZules ucxo qveyanaSi darCena. viRac imitomac rCeboda, rom es ucnauri yofa, ubralod, mobezrda. axla warmoidgineT arqiteqtorisa da arqiteqturis mdgo mareoba. poets SeuZlia, viRacis Tavidan mosacileblad erTi leqsi xorblis mosavals miuZRvnas da kargi poezia mere weros, mxatvars SeuZlia, erTxel romelime beladis portreti Seqmnas da sxva rame mere xatos. arqiteqtorma ra qnas? is mTlianad damkveTzea damokidebuli. arada, am viTarebaSi kerZo damkveTi, faqtobrivad, ar arsebobs. Tu maincdamainc, 25 weliwadSi erTxel viRac premias aiRebs da agaraks gadaakeTebinebs an individualuri proeqtiT binas aiSenebs, sxva dakveTa araa. es arqiteqorisTvis samuSaod ar kmara da is iZulebulia, Seasrulos saxelmwifo dakveTa. saxelmwifo dakveTebisas aris uamravi SezRudva. marto is rad Rirs, rom sxvadasxva adgilas, ZiriTadad, moskovSi, arsebobda centraluri saproeqto institutebi, sadac qalaqisa Tu soflis saxlebis tipobrivi geg mebi mzaddeboda. mere es gegma mokavSire respublikebs egzavneboda da iqaur arqiteqtorebs ki es proeqtebi adgilobriv pirobebze unda miebaT. terminic arsebobda aseTi, mibma erqva. ruseTisTvis gakeTebuli soflis saxli xevsureTs rogor unda miaba?! cotaTi vaWarbeb, rasakvirvelia, magram, unda giTxraT, rom arcTu didad. warmoidgineT, vTqvaT, CrdiloeTisTvis da297
gegmarebuli bina samxreTSi, sadac sruliad sxva ramaa saWiro. ase iyo yvelaferi erTmaneTs acdenili. amas garda, iyo ucnauri SezRudvebi. magaliTad, raRaca dros ar SeiZleba, aaSeno sakoncerto darbazi, ai, ar SeiZleba! magaliTad, b-nma aleqsi maWavarianma aanTo erTi partiuli muSaki, mgoni, vinme gegeSiZe da, misi gamoisobiT, Tbilisis filarmonia kinoTeatrad gaaformes, sinamdvileSi ki, sakoncerto darbazi aaSenes. romeli ZirgamomTxreli dawesebuleba sakoncerto darbazia, rom mis asagebad amisTana xrikebi gWirdebodes?! isic sainteresoa, rom partiul muSakebSic moiZebnebodnen xolme patiosani adamianebi, Tumca es Zalian iSviaTad xdeboda. ZiriTadad, iq iyvnen karieristebi, romlebic nebismieri gziT cdilobdnen dawinaurebas, magram zogjer rame kargis gakeTeba maTac moundebodaT. sxvaTa Soris, es tiranTa Tvisebaa. magaliTad, berias, am yovlad saSinel arsebas, uyvarda simon janaSia. aravin icis, ratom uyvarda, magram uyvarda. amitom simon janaSias SeeZlo namdvili saswaulebis moxdena _ cixidan msjavrdebulebi gamohyavda. ar vici, rogor axerxebda da Zalian iSviaTad SeeZlo, am privilegiiT esargebla, magram amas akeTebda. es mas rad ujdeboda, ukve sxva sakiTxia. vfiqrob, rom is gacilebiT metxans icocxlebda, rom ara mudmivi daZabuloba da imis fereba, vis danaxvazec albaT guli eleoda, Tumca, savaraudod madlierebis grZnobac uCndeboda. karg adamianebs madlierebis grZnoba aqvT maSinac ki, roca mommadlierebeli TavisTavad srulebiT uvargisia. sxvaTa Soris, amiT gansxvavdebien isini cudi adamianebisagan. erTi sityviT, arqiteqtori Zalian izRudeboda. amas garda, arqiteqtura dekretuli iyo SemoqmedebiTi TvalsazrisiTac. XX saukunis xuroTmoZRvreba Zalian Wrelia. mas sul gasdevs XIX saukunidan wamoyolili ekleqtizmi da istorizmi. amasTanave, gaCnda axali e.w. konstruqtivistuli, funqcionalisturi arqiteqtura. erTi xani egonaT, rom es aris momavali, mere aRmoCnda, rom ase ar aris da is Secvala neoekleqturma postmodernistulma arqiteqturam. ai, axla ukve ociode weli erTob ucnauri suraTia _ erTi mxriv, ramdenadme gardasaxu298
