Alcantara, M.N.P.A during the 15th at that time, and consequently, to its city development. Further, after the earthquake of 1755, which destroyed the city, Lisbon took this as an opportunity to rebuild its urban fabric into a new pattern with wider streets, changing the character of its public spaces and built environment (dos Santos, 2017; Nobre, 2015). Later, in the 19th century, with the
from the past century, where modern infrastructure became part of its urban tissue (da Silva & de Matos, 2000). Moreover, the capital of Portugal has been experiencing a fast urban expansion since the middle of the 20th century, which has been changing the city dynamics considerably, especially in the mobility field (Tomás & Valério, 2021).
Figure 22. Lisbon location and statistics. Source: Author based on data from INE (2021)
As a result, Lisbon has created many tunnels, viaducts, more road lanes, highways, and fewer sidewalks. Consequently, with all this new infrastructure focused on private vehicles, the number of cars has increased, directly decreasing the number of public transport users. In addition, many companies and other economic activities have moved from Lisbon to the surrounding cities. Thus, the dispersion and significant fragmentation of the AML (Lisbon Metropolitan Area, or Área Metropolitana de Lisboa in Portuguese)
38 Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans [SUMPs] and the transition behind planning paradigms
