EMA SLNG Booklet

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POWERING LIVES TRAILS

Singapore LNG Terminal

Content Page

Singapore's Energy Story

A Glimpse into Singapore's Energy History

What is Singapore’s Energy Trilemma?

Overview of the Electricity Sector

Overview of the Gas Sector

Our Energy Challenge to You!

About Singapore’s LNG Terminal

What is Liquefied Natural Gas?

Singapore LNG Corporation

Importance of the LNG Terminal to Singapore

LNG Terminal Operations

Learning Outcomes

SMART Refection

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A Glimpse into Singapore's Energy History

When did Singapore’s first air-conditioned cinema open?

When did Singapore start importing natural gas from Malaysia?

Where was Singapore's first offshore power plant?

Can you name a popular night spot that used to be a power station?

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(Answers can be found in the “Singapore’s Energy Story” presentation)

What is Singapore’s Energy Trilemma?

The "Energy Trilemma" refers to the need to balance the trade-offs between three important yet competing considerations - energy security, energy competitiveness and environmental sustainability - so as to achieve a sustainable energy future for Singapore.

ENERGY SECURITY PRICE COMPETITIVENESS

Keeping our energy options open and ensuring adequate supply to meet our energy needs

Having energy that is competitively priced and reflective of its true cost

ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

Minimising energy wastage and its impact on the environment

How does Singapore balance its Energy Trilemma?

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FEEDSTOCK

Piped natural gas is imported from Malaysia and Indonesia. Additionally, the Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) terminal allows us to import gas globally. Electricity can also be generated from other sources such as solar.

Overview of the Electricity Sector

POWER PLANTS

These are run by power generation companies, who produce and sell electricity to retailers.

POWER GRID

SP PowerAssets owns the national transmission and distribution system, which delivers electricity island-wide.

ELECTRICITY RETAILERS

These companies buy electricity from the wholesale market and sell it to “contestable” consumers such as commercial and industrial users, who are able to choose where to buy their electricity from.

MARKET SUPPORT SERVICE LICENSEE

SP Services sells electricity to "non-contestable" customers such as small industrial and commercial consumers and households.

CONTESTABLE CONSUMERS NON-CONTESTABLE CONSUMERS

INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL CONSUMERS

MAINLY HOUSEHOLD USERS

INDUSTRY REGULATOR / DEVELOPER & SYSTEM OPERATOR

EMA is the regulator and developer of Singapore's electricity, gas and district cooling industries. EMA also serves as the Power System Operator.

MARKET OPERATOR

The Energy Market Company operates Singapore's wholesale electricity market, the National Energy Market of Singapore, which is Asia's first liberalised electricity market.

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MAJOR POWER GENERATION COMPANIES

TOWN GAS PRODUCER

City Gas is the town gas producer. Town gas is produced mainly for cooking and water heating for use by households and commercial users.

Overview of the Gas Sector

TOWN GAS NETWORK

Serves mostly households

TOWN GAS RETAILER

City Gas Pte Ltd is the only town gas retailer supplying town gas to households.

NATURAL GAS NETWORK

Serves mostly industrial and commercial users

TOWN GAS CONSUMERS

Households buy town gas from City Gas Pte Ltd.

ONSHORE RECEIVING FACILITY/LNG TERMINAL OPERATOR

The onshore receiving facility receives piped natural gas from gas fields in Malaysia and Indonesia. The facility ensures that the quantity is correct, filters out impurities and heats the gas to the right temperature for delivery to users.

GAS TRANSPORTER

NATURAL GAS RETAILER

Major gas retailers are Gas Supply Pte Ltd and Sembcorp Gas Pte Ltd.

SMALL INDUSTRIAL CONSUMERS

Small companies buy from gas retailers such as City Gas Pte Ltd, Gas Supply Pte Ltd and Sembcorp Pte Ltd.

Liquefied natural gas is transported by vessels from around the world and stored in the LNG terminal. It is regasified into natural gas at the terminal before delivery to the users.

NATURAL GAS SHIPPER

A gas shipper contracts the gas transporter to deliver gas over the piped network. Some of the gas shippers are City Gas, Keppel Gas and YTL PowerSeraya.

LARGE INDUSTRIAL CONSUMERS

Large companies can buy gas directly from a gas shipper.