li neoekleqtizmi grZeldeba, sxva mxriv ki, 1910-30-iani wlebis modernis ekleqtikaa, Zalze manerulad gadamRerebuli is arqiteqturaa. es yvelaferi rogorRac erTmaneTis paralelurad miedineba. am siWreleSi gzis gagneba isedac Zalian Znelia. amasTan erTad, warmoidgineT, am isedac rTul situacias marTavs aTiode kaci gasagebi, magram arqiteqturisa da misi Sida cxovrebis TvalsazrisiT, arcTu mizanSewonili motivebiT. magaliTad, 1920-iani wlebi aris yvela danarCenis mimarT funqcionalist-konstruqtivistebis teroris xana. danaSaulia, vTqvaT, rom daxato ioniuri kapiteli. amitom amas aRar aswavlian. magaliTad, saswavleblebSi arqiteqturis istorias ar aswavlian. rogori warmosadgenia arqiteqtori, romelmac ar icis, manamde ra iyo da rogor Sendeboda?! 1930-iani wlebidan ukuprocesi iwyeba. axla, piriqiT, danaSaulia, daxato sworkuTxedi da aucileblad korinTuli kapitelebi unda xato. arada, es xom xSirad dekoria fasadze da meti araferi. ase aris romidan mokidebuli da Semdeg ukve renesansis xanidanac. yvelaze komikuri ki isaa, rom am orderuli arqiteqturis iluzias ratomRac hqvia realisturi arqiteqtura. piradad CemTvis es amouxsneli saidumloa. vTqvaT, CemTvis gasagebia im tipis msjeloba, rodesac amboben, rom es kargia, xolo konstruqtivistuli ar varga. es SeiZleba sakamaTo iyos, magram CemTvis misaRebia sakiTxis ase dayeneba. Tumca realizmi ra SuaSia da ratom aris berZnuli sveti realuri, xolo didi sarkmliT gaxsnili swori kedeli realuri ratom ar aris, marTali giTxraT, gaugebaria. da mainc, ase iyo da iwereboda wignebi, romlebiTac es realisturi arqiteqtura iqadageboda. arqiteqtori iZulebuli xdeboda, ase ekeTebina. vinc Zalian niWieri iyo, axerxebda, am viTarebaSi racionaluroba SeenarCunebina da es moTxovnili elementebi imgvarad gamoeyenebina, rom mxatvruli Sedegi mainc mieRo. aseTi Senobebi aqvs, magaliTad, nikoloz severovs, aseve _ mixeil SaviSvils, gansakuTrebiT, 1930-ian wlebSi. sxvaTa Soris, sagrZnobad gaWirda 1940-iani wlebidan, roca ukve terori Zalian moZlierda. 299
imavdroulad, daSvebuli iyo aseTi ram _ unda SegenarCunebina ZiriTadi orderuli monaxazi, magram SegeZlo, is erovnuli memkvidreobis elementebiT Segevso. amgvarad, Cndeba Senobebi, sadac aris erTgvari, arcTu gasagebi, danawevreba da iqve kedelze marTlac CuqurTmaa mikruli. romeliRac ostati kvlavac axerxebda amis SemoqmedebiTad gakeTebas. Tumca gorSi stalinis muzeumis SenobaSi arc aqamde Sevsulvar da Sesvlas arc vapireb, magram nanaxi maqvs masala, romelic arCil qurdianma gaakeTa. iq interierSi svetisTavebis nairsaxeobaTa daujerebeli raodenobaa. arc vici, ras Sevadaro _ es aris musikaluri improvizacia. adamiani zis da aqiT aqvs klasikuri orderebis kapitelebi, iqiT Sua saukuneebis, davuSvaT, bagratis taZris an banas svetisTavebi da am Temebze akeTebs improvizaciebs gamaognebels mravalferovnebiTa da mixvedrilobiT. aseTi adamianebic iyvnen. imave qurdianma moaxerxa, erovnuli motivebiT gaewyo, vTqvaT, stadioni da es kargi gamovida. iyo kidev moskovis sasoflo-sameurneo gamofenaze cnobili qarTuli pavilioni, romelic didi xania aRar arsebobs. isic qurdianma gaakeTa giorgi leJavasTan erTad. giorgi leJavas ariqteqturac garkveuli donisaa, misi aris, magaliTad, dRevandeli parlamentis Senoba rusTavelis gamzirze. ver vityvi, rom es Senoba miyvars, magram is gadasagdebic ar aris. sxvaTa Soris, unda iTqvas, rom im Taobis arqiteqtorebs, gansakuTrebiT, romlebmac 1920-30-ian wlebSi miiRes ganaTleba, codna aqvT. Semdeg saSualo done Zalian ecema, Tumca aris nagebobebi, romlebzec SeiZleba Tqva, rom arqiteqtura da mniSvnelovani movlenaa. ubralod, am uamrav naSenSi Warbobs Zalian cudi da Rirebuli uaRresad cotaa. Tanac, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom es cudad naSeni reliefsac arRvevs da, umetes SemTxvevaSi, istoriul ganaSenianebasac anadgurebs, maTi arseboba miT ufro dasanani xdeba. esec ar aris marto sabWouri movlena. II msoflio omis dros ngreva iyo bevr qveyanaSi. evropis qalaqebi ingreoda, magram bevrgan Zvelis adgilas axali qalaqebi Sendeboda. Tumca ver vityvi, rom Se300
degi xSirad aris mosawoni. SexedeT frankfurts, magaliTad, an berlins, gansakuTrebiT, aRmosavleT nawils, sadac Zalian mZime Sedegebia. da mainc, iq erTi ram aris mniSvnelovani _ arqiteqtura, romelic iqmneba, ar iqmneba viRacis brZanebiT. es Zalian rTuli procesia da erTmaneTTanaa gadaxlarTuli politikuri, ekonomikuri, SemoqmedebiTi aspeqtebi, magram imas mainc ver ityvi, rom es vinme erTma gamoigona. es SeiZleba bevris Secdomaa, magram Ziebis kvali mainc SeimCneva. aq ki, roca adamiani Ziebaze verc fiqrobs, misi sadardelia, rogor moergos koniunqturas, Tanac ise, rom mTlad uvargisi ar gaakeTos da Tavi ar moeWras. Zalian mZimea ase muSaoba. Tumca mTeli am drois ganmavalobaSi, yvela aTwleulSi, aris romeliRac nageboba, romelic mogindeba, rom samomavlod darCes. aris nagebobebic, romlebsac me ar davtovebdi, Tumca Cemi bevri kolega am Senobebis Taobaze gansxvavebuli azrisaa. me, magaliTad, ar davtovebdi politeqnikuri institutis pirvel korpuss. mgonia, rom sircxvilia dedamiwaze amgvari arqiteqturis arseboba. uro da namgali aqvs mas gegmis safuZvlad da sityvasac ver vpoulob, romelic daaxasiaTebs Seqmnil abdaubdas. marTali giTxraT, iq misvla Zalian mZimed damamaxsovrda. romeliRac derefanSi Sevedi da veRar mivxvdi, rogor unda gamomeRwia, radgan Turme namglis bolo iyo. erTi sityviT, mgonia, rom es Zalian cudi aris. Tumca yvela am etapze aris nagebobebi, romlebic SeiZleba SeinarCuno. aris iseTi Senobebi, romlebzec ver ityvi, rom ar varga, miuxedavad imisa, rom SezRudvebiT Sendeboda. Tan SezRudvebi sxvadasxvanairia _ xan getyodnen, rom unda daawepo CuqurTma, xan kidev _ Senobas, garda sworkuTxa Riobebisa, araferi unda hqondeso. esec SezRudvaa, radgan SeiZleba danawevreba an raime sxva iyos saWiro. am CarCoebis gaTvaliswinebiT unda gaekeTebinaT raRac. iyvnen arqiteqtorebi, romlebic amas axerxebdnen. magaliTad, Zalian afasebdnen adre gardacvlil ramaz kiknaZes. Tundac, magaliTad, giorgi Caxavasa da misi jgufis cnobili gzaTa saministro, romelic saerTo azriT, is Senobaa, romelmac mso301
filio arqiteqturaSi daiquxa da XX saukunis ZiebaTa nusxaSi Sevida. am dargis specialisti imdenad ar var, rom es ganvsazRvro, magram saerTo azri aseTia. es, ra Tqma unda, gasaxarelia, magram samwuxaro isaa, rom imave avtorma da misma jgufma ver gaagrZela muSaoba, arada, sxvaTa Soris, maT im Senobis kompleqsis gagrZelebis proeqtic hqondaT. is proeqti ar ganxorcielebula da, mgoni, masze arc arvin fiqrobs. aqve unda vaxsenoT, magaliTad, iseTi nagebobebi TbilisSi, rogoricaa sportis sasaxle da Tundac sasoflo sameurneo instituti. albaT kidev SeiZleba moiZebnos Senobebi, romlebzec ityvi _ es unda iyos, momavalSi es XX saukunis qarTul arqiteqturas warmoaCens. saubedurod, imavdroulad, Sendeboda uxarisxo Senobebi. arqitetorebis Zalian didi nawili an moumzadebeli aRmoCnda, an ver ganviTarda. rogorc Cans, gvyavs Zalian bevri niWieri adamiani, romlebmac sakuTari monacemebis