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GAS TRANSPORTER

Our Energy Challenge to You!

Understand the examples of some energy sources below. Write down your energy solutions for Singapore.

COAL

Coal deposits are abundant.

Coal is one of the cheapest energy sources in the world.

Carbon emissions from coal power plants are higher than natural gas-fired plants.

NATURAL GAS

Burning natural gas produces lower carbon emissions as compared to other fossil fuels. According to estimates, the world's natural gas reserves can last longer than oil reserves.

With advancements in power generation technology, it is much more effficient to use natural gas to generate electricity as compared to oil or coal.

OIL

New technologies are improving oil field recovery rates and allowing for the development of oil reserves located in previously inaccessible areas such as ultra-deep water.

Oil produces more carbon emissions than natural gas.

SOLAR ENERGY

Solar energy is clean and does not produce harmful pollutants. While sunlight is free, deploying solar energy is usually more space-intensive and more costly as compared to generating electricity from fossil fuels. In Singapore, solar energy poses intermittency issues due to dense cloud cover.

TIDAL ENERGY

Tidal energy is the oldest form of renewable energy. Deploying this option could be challenging for countries that are surrounded by busy shipping lanes such as Singapore.

What is/are my energy solution(s) for Singapore?

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Singapore LNG Corporation

Singapore LNG Corporation (SLNG) was incorporated in June 2009 to develop, build, own and operate Singapore’s first LNG terminal on Jurong Island. This is a key national infrastructure that supports Singapore’s energy diversification strategy and future economic development in the energy sector.

SLNG’s core businesses include throughput, vessel cool-down and storage & reload services.

DID YOU KNOW?

MILLION

The LNG terminal has a throughput capacity of 6 million tonnes per annum (Mtpa).

S$1.7 BILLION

Situated on a 40-hectare plot on Jurong Island, the current terminal was built at a cost of S$1.7 billion

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6MTPA
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Credit: SLNG

ENERGY SECURITY

More than 95% of Singapore’s electricity is generated using natural gas. The terminal allows us to import LNG globally, instead of relying only on piped natural gas.

Importance of LNG Terminal to Singapore

Singapore's excellent geographical location is a catalyst for developing a vibrant LNG trading hub for the region. The terminal is well located at the centre of major trade routes, as well as between major LNG demand centres and supply sources.

PRICE COMPETITIVENESS

Developments such as the Competitive Licensing Framework will give us the flexibility to take advantage of changes in Asia’s LNG pricing dynamics and the emergence of new supply sources.

POTENTIAL ECONOMIC DRIVER

Leveraging on our strategic location and excellent economic infrastructure, Singapore can facilitate global LNG fows and establish itself as a regional LNG trading hub

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What is Liquefed Natural Gas?

Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is primarily methane condensed into liquid form by cooling it below its dew point to -161oC (-260oF) at atmospheric pressure.

LNG is less than half the weight of water

When natural gas is condensed into liquid form, its volume is reduced by 600 times, which makes it more cost efficient to transport over long distances.

With advancements in power generation technology, it is much more effcient to use natural gas, rather than oil or coal, to generate electricity.

Burning natual gas produces lower levels of carbon emissions as compared to other fossil fuels, such as oil and coal.

Natual gas can be used to produce heat and electricity simultaneously via cogeneration systems.

According to estimates, the world’s natural gas reserves can last longer than oil reserves

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C H H H H
+ CO2 >
BENEFITS

LNG Terminal Operations

SLNG TERMINAL GENERAL FLOW DIAGRAM

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LNG Terminal Operations

There are four marine loading arms that can be used to connect the LNG carrier berthed at the jetty to the terminal. Each jetty is equipped with four loading arms - two liquid, one vapour and one hybrid. The vapour arm is important in ensuring that gas flows freely back to the ship and maintains a positive pressure into the ship.

The BOG compressors are used to control the pressure in the storage tanks by recovering the boil-off gas and sending it to the recondenser, which recondenses the gas into liquid using LNG. The liquefied gas is subsequently transferred to the high pressure booster pumps. Gas enters the BOG compressor at -135°C, causing ice to form around the inlet to the compressor.