gamovlena ver moaxerxes. me ori aseTi SemTxveva vici. ubralod, srulebiT SemTxveviT, maTi studentobis droindeli namuSevrebi Camivarda xelSi, mere ki ukve, vTqvaT, 15-20 wlis Semdeg, vnaxe, rad gadaiqcnen da es Semzaravi ram aRmoCnda. adamianma aseTi regresi ganicados, dakargos yvelaferi, ase Caqres da SemoqmedebiTi energiisgan gamoifitos, saSinelebaa. Tumca, samwuxarod, darwmunebuli ar var, rom es mxolod ori SemTxveva iyos, albaT bevria. safiqrebelia, rom umravlesobas veRarc vuSveliT, vinaidan, roca adamiani ormocdaaT wels gadacdeba, is Tavidan ganviTarebas ver daiwyebs, aseTi saswaulebi, rogorc wesi, ar xdeba. neta xdebodes, magram amas, jerjerobiT, me ver vxedav. ra xdeba dRes? faqtobrivad, Cven kvlav imaves vagrZelebT. dResac igivea _ arian arqiteqtorebi, romlebsac sityva namdvilad eTqmiT da kargad, Sedegianad muSaoba SeuZliaT. gvaqvs garkveuli Sedegebic _ magaliTad, b-n vaJa orbelaZis makdonaldsis Senoba, aris ramdenime nageboba, vTqvaT, gia abulaZis firmisa da Tavad b-ni gias namuSevrebi, vTqvaT, nika sefiskveraZisa da misi jgufis proeqtebi. albaT ramdenime kidev moiZebneba. axla mxolod imas vambob, rac maxsendeba. da 302
mainc, Zalian bevria srulebiT ugvani. moxda kidev erTi ram _ sabWoTa wesebi, rogorc wesi, idioturi iyo, magram dRes Cven saerTod aRaraviTari wesi ar gagvaCnia da SesaZlebelia, moxdes iseTi ram, rac 1990-iani wlebis bolos sportis sasaxlis ukan moxda _ gaiyida quCa, quCis saval nawilze daidga saxli da Seiqmna viTareba, romelsac, arc vici, ra unda daerqvas. amgvari precedenti saerTod ar arsebula. Tqven rom waikiTxoT, magaliTad, rogori iyo XVIII saukuneSi Tbilisis mSeneblobis wesebi, gagikvirdebaT. iq veravin gabedavda araTu quCis gadaRobvas, aramed mezoblisTvis misasvleli gzis Sekvecas. amisTvis daisjebodnen, aSenebulsac daungrevdnen da daajarimebdnen kidevac. ansamblio, mxatvruli gadawyvetao _ amaze saerTod laparakic ar aris. SexedeT, fiqris goraze ra xdeba, SexedeT arCil qurdianis mSvenier modernul nagebobas _ televiziis Senobas, romelsac zemodan raRac uSvelebeli Senobebi wamoadga. am ubnebs saerTod Tavsa da bolos veRar unaxav. aRar vambob, ra xdeba istoriul ubnebSi. aqac, samwuxarod, ZiriTadad, Cveni uaryofiTi gamocdileba meordeba. Zveli Tbilisis, quTaisis da a.S. ngreva adridan daiwyo. quTaisi, magaliTad, dawves 1920-ian wlebSi, cecxli waukides bazris ubans, amouwves quTaiss guli, daangries soboro. vaxtang beriZe Tvlida, rom quTaisma gacilebiT metad izarala, vidre Tbilisma. ar vici, me ase ver Sevadareb, magram b-ni vaxtangis, am SemTxvevaSi, savsebiT mjera. mere daiwyo ngreva restavraciiT, viTomda restavracia keTdeboda. TbilisSi es procesi gansakuTrebiT farTod 1970-iani wlebidan warimarTa. jer 1940-iani wlebis bolos metexis ubani gaanadgures, Semdeg ukve me TviTon moveswari, rogor erTianad aiRes riye da mere 40 weli ver moifiqres, am mocarielebul adgilze ra gaekeTebinaT. rodesac aseTi ram aRar gaudiodaT, iwyeboda viTomda restravracia da ixateboda arqiteqtura, rogorc Cans, pirdapir fotoebze, radgan Sesabamisi dokumentacia, ramdenadac vici, ar arsebobda. Cndeboda, magaliTad, aivnebi, romlebsac kari ar hqonda da, etyoba, fanjrebidan xtebodnen. aseTi saxli 303
namdvilad iyo, Tumca mere, sxvaTa Soris, erT-erTi fanjara karad gadaiqca. iyo SemTxvevebi, roca gvqonda foto da zustad Canda, rogori aris arqiteqtura, magram sxva keTdeboda. magaliTad, unda yofiliyo sada aivani toskanuri svetebiT, Tumca daWrelebuli aRmosavluri yaidisa keTdeboda. arada, ar SeiZleboda, im saxls aseTi hqonoda. aseve keTdeboda sruliad gaugonari kompoziciebi. me dResac gansakuTrebiT maRizianebs orsarTuliani aivnebi, sadac qveda sarTulis aivani wydeba _ kuTxes Semouvlis da gawydeba, zeda ki grZeldeba. es TbilisisTvis srulebiT arabunebrivia da a.S. am viTomda restavracias Tan ngreva sdevda, zogjer iqneba gamarTlebulic, magram amasac veRarvin gaigebda. xSir SemTxvevaSi, arc ki viciT, ra daingra. zogjer veRar gaigeb, sad ra aris _ sad Zvelia, sad viTomda Zvelia, axali da imas mimgvanebuli romelia. amis mixvedra Zalian rTulia. abanoTubanSi, magaliTad, me marTla aRar vici ra aris Zveli da ra aris 1970-iani wlebisa. samwuxarod, 2000-ian wlebSi, ukve damoukideblobis xanaSi, mSenebloba kvlav aseTia. masSi aris raRac iseTic, rac sasargebloa, magaliTad, araerTi Senobis konstruqciuli gamagreba. es, cxadia, unda gakeTebuliyo, magram keTdeboda ise, rom mere fanjris alaTas ukan veRar abrunebdi. ra saWiro iyo, CamoeTalaT mTeli naZerwoba da mere yalibebSi Tavidan daemzadebinaT? Tu Zveli SerCenilia Tavis adgilze, ratom unda CamoaTalo? siswrafisTviso, siiafisTviso _ ase amboben, magram es xom swori ar aris?! amitomac, me ar viziareb erTmniSvnelovan uaryofiT damokidebulebas mTeli am samuSaoebisadmi, magram iq rom namdvilad seriozuli xarvezebia, es ueWvelia. Zvel ubnebSi romeliRac nagebobebi daingra da ver xvdebi, ratom. magaliTad, aris saxli, dgas TavisTvis da zemodan aqvs Camocmuli betonis axali konstruqcia. ratom Camoacves, gamagebineT! ratom aris es axali gaugebari moculoba zemodan? ratom moungries, magaliTad, erT-erT saxls fligeli? srulebiT gaugebaria, magram es im cudi praqtikis gagrZelebaa. swored amas vedavebi am mSeneblobaTa kritikosebs _ maT ar gaiTvaliswines, rom es axali movlena ki ar aris, Zvelis ga304
grZelebaa, amitom mas ar SeiZleba edavo, rogorc axals. aq unda vilaparakoT imaze, rom ar moxda cudi praqtikis daZleva da aRmofxvra. ai, amaze unda gvelaparaka! Cven vlaparakobdiT sul sxvaze sakiTxze da amis Sedegi isaa, rom es kvlavac gagrZeldeba da, mgoni, ukve grZeldeba kidec. am mxriv, rasakvirvelia, Zalian bevri ram aris gasakeTebeli. es Zalian rTuli problemebia, miT umetes, rom sabWoTa epoqaSi revoluciamdeli ganaSenianebis mizandasaxuli daZveleba xdeboda. Semdeg, 1990-iani wlebSi, sruli upatronoba iyo, bunebrivia da axla ukve marTla katastrofaa. ver gaamtyuneb mosaxles, romelsac ar unda, cxovrobdes saxlSi, sadac TavSi aguri ecema, baTqaSi cviva da, RmerTma icis, am Senobebs kidev ra emarTeba. Tumca, sxva mxriv, dauSvebelia, davyabuldeT imas, rom saerTod yvelaferi gavanadguroT da rkina-betonis simaxinjeebi avaSenoT. urTulesi problemebia Seqmnili da ver vityvi, rom me axla vxedavde Zalas, pirvel yovlisa, socialur da profesiul Zalas, romelic am problemebs gadaWrida. miuxedavad amisa, uimedoba, ra Tqma unda, uadgiloa. Cven namdvilad gvyavs niWieri xalxi, profesionalebi _ cota, magram gvyavs. raki isini arseboben, es mainc gvitovebs imeds, rom SeiZleba, bolos da bolos, sadaveebi odesme maT xelSic aRmoCndes, es sakiTxebi maTi gadasawyveti gaxdes da ara im adamianebisa, romlebic sabWoTa xanaSi sxvadasxva meTodebiT dawinaurdnen da, didwilad, dResac sazRvraven movlenebs arqiteqturuli moRvaweobisas. saWiroa damkveTTan Zalian seriozuli muSaoba. Cveni damkveTi, frTxilad da zrdilobianad rom vTqvaT, ubiria. is srulebiT ver erkveva imaSi, rasac ukveTavs, ver kiTxulobs naxazs, ver xvdeba, ras miiRebs da aSenebulsac ki ver afasebs saRad. ar unda sWirdebodes damkveTs imis axsna, rom viwro quCa, rodesac aqeT-iqidan ocdaxuTsarTulian saxlebs aaSe neb, quCa aRar aris da im sarTulebze, garda zeda orisa, cxovreba SeuZlebeli iqneba. ar unda sWirdebodes amis axsna, magram rom sWirdeba da uxsni, yurs mainc ar gigdebs, radgan erTaderTi argumenti misTvis swrafi mogebaa. rogor gavage305