This is where LNG is transformed into its gaseous state by warming the liquid using heat from sea water, before being delivered into the pipeline system. The LNG travels upwards through the ORV at around -135oC and as it travels, heat is exchanged with the seawater flowing down from the top. Regasified LNG comes out from the top of the ORV at about 25oC.

Each ORV can take about 180 tonnes of LNG. The amount of seawater required to vaporise 180 tonnes of LNG in the ORV is approximately 4,000 tonnes per hour. This is to make sure that reduction in the temperature of the returning seawater is no more than 10°C, so that it has minimum impact on the surrounding marine environment.

If the ORV cannot be used (e.g. due to a loss of power to run the seawater pumps), the SCV serves as a backup to turn LNG into gas.

Currently, there are three LNG storage tanks, each with a capacity of 180,000 cubic metres. Each tank can fit two Airbus A380s stacked on top of one another. LNG is stored in these tanks at just above atmospheric pressure and at approximately -161°C. The tanks are about 88 metres in diameter and 52 metres tall.

Flaring of gas is used as a last resort in situations where the pressure is rising in the tanks and the available capacity of the BOG compressor is insufficient to reduce the tank pressure. Some of the gas will then be diverted into the flare system to prevent over-pressurisation of the tanks and to maintain the pressure within an allowable range.

3. OPEN RACK VAPOURISER (ORV) 4. SUBMERGED COMBUSTION VAPOURISER (SCV) 5. LNG STORAGE TANK
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6. FLARE STACK 2. BOIL-OFF GAS (BOG) COMPRESSORS 1. MARINE LOADING ARMS

Learning Outcomes

SITES

TOPICS

KEY CONCEPTS CHECK

Hear about the concepts of the LNG ecosystem and Singapore's Energy Trilemma.

Learn about the increasing share of natural gas in Singapore's fuel mix over the years.

Understand the need for diversification in energy sources.

Appreciate the "Heart of the Operations" at the LNG terminal. Recognise the importance of quantity and quality control of gas.

Understand the terminal safety controls available in the control room.

Learn about the types/specifications/features of loading arms.

Recognise that the loading arms can be disconnected.

Understand that LNG is stored at just above atmospheric pressure and at -161o C.

Appreciate the engineering design considerations of the storage tanks.

Understand the material engineering concepts behind the storage tanks.

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Introduction of Natural Gas (NG), LNG and Piped Natural Gas Control Room Jetty / Unloading Arms 1. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 2. 3. LNG Storage Tanks
1. 2. 3.

SITES

TOPICS

Learning Outcomes

KEY CONCEPTS CHECK

Recognise the need for the BOG Compressor. Understand the transformation of LNG into its gaseous state.

Apply the concept of maximising surface area using fins.

Hear about the impact of Singapore's 100% dew conditions on instrument systems.

Learn about the effect of wet air in instrumentation systems / cryogenic sections. Apply compression and drying techniques to reduce dew point.

Identify the indicators of gas being sent out. Discuss the importance of an independent meter. Appreciate the injection of THT to odourless natural gas.

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1. 2. 3. 1. 2.
BOG Compressor, Open Rack Vaporiser and Submerged Combustion Vaporiser Instrument Air Compressors (Wet/Dry Air Receivers)
Closing 1. 2. 4. 3. 3.

SMART Refection

What are three key things that I have learnt from the Powering Lives Trail?

What is the one SPECIFIC thing that I can do for our Power sector?

How do I MEASURE the milestones to keep track of my progress?

What can I do to ACHIEVE the goal?

Is achieving this goal REALISTIC? Why?

What is my TIMELINE?

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SINGAPORE’S FIRST DEDICATED SCHOLARSHIP FOR THE POWER SECTOR

ELIGIBILITY

We welcome Singapore Citizens and Permanent Residents who will be/are currently pursuing relevant engineering courses (e.g. mechanical, electrical, and power engineering-related courses) at the local Institute of Technical Education, Polytechnics or Universities to apply for the Energy-Industry Scholarship (EIS).