binoT adamianebs, rom, roca isini mravalbinian saxls aSeneben, is unda qiravdebodes, maSin aqvs azri am mSeneblobas da ara ise, rogorc axla xdeba _ pirdapir gayidian da mere meore saxlis mSeneblobas iwyeben. saxlis mflobeli seriozuli kapitalistia da misi qoneba aris farTi, romelic qiravdeba. es ar xdeba. ase rom, aqac Zalian seriozuli samuSaoa. qarTulma sazogadoebam daiviwya arqiteqturuli memkvidreobis Rirebuleba. Tavis droze Cvenma maswavleblebma Zalian bevri iRvawes imisTvis, rom gaRvivebuliyo codna, gaRvivebuliyo siZvelis siyvaruli. sadReisod es yvelaferi waSlilia. Zalian mcirea procenti adamianebisa, romlebic naRvloben Rirebulis dakargvas an dazianebas. amitomaa, rom bevr rames dRes ar aqvs iseTi gamoxmaureba, rogoric unda hqonoda. samwuxarod, moxmaureebSic ver vendobodi yvelas. ar var darwmunebuli, rom Tuki didi lukmas miiReben, im wamsve ar Seicvlian pozicias, radgan karieristuli sawyisi iq Zalian aSkarad Cans. es yvelaze ar iTqmis, madloba RmerTs, magram aseTi ramec xdeba. es Zalian saxifaToa, radgan kulturas ar uyvars momxveWelebi. mas uyvars gulwrfeli adamianebi. kulturuli Rirebulebebi mxolod gulwrfelobiT iqmneba. Tqven albaT SeiZleba gaakeToT tanki, raTa mogeba naxoT, magram, lamaz saxls mxolod angarebiT ver aaSeneb, es SeuZlebelia, mas kidev raRac unda Caatano. profesiuli Tu socialuri TvalsazrisiT, samuSao Zalian bevria. me mainc mgonia, rom sruli sazogadoebrivi ngrevisa da rRvevis viTareba kidev ufro mZime unda iyos, radgan mTavari Sedegi sabWouri cxovrebisa swored isaa, rom ar arsebobs sazogadoeba _ arc kargi, arc cudi. is, ubralod, ar aris. aRar arsebobs arafris wesi, kidev vambob _ arc kargi, arc cudi da me davrwmundi imaSi, rom azrs moklebuli mkacri wesi srul uwesobaze ukeTesia. imas Searbileb da roca wesi saerTod ar arsebobs, verafers izam. adamianebma isic ki aRar ician, erTmaneTs rogor miesalmon da es realobaa. dRes xSirad gamoTqvamen sayvedurs axalgazrdebis mimarT. neta rogor vsayvedurobT?! ra vaswavleT, ra magaliTi vuC306
veneT? erTi saxlidan rom gavlen da meoreSi Sevlen, iq xvdebaT sxva qveyniereba, romelSic sxva wesebia. ra unda aiTvisos axalgazrda adamianma? rasakvirvelia, mas uCndeba gancda, rom yvela matyuaraa, yvela TvalTmaqcia da realurad faseuli araferi arsebobs. es samwuxaroa, magram Zalian bunebrivia. me ukve is makvirvebs, rom axalgazrdobis marTlac did nawils raRac kriteriumebi kidev SerCa. ver vityodi, rom es kriteriumebi CemTvis yovelTvis misaRebia, magram mainc arsebobs erTgvari warmodgena keTilsa da borotze. miuxedavad yvelaferi imisa, rac wina Taobebma vakeTeT, maT es mainc SerCaT. esec maZlevs imeds. me vxedav raRac niSnebs sazogadoebis aRorZinebisa, magram amas didi xelSewyoba unda, amis niSnebi ki maincadamainc uxvad ar gvaqvs. viRac, ra Tqma unda, cdilobs, xeli Seuwyos momaval Taobas, magram, samwuxarod, es arc ise xSiria. arc mesmis, ase ucnaurad ratom irjebian, magram bevri marTlac ise cxovrobs, gegoneba, dedamiwaze martoa da arc momavali arsebobs, aRarc misi monacvle unda gazardos da TviTonaa araTu qveynierebis centri, aramed Tavad qveyniereba. vfiqrob, es, uzneobis garda, ubralod, ugunurebaa. samwuxarod, es realoba aseTia. axla yvelaferi, rasakvirvelia, imazea damokidebuli, ramdenad imarjveben isini, visac marTla raRac unda, ramdenad SeZleben Rirebulis SenarCunebas da sakuTari azris gatanas. cxadia, yvelaferi damokidebulia axalgazrda Taobaze. amitomac mTavari, rasac yovelTvis veubnebi Cems studentebs, aris is, rom yovelma maTganma unda gaigos _ momavali ar iqmneba sxvis mier, momavals marTla yoveli adamiani qmnis. es ar gaxlavT metafora. sworad gadaxvalT Tu ara quCas, marTla aseT wvrilmanebze aris qveynis momavali damokidebuli. `me ra SemiZlia, iman unda gadawyvitos“ _ araswori angariSia. ramdenic SegiZlia, imdeni gaakeTe sworad da roca bevri swori patara saqme Seikribeba... ubralod, amas dro unda, es uceb ar Cans. bevr guliswyvetasTanac aris dakavSirebuli, Tuki Sen raRac sworad gaakeTe da sxvam ki es awyobili dagiSala an agiria. es marTlac Zalian gulsatkenia, magram unda gvesmodes, rom wu307
Tisofeli aseTia, batoni wuTisoflisa ki, mogexsenebaT, ver aris keTili arseba da, sxvaTa Soris, mas tyuilis mama hqvia. wuTisofeli ar aris martivi, wuTisofeli ar aris marto sikeTe _ es unda gvesmodes. Tumca es CvenTvis ar auqmebs sikeTis qmnis pasuxismgeblobas, radgan sxvanairad qveyniereba, ubralod, gaqreba. rogorc vicxovrebT, rogorc gairjeba yoveli Cvengani, iseTi iqneba Cveni sakuTari momavali da Cveni qveynis myofadi. rac ufro mets gavakeTebT qveynisTvis, miT ufro mets miviRebT misgan. ai, es aris is ori martivi wesi, romlebiTac unda ixelmRvanelos yvelam, miT umetes, axalgazrda adamianma. unda daviviwyoT amgvari azrebi, rom Cven, mcxovrebni melburnSi an Tundac kambojaSi, rodesac yvelaferi dalagdeba, maSin davbrundebiT. ver dabrundebi sxvis aSenebul qveyanaSi! is Sen ar migiRebs da SeiZleba saerTodac ar dagxvdes imitom, rom, am logikiT, Tu yvela, vinc raRacis maqnisia, gaikrifa, ukacravad da vin unda aSenos es qveyana, vin? darCenilma orma adamianma? maTi Zala amas ar eyofa! da Tu aaSenes TavianTi garjiT, is ise aSendeba, rom gadaxvewilisTvis iq adgili aRar iqneba. ra Tqma unda, yvela adamiani TviTon akeTebs sakuTar arCevans, magram esec unda gvesmodes _ ver Camoxval, ver dasaxldebi iq, sadac Seni wili nakeTebi ar aris. is saSeno aRar iqneba, is ar iqneba Seni samSoblo. da mainc, perspeqtiva arsebobs, momavali arsebobs, oRond unda gaaqtiurdes da ganxorcieldes is potencia Tu SesaZleblobebi, romlebic Cven gvaqvs da ar is, rac damangrevelia. ar unda vifiqroT gauTaveblad mezoblis cudze _ geografiul mezobelsac vgulisxmob da karis mezobelsac. imaze ar unda vifiqroT, is ras akeTebs arasworad. davufiqrdeT imas, Cven TviTon ra da rogor gavakeToT. es aris erTaderTi gza, romliTac am qveyanaze saerTod rame keTdeba. es aris erTaderTi gza, romliTac SeiZleba gadavarCinoT da SevinarCunoT Cveni qveyana.
308
ილუსტრაციები
ufliscixe
310
უჯარმის ციხე
311
ძველი შუამთის მონასტერი
312
ბოლნისის სიონი
ბოლნისის სიონი. სვეტისთავის რელიეფი
313
ურბნისის კათედრალი
314
თბილისი. ანჩისხატის ტაძარი
315
ძველი გავაზის ღმრთისმშობლის ეკლესია
316
მცხეთის წმ. ჯვრის ტაძარი
მცხეთის წმ. ჯვრის ტაძარი. სამხრეთი კარის ტიმპანის რელიეფი
317
ატენის სიონის ტაძარი
318
მარტვილის კათედრალი
319
სამწევრისის წმ. ჯვრის ტაძარი
320
ნეკრესის გუმბათიანი ეკლესია
321
გურჯaანის ყველაწმინდა
322
კუმურდოს კათედრალი
323
კაცხის ტაძარი