APPLICATION PERIOD

The application cycle for the EIS starts in December and closes in March every year To apply, visit www.ema.gov.sg/eis

SPONSORING ORGANISATIONS

For more information, email us at enquiries@poweringlives.sg

The Powering Lives Trails is a series of learning journeys in the Power sector that aims to encourage awareness about our energy story, highlight career progression in the sector and foster appreciation of the intricacies involved in the real-world application of engineering concepts.

www.poweringlives.sg

Organised by Supported by www.ema.gov.sg

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Learning Outcomes

0
pages 13-14

LNG Terminal Operations

1min
page 12

What is Liquefed Natural Gas?

0
page 10

Importance of LNG Terminal to Singapore

0
page 9

Singapore LNG Corporation

0
pages 8-9

Our Energy Challenge to You!

0
page 7

Overview of the Gas Sector

0
page 6

Overview of the Electricity Sector

0
pages 5-6

A Glimpse into Singapore's Energy History

0
pages 3-5

A Letter to My Students

3min
page 45

OUR STUDENTS

8min
pages 41-45

Teacher, you mean the world to me!

0
page 40

Open Classroom, Open minds

0
page 39

Teaching Thinking for Learning

0
page 39

STAFF PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT

0
page 38

Aesthetics Department

0
page 37

Mathematics Department

0
page 36

English Language Department

1min
page 35

Concert Band

1min
page 33

CHOIR

1min
page 32

Chinese Orchestra

1min
page 31

NETBALL

1min
page 30

GIRL GUIDEs

1min
page 29

All Aboard!

2min
pages 27-28

ART CAMP JAMILLA ART ON THE STREETS AND IN THE STUDIO

3min
pages 25-27

OUTDOOR LEARNING THROUGH A GEOGRAPHICAL LENS

0
page 24

Navigating Deeper Waters

3min
pages 23-24

Widening Our Horizons

3min
pages 21-23

Celebrating the Heroes who made our ISH Dreams Come True

0
page 19

Once Proud of AI, Now the Pride of AI!

0
page 19

DEVELOPING THE CRITICAL EYE THROUGH JOURNALISM

1min
page 18

Social Inquiry & Media Literacy

0
page 18

Outdoor Learning ExperienceLearning for Life Programme (LLP-

0
page 17

WINNER OF UNSEEN POETRY DEBATE, NATIONAL SCHOOLS LITERATURE FESTIVAL

2min
pages 15-16

THAMIZHUM SUVAYIYUM TAMIL LANGUAGE COMPETITION

0
page 14

NPARKS-NIE MARINE ECOTOXICOLOGY MONITORING PROGRAMME CUM INTERNATIONAL ELEMENTZ SCIENCE RESEARCH CONFERENCE AND EXHIBITION

1min
page 14

AI CARING TEACHER AWARD

3min
page 12

STAFF AWARDEES PRESIDENT’S AWARD FOR TEACHERS AND AI OUTSTANDING TEACHER AWARD

2min
page 11

Riding New Waves – Celebrating 55 Years of AI

1min
pages 8-9

FAMILY BONDS

0
pages 6-7

SCHOOL MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE

0
page 4

Vice-PRINCIPAL'S MESSAGE

1min
page 4

A LETTER TO MY STUDENTS

3min
page 3

PRINCIPAL'S MESSAGE

0
page 3

CLASS4e2

1min
pages 29-30

our GRADUATING STUDENTS

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page 28

CLASS1E4

1min
page 27

CLASS1E2

1min
page 26

our STUDENTS

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page 25

DRUMS ENSEMBLE MS ENSEM

0
page 24

ANCE CLU CHOIR DANCE CLUB

1min
pages 23-24

BAND

0
page 22

our co-curricular activities

1min
pages 20-21

MUSIC AND AESTHETICS

0
page 18

NORMAL CURRICULUM

0
page 17

STRETCH PROGRAMME

1min
page 16

CHARACTER AND CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION (CCE)

0
page 15

EXECUTIVE& ADMINISTRATIVESTAFF EXECUTIVE& ADMINISTRATIVESTAFF

0
page 14

HUMANITIES

1min
page 13

ENGLISHLANGUAGE & LITERATURE ENGLISHLANGUAGE LITERATURE

1min
page 12

English Language & Literature Creative Writing

1min
page 9

ZEST Arts Festival & CarnivaL

0
page 8

Growing Years

2min
page 7

Zhenghua 20th anniversary

2min
pages 6-7

PRINCIPAL'S MESSAGE

9min
pages 3-5
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