324
ქუთაისი. ბაგრატის ტაძარი
325
მცხეთა. სვეტიცხოველი
326
ალავერდის კათედრალი
327
სამთავისის ტაძარი
328
მცხეთა. სამთავროს ტაძარი
329
ნიკორწმინდის ტაძარი
330
იკვის ტაძარი
331
წილკნის ტაძარი
332
იყალთოს მონასტერი
333
გელათის მონასტერი
334
გელათი. ღმრთისმშობლის შობის ტაძარი. ჩუქურთმა სადიაკვნის სარკმელთან
გელათი. ღმრთისმშობლის შობის ტაძარი. გირჩი საკურთხევლის სარკმელთან
335
შიომღვიმის მონასტერი
336
თიღვის ტაძარი
337
იკორთის ტაძარი
338
მაღალაანთ ეკლესია
339
თბილისი. ლურჯი მონასტერი
340
ბეთანიის ტაძარი
341
ქვათახევის ღმრთისმშობლის ეკლესია
342
ყინწვისის წმ. ნიკოლოზის ეკლესია
343
ყინწვისის წმ. ნიკოლოზის ეკლესია. ინტერიერი
344
ფიტარეთის ტაძარი
345
თბილისი. მეტეხის ტაძარი
346
საფარის მონასტერი
347
ზარზმის ტაძარი
348
ახალი შუამთა
349
გრემი
350
ანანური
351
თბილისი. სიონის ტაძარი
352
ninowmindis samreklo
353
თბილისი. ანჩისხატის სამრეკლო
354
ბარაკონის ტაძარი
355
darbazuli sacxovrebeli
356
odasaxli
357
თბილისი. წმ. ნიკოლოზის ეკლესია
358
თბილისი. წმ. სამების ეკლესია
359
თბილისი. ბეთლემის ქუჩა-კიბე
360
თბილისი. მთავარმართებლის სასახლე (ამჟამად – მოსწავლე ახალგაზრდობის სასახლე)
361
თბილისი. სახაზინო თეატრი (ამჟამად – თბილისის ოპერისა და ბალეტის თეატრი)
362
თბილისი. საარტისტო საზოგადოების თეატრი (შოთა რუსთაველის სახელობის სახელმწიფო თეატრი)
363
თბილისი. დიდების ტაძარი (ამჟამად – დ. შევარდნაძის სახელობის ეროვნული გალერეა)
364
თბილისი. საქართველოს უზენაესი სასამართლო
365
თბილისი. აბრეშუმის სახლი (ამჟამად – აბრეშუმის სახელმწიფო მუზეუმი)
366
თბილისი. yofili sastumro „vetceli“
367
თბილისი. ბანკის შენობა გ. ლეონიძის ქუჩაზე
368
თბილისი. საცხოვრებელი სახლი ავლაბარში
369
თბილისი. საცხოვრებელი სახლები სოლოლაკში
370
თბილისი. საცხოვრებელი სახლი ძველ კუკიაზე
371
თბილისი. სახლები კალაში
372
სავაჭრო რიგი ძველ თბილისში
373
თბილისი. yofili მელიქ აზარიანცის Semosavliani saxli
374
თბილისი. ქვაშვეთის ეკლესია
375
თბილისი. ს. ჯანაშიას სახelobis საქართველოს მუზეუმი
376
თბილისი. თბილისის კინოსტუდიის შენობა
377
თბილისი. იv. ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის II კორპუსი
378
თბილისი. მთავრობის სახლი (ამჟამად – საქართველოს პარლამენტის შენობა)
379
თბილისის სპორტის სასახლე
380
თბილისი. საქართველოს სახელმწიფო ფილარმონია
381
თბილისი. საქართველოს საავტომობილო გზების სამინისტრო (ამჟამად – საქართველოს ბანკის სათავო ოფისი)
382
თბილისი. საქართველოს რადიომაუწყებლობისა და ტელევიზიის სახელმწიფო კომიტეტი (ამჟამად _ საქართველოს საზოგადოებრივი მაუწყებლის ცენტრალური კორპუსი)
383
ქართული ხუროთმოძღვრების საკითხები უძველესი დროიდან XX საუკუნის ბოლომდე
დიმიტრი თუმანიშვილი
www.art.edu.ge
დიმიტრი თუმანიშვილი
„წარსულმა შეიძლება ბევრი რამ გვასწავლოს, მათ შორის, ძალიან ძველმაც. სწორედ ამიტომ ვიცავთ ჩვენ მას. ძველი ნაშთების შენახვა თვითმიზანი არ არის.
ჩვენ ვიცავთ სიძველეს იმიტომ, რომ უკეთ ვიცოდეთ დღევანდელობა და უკეთ გავიგოთ მომავალი. აწმყოს
ქართული ხუროთმოძღვრების საკითხები უძველესი დროიდან XX საუკუნის ბოლომდე
ვერ გაიგებ, თუ წარსული არ იცი. ვერ გაიგებ, ვერ მიხვდები, რატომ არის ის ასეთი თავისი კარგითა და ავით. ამიტომ ამბობდა ილია ჭავჭავაძე, რომ უნდა ნახო წარსული — ბალავრის ქვა, რომელზეც აწმყო დაშენდა და დამპალი, უვარგისი კენჭი, რომელმაც დღევანდელი სირთულეები მოიტანა. ამის მასწავლებელი მხოლოდ და მხოლოდ წარსულია, სხვა საშუალება არ არსებობს.
ამიტომ მოვალენი ვართ, მომავალ თაობებს დავუტოვოთ წარსულის დანახვის საშუალება. ვინ იცის, თავიანთი გადმოსახედიდან მათ იმ ნამყოში რაღაც ისეთიც დაინახონ, რაც ჩვენ გამოგვრჩა. ჩვენი მოვალეობაა, შევუნარჩუნოთ მემკვიდრეობა მომავალს.